Decembrist, retired lieutenant colonel (since 1823). Brother S.I. Muravyov-Apostol. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of the Russian army of 1813-1814. One of the founders of the Union of Salvation, a member of the indigenous council of the Union of Welfare and the Southern Society; negotiated the unification of the Southern and Northern societies. Member of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Sentenced to 20 years hard labor, then reduced to 15 years. Under the amnesty of 1856, he returned from Siberia, until 1863 he lived in Tver, and then in Moscow. Remained faithful to the Decembrist ideals. Three years before his death, he dictated his memoirs about his stay in Siberia.
M.I. died. Muravyov-Apostol February 21, 1886, was buried in Moscow at the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent (please do not confuse with the modern Novodevichy cemetery).
Biography:
Retired lieutenant colonel.
From nobles.
Born in St. Petersburg.
Father - Ivan Matveevich Muravyov-Apostol (October 1, 1768 - March 12, 1851), writer, member of the Russian Academy, envoy to Hamburg and Madrid, mother - Anna Semyonovna Chernoevich (d. March 28, 1810)
His father is married to Praskovya Vasilievna Grushetskaya by a second marriage.
For the father 3478 souls.
He was brought up (until 1802) together with his brother Sergei in Paris at the Hicks boarding house, then in St. Petersburg - the Corps of Railway Engineers (since 1810).
He entered the service as a lieutenant in the L.-Gds. Semyonovsky Regiment - 11/20/1811, participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 (Vitebsk, Borodino - awarded the insignia of the Military Order of George, Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets) and foreign campaigns (Lutzen, Bautzen, Kulm, where he was wounded, awarded the Order of Anna 4th class, Leipzig, Paris ), warrant officer - 12/18/1812, second lieutenant - 1/13/1816, lieutenant - 2/2/1817, appointed adjutant to the Little Russian Governor-General, Adjutant General Prince. N.G. Repnin-Volkonsky - 1/1/1818 (Poltava), staff captain - 12/15/1819, transferred to the Life Guards. The Chasseurs Regiment with the retention of Repnin's adjutant on 1/24/1821, was transferred as a major to the Poltava Infantry Regiment on 3/21/1822, retired as a lieutenant colonel on 1/21/1823, lived in the Khomutets estate of the Mirgorod district of the Poltava province.
Mason, member of the United Friends and the Three Virtues Lodge (1816 - 3 May 1820).
One of the founders of the Union of Salvation (participant in the Moscow conspiracy of 1817), a member of the Union of Welfare (member of the Indigenous Council, participant in the St. Petersburg meetings of 1820), the Southern Society, a participant in the uprising of the Chernigov regiment.
Arrest order - 12/19/1825, arrested on the morning of 12/29 by Lieutenant Colonel Gebel in Trilesy, released by officers of the Chernigov regiment, arrested again between the village. Kovalevka and s. Korolevka - 3.1.1826, sent to Belaya Tserkov, from there to Moscow, sent from Moscow 14.1.1826, arrived in St. Petersburg to the main guardhouse - 15.1; 17.1 transferred to the Peter and Paul Fortress (" sent Muravyov, a retired colonel, to be imprisoned at his discretion and kept strictly»
) in No. 20 of the Trubetskoy bastion, in May 1826 it was shown in No. 35 of the Kronverk curtain wall.
Convicted of the 1st category and confirmed on 10/7/1826 sentenced to hard labor for 20 years.
Sent to Rochensalm - 17.8.1826 (signs: height 2 arshins 4 4/8 inches, “white, clean, round face, light brown eyes, large nose, sharp, dark hair on the head and eyebrows, small warts on the right cheek, on the right on the same leg from the thumb the second and third are fused together, on the right thigh there is a wound from a bullet that has passed right through and has a scar”), the term was reduced to 15 years - 22.8.
Left Fort Slava - 10/1/1827, sent from Shlisselburg to Siberia - 10/2/1827, arrived in Irkutsk at the end of November 1827, arrived in Yakutsk on 12/24/1828, sent to Vilyuisk, Yakutsk region - 6/1/1828, at the request of sister E.I. . Bibikova was allowed to be transferred to the Bukhtarma fortress in the Omsk region - 13.3.1829, delivered from Irkutsk to Omsk - 29.8.1829, arrived in the Bukhtarma fortress - 5.9.1829.
In June 1832, the Governor-General of Western Siberia, Velyaminov, allowed him to live in the house of State Councilor Brant, 1 verst from the fortress near the Seleznevka River, then settled in his own house, which he bought from the official Zaleyshchikov, was allowed to be transferred to Yalutorovsk - 3.6.1836, left Bukhtarma fortress - September 25, 1836, arrived in Yalutorovsk - October 1, 1836.
Under an amnesty on 26.8.1856, he was restored to his former rights, on his return he settled on 3.1.1857 in the village of Zykova, Moscow district, moved to Tver - 12.4.1857, allowed to live in Moscow - 14.8.1858, allowed to live in St. Petersburg and wear the Kulm cross and military medal of 1812 - 04/27/1863, the soldier's St. George's Cross was returned (in connection with the 200th anniversary of the life guards of the Semenovsky regiment) - 1883.
He died in Moscow and was buried in the Novodevichy Convent.
Wife(from 1832) - Maria Konstantinovna Konstantinova (1810 - January 3, 1883), the daughter of a priest, was buried in Moscow at the Vagankovo cemetery.
The son died in 1837, two adopted daughters - Augusta Pavlovna Sozonovich and Anna Borodinskaya, both in 1860 were allowed to be called Matveevs and were given the rights of personal honorary citizenship
Brothers: Sergei, Ippolit, Vasily (1817-1867),
sisters Ekaterina (1795-1861), married to I.M. Bibikov, Anna, married to collegiate adviser Khrushchev; Elena, for the Decembrist S.V. Kapnist.
VD, IX, 179-284; GARF, f. 109, 1 exp., 1826, file 61, part 51.
Matvey's childhood years were spent mainly in Germany (Hamburg), Spain and France. He received an excellent education, first at home, and then at Hicks' Parisian boarding school. Before moving to Russia, which happened in 1809, the European-educated Matvey, like his brother Sergei, did not even suspect that serfdom dominated in their homeland, and only at the very border Anna Semyonovna revealed this truth to them.
Moving from Prussia to Russia, the children saw a Cossack on the clock, jumped out of the carriage and rushed to hug him, and when they set off on their way, they heard from their mother: “I am very glad that a long stay abroad did not cool your feelings for your homeland, but get ready, children, I have terrible news to tell you; you will find what you do not know: in Russia you will find slaves!” .
In 1811, Matvey entered the St. Petersburg Corps of Railway Engineers, but studied there for only four months, because. the war with France was approaching, and Matvey decided in the life guards. Semyonovsky regiment with the rank of ensign. In the regiment, he met the future Decembrist I.D. Yakushkin, friendship with whom passed through their entire subsequent life. In addition, cousin Artamon Muravyov and Nikolai Muravyov, the founder of the early Decembrist organization "Choka" (Sakhalin), organized on the principles of the "Social Contract" by J.-J. Rousseau, served in the regiment. All of them became members of this society, remaining true to its Decembrist principles until the end of their days.
With the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, as part of the regiment, Matvey Ivanovich participated in the battle of Borodino, where he was awarded the insignia of the Military Order (No. 16698) for distinction by a majority of votes from the lower ranks of the seventh company and promoted to ensign. Participated in the battles of Tarutino and Maloyaroslavets, in foreign campaigns of 1813-1814, where he distinguished himself at Luzen, Bautzen and Kulm. He was wounded in the leg, awarded the Order of Anna, 4th degree. Participated in the famous Battle of Leipzig and in the battles near Paris.
