Where did sambo originate? What is the difference between sports sambo and combat sambo: features and differences. Traditions and philosophy of sambo

Self-defense without weapons (SAMBO) is one of the few types of martial arts that have exclusively Russian roots. It was developed taking into account the Russian mentality, but with the possibility of superiority over other sports: boxing, judo, jiu-jitsu, etc. Its birth and rapid development occurred in the time preceding the Great Patriotic War. Officially, the date of birth is considered to be 1938. Historians attribute quite a lot to the Founding Fathers a large number of people, and are still arguing about this topic.

The only thing that can be said with great confidence is that sambo is a symbiosis of a colossal number of martial arts studied in the countries of the Asian region. Over time, representatives of traditional schools of martial arts themselves recognized the right of sambo to take an honorable place among others with thousands of years of history.

What is sambo and what types of it exist?

During the development of freestyle wrestling, as sambo was originally called, the task was set to be able to use it in any extreme conditions: outdoors in winter, in a cramped room, etc. The country's security forces, for which this type of fight was developed, had to be able to disarm and detain a criminal without lethal results, using painful techniques. In 1947, freestyle wrestling acquired its modern name.

The uniqueness of sambo in general, as a form of wrestling, lies in its constant development. The baggage of techniques used numbers in the thousands, and is replenished every year, becoming more and more effective. The techniques are built into a certain system and are used based on the opponent’s attack options. The training system for athletes of this type is recognized in the world as one of the best. According to statistics, on this moment it is studied in more than seventy countries around the world.

Over time, schools for studying sambo became available to ordinary citizens. The requirement for knowledge of basic self-defense techniques was included in the standards of the Second Degree GTO. At the same time, it was divided into types:

Sports(classical) - anyone can start practicing, international competitions are held, it is recognized as an Olympic sport, but was never included in the program of the Olympic Games;
Combat– was originally intended exclusively for the police, border troops, KGB and other special forces. Over time, this type of self-defense became publicly available and also gained universal popularity. But certain applications are still taught only in units of law enforcement agencies.

Sports (classical) sambo

A type of martial arts that involves effective protection when attacking and is defensive. A certain set of rules has been developed. Athletes are divided by age, gender and weight categories. Victory is awarded based on points scored for performing power techniques. Thanks to a painful or choking technique, it is possible to win an early victory in a fight. It can also be awarded for an effective throw.

This is sport in its purest form, in the best traditions of international wrestling. Present minimal risk of injury. Suitable for those who have a desire to learn self-defense techniques, improve physical fitness, increase strength and endurance. If you decide to send your child to play sports, this is an option, an excellent alternative to martial arts. At the same time, the set of techniques being mastered is suitable not only for self-defense, but will allow you to continue training in such an Olympic form as Japanese judo.

Designed more for offense than defense. In addition to using the wrestling arsenal from classical sambo, striking techniques are allowed. There are strict age restrictions on the use of painful and choking techniques. Blows can be applied with any part of the body to the entire body of the opponent, with the exception of those strictly specified by the rules. pain points. To minimize injury, use protective equipment: a helmet used in amateur boxing, a mouth guard to protect teeth, soft gloves that do not interfere with grips.

Due to the capabilities of the technology used, the fights look dynamic and do not take a long time, as they often end in knockdowns and knockouts. They have gained enormous popularity in mixed martial arts due to their versatile use in combat.

What do they have in common?

Designed for protection without weapons.
They have one common history and country of creation.
An effective means for physical development and increasing endurance.
Integrated everything best techniques world martial arts;
In meaning and spirit it is much closer to the Russian people than martial arts.
As a result of training, a sense of balance develops, both in relation to the enemy.
International tournaments are held.

Existing main differences

Combat sambo was developed for law enforcement agencies. The classic look is an adapted version for civilian self-defense.
In Sambo, defense is carried out “softly”, without attacking. The combat type attacks harshly, using all methods of influencing the enemy. Complete and quick neutralization of the enemy is his main task. For this reason, it is often positioned as a form of mixed martial arts.
Study sporty look Sambo is possible at any age. When switching to its combat version, it is advisable to have the baggage of classic sambo behind you.
Entertainment and dynamism during sparring matches in combat sambo increases risks various injuries athletes. In the sports version, such cases are rare.

When choosing which type of sambo to practice, do not forget for what purposes each type of this original Russian martial art was invented.

In the 1930s, for the training of NKVD officers and military personnel of the internal troops (as part of a course of special physical training, abbreviated “special physical training”). Sports Sambo techniques were also included in combat sambo. The official date of birth of sambo is considered to be November 16, 1938, when the USSR Sports Committee included sambo among the sports cultivated in the USSR. Sports and combat sambo were separated in 1947 during the development of sambo under the leadership of A. A. Kharlampiev. See Struggle#New time.

Sambo is a relatively young, but quite popular and rapidly developing form of combat sports. The basis of the technical arsenal of Sambo is a set of the most effective techniques of defense and attack, selected from various types martial arts and national struggle of many peoples of the world. The number of techniques in the Sambo arsenal is continuously increasing as this type of combat sport develops.

The philosophy of Sambo is not only a type of combat sport and a system of countering an opponent without the use of weapons, but also an educational system that promotes the development of moral and volitional qualities.

On November 30, 2018, at a meeting of the Executive Council of the International Olympic Committee held in Tokyo, the International Sambo Federation (FIAS) received recognition in accordance with Rule 25 of the Olympic Charter.

History of Sambo

The formation of sambo occurred in the 1920-1930s, when the young Soviet state was in dire need of social institution, ensuring its protection, educating active members of society, and also capable of becoming an effective tool for socialization huge amount street and neglected children and adolescents.