Having gone through the entire war in Russia and in European campaigns as part of the Semyonovsky regiment, Matvey returned with him from France: on May 22, 1814, the regiment set out from Paris, on June 13 they sailed on ships from Cherbourg, on July 18 they landed in Peterhof, on July 30 as part of The Semyonov Regiment of the Russian Guard entered Petersburg with a solemn march.
In 1815, the Three Virtues Masonic Lodge was founded (its installation - 01/11/1816), which the future Decembrists S.G. Volkonsky, one of the founders of the lodge, Matvey and Sergey Muravyov-Apostles, Nikita Muravyov and P.I. Pestel. As N.M. wrote Druzhinin, here we are already "in front of us - a rationalistic environment of advanced officers who are looking for support for a close friendly association."
However, soon the future Decembrists became disillusioned with Freemasonry, because this kind of brotherhood did not meet the internal needs of the advanced nobles in comprehending reality, in penetrating the meaning of events and determining their own attitude towards them. In the minds of the "firstborn of freedom" there was a process of formation of political culture, and it required not only individual comprehension, but also collective.
On February 9, 1816, in the barracks of the Semyonovsky regiment, at the apartment of the brothers Matvey and Sergey Muravyov-Apostolov, Alexander Nikolayevich Muravyov, Nikita Muravyov, S.P. met with them. Trubetskoy, I.D. Yakushkin. They organized a secret society, the Union of Salvation.
It met the needs of the political consciousness of the Decembrists, the craving for a collective understanding of Russian reality and true brotherhood in the struggle for the implementation of political ideals. By the beginning of 1817, the Charter of the Union had already been written by a specially created authoritative commission. P.I. During the investigation into the case of the Decembrists, Pestel admitted: “The statute of our original society was drawn up by no less than one, but by a Commission appointed by the society, of three members and a secretary. The members were: Prince Sergei Trubetskoy, Prince Ilya Dolgorukov and I, and the secretary was Prince Shakhovskoy.
So, Matvey, together with his brother Sergei, are now members of a secret society, the purpose of which was precisely defined by I.D. Yakushkin: “To promote the good of Russia” and further: “... here (in a secret society - M.S.) the main ulcers of our fatherland were dealt with: the inertia of the people, serfdom, cruel treatment of soldiers, whose service for 25 years was hard labor; widespread extortion and robbery and, finally, a clear disrespect for man in general. What was called the highest educated society then consisted for the most part of the Old Believers, for whom to touch on any of the questions that occupied us would have seemed a terrible crime. There is nothing more to say about the landowners living on their estates.
At the same time, the growth of the military career of Matvey Ivanovich continued: in 1818, with the rank of lieutenant, he was appointed adjutant to the Little Russian Governor-General, Prince N.G. Repnin and moved to Ukraine. When there was a rebellion of the Semyonovsky regiment in the capital, and the regiment was disbanded, Matvey Ivanovich, remaining Repnin's adjutant, was transferred to the life guards. Jaeger Regiment. The character of M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, which was formed on the confession of Decembrist convictions, manifested itself in a particular case. In 1822, at a ceremonial dinner at Prince N.G. Repnin, in Kyiv, Matvey Ivanovich defiantly refused to raise a toast to the health of the emperor and poured wine on the floor, quarreled with Repnin, left the post of adjutant and transferred to the army Poltava infantry regiment.
In moral terms, the transition from the guards to the army was considered at that time a clear downgrading of a career. However, the Decembrist went for it. In 1823 he retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel and never returned to military service. The capital - Petersburg, as well as his father's estate Khomutets, Mirgorodsky district, Poltava province, became his place of residence.
Freedom from compulsory service allowed Matvey Ivanovich to actively engage in the affairs of a secret society. Researcher of Decembrism N.A. Rabkina, on concrete historical material, proved the active and fruitful activity of M.I. Muravyov-Apostol in the 1820s in three secret societies. In fact, he stood at the origins and was engaged in practical work in five secret societies: in 1811 - a secret early Decembrist organization - "Choka" (Sakhalin), 1816 - 1818. - The Union of Salvation, in 1818 Matvey Ivanovich was one of the founders of the Union of Welfare, in 1820 - 1825. he is a member of the Southern secret society of the Decembrists, in 1823 - 1825. - one of the founders of the branch of the Southern secret society in St. Petersburg.
In 1823, the head of the Southern Secret Society P.I. Pestel sent Matvey Ivanovich to St. Petersburg as his trusted representative with a very important mission: to negotiate with the leaders of the Northern Secret Society on ways to merge the two societies, hold a unifying congress and develop a common program. The negotiations were difficult and an agreement was reached on the points mentioned by M.I. Muravyov-Apostol failed. A sharply negative position on all key issues of the negotiations was taken by the head of the northerners N.M. Muravyov. However, Matvey Ivanovich was active in recruiting many from the Northern society to the side of the "southerners". Moreover, he personally accepted several young cavalry guards as members of the southern branch of the Northern Society, which, according to P.I. Pestel, was very important: the future revolutionary action was conceived as a mass participation in it of officers of the guard and the army.
In the spring of 1824, P.I. arrived in St. Petersburg. Pestel to negotiate the unification of societies. He held a constituent meeting of the branch of the Southern Society, which was attended by M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, delivered an hour-long speech in which he detailed his political program - "Russian Truth".
Convinced by the arguments and logic of P.I. Pestel, cavalry guards members of the St. Petersburg branch of the Southern Society expressed their full readiness to follow the program outlined. Later, in investigative testimony, Pestel admitted: “Vadkovsky, Polivanov, Svistunov, Annenkov (all four are cavalry guard officers) and artillery Krivtsov ... were in full revolutionary and republican spirit.” In total, by the end of 1825, the number of the St. Petersburg branch of the Southern Society reached 24 people, and this was a considerable merit of Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol.
According to N.M. Druzhinin, members of the St. Petersburg cell of the Southern Society, as "militant republicans, ready for the most decisive violent measures," "raved about regicide projects and expressed a desire for immediate action."
At the center of these plans was M.I. Muravyov-Apostle. He was preparing to become a member of the "cohort of the doomed." It was assumed that it would include ten young people who were not related by families, impeccably brave and selfless: knowing about their personal doom, they must decide to exterminate the royal family.
Ultimately, everything was limited to conversations and assumptions that had no practical action in this regard. However, the fact that M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, P.N. Svistunov and others on regicide, established by the investigation, influenced the issuance of harsh sentences to them, especially since the investigation actually considered only this version, ignoring other motives for the uprising: the need to abolish serfdom, change the political regime, modernize the economy, the army, develop public education, etc.
How further events developed is well known: having not reached an agreement on key issues in 1824, the South and the North agreed on a possible consensus for 1826 and, based on its results, a joint performance was to be prepared on the basis, as P.I. was convinced. Pestel, the programs of the southerners - "Russian Truth". However, the dynastic crisis caused by the unexpected death of Emperor Alexander I on November 19, 1825, forced the Decembrists to openly protest against the autocratic-serf system earlier: in St. Petersburg on December 14, 1825, and in the South (uprising of the Chernigov regiment) on December 29, 1825 - January 3, 1826
Due to unpreparedness, fragmentation of forces and leadership, deliberate betrayal and the subsequent arrest of the leaders of the Southern Secret Society and other factors, the uprising, as you know, was defeated. Arrests, investigations and repressions began.
Matvey Ivanovich was an active participant in the uprising of the Chernigov regiment, along with his brothers Sergei Ivanovich, the leader of the uprising, and Ippolit, the youngest, who was only 19 years old. On the day of the defeat of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment on January 3, 1826, in the field between the villages of Kovalevka and Korolenko, Matvey Ivanovich was with his comrades and brothers in arms, saw the death of the younger, Ippolit (he, wounded in the arm and not wanting to surrender, shot himself ). Sergei was wounded in the head and taken prisoner along with Matvey by government forces.
Arrested Matvey Ivanovich was taken to St. Petersburg to the main guardhouse on January 15, 1826, and on January 17 he was transferred to the Peter and Paul Fortress in No. 20 of the Trubetskoy bastion with an accompanying royal rescript: “The sent Muravyov, a retired lieutenant colonel, should be imprisoned at his discretion and kept strictly”.
In May 1826, Matvey Ivanovich was shown in No. 35 of the Kronverk Curtain of the same fortress. There was an investigation. Matvey Ivanovich was very upset by the death of Ippolit, the injury and arrest of Sergei, he was devoured by pity for his orphaned father, his state of mind was oppressed. He tried to shield his brother, took all the blame on himself, deliberately increased his responsibility.
At dawn on July 13, 1826, on the day of the execution of brother Sergei, together with P.I. Pestel, K.F. Ryleev, M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin and P.G. Kakhovsky, Matvey Ivanovich and other Decembrists were taken to the fortress parade ground. Swords were broken over their heads, their uniforms were thrown into the fire, and a gallows towered on the crownwork of the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol was sentenced by the Supreme Criminal Court, and in fact by decree of Emperor Nicholas I, issued on July 10, 1826, in the first category - to death. By the same decree, the tsar replaced the death penalty with the deprivation of ranks, the nobility and 20 years of hard labor, followed by a settlement in Siberia.
On August 17, 1826, Matvey Ivanovich was sent to Rochensalm - Fort Slava on the shores of the Gulf of Finland. During this move, the prisoners were expected in the station house by their relatives: Matvey Ivanovich - sister Ekaterina Ivanovna Bibikova and Ekaterina Fedorovna Muravyova; I.D. Yakushkina - wife of A.V. Yakushkina and mother-in-law N.N. Sheremeteva, a smart, strong-willed woman who enjoyed great respect and authority among the Decembrists. In this batch of prisoners, together with M.I. Muravyov-Apostol were also A.A. Bestuzhev, A.P. Arbuzov and A.I. Tyutchev. “Fort Slava was built according to the project for strengthening the Finnish border, drawn up in 1791 by A.V. Suvorov. It was a huge round tower, as if grown out of water, in which casemates were prepared for the Decembrist prisoners. Her appearance was gloomy and did not bode well for us, ”I.D. later recalled. Yakushkin. And further: “We were placed one by one in the casemates and locked up… There was a bed with straw along the wall, a table and several chairs completed the belonging of the casemate… it was dark and damp.” On August 22 of the same year, upon confirmation, the term of hard labor for Matvey Ivanovich was reduced to 15 years. From Fort Slava, he was transferred to the Shlisselburg Fortress, from where on October 2, 1827, he was sent by imperial order directly to a settlement in Siberia, without serving hard labor. The tsar determined the distant Vilyuisk in the north of Siberia, on the Vilyui River, a tributary of the Lena, 800 versts from Irkutsk, as the place of settlement. A ninety-year-old man, three years before his death, Matvey Ivanovich recalled: “Vilyuisk, where fate threw me in the person of St. Petersburg administrators, was located at the end of the world ... Vilyuisk could not be called either a city, or a village, or a village; there was, however, a wooden church, around which Yakut yurts and only four wooden small houses were placed in disorder and at a great distance from each other.
Matvey Ivanovich settled in a yurt with ice floes instead of glass, cooked dinner for himself in a chuval, got a cow, read, taught Yakut children. He even set about organizing a school for children of different classes and nationalities. He taught them reading, writing, arithmetic, and in the absence of textbooks he himself compiled several teaching aids. After leaving for the Bukhtarma fortress, pedagogical activity in Vilyuisk, begun by M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, continued the Decembrist peasant Pavel Fomich Vygodovsky (real name - Duntsov) (1802 - 12.12.1881), who was arrested for the second time and deported here in 1855 from Narym for propaganda activities.
About the inhabitants of a remote and abandoned region of Russia - the Yakuts, Matvey Ivanovich recalled with great warmth. There were other Russian settlers there - a carpenter, from former convicts - the Cossack Zhirkov and the talented doctor Uklonsky, who at one time graduated from Moscow University with a gold medal, but completely drank himself here, on the edge of the earth, from longing and hopelessness.
Matvey Ivanovich's sister, Ekaterina Ivanovna Bibikova, wife of the Nizhny Novgorod governor, maid of honor of the empress, constantly fussed about improving the fate of her only surviving brother - she asked to be transferred from the harsh region to western Siberia, closer to European Russia. On March 13, 1829, the petition was granted, and Matvey Ivanovich was allowed to be transferred to the Bukhtarma fortress in the Omsk region, where he arrived on September 5, 1829.
The governor-general of Western Siberia ordered the commandant of the Bukhtarma fortress, upon the arrival of the exile, “to receive him and assign him an indispensable and permanent residence in the fortress itself, to have strict supervision over him, both over his behavior and so that he would not dare to leave under any circumstances from the fortress." The tsar and the local administration were afraid of the influence of the Decembrists on the Siberians, they took any measures to isolate them and monitor them and even their way of thinking. This is evidenced by the addition to the above instruction made to the head of the fortress, General De Saint Laurent: “Then I forewarn in / b. That Muravyov-Apostol was a well-known freethinker ... by that you undertake to have observation of his way of thinking.”
As soon as the Decembrist arrived at the Bukhtarma fortress, a police guard was assigned to him and housing was determined in the outpost of the fortress, the owner of which was also obliged to inform the commandant about the behavior and mood of the exile. Thus, Matvey Ivanovich was under double surveillance. The commandant of the fortress was obliged to report monthly to the chief of gendarmes A.Kh. Benckendorff about the lifestyle and behavior of the exiled Decembrist. Life researcher M.I. Muravyov-Apostol in the Bukhtarma fortress A.D. Kolesnikov, on the basis of a thorough analysis of archival material from the state archive of the Omsk region, established the fact of the impeccable behavior of the Decembrist in the settlement. Moreover, during the seven-year stay of Matvey Ivanovich in Bukhtarma, there was not a single case of any claims against him from the local authorities. All reports of the same type of content: “assigned to the settlement M.I. Muravyov-Apostol was not noticed in any acts contrary to the law ... he was engaged in reading books that he has in French and German dialects. Books, letters and money were sent to him by his sister, Ekaterina Ivanovna Bibikova.
Of course, the Decembrist was burdened by the guard assigned to him and especially the prohibition to go outside the fortress, about which he complained to his sister. She made a new petition addressed to A.Kh. Benckendorff, where she asked "to remove unnecessary restrictions on the movement of her brother", and the chief of gendarmes responded positively to this request: the commandant of the fortress was advised "to allow the exile to go beyond the fence of the fortress".
As a direct consequence of these “relaxations”, the exiled Decembrist established friendly relations with the local population and the officers of the fortress garrison. In 1829 - 1836. Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol was the only exiled Decembrist in Bukhtarma. He, a man of high culture, education, the bearer of the advanced ideas of the century, naturally attracted the attention of the local intelligentsia.