From the very beginning, sambo developed in two directions: as a mass sport and as effective remedy training personnel for law enforcement agencies. Since 1923, in the Moscow sports society “Dynamo”, V. A. Spiridonov has been cultivating a specific applied discipline- self-defense (abbr. samoz). At the Dynamo base, various martial arts were studied, including national types of wrestling of the peoples of the world, boxing and other striking techniques. This direction was closed and intended exclusively for the training of special forces.

During the same period, sports sambo was actively developing on the basis of judo, and after the arrest and death of Oshchepkov, it was known as “freestyle wrestling without weapons.” A graduate of the Kodokan Judo Institute, second dan holder V. S. Oshchepkov begins teaching judo as academic discipline in Novosibirsk, and then at the Moscow Institute of Physical Education, including self-defense techniques without weapons from armed persons, continuously enriches and improves self-defense techniques, preserves judo techniques excluded in Japan (for example, throws with hands grabbing legs) and in search of the most effective techniques complements judo with elements of freestyle wrestling, self-defense without weapons, bayonet combat, hand-to-hand combat, savate, national martial arts, forming the foundations of a new type of martial arts. The combat direction of this martial art, similar to jiu-jitsu in judo, is taught by him at the military department of the Moscow Institute of Physical Education, created in 1932. Over time, Spiridonov’s self-defense system merged with Oshchepkov’s system. A huge contribution to the formation, development and dissemination of the system of self-defense without weapons was made by A. A. Kharlampiev (one of V. S. Oshchepkov’s students), who independently studied the elements of struggle in folk games and national types of wrestling different nations. An invaluable contribution to the development of sambo was made by E. M. Chumakov (student of A. A. Kharlampiev). Nowadays, sambo wrestling is represented in two directions: sports and combat.

Since its founding, sambo has been considered as an effective means of moral-volitional and all-round physical development, increasing agility, strength, endurance, nurturing tactical thinking, and developing civic-patriotic qualities. Already in the 1930s, sambo was included in the standards of the GTO complex, developed with the active participation of V. S. Oshchepkov. Millions of Soviet citizens from an early age were introduced to the basics of self-defense without weapons, strengthened their health, and developed character.

On November 16, 1938, the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports issued Order No. 633 “On the development of freestyle wrestling (sambo)”:

Freestyle wrestling in the USSR, formed from the most valuable elements of the national types of wrestling of our vast Union (Georgian, Tajik, Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Karachay) and some of the best techniques from other types of wrestling, is extremely valuable in its variety of techniques and sport of military importance.

For the first time, freestyle wrestling began to be cultivated in Moscow and Leningrad.

This sport received the most widespread development in the societies “Wings of the Soviets” (Moscow) and “Vodnik” (Leningrad), in which these sections, thanks to planned systematic work, achieved major sporting successes.

Freestyle wrestling, thanks to the successful experience of Moscow and Leningrad, began to penetrate other cities of the USSR (Kharkov, Saratov, Kyiv and Baku).

To direct and guide this work, the All-Union Committee for Physical Education and Sports created an All-Union Section in November 1937, which made it possible to combine the experience of individual cities and direct this work along a single sports channel.

Held during 1938, the All-Union gathering of coaches in Moscow, the All-Ukrainian gathering in Kyiv, match meetings - Moscow-Leningrad, edition official rules etc. provide further development this valuable, in terms of defense, sport.

However, freestyle wrestling has not yet become the property of the broad masses of Soviet athletes. Such societies as “Spartak”, “Lokomotiv”, “Zenith”, “Stroitel” and others, despite the existing conditions, do not pay absolutely any attention to this sport, thereby ignoring the task of the comprehensive development of defense sports.

Based on the above, the All-Union Committee for Physical Education and Sports under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR ORDERS:

Organize freestyle wrestling sections at all republican, regional, regional and city committees for physical education and sports. In republics, territories and regions in which national types of wrestling are popular among the local population, organize and strengthen sports work in these types of wrestling. a) organize systematic classes and training in national types of wrestling, create all the necessary conditions for this (instruction, inventory and equipment); b) develop competition rules that reflect national characteristics struggle; c) include in the sports calendar events in national wrestling, as well as freestyle wrestling, taking into account local characteristics. In order to strengthen the material base, republican, regional, regional and city committees for physical education and sports should include in their estimates the costs associated with the development of freestyle wrestling, and in national regions - national wrestling.

Instruct the Department of Physical Education and Sports of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions and all Central Councils of voluntary sports societies to develop work on freestyle wrestling, obliging them to allocate the necessary funds for this matter. In order to provide the new sport with qualified personnel, the Main Sports Inspectorate will organize 3-month training courses for juniors. trainers for the periphery during 1939. To oblige the republican, regional, regional and city committees for physical education and sports, which sent their representatives to participate in the 1st All-Union freestyle wrestling training camp, to use them for their intended purpose for organizing local work in freestyle wrestling and for creating personnel for this sport. Oblige the All-Union Freestyle Wrestling Section to develop a standard training program for the grassroots section and a freestyle wrestling textbook.

Release taxonomy tables and photo albums on freestyle wrestling to help coaches. Include the match of 6 cities and the All-Union Championship in the calendar of sports events for 1939 and oblige the republican, regional, regional and city committees for physical education and sports to include freestyle wrestling competitions in the sports calendar of 1939. Taking into account the defensive significance of freestyle wrestling, include in the complex of GTO standards of the 2nd stage, as one of the qualifying standards, for men sports wrestling, for women a self-defense complex based on freestyle wrestling. Head of the Sports Equipment Department of the All-Union Committee for Physical Education and Sports, Comrade. MASS ensure the production of the required amount of sports equipment: a) sports robes b) boots c) wrestling mats

Chairman of the All-Union Committee for Physical Education and Sports

Under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

A decision was made to organize a sambo training system in all republics of the USSR, and the All-Union Freestyle Wrestling (Sambo) Section was created, which later became the Sambo Federation. The following year, the first national championship in the new sport was held.