Communication with the Decembrist brought a living stream of life to the environment of the inhabitants of the fortress, suburb and the local population in the district. In addition, Matvey Ivanovich was ready to sincerely and completely disinterestedly help local people in the development of education among them, medical assistance, and money. So, A.D. Kolesnikov cites in his study the fact that the Decembrist donated his house to the collegiate assessor of the Bukhtarma border customs Andreev “only out of philanthropy, for the reason that he, Andreev, has a family”, for which “he could not find a decent apartment in the fortress, and Muravyov himself switched to an apartment to the house of the collegiate assessor Krok, who manages the customs, with whom he has one table.
Many representatives of the local intelligentsia sent their children to study with Matvey Ivanovich, and he was engaged in their education with great pleasure and enthusiasm. In addition, his library, constantly updated with new books and magazines, was in demand among the local intelligentsia.
In 1832, Matvei Ivanovich married the daughter of a local priest, Maria Konstantinovna Konstantinova (1810 - 1883). Their son died in childhood in 1837. Parents took up two orphans, daughters of exiled officers, Augusta Sozonovich and Anna Borodinskaya. Pupils of the Muravyovs-Apostles in 1860 received the right to be called Matveevs, they were given the rights of personal honorary citizenship. The fact of marrying a girl from a respected family further strengthened the authority of the exiled Decembrist in the eyes of the local society. The Muravyovs were welcome guests at many family celebrations and children's christenings as godparents.
However, among the general goodwill, A.D. Kolesnikov found in the documents evidence and hostility towards the Decembrist and his family. So, in the state archive of the Omsk region, the researcher met a denunciation by a certain warehouse warden of the Bukhtarma customs Petrov, who, noticing the friendly relations of his boss Makarov with Muravyov, immediately reported to his superiors “about Makarov’s impermissible relationship with a state criminal.” Captain Strashnikov, who was temporarily acting commandant, hastened to conduct an "investigation" and, having drawn unfounded conclusions, sent them to Omsk. Correspondence was opened on this occasion, Makarov was demanded an explanation. In them, he most positively characterized M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, emphasizing his respectable and impeccable behavior.
The investigation was entrusted to Major Andreev, previously mentioned, who completed it in favor of the exiled Decembrist. However, concern arose in the minds of the Siberian authorities about the friendly relations of the exiled Decembrist with the local population, and at the end of 1835, the head of the Siberian district of gendarmes, Maslov, petitioned Benckendorff to transfer M.I. Muravyov-Apostol from Bukhtarma to one of the cities of the Tobolsk province. The Kurgan chosen by Matvey Ivanovich was rejected by the tsar: “... there are already enough state criminals in Kurgan,” and Yalutorovsk was approved as the place of the new settlement, in which the Decembrist lived for almost 20 years.
October 1, 1836 Muravyov-Apostles arrived in Yalutorovsk. Comrades-Decembrists already lived there in the settlement: I.D. Yakushkin, E.P. Obolensky, I.I. Pushchin, V.K. Tizenhausen, N.V. Basargin, A.V. Entaltsev. The colony of associates was friendly, as, indeed, in all other Decembrist settlements. According to I.I. Pushchin, twice a week (on Thursday - at Pushchin, on Sunday - at Muravyov-Apostol) everyone got together and "interpreted frankly", "lived well". The same facts are confirmed by N.V. Basargin. In his “Journal”, a kind of recollection of what he experienced, he singled out the Yalutorovo colony of the Decembrists, noted their friendship among themselves: “Not a day passed that we did not see each other and, moreover, we dined four times a week and spent evenings with each other ... Between us, everything was almost in common, the joy or sorrow of each was shared by everyone, in a word, it was some kind of brotherhood - a moral and spiritual union.
And here is the absolutely amazing testimony of Matvey Ivanovich himself, made by him in a letter to his pupil A.P. Sozonovich: “When the hour of parting came (in 1853, M.A. Fonvizin received the highest permission to return to his homeland, to central Russia and drove to Yalutorovsk to say goodbye to M.I. Muravyov-Apostol and I.D. Yakushkin - M. S.), M.A. (Fonvizin - M.S.) gave us all a friendly hug. I bowed at the feet to Ivan Dmitrievich for accepting him into our secret alliance.
In addition, for Matvey Ivanovich in Yalutorovsk, an opportunity opened up to continue his favorite business - to educate and educate local children, to continue educational activities. The fact is that Ivan Dmitrievich Yakushkin was actively working to create schools for boys and girls, in which the Lancastrian education system prevailed, which had long been mastered by many Decembrists in the army, incl. and Matthew Ivanovich. And now, with all the fervor of his soul, he devoted himself to this work. Its rich library opened its doors to the local intelligentsia. The energy of Matvey Ivanovich was also enough for medical assistance to the poor residents of Yalutorovsk and the surrounding area.
In addition, he did not leave his favorite pastime - agriculture. Even in Vilyuisk, he gained experience in growing potatoes in the harsh conditions of Siberia. These experiments continued, and very successfully, and the local population learned new agronomic techniques. Thus, the Decembrist principles of life, beliefs and behavior remained for Matvey Ivanovich and his other comrades the main motives for life in the conditions of Siberian exile.
Matvey Ivanovich took great help and participation in the correspondence of new "offensive" works by S.M. Lunin. So, by the hand of M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, two lists of Lunin's Letters were made. In the Department of Written Sources (OPI GIM) (F. 249. - Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol) there is a bound notebook under No. 3, which contains two series of “Letters from Siberia”, “Analysis of the Report ...” and “Look at Polish Affairs” by Lunin . The notebook has the owner's inscription: “Belongs to Alexander Illarionovich Bibikov (a relative of the Muravyov-Apostolov - M.S.). Yalutorovsk, 1851. Written by Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol. On sheets 8-23 of M.I. Muravyov-Apostol - 16 letters of the first series of the early edition, in French. At the end of the preface, the date is set - “1837” and the place of writing is indicated - “Ourika pres d’ Irkoutsk” (Urik near Irkutsk), which is absent in Lunin’s texts. The second series of "Letters" (ll. 27 - 60) includes all ten letters of the Decembrist. Similarly to this document, the GARF (F. 1153 - Muravyovs) stores a notebook of the same composition as the album of A.I. Bibikov: On the 31st anniversary of the execution of the Decembrists on July 13, 1857, Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol rewrote two series of Lunin's Letters from Siberia.
Lists of Lunin's writings, produced by the hand of Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol, allow us to make an assumption about the involvement of M.I. Muravyov-Apostol to the appearance of Lunin's "Analysis ..." in the uncensored press of A.I. Herzen and N.P. Ogaryova.
From a letter to M.A. Fonvizin to Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin dated March 4, 1841, it is clear that in 1841 Matvey Ivanovich was very ill, applied to Benckendorff for permission for treatment in Tobolsk, but was refused. Only a year and a half later, in 1842, he was allowed treatment in this city, where he arrived, as is known from a letter from M.A. Fonvizina I.D. Yakushkin dated November 25, 1842. In the same letter, the author reports that Matvey Ivanovich stayed with P.N. Svistunov, who bought a two-story wooden house in the center of the city from a local merchant, which became the meeting place for many Decembrists settled there.
In Yalutorovsk, the life of Matvey Ivanovich and other Decembrists turned out to be closely connected with educational and pedagogical activities. August 7, 1842 I.D. Yakushkin opened a school according to the Lancaster system of education for boys, and on July 1, 1846 - for girls. Both schools taught reading from the Slavic and civil press, writing, the beginning of arithmetic, "a short Catechism and a short Sacred History", Russian grammar, geography and Russian history. Teaching in all these subjects was distributed among themselves by all the Decembrists of the Yalutorovo colony, incl. and Matvei Ivanovich. I.D. himself Yakushkin at the school for boys taught "the beginnings of algebra, geometry and mechanics", as well as the 1st part of Latin and Greek grammar.
The extensive program was assimilated by children relatively easily due to the combination of the class-lesson system and the Lancaster (peer-to-peer) system. In addition, teachers (Decembrists), using an integrated method, had a relative freedom of action and the opportunity to creatively approach the conduct of conversations, excursions, and teaching crafts. All this taken together brought interest, enthusiasm and comparative ease of assimilation of the material into the training. In addition, children of different classes and nationalities studied at the school. The Decembrists strictly ensured that friendly relations existed between the children. Many “peasant orphans from different villages and even other counties” studied together with the townspeople.
Their maintenance was at the expense of the Decembrists. And, of course, the developed and created educational and visual aids played a big role. The manuals were saturated with a variety of educational material with patriotic content, which made them fundamentally different from official textbooks. Children loved school, and parents willingly sent their children to study. Since 1843, the school of I.D. Yakushkin was officially called the Sretensky Theological School, but access to it was open to all classes.
A rather extensive program, assimilated by students over the course of four years, gave much more knowledge than the program of county schools, not to mention parochial ones.
Since 1846, both schools began to receive an allowance "from city incomes" in the amount of 200 rubles a year (in addition to donations from private individuals - local merchants and some Decembrists: P.N. Svistunova, A.M. Muravyov, M.A. Fonvizin ). From 1842 to 1856 594 students entered the boys' school, 531 completed the course; to a girls' school from 1846 to 1856. 240 students enrolled, 192 graduated.
Archpriest Stepan Yakovlevich Znamensky, who became a friend of the Decembrists, rendered great assistance to these schools. All of them spoke of him as a talented, highly educated and humane person who stood up for the enlightenment of the people. In fact, the Decembrist schools of Yalutorovsk became the best, exemplary in all of Western Siberia, and the Lancaster method, widely used by the Decembrists, became widespread throughout the region. From everywhere - from Kurgan, Ishim, Tobolsk to I.D. Teachers went to Yakushkin for experience in organizing school affairs, as well as for mastering teaching methods. These facts testified to the progressive influence of the Decembrists on the cause of public education in Siberia.
The Decembrists, on the other hand, were the founders of education and the bearers of advanced pedagogical thought and practice in Russia in the second quarter and the middle of the 19th century. The Yalutorovo women's school was the first all-class women's school not only in Siberia, but throughout Russia.
When Matvei Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol left Siberia in accordance with the tsarist amnesty in November 1856, he asked the director of the male Yalutorovo school for information on the number of students for 14 years. According to the lists, the figure turned out to be very impressive - 1,600 people were educated according to the Lancaster system in one school alone.
After leaving Siberia, Matvey Ivanovich did not part with the advanced ideas of Decembrism, but, on the contrary, continued to develop them, more and more understanding the role and significance of the people themselves in the destinies of the country. It was already quite clear to him that without the participation of the people themselves, it was impossible to solve the key points of the social and state structure. This is evidenced by his letter to G.S. Batenkov dated September 27, 1860, when, in the conditions of a fierce struggle between the serf-owners and liberals, preparations were underway for the abolition of serfdom: government".
Matvey Ivanovich thinks a lot not only about the peasant question, but also about history, philosophy, jurisprudence, politics, and literature. He sharply critically assesses the epoch of Nicholas II, the time of Alexander II, and everywhere sees the vices of autocracy, bureaucratic bureaucracy, and is convinced of the need to reform the country. Here is just one of his judgments regarding the reforms of the judiciary: “The announcement of the transformation of the judiciary and the judiciary was accepted by everyone so indifferently. What to expect from Valuev and others. This people values their place, their money, but as far as Russia is concerned, they don't think much about it... The disgusting stupidity of the St. Petersburg bureaucracy is much to blame for the people. Sense to wait from it is not even possible. No one will take away from him (the king - M.S.) good aspirations, but that he is stupid can be positively said, having analyzed everything that is being done with us. It is impossible to do things on your own. Peters are the first to be born for centuries. His mind is indicated by only one thing, the appointment of assistants to himself. Everywhere you look - all these people are below any mediocrity, to say the least.
In another letter to the same Bibikov: “Bureocracy and centralization are the death of peoples and the source of inexhaustible bloody upheavals and the turmoil that we see.”
In a letter to Nikolai Mikhailovich Shchepkin, a publisher and public figure, dated January 30, 1863, Matvey Ivanovich is even more critical: on the classes of people who breathe the same air, and in addition in a matter that concerns everyone? Nothing good can be expected from the Petersburg bureaucracy.
Matvey Ivanovich was very sensitive to Decembrism and its historical assessment. He was glad that the great L.N. Tolstoy conceived a novel about the Decembrists (twice Lev Nikolayevich visited Matvey Ivanovich, and the Decembrist told the writer a lot of valuable information about his comrades). In 1895 L.N. Tolstoy published a political pamphlet “Shameful”, where he remembered Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol: “... like his brother, and all the best people of his time, he considered corporal punishment a shameful remnant of barbarism, shameful not so much for the punished as for the punishers ... " .
In addition, the Decembrists never stopped their friendly ties until the end of their days: both in Siberia and the Caucasus, and after returning to central Russia after the amnesty. So, Matvey Ivanovich lived in Tver. I.I. Pushchin and S.G. Volkonsky visited him at least twice. There was an intense friendly correspondence between the survivors of the "firstborn of freedom." These letters are a valuable source of our knowledge about the thoughts, deeds, attitudes of the Decembrists, as well as about their worldview of the domestic and foreign policy of the Russian state.
So, the events of the Crimean War became the subject of active reflection by the Decembrists back in Siberia. Matvey Ivanovich made a sharply critical rebuke to the results of the war: "The last unfortunate war exposed all the disgusting wounds of our society - they require immediate healing."
Sixty years after the uprising, the Decembrists remained true to their ideals and cared about objective and truthful assessments of the event itself and their role in it. In this regard, in 1857 in the "Polar Star" A.I. Herzen published an article by Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol "Semenovskaya history", in which he restored the truth about the uprising on October 16, 1820 in the life guards. Semyonovsky regiment.
When in the late 1860s Matvey Ivanovich moved to Moscow, then took up painstaking editing for P.I. Bartenev in the journal "Russian Archive" manuscript N.I. Lorera "Notes", where she was preparing for publication. He did the actual proofreading of the Notes, a painstaking reconciliation of various dates, names, etc., as well as a straightening of style. This is the work of N.I. Lorera is one of the most remarkable monuments of the Decembrist memoirs.
For about forty years he created his "Notes of the Decembrist" A.E. Rosen. Having begun to write them back in a Chita prison, as a young man, being involved in the most important event in Russian history in the first half of the 19th century, he ended them as a wise old man who outlived many of his fellow prisoners in the 70s and 80s. who was one of the "last Decembrists", the keeper of their heritage. In the autumn of 1869, Rosen read the chapters of his work to P.N. Svistunov, M.A. Bestuzhev and M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, "who listened to his reading with great pleasure and spoke of his work with sincere praise" .
On August 11, 1857, I.D. died in Moscow. Yakushkin. Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol also accompanied him on his last journey to the Pyatnitskoye cemetery.
Only in 1858, Matvey Ivanovich received permission to wear awards - the Kulm Cross and the military medal of 1812. In 1883, in connection with the 200th anniversary of the life guards. Semyonov regiment, the soldier's St. George's Cross was returned to him, but it did not take long to wear military awards. The life of the old Decembrist was coming to an end. Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol died on February 21, 1886 in Moscow, and was buried in the Novodevichy Convent.