The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War interrupted the holding of the USSR championships. But the war became a tough test of the viability of sambo in combat conditions. Athletes and coaches trained in Sambo defended their Motherland with honor, participated in the training of fighters and commanders, and fought in the ranks of the active army. Sambo wrestlers were awarded military orders and medals, many of them became Heroes Soviet Union.

In the 1950s, sambo entered the international arena and repeatedly proved its effectiveness. In 1957, fighting against Hungarian judokas, Soviet sambo wrestlers won a convincing victory in two friendly matches with a total score of 47:1. Two years later, the sambo wrestlers repeated their success, already in meetings with judokas of the GDR. On the eve of the Olympic Games in Tokyo, Soviet sambo wrestlers, fighting according to the rules of judo, defeated the Czechoslovakian team, and then defeated the European judo champions, the French team. In 1964, Soviet sambo wrestlers represented the country at the Olympic Games in Tokyo, where judo made its debut. As a result of the performance of the USSR national team, which took second place in the team competition, Japan created its own sambo federation the following year. An exchange of coaches and athletes is organized, transferred to Japanese methodological literature on sambo. The process of actively using methods of training sambo wrestlers and methods of conducting a fight in sambo to improve judo begins.

In 1966, at the congress of the International Amateur Wrestling Federation (FILA), sambo was officially recognized as an international sport. The popularity of sambo began to grow steadily around the world. The very next year, the first international sambo tournament took place in Riga, in which athletes from Yugoslavia, Japan, Mongolia, Bulgaria and the USSR took part. In 1972, the first European Open Championship took place, and in 1973, the first World Championship, in which athletes from 11 countries took part. In subsequent years, European and world championships and international tournaments are regularly held. Sambo federations are being created in Spain, Greece, Israel, the USA, Canada, France and other countries. In 1977, sambists competed at the Pan American Games for the first time; In the same year, the World Sambo Cup was played for the first time. In 1979, the first World Youth Championship was held, and two years later the first World Women's Championship. Also in 1981, sambo entered the Bolivarian Games of South America.

Despite all the active development and growth of international popularity in the 1970-1980s, sambo was not included in the program of the Olympic Games. However, at this time, continuing the traditions of mass development, sambo was widely spread in the country's universities. A large number of students passed through the sambo sections of universities and institutes of the Soviet Union, the sports society "Burevestnik", who have now become successful statesmen, athletes, military men, scientists, form an active part of the all-Russian sambo community. At the same time, active work was carried out to develop sambo at the place of residence and in institutions of additional sports education, and to train highly qualified athletes.

In 1985, the USSR State Committee for Physical Culture and Sports adopted a resolution “On the state and measures for the development of sambo wrestling”, which contributed to a significant increase in the number sports schools cultivating sambo, increasing the total number of students, improving the training of highly qualified athletes. Under the auspices of the USSR State Sports Committee, sambo competitions were held among military-patriotic clubs for prizes of the USSR National Olympic Committee. Sambo wrestling has become the only non-Olympic sport that has received broad government support.

The 1990s were a difficult period for sambo. Under the conditions of perestroika, various types of martial arts became especially popular, which was greatly facilitated by foreign cinema, with its promotion of outwardly spectacular techniques of karate, aikido, wushu, etc. Previously banned by the state, these martial arts became especially attractive to young people. But already in the late 1990s - early 2000s, a new discipline was emerging - combat sambo not as applied, but as sports. This was largely due to the growing popularity of mixed martial arts, where students of the Sambo school proved its effectiveness.

The formation and development of combat sambo made it possible to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of sambo against the background of various types and styles of martial arts, and became a powerful incentive for improving sambo. In 2001, the first Russian Combat Sambo Championship took place. In 2002 State Committee The Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports issued a decree approving the new discipline of combat sambo.

The 2000s became a time of active development of sambo, primarily due to the strengthening regional federations sambo, level up state support, growth in funding, improvement in the level of training of athletes, development of a system of sports events.

Sambo disciplines

Traditionally, Sambo technique consists of two groups of techniques:

Techniques for disarming and arresting with the help of painful locks in a standing position (historical “combat section”);
Techniques of sports disciplines.

The latter include technical actions of sambo wrestling and sports combat sambo.

In sports combat sambo, sambo wrestling techniques are allowed to be used, as well as actions permitted by the competition rules of all existing martial arts (all types of punches, kicks, elbows, knees; choking techniques).

Sambo rules

There are seven age groups in sambo competitions, presented in the table.

Sambo is divided into weight categories depending on age and gender. In sports sambo it is allowed to use throws, holds and painful techniques on the arms and legs. In sambo, throws can be carried out using the arms, legs and torso. In sambo, points are awarded for throws and holds. A throw is a technique with which a sambist throws an opponent off balance and throws him onto the mat on some part of the body or on his knees. When holding, the sambist presses his head or chest against his opponent and holds him in this position for 20 seconds. A sambist can win ahead of schedule if he throws his opponent onto his back, while remaining in a standing position, performs a painful hold, and scores 8 (since 2015, before that it was 12 points. Source - sambo-fias.org) points more than the opponent.

Clean Throw: Awarded for throwing an opponent onto his back without the attacker falling.

4 points are awarded:

for throwing an opponent onto his back with the attacker falling;
for throwing an opponent on his side without the attacker falling;
for holding for 20 seconds (since 2018 - 2 points for holding for 20 seconds).

2 points are awarded:

for throwing an opponent on his side with the attacker falling;
for a throw on the chest, shoulder, stomach, pelvis without the attacker falling;
for holding for more than 10, but less than 20 seconds (since 2018, changes have been made to the rules, and for holding 10 seconds, 1 point).

1 point is awarded:

for throwing the opponent onto the chest, shoulder, stomach, pelvis with the attacker falling.

A painful hold is a technical action in prone wrestling that forces the opponent to give up. In Sambo it is allowed to use levers, knots, pinching joints and muscles on the opponent’s arms and legs. Contraction time is 3-5 minutes of pure time.

Currently, there are six competition systems in Sambo:

Olympic with repechage matches from semi-finalists;
Olympic with repechage matches from the finalists;
Olympic without repechage matches;
up to six penalty points;
up to two defeats;
circular, divided into subgroups.

Dress

Modern rules provide for the following participant's costume: special red or blue jackets (sambovki), a belt and short shorts, as well as special shoes (wrestling shoes). In addition, participants are provided with a protective groin bandage (swimming trunks or non-metallic shell) and a bra and one-piece swimsuit are provided for participants.

Sambo jackets and belts are made from cotton fabric. The sleeve of the jacket is wrist-length, and has a width that leaves at least 10 cm of clearance to the arm. The jacket's tails are short, 15 cm below the waist.

Wrestling shoes are made from soft skin boots with soft soles, without protruding hard parts (for which all seams must be sealed inside). Ankles and feet in the joint area thumb protected by leather-covered felt pads.

Shorts are made of wool, wool blend or synthetic knitwear, must be one color and cover the upper third of the leg. Fasteners, pockets and other rigid decorative elements are excluded.

At official competitions, participants wear shorts and a jacket of the same color. The athlete who is announced first must take the red corner and wear a uniform of the appropriate color.

International tournaments

The largest international sambo competitions are: world championships, European championships, Asian championships, World Cup (Kharlampiev Memorial), tournaments of categories “A” and “B”.

for prizes from the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan,
for prizes of the President of the Republic of Belarus,
Potapov Memorial (Vladivostok),
FIAS President's Cup,
international tournament for the prizes of A. Aslakhanov.

Gordeev Memorial (Kyrgyzstan),
Burdikov Memorial (Russia),
Chokheli Memorial (Georgia),
Grand Prix of Paris,
International Youth Sambo Festival of national teams of the CSTO member states,
Memorial Doga (Moldova),
President's Cup (UK),
"Germaniad" (Germany).

Comparison of Sambo with other martial arts

Comparative characteristics martial arts common in Russia and other post-Soviet states
	Kudo	Army hand-to-hand combat	Combat Sambo	Braids karate
Original style	kyokushinkai, judo, Thai boxing	sambo, various martial arts of Asian origin, boxing	judo, boxing, kuresh, jiu-jitsu	karate Shoreiji-ryu, Shorin-ryu, Shorinji-kempo and Shorinji-ryu
Year of creation	1981	1979	1938	1970
Year of creation	The first kudo school began its work	The first championship of the Airborne Forces on EPIRB took place	Sambo is included in the official list of sports	The first Koshiki karate school began its work
A country
Original purpose	sport	survival of a fighter in combat conditions during hand-to-hand combat (for military personnel)	detention and neutralization of criminals, saboteurs and terrorists (for employees of internal affairs bodies)	sport
Creators	Azuma Takashi	martial arts enthusiasts and sports instructors of the USSR Airborne Forces with the assistance of Vasily Filippovich Margelov	Kharlampiev Anatoly Arkadievich and Oshchepkov Vasily Sergeevich	Eiichi Eriguchi and Masayoshi Kori Hisataka
Availability to civilians	since creation	since 1995	since 1994	since creation
Organizations developing in Russia	Federation of KUDO of Russia	Federation of Army Hand-to-Hand Combat of Russia and Sports Federation of Army Hand-to-Hand Combat	All-Russian Sambo Federation and Russian Combat Sambo Federation	Federation of Koshiki Karate of Russia, All-Russian Union of Contact Karate
Competition form	kudogi white and blue (KIF certified)	kimono white with long sleeves	Sambovki red and blue (certified by VFSR)	karate gi with blue and red stripes (certified by VSKK)
Full contact punches and kicks	allowed	allowed with restrictions	allowed	allowed with restrictions
Throwing and wrestling techniques	allowed with restrictions	allowed	allowed	allowed with restrictions
Painful techniques on the legs	allowed	allowed	allowed	prohibited
Painful techniques on the hands	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Painful in the rack	prohibited	prohibited	allowed	prohibited
Choking techniques	allowed	prohibited	allowed	prohibited
Finishing on the ground	allowed with restrictions	allowed, including kicks to the head from the rack	allowed	allowed with restrictions
Headbutts	allowed	allowed	allowed

Sambo is a unique domestic martial art, popular all over the world.
Sambo is an international sport worthy of becoming an Olympic sport.
Sambo is the only sport in the world where the Russian language is recognized official language international communication.

Traditions and philosophy of sambo

Sambo is not only a type of combat sports, it is an educational system that promotes the development of a person’s moral and volitional qualities, patriotism and citizenship.

Sambo is the science of defense, not attack. Sambo not only teaches self-defense, but also provides rich life experience that forms a solid male character, stamina and endurance, which are necessary in work and social activities.

Sambo promotes the development of self-discipline, forms internal moral support and a strong personal position in achieving life goals. Sambo forms the social support of society, people who are able to stand up for themselves, for their family, for their Motherland.

Sambo traditions are rooted in the culture of the peoples of Russia, in folk species struggle.

Sambo includes the best practices of national martial arts: fist fighting, Russian, Georgian, Tatar, Armenian, Kazakh, Uzbek wrestling; Finnish-French, free-American, English wrestling of Lancashire and Cumberland styles, Swiss, Japanese judo and sumo and other types of martial arts.