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Home page » Muravyov-Apostol Matvei Ivanovich (1793-1886)
Matvey Ivanovich Muravyov-Apostol, a retired lieutenant colonel, was accused of having intent on regicide and preparing himself to commit it; participated in the restoration of the activities of the Northern society and knew the intentions of the Southern in all their space; acted in rebellion and was taken in arms. Muravyov was born in St. Petersburg on April 25, 1793. He spent his childhood in the same conditions as his brother. During his father's stay in Hamburg, the Russian resident minister, there were many French emigrants in the Muravievs' house, who aroused in the boy an interest in political issues and influenced him in a royalist spirit. During the stay of his father and mother in Madrid, where his father, Ivan Matveyevich, was an envoy, M.I. and his brother studied in Paris and returned to Russia only in 1802. Having entered the corps of the Ministry of Railways, Muravyov did not complete the course there and in 1812 was assigned as a lieutenant in the Semyonov regiment. For participation in the Battle of Borodino, Muravyov was promoted to ensign and received the badge of a military order. He took part in the company of 1813-1814, near Kulm he was wounded in the right thigh on the flight and in 1814 returned to Russia. The war of 1812 and foreign campaigns had a huge impact on the convictions of Muravyov-Apostol, unusually broadened his mental horizons and directed his attention towards social and political issues. Events of 1812-1814 the biographer of Muravyov-Apostol, Mr. Yakushkin, was most of all reflected in their main participant, the army, and especially in the guards regiments and mainly in Semenov, in which Muravyov-Apostol served. The desire to eliminate internal disasters, which then seized the advanced military youth after winning brilliant victories over an external enemy, captured, of course, Muravyov, who, together with his brother Sergei, was one of the founders of the Union of Welfare in 1817, as well as a member of the Masonic Lodge of the Three Virtues. The so-called Semyonov story, which originated solely from the ridiculous strictness and oppression of the new regiment commander, Schwartz, also affected Muravyov, and he retired. The December disaster captured Matvey Ivanovich in the south when he was visiting his brother Sergei. He acted in a moderating way on his brother, because, due to the extreme gentleness of his character, he had an aversion to bloody and decisive actions and did not believe in the success of the enterprise. In his frequent moments of mental discord, he even had the thought of suicide. Referred to the 1st category and sentenced to beheading, M. I., like all the other 31 people of this category, was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor in the final sentence. But when it turned out from his correspondence with his brother Sergei that he constantly energetically rejected him from decisive actions and extreme plans, M.I. was exiled to an eternal settlement in Vilyuysk, Yakutsk region. At first, however, he was imprisoned in Rochensalm, in the Slava fort, together with, and Arbuzov. Here they all lived in dark, damp casemates, ate rotten ham, not always baked bread, and often drank water mixed with salty sea water that fell into the only well. What kind of memory the former Semenovites retained about him shows, among other things, the fact transmitted: at the entrance to the Irkutsk prison, he was suddenly hugged and kissed by a sentry, his former subordinate from the disbanded Semenov regiment. In winter, in bitter frosts, M.I. had to go from Yakutsk to Vileisk, and only thanks to warm fur clothes and an English saddle given to him by the Yakut regional chief, he could complete this difficult journey of 700 faiths. Vilyuisk at that time looked like this: a wooden church, around it in disorder and at a great distance from each other were scattered Yakut yurts and only 4 small wooden houses. M.I. settled in a yurt with ice windows. “Without needing interlocutors,” he says in his “Memoirs,” recorded by Belyaev, I easily got used to the lonely life in my yurt.” Every day he walked, regardless of the weather. The summer, which he was looking forward to with such impatience, deceived his expectations: in mosquitoes and midges, he met the Egyptian execution and not only could not swim, as he had dreamed of in winter, but he could remain in the yurt only with a constant smoke from manure. Although there were plenty of fish and game, the complete absence of vegetables depressed him; he managed to breed only one potato. Wanting to be useful in Vilyuisk, he began to teach local children to read and write, and he had 2 students.
http://seelite.dk/map192 Love and truth sought the holy law
click the following article And in the world of harmony soared like a winged dream,
A. Bestuzhev wrote to him in July 1829 in Vitim. At the request of his sister, Sofya Ivanovna Bibikova, M.I. was transferred to the Bukhtarma fortress, where he arrived on September 5, 1829. Having received 2000 rubles from his sister, he bought a house, started a mill and an apiary. In Bukhtarminsk, Muravyov experienced a lot of trouble, both because of the vagueness and precariousness of the rules for supervising him, and from the false denunciations of some local officials who took revenge on him for his unwillingness to get to know them as unworthy people. In 1832, he married Marya Konstantinovna Konstantinova, an orphan daughter of a priest who was brought up by the wife of a local customs official, Mrs. Brandt. As in Vilyuisk, in Bukhtarminsk he kept all the time meteorological observations, which were preserved in his papers. On October 1, 1836, Muravyov, without any special petition on his part, was transferred to Yalutorovsk, although he preferred Kurgan. Settling in Yalutorovsk, the Muravyovs bought a small wooden house and led a modest family life, doing housework on an allotted plot of 15 acres. Having no children, the Muravyovs adopted two orphaned girls and fatherly took care of their education and upbringing. As in Bukhtarminsk, M.I. provided medical assistance to the local poor. The hospitable house of the Muravyovs was always a favorite place for uniting the friendly family of the Yalutorovo Decembrists. Subsequently, he recalled with pleasure his 20-year quiet and pleasant life in Yalutorovsk. Having settled in Moscow in 1860 after the amnesty of 1856, (before that he lived in Tver), Muravyov liked to remember Siberia in general, he called it only “our Siberia”, kept in touch with it, was familiar with many Moscow Siberians. Living in Siberia, Muravyov, like almost all Decembrists, did not lag behind life, did not turn out to be alien to it, obsolete, but emerged from there as an original, useful and living figure. Having retained an amazing mental and physical freshness until his death, he read a lot, especially works on modern Russian history, followed current social issues in new emerging books, magazines and newspapers. His wonderful memory kept in itself all the past, seen and experienced by him. He remained forever faithful to the ideal of his youth. Living in Moscow, he had 15,000 rubles. income and allowed himself not only personal comfort, but also to help those in need, especially young people who aspired to education. He was a great lover of music and walked a lot. Only towards the end of his life did he begin to walk, see and hear badly. In 1883, on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the Semenov regiment, the Borodino cross was returned to him. Surrounded by universal respect, M. I. Muravyov-Apostol died on February 21, 1886 at 5 am and was buried next to his mother in the Novodevichy Convent.
Final game of the 1997 Summer Series.
Members
Team of connoisseurs
- Inna Druz (rating - 11 300 000)
- Alexander Druz (rating - 11,000,000)
- Mikhail Jabbarov (rating - 11,000,000)
- Georgy Zharkov (rating - 10,000,000)
- Andrey Kozlov (rating - 8 800 000)
- Boris Burda
Round 1 (Veronika Ananicheva, Engels)
"Holy Carrier"
Attention, "Holy Carrier"!
What pleasantly surprised Marc Chagall when he saw this painting of his at the Berlin Exhibition in 1914?
Boris Burda says: He was surprised that the picture was hung correctly Correct answer: The picture was hung incorrectly, and in this form Chagall saw the picture more lively and dynamic. Check - 0: 1 . Boris Burda - rating 0.
Round 2 ("Super Blitz")
This is how the cap is worn during the parade
And so - during preparation
Not a single bet played. At stake - 2,500,000 rubles. Alexander Druz remains at the table.
Question 1(Evgeny Alekseev, Mariupol). How do some soldiers wear their caps during a parade and how do they wear them while preparing for a parade?
Answered by Alexander Druz: During the parade - traditionally; while preparing for the parade - back Correct answer: During the parade - traditionally; while preparing for the parade - upside down and should not fly off during the parade in order to cultivate one's gait Check - 0: 2 . Alexander Druz - rating 0.
Round 3 (Alevtina Sarycheva, Tula region)
“Behold, you are those who dispute about that of which you have knowledge; why do you argue about what you have no knowledge of? You will be tested both in your possessions and in yourselves, and I will judge between you.” These are words from the third chapter. What is the name of the first chapter that opens the book?
Boris Burda says: Opening (Al-Fatiha) The answer is correct. Check - 1: 2 . Boris Burda - rating 5,000,000.
Round 4 (Larisa Rozhdestvenskaya)
Part of the human body
Not a single bet played. At stake - 1,500,000 rubles.
Attention, part of the human body!
Where exactly, in what place of the Czech city of Litomysl in the 16th century. was this part of the human body embedded in the wall?
Andrey Kozlov answers: The hand was embedded in the wall of a temple or an almshouse as a sign of alms, mercy Correct answer: This part of the body - the elbow - was built into the wall in the market square as a standard of length when selling and buying goods. Check - 1: 3 . Andrey Kozlov - rating 0.
Round 5 (Tatiana Radyakina, Yuzhny village, Rostov region)
Weapons of the proletariat
Played by Andrey Kozlov. At stake - 15,000,000 rubles.
Attention, weapons of the proletariat!
It turns out that the cobblestones were used not only by the proletariat, but also by some Saka horsemen to improve their skills. How did they do it?
Andrey Kozlov answers: They sat on this cobblestone Correct answer: They pinched him between his legs and jumped Check - 1: 4 .
Round 6 ("Blitz")
Not a single bet played. At stake - 3,000,000 rubles.
Question 1(Stanislav Korenblit, Moscow). Read by heart a poem about the 47th element of the first book of Euclid's "Beginnings".
Boris Burda says: Pythagorean pants are equal in all directions The answer is correct.
Question 2(Igor Sitkovsky, Moscow). "Master," the same Euclid was once asked, "what would you choose - one whole apple or two halves equal to this whole?" What did Euclid choose and how did he explain his choice?
Mikail Jabbarov answers: Euclid chose the whole because it is always easier to make two halves out of a whole, but it is much more difficult to make a whole out of two halves. Correct answer: Euclid chose two halves, because if he chose a whole apple, how would he know if it was wormy or not. Check - 1: 5 .
Round 7 (Olga Lipich, Penza)
Played by Andrey Kozlov. At stake - 25,000,000 rubles.
At this time of the year, television, Kabuki theater and other theaters in Japan specifically include scary plays in their repertoire. The Japanese themselves at this time of the year also tell each other scary stories about ghosts and ghosts. What time of year does this happen and why?
Andrey Kozlov answers: In the summer, because from horror the Japanese begin to grow cold The answer is correct. Check - 2: 5 . Andrey Kozlov - rating 25,000,000.
Round 8 (Sergey Karpov, Astrakhan)
Played by Boris Burda. At stake - 20,000,000 rubles.
“Many, blowing the air out of themselves with great swiftness, will lose their sight, and soon all their other senses.” Who are these "many" and what is going on?
Boris Burda answers ahead of schedule: It is necessary to blow out the candle and at first sight will be lost, and during sleep all other senses will be lost. The answer is correct. Check - 3: 5 . Boris Burda - rating 25,000,000.
Round 9 (Andrey Nefyodov, Tula)
Mark Bernes, who sang the song "Scavs full of mullets"
In the black box - granulated sugar
Played by Inna Druz. At stake - 15,000,000 rubles.
Attention, black box!
"... for the wedding, the loaders put on their shoes with a terrible creak." In the black box - the cause of this creak. What's there?
Answered by Inna Druz: Granulated sugar The answer is correct. Check - 4: 5 . Inna Druz - rating 15,000,000.
Round 10 (Alexander Kostyukov, Rostov-on-Don)
Played by Boris Burda. At stake - 5,000,000 rubles.
Before him, in the mournful darkness,
The coffin is rocking crystal,
And in that crystal coffin
The princess sleeps forever.
Boris Burda says: "And about the coffin of the dear bride / He hit with all his strength / The coffin broke. The maiden suddenly / Came to life The answer is correct. Check - 5: 5 . Boris Burda - rating 30,000,000.
Round 11 (Igor Filippov, USh 349/56)
Played by Alexander Druz. At stake - 15,000,000 rubles.
"Whoever conquers pain and fear, he himself will become God." With this thought, this writer is close to Mr. Filippov. And what is this writer close to connoisseurs?
Answered by Alexander Druz: Dostoevsky The answer is correct. Check - 6: 5 . Alexander Druz - rating 15,000,000.
Alexandra Marinina, using her right, adds a point to the score of the viewers.
Check - 6: 6
Round 12 ("Zero")
According to Druz, the necessary funds were collected from everyone in this saucer for the implementation of the project.
Played by Mikail Jabbarov. At stake - 10,000,000 rubles.
We will assume that this saucer is not mine, but Muravyov-Apostol. Remember, there was such a dreamer, a Decembrist, a dreamer? So, Muravyov-Apostol came up with a wonderful project in his time. Some great action was to take place on this project, and this project was to be achieved in a simple, easy and understandable way. Unfortunately, the project did not materialize. You have a chance to implement the Muravyov-Apostol project. Do a great action that Muravyov-Apostol did not succeed in and tell me why he brought this saucer with him?
Mikail Jabbarov transfers the right to answer to Alexander Druz: Funds were collected in this saucer from everyone in a circle in order to implement a humane project Correct answer: Muravyov-Apostol wanted every gambling house in Russia to have this saucer, and from each win the chip had to be placed in the saucer. The money raised went to charity. Check - 6: 7 . Due to the fact that the location of the planned project was not named, the answer was not counted.
Game results
- The team of connoisseurs is defeated.
- For the first time since 1989, the score of the game exceeded 6 points.
- On the last question, a conflict occurred between the presenter and the experts. In the course of lengthy attempts, Alexander Druz manages to give the correct answer, but the host does not count it and asks to clarify exactly where the funds were collected. In the end, Alexander casually mentions the word "casino", but he is immediately interrupted by Andrei Kozlov, who considered that everything happened in the Hunting Lodge in the Neskuchny Garden. Despite the fact that the majority of those gathered in the house were in favor of the victory of experts, the presenter awarded a point to the viewers, which caused violent indignation on the part of the playing team.
Muravyov-Apostol Sergey Ivanovich
(1795-1826), Decembrist, one of the founders of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare, lieutenant colonel (1820). Brother of I. I. and M. I. Muravyov-Apostols. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. One of the directors of the Southern Society, the head of his Vasilkovskaya council. Organizer and leader of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Wounded in battle. Hanged on July 13 (25) in St. Petersburg.
MURAVIEV-APOSTLE Sergey IvanovichMuravyov-Apostle Sergei Ivanovich (1795-1826), Decembrist, lieutenant colonel. Brother of I. I. and M. I. Muravyov-Apostols. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. One of the founders of the Union of Salvation and the Union of Welfare. One of the directors of the Southern Society, the head of the Vasilkovskaya council. Republican. Organizer and leader of the uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Wounded in battle. Hanged 13 (25) July.
* * *
Muravyov-Apostle Sergei Ivanovich, Decembrist.