Such a system, aimed at searching for everything that is advanced and expedient, formed the basis of the philosophy of sambo - the philosophy of constant development, renewal, openness to everything better. Along with wrestling techniques, sambo also absorbed the moral principles of the peoples who passed on part of their culture to sambo. These values gave Sambo the strength to go through the harsh tests of time, to survive and become stronger in them. And today, when children engage in Sambo, they not only learn to defend themselves, but also gain experience in worthy behavior based on the values of patriotism and citizenship.

The history of sambo is closely connected with the history of the country, the history of victories. This is a living symbol of the continuity of generations.

The history of sambo - the history of Russia

The emergence of sambo occurred in the 1920s-1930s, when the young Soviet state was in dire need of a social institution that would provide its protection, unite active members of society, and also be capable of becoming an effective tool for the socialization of a huge number of homeless and neglected children and adolescents.

From the very beginning, sambo developed in two directions: as a mass sport and as an effective means of training personnel for law enforcement agencies.

Since 1923 in the Moscow sports society "Dynamo" V.A. Spiridonov cultivates a specific applied discipline - “self-defense”. At the Dynamo base, various martial arts were studied, including national types of wrestling of the peoples of the world, boxing and other striking techniques. This direction was closed and intended exclusively for the training of special forces.

During the same period, sports sambo, initially known as “freestyle wrestling,” was actively developing. Graduate of the Kodokan Judo Institute, holder of the second dan V.S. Oshchepkov begins teaching judo as an academic discipline at the Moscow Institute of Physical Education, but gradually moves away from the canons of judo in search of the most effective techniques, enriches and improves self-defense techniques, forming the foundations of a new type of martial arts. Over time, Spiridonov’s self-defense system merged with Oshchepkov’s system, and with the direct participation of other founders ( A.A. Kharlampieva, E.M. Chumakova) modern sambo was formed, which retained two directions: sports and combat.

Since its foundation, sambo has been considered as an effective means of comprehensive physical development of a person, increasing his agility, strength, endurance, nurturing tactical thinking, and developing civic and patriotic qualities. Already in the 1930s. Sambo is included in the standards of the GTO complex, developed with the active participation of V.S. Oshchepkova. Millions of Soviet citizens from an early age were introduced to the basics of self-defense without weapons, strengthened their health, and developed character.

On November 16, 1938, the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports issued Order No. 633 “On the development of freestyle wrestling (sambo).” “This struggle,” the order says, “has been formed from the most valuable elements of the national types of struggle of our vast Union and some best practices from other types of wrestling, it is an extremely valuable sport in its variety of techniques and applications.” A decision was made to organize a system of training sambo wrestlers in all republics of the USSR, and the “All-Union Section of Freestyle Wrestling (Sambo)” was created, which later became the Sambo Federation. Next year the first national championship in the new sport will take place.

The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War interrupted the holding of the USSR championships. But the war became a tough test of the viability of sambo in combat conditions. Athletes and coaches trained in Sambo defended their Motherland with honor, participated in the training of fighters and commanders, and fought in the ranks of the active army. Sambo wrestlers were awarded military orders and medals, many of them became Heroes of the Soviet Union.

In the 1950s, sambo entered the international arena and repeatedly proved its effectiveness. In 1957, fighting against Hungarian judokas, Soviet sambo wrestlers won a convincing victory in two friendly matches with a total score of 47:1. Two years later, the sambo wrestlers repeated their success, already in meetings with judokas of the GDR. On the eve of the Olympic Games in Tokyo, Soviet sambo wrestlers, fighting according to the rules of judo, defeated the Czechoslovakian team, and then defeated the European judo champions, the French team. In 1964, Soviet sambo wrestlers represented the country at the Olympic Games in Tokyo, where judo made its debut. As a result of the triumphant performance of the USSR national team, which took second place in the team competition, Japan’s own sambo federation was created the following year. An exchange of coaches and athletes is organized, and methodological literature on sambo is translated into Japanese. The process of actively using methods of training sambo wrestlers and methods of conducting a fight in sambo to improve judo begins.

In 1966, at the congress of the International Amateur Wrestling Federation (FILA), sambo was officially recognized as an international sport. The popularity of sambo began to grow steadily around the world. The very next year, the first international sambo tournament took place in Riga, in which athletes from Yugoslavia, Japan, Mongolia, Bulgaria and the USSR took part. In 1972, the first European Open Championship took place, and in 1973, the first World Championship, in which athletes from 11 countries took part. In subsequent years, European and world championships and international tournaments are regularly held. Sambo federations are being created in Spain, Greece, Israel, the USA, Canada, France and other countries. In 1977, sambists competed at the Pan American Games for the first time; In the same year, the World Sambo Cup was played for the first time. In 1979, the first World Youth Championships were held, followed two years later by the first World Women's Championships. Also in 1981, sambo entered the Bolivarian Games of South America.

Despite all the active development and growth of international popularity in the 70-80s, sambo was not included in the program of the Olympic Games.

In the 70-80s, continuing the traditions of mass development, sambo was widely spread in the country's universities. A large number of students passed through the sambo sections of universities and institutes of the Soviet Union, the sports society "Burevestnik", who now, having become successful statesmen, athletes, military men, scientists, form an active part of the all-Russian sambo community. At the same time, active work was carried out to develop sambo at the place of residence and in institutions of additional sports education, and to train highly qualified athletes.

In 1985, the USSR State Committee for Physical Culture and Sports adopted a resolution “On the state and measures for the development of sambo wrestling”, which contributed to a significant increase in the number of sports schools cultivating sambo, an increase in the total number of students, and improved training of highly qualified athletes. Under the auspices of the USSR State Sports Committee, sambo competitions were held among military-patriotic clubs for prizes of the USSR National Olympic Committee. Sambo wrestling became the only non-Olympic sport that received broad government support.

The 1990s were a difficult period for sambo. Under the conditions of perestroika, various types of martial arts became especially popular, which was greatly facilitated by Western cinema, which promoted the spectacular techniques of karate, aikido, wushu, etc. Previously banned by the state, these martial arts have become especially attractive to the population. But already in the late 1990s - early 2000s, a new discipline was emerging - .

In combat sambo, sports sambo techniques are allowed to be used, as well as actions permitted by the competition rules of all existing martial arts (including striking techniques).

The formation and development of combat sambo made it possible to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of sambo against the background of various types and styles of martial arts, and became a powerful incentive for improving sambo. In 2001, the first Russian Combat Sambo Championship took place. In 2002, the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports issued a decree approving the new discipline “combat sambo”.

The 2000s became a time of active development of sambo, primarily due to the strengthening of regional sambo federations, increasing the level of government support, growing funding, improving the level of training of athletes, and developing a system of mass sports events.

Sambo is a domestic sport of Russia

In 2003, Sambo was officially recognized NATIONAL AND PRIORITY SPORT In Russian federation.

Today in Russia sambo is one of the most popular sports. Due to its accessibility (does not require expensive sports facilities and equipment) and its role in social life society, sambo is developing.

More than 200 thousand Russians practice Sambo, including 60 thousand young athletes in 589 branches of sports schools and clubs throughout Russia.

The main places of initial preparation and training sessions for young amateur athletes are clubs at the place of residence, Sport halls educational institutions, institutions of further education, sports clubs and sections, gyms of voluntary sports societies, etc. Extensive network organizations and institutions implementing activities to attract children and adolescents to regular classes serves as the basis for increasing the popularity and mass participation of sambo.

A lot of work on the popularization and development of sambo, the preparation of a sports reserve, and the organization of mass sports events is carried out by unique sambo centers that have no analogues in the world: “World Sambo Academy” (Kstovo, Nizhny Novgorod region), “Sambo-70 Education Center” (Moscow city).

More than 100 high-class athletes improve their sports skills in the departments of sambo schools of the Olympic reserve of the Republic of Buryatia, the Chuvash Republic, the Primorsky Territory, the Irkutsk, Kurgan, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Penza, Saratov and Sverdlovsk regions.

Every year more than 12 thousand athletes fulfill the standards for mass sports categories.

Every year, more than 150 competitions are held at the all-Russian level - Russian championships among men and women, championships among juniors, boys, juniors and girls, among veterans, as well as championships among students; Russian cups, tournaments dedicated to the memory of the country's outstanding athletes, significant dates in the history of the Fatherland. The annual holding of the international youth sambo tournament “Victory” among national teams of hero cities and federal districts. Russia regularly hosts the most prestigious international tournaments, such as the Presidential Sambo Cup of the Russian Federation, the A.A. Memorial World Super Cup. Kharlampieva" and others. Russia has repeatedly received the honor of hosting European and World Championships.

Sambo is an integral element of physical and special training personnel power structures of Russia. Thus, sambo is used to train employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, FSB, and GRU special forces.

Championships of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Main Internal Affairs Directorate, and the Internal Affairs Directorate are held regularly in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; in 2010 it was combined for the first time with the championship of educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Also, since 2010, the FSB of Russia championship has been held.

Sambo's birthday is a holiday for the whole country

The first celebration of All-Russian Sambo Day took place in 2008, when our sport turned 70 years old. The celebrations were held as a single major event - the anniversary of Sambo at . Thus, in our country the beginning of a wonderful tradition was laid - the celebration of All-Russian Sambo Day. Very little time passed and the celebrations became popular in all regions of Russia. Now this is the largest sambo event in terms of the number of participants and geographical coverage. This is not only the most massive tournament, but also a socially significant event that helps attract children and youth to sports.

In 2015, 120 Russian cities took part in the celebration of All-Russian Sambo Day. On November 16, 150,000 young Russian athletes took to the mats in sports clubs, sections, and sports palaces.

The athletes received congratulations on this day from the heads of regional federations and tournament organizers, but the brightest and most memorable congratulations came from Russian President Vladimir Putin. To all participants of the All-Russian Sambo Day, Vladimir Putin sent and parting words for an uncompromising struggle. Our national sport is loved and respected all over the world. Representatives of national sambo federations also sent their congratulations on the birthday of sambo.

In 2016, Sambo Day became not only All-Russian, but also international - this decision was made at international congress in Marocco.

We will pass the GTO standards, an athlete is always invincible!

Every day Russia is becoming more athletic, and every athlete in our country is motivated to win. And sport is a big driving mechanism of modern Russian society, the return of the GTO complex to our lives is proof of this.An important role in the sports and moral education of the future generation within the framework of the VFSK"GTO" called upon to play our national sport of sambo. Since sambo is not only a type of combat sports, it is an educational system that promotes the development of a person’s moral and volitional qualities, patriotism and citizenship.

On the initiative of the All-Russian Sambo Federation, the working group, which, when analyzing the standards, came to the conclusion that it is necessary to include elements of self-defense in the complex for training youth of conscription and pre-conscription age. Thus, having done serious preparatory work, conducting experimental self-defense tests among young people in a number of regions, the working group chaired by Deputy Secretary of the Russian Security Council Rashid Nurgaliev proposed including sambo in the GTO complex.

The first results were not long in coming. So, according to November 16, 2015, self-defense without weapons (sambo) was included in the list of tests of stages IV – VI. It is noteworthy that the order was signed on November 16, the day when All-Russian Sambo Day was celebrated throughout Russia.

Sambo in schools

The “SAMBO to School” program should give an additional impetus to the development of mass sports among young people. An experiment to introduce sambo into the third lesson of physical education is taking place in our country with 2010. On Currently, the experiment was carried out in 60 schools and 3 regions and was considered successful. And many facts speak about this. Thus, testing of students showed that the level of general physical fitness of schoolchildren involved in sambo has significantly improved.