Military career
The son of I. M. Muravyov-Apostol - a diplomat, senator, writer. He was educated in Paris, where his father was on a diplomatic mission. In 1810 he entered military service in the corps of railway engineers, a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812. (cm. Patriotic War of 1812) and foreign campaigns of 1813-14, participated in the battles at Vitebsk, Borodino, Tarutino, Maloyaroslavets, Krasny, Bautzen, Leipzig, Fer-Champenoise, Paris, had military awards. In 1817-18 he was a member of the Masonic Lodge of the Three Virtues. He served in the Life Guards Semyonovsky regiment, during the uprising the soldiers of the regiment in 1820 kept his company from speaking out, but, like all Semenov officers, after the regiment was cleared, he was transferred to the army, first as a lieutenant colonel in the Poltava, and then in the Chernigov infantry regiment, lodged in the city of Vasilkov, Kyiv province, where he received command of a battalion. Contemporaries unanimously spoke of him as a man of great intelligence, rare charm and kindness of soul. Muravyov was a resolute opponent of corporal punishment, did not resort to them himself and fought them in every way (it was said that he even bribed the regimental executioner so that he would not be zealous during the executions). He was loved by both the soldiers and fellow officers, had a reputation as an exemplary officer, and knew how to get along even with such odious personalities as his regimental commanders Schwartz and Goebel, who were distinguished by cruelty and narrow-mindedness.
Decembrist
Muravyov was one of the founders of the Salvation Union (cm. SALVATION UNION), participated in the Moscow conspiracy of 1817, when the proposal of I. D. Yakushkin was discussed (cm. YAKUSHKIN Ivan Dmitrievich) about the attempt on the life of Alexander I (cm. ALEXANDER I Pavlovich), was one of the leading members of the Welfare Union (cm. UNION OF WELFARE)(member and guardian of the Indigenous Council). The transfer to the service in the province for some time alienated Muravyov from the activities of the secret society, and after the dissolution of the Union of Welfare, he joined the Southern Society (cm. SOUTHERN SOCIETY), but until 1823 did not show much activity. Since 1823, Muravyov, together with his close friend M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin (cm. BESTUZHEV-RYUMIN Mikhail Petrovich) launched an active activity; the Vasilkovskaya council headed by them became the most numerous in the Southern society. At meetings of the leaders of the southern Decembrists, Muravyov and Bestuzhev-Ryumin insisted on the early start of an uprising in the troops (led by officers - members of the Southern Society), and referred to the experience of the revolution in Spain in 1820, which began with a military uprising in the provinces, argued with P.I. Pestel (cm. PESTEL Pavel Ivanovich), who believed that the coup should begin in the capital, and offered plans for the performance. In the summer of 1825, the Society of United Slavs was attached to its council. (cm. SOCIETY OF UNITED SLAVES). Since the autumn of 1825, Muravyov was introduced to the Directory of the Southern Society. The names of Sergei and Matvey Muravyov-Apostles were named in Mayboroda's denunciation, and on December 19, 1825, the St. Petersburg Investigative Committee ordered their arrest. On December 29, they were arrested by the colonel of the Chernigov regiment Gebel, but the officers of the regiment - members of a secret society - freed them by force, Gebel was wounded, and Muravyov led the uprising that began in this way in the Chernigov regiment (cm. CHERNIGOV REGIMENT UPRISING). During the uprising, the regimental priest read out the “Orthodox Catechism” compiled by Muravyov, in which it was proved that the duty of a Christian is to fight against the wrong authorities, and republican ideals were confirmed by quotes from the Bible. Muravyov remained at the head of the rebels until the very end, during the suppression of the uprising he was seriously wounded, arrested and brought to St. Petersburg. He was sentenced to death and hanged.
Muraviev was not married, but in a letter to his father from the fortress he asked him to take care of the two boys he had adopted. Most likely, these were his illegitimate sons; their further fate is unknown.
encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .
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MURAVYEV-APOSTOL, SERGEY IVANOVICH(1796–1826), one of the leaders of the Decembrist movement. Born September 28 (October 9), 1796 in St. Petersburg. The son of I.M. Muravyov-Apostol, senator and Russian ambassador to Spain, from his first marriage to A.S. He spent his childhood in Hamburg and Paris; studied at the Paris boarding school Ixa; showed brilliant abilities and diligence; wrote poems in French and Latin. In 1809 he returned to Russia and entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers. In 1810 he was enrolled in the guard. In 1812 he graduated from the institute; received the rank of lieutenant. In the same year, he began military service as a second lieutenant of the Semyonovsky Life Guards Regiment. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Foreign Campaign of 1813–1814; distinguished himself in battles near Borodino on August 26 (September 7), 1812, Krasny on November 3–6 (15–18), 1812, Lutzen on April 20 (May 4), 1813, Bautzen on May 8–9 (20–21), 1813 and Leipzig 4–7 (16–19) October 1813. He was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree and the golden sword "For Courage". From 1815 - commander of the 1st (imperial) company of the Semenovsky regiment.
Influenced by the French Enlightenment thought of the 18th century. and liberal ideas of the era of the French Revolution, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol gradually formed a critical attitude towards the autocratic-serf regime in Russia. In 1816, he became one of the founders of the first secret political organization of the Decembrists, the Union of Salvation, which set as its goal the elimination of serfdom and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. After the creation of the Union of Welfare in 1818, he became a member of its governing body - the Root Council. In January 1820, at the St. Petersburg meeting of members of the society, he supported the idea of P.I. Pestel on the introduction of a republican form of government in Russia.
In October 1820, in connection with the uprising of the soldiers of the Semyonovsky regiment and its disbandment, he was transferred south to the Poltava infantry regiment; soon appointed commander of the 2nd Battalion of the Chernihiv Infantry Regiment stationed near Belaya Tserkov; had the rank of lieutenant colonel.
After self-dissolution in January 1821, the Welfare Union joined the Southern Society organized by P.I.Pestel; together with M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, he headed his Vasilkovskaya council. He was an opponent of terrorist methods of struggle (regicide). Unlike P.I. Pestel, he considered possible an independent armed uprising in the south of Russia; planned to raise a large part of the 2nd Army stationed in Ukraine to an anti-government rebellion, and with its help to capture Moscow. He actively tried to win soldiers and officers over to the side of the conspirators. In 1823-1825 he negotiated with other secret officer organizations - the Society of United Slavs and the Polish Patriotic Society, which sought to restore the national independence of Poland. For propaganda among the soldiers, he compiled an anti-monarchist Catechism in the form of questions and answers. In early November 1825 he became one of the three directors of the Southern Society.
After the arrest on December 13 (25), 1825, P.I. Pestel and the defeat of the Decembrists on December 14 (26) in St. Petersburg, he turned out to be the actual head of the Southern Society; invited its members to start an uprising in the south, but did not receive the support of the majority. On December 27, 1825 (January 8, 1826) he was detained by gendarmes in the village of Trilesy, but the next day he was released by officers of the conspirators. On December 29-30 (January 10-11) he raised an uprising of the Chernigov regiment. Rejected the plan to march on Kyiv. Intending to unite with the pro-Decembrist Aleksopol, Akhtyrsky and 17th Jaeger regiments, he moved first to Borisov, and then to Belaya Tserkov, but the authorities managed to withdraw the "unreliable" units to other areas. On January 3 (15), 1826, near Kovalevka, the Chernigovites were attacked and defeated by a detachment of General F.K. Geismar; S.I. Muravyov-Apostol was wounded in the head and was arrested on the battlefield.
The Supreme Criminal Court sentenced him to death by quartering, which Nicholas I replaced by hanging. Together with four other convicts, he was executed on July 13 (25), 1826 on the crown work of the Peter and Paul Fortress; having fallen off the noose due to the inexperience of the executioner, he was hanged a second time.
Ivan Krivushin
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