Today, a working group led by the Deputy Secretary of the Security CouncilNurgaliev Rashid Gumarovich leads active work to promote this program in the central part of Russia, as well as in the regions. All project participants provide great help and support, namely:Kaganov Veniamin Shaevich (Deputy Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation),Parshikova Natalya Vladimirovna (Deputy Minister of Sports of Russia),Eliseev Sergey Vladimirovich (President of the All-Russian Sambo Federation), Fedchenko Nikolay Semenovich (Director of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "FTSOMOPV"),Tabakov Sergey Evgenievich (Head of the Scientific and Methodological Commission of the All-Russian Sambo Federation, Professor of the Department of Theory and Methodology of Combat Sports, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education, Russian State University of Physical Culture and Sports) and others. IN In 2016, sambo was introduced into the school curriculum.

Legendary athletes

The Russian national sambo team maintains the prestige of the Fatherland in the international sports arena, confidently winning victories in the team competition. Russians regularly become prize-winners of European and world championships, and in many weight categories Russian athletes are the strongest in the international sports arena.

Honored Masters of Sports - eleven-time world champions - glorified their form of martial arts Murat Khasanov And Irina Rodina, eight-time world champion Svetlana Galyant, seven-time world champion Rais Rakhmatullin, six-time world champion Sergey Lopovok, four-time world champion in combat sambo, multiple world champion in mixed style fighting, winners of the First World Martial Arts Games Marianna Alieva, Ekaterina Onoprienko And Bair Omoktuev(Combat Sambo).

Sambo in the world: Olympic prospects

One of the greatest achievements of the past decades has been the formation of a close-knit sambo community. Both in Russia and in the world, thousands of people who have undergone and live Sambo are united by its values, principles and ideals. The accessibility, entertainment, and high effectiveness of sambo as a form of martial arts have allowed it to gain wide international recognition. Today people all over the world practice sambo, on different continents - Europe, Asia, America, Africa, Australia. There are national sambo federations in 92 countries around the world, and 12 countries are candidates for membership composition of the International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS).

Currently, sambo has a solid foundation for active development.

In 2013 in Kazan, sambo was included in the Universiade program for the first time as an additional sport. The sambo competitions were successful: the tournament attracted from 5 to 7 thousand spectators daily. Representatives of 21 countries took home Universiade trophies.

At the same time, a meeting of representatives of the International Sambo Federation with the President of FISU took place in Kazan, during which the possibility of including Sambo in the calendar plan of FISU sports competitions was discussed. Holding the World Sambo Championship among students is one of the stages in including sambo in the permanent program of the Universiade. The first ever World University Championships will take place in 2016.

Sambo is included in the official program of the 2013 World Summer Universiade, along with Olympic sports.

In October 2013, sambo competitions opened the program of the II World Martial Arts Games “SportAccord” in St. Petersburg. The opening ceremony of the competition was attended by Resident of the Russian Olympic CommitteeAlexander Zhukov, Minister of Sports of RussiaVitaly Mutkoand director of the II World Martial Arts Games "SportAccord"Sergei Soloveichik, as well as an advisor to the Russian Minister of Sports, four-time world champion in samboFedor Emelianenko. Participants and guests of the tournament came to Russia from 39 countries.

In the year of the 75th anniversary of sambo, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited sambo events twice. The first time was in March 2013, when the opening of the Sambo Palace took place on the territory of the famous Sambo-70 school in Moscow. The second - during the opening ceremony of the World Championships in St. Petersburg. The head of state watched the final matches and took part in awarding the winners and runners-up. First person attention emphasizeshow important and popular the sport is, which has demonstrated its significance at all major complex sporting events and games.

In 2014 with Ambo was officially included in the program of the first European Games, which took place in the capital of Azerbaijan from June 12 to June 28, 2015.In the same year, sambo received recognitiontion of the Asian Olympic Committee and is included in the program of the Asian Games.All this makes it possible for the national Olympic committees of many countries to recognize sambo as a sport on an equal basis with other Olympic disciplines. Thus made very important step in promoting sambo.

Sambo at the 1st European Games

The opportunity to compete and fight for medals at the 1st European Games in Baku is a great pride for sambo wrestlers. The goal of each athlete was to show sambo to the whole world. Representatives from 21 countries took part in the competition: Azerbaijan, Austria, Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Greece, Georgia, Israel, Spain, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Russia, Romania, Ukraine, Serbia, Slovenia, Turkey and France. Sambo wrestlers from 10 countries took home medals of the first European Games of various denominations.

European games played significant role in the history of sambo development. It was the first time that Sambo took part in such major competitions, which in some ways are similar to the Olympic ones. The European Games are an indicator that sambo is reaching the Olympic level and may well qualify for participation in competitions of such a high rank.

Attendance at the official opening ceremony final fights President of the Olympic Committee Patrick Hickey,President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, Chairman of the Baku Organizing Committee Mehriban Aliyeva, President of the International Sambo Federation Vasily Shestakov, Deputy Prime Minister and Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the All-Russian Sambo Federation Dmitry Rogozin confirms the great importance of the development of Sambo in the world and considerable interest in our sport. The tournament was also attended by members of the IOC and members of national committees of other countries.

The number of amateur and professional athletes is growing every year. The main task on a global scale is to join the Olympic family. The Sambo community is working hard and painstakingly to recognize Sambo as an Olympic sport.

VIDEO: Sambo in the USSR – exclusive newsreel:

The art of Sambo wrestling was created as a separate sports discipline in Soviet Russia in the early 1930s. The birthday of this type of hand-to-hand combat is considered to be November 16, 1938. On that day, the resolution of the Committee on Physical Culture and Sports of the USSR “On the development of freestyle wrestling” was published. This is what this martial art was called at first, but over time it began to be called “sambo” more and more. This is an abbreviation of the words “SELF-DEFENSE WITHOUT WEAPONS.” So what is sambo?

It incorporates the achievements of other martial arts, such as Japanese judo and jiu-jitsu. The arsenal of sambo techniques includes techniques from the national sports of Russia and other republics of the former Soviet Union, namely Georgian wrestling chidaoba, Tatar and Uzbek kurash, Armenian kokh, Moldavian trynta, Yakut khapsagai, etc.

The fate of the creator

The actual founder of wrestling was the brilliant Russian judoka Vasily Oshchepkov. For a long time he studied judo at the famous Kodokan with Jigaro Kano himself and was one of the first three Europeans to receive II dan from his hands. Oshchepkov and a group of enthusiasts from the Moscow sports club "Dynamo" began work on creating wrestling that could be used by the Soviet Army and special services. A group of enthusiasts traveled around the country, studying the national martial arts of the peoples of the USSR and describing their techniques. This made it possible to create a complex system and present it as a new, separate discipline.

Oshchepkov himself did not live to see the birth of a new type of wrestling. The wide wave of Stalinist purges and repressions affected many capable, intelligent and educated people. In 1937, Vasily Oshchepkov was arrested and accused of spying for Japan. He died (not without the active participation of NKVD officers, who trained their martial arts skills on him) on the 10th day of arrest. After this, the word “judo” was taken out of use for a long time in the Soviet Union.

Sambo development

The work begun by Oshchepkov was continued by Anatoly Kharlampiev. After the death of his teacher, he headed the All-Union freestyle wrestling section. Kharlampiev was used by Soviet propaganda, which called him the sole founder of a new type of martial arts.

Undoubtedly, his role in the development of this system, the development and description of Sambo wrestling techniques, training, systematization of knowledge and preparation of literature, and the education of many masters of this sport is enormous. However, he was not the only creator of the system, but only the most famous. Kharlampiev was an outstanding person and had favorable conditions for the development of his sports and coaching skills. He devoted a huge part of his life to the development of sambo.

An important achievement of Kharlampiev was the systematization of techniques for this type of wrestling and the development of a methodology for teaching it. The book “Sambo Wrestling,” published in 1949 by the state publication “Physical Culture and Sport,” became the bible of the new martial art. It explained what sambo is, described fighting techniques, methods of physical training, and rules of combat. In subsequent years, Kharlampiev and his students published a number of books on various aspects of wrestling, but this one still remains the main textbook for adherents of this type of martial arts.

The popularity of sports sambo was greatly facilitated by a government decree, which prescribed the creation of sections of this martial art in all republics of the USSR, the teaching of self-defense and the holding of tournaments at all levels. The state morally and financially supported the development and popularization of this sport. The same thing is happening in today's Russia.

History of the combat variant

Before perestroika and then the collapse of the Soviet Union, this type of sambo was practiced exclusively by the special services, police and army. This knowledge was considered forbidden to ordinary citizens and was guarded as a "secret weapon" against the enemies of socialism. The origins of the combat version of sambo were NKVD officer Viktor Spiridonov, who began studying Japanese jujitsu wrestling before the 1917 revolution. He was also considered an outstanding expert in English boxing and French savate.

Sambo is an art open type, it willingly accepts into its arsenal methods and techniques from various martial arts cultivated in the world. This is a struggle that is constantly and dynamically evolving. That is why it progresses not only based on its own achievements, but also thanks to other martial arts.

History of the organization

In 1939, the first championship of the Soviet Union was held in Leningrad. And in 1940, after the outbreak of World War II, the next sambo championship took place in Moscow. No competitions were held from 1941 to 1946. In 1946, the First Soviet Section was created in Moscow, which in 1959 was renamed the USSR Sambo Federation. The organization trained coaches, published literature, developed rules and principles of sports competitions, and organized championships of the Soviet Union.

Attempts to go international began in the 1950s. In 1957, an official match between USSR sambo wrestlers and Hungarian judokas took place in Moscow. In 1966, the International Federation of United Styles (FILA) awarded sambo the status of an international sport and created a corresponding section. A year later, the first international fights took place in Riga (Latvia) with the participation of representatives from Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Mongolia, the USSR and Japan. In these and other international tournaments, Soviet athletes were the most successful.

In 1984, sambo wrestlers left FILA and formed the International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS). In 1991, the European Federation was created in Turin (Italy). What sambo is, with the exception of the republics of the former Soviet Union, was not known anywhere. The situation changed with the advent in Western Europe, North America, Australia and Israel in the late 1990s large group Russian emigrants. Soviet sambo wrestlers began to create clubs there and popularize various types of sambo.

Today, wrestling is experiencing a revival in Russia, where in 2003 it was officially recognized as a national sport. Russian President Vladimir Putin himself has been a master of sports in sambo since 1973 and a black belt holder in judo.

This complex system, which for practical reasons is divided into 2 main types.

What is sambo: sports version

Self-defense without weapons has in its arsenal a large set of throws, grabs, sweeps, holds and techniques for arms and legs. The latter are not allowed in judo, unlike strangulations, which are not allowed in sports sambo. Most of the techniques are similar to those used in judo, but there are techniques borrowed from other forms of wrestling by the founders and their successors. This is the advantage of sambo: it is a constantly evolving martial arts, open to new techniques and solutions. Sambo wrestlers develop their own methods and study other martial arts of the world, pragmatically borrowing their techniques and tactics into their arsenal.

Sports uniform

Sambo uses special clothing (usually blue or red). The jacket has additional elements - “wings” on the shoulders and reinforced holes for the belt. In sambo (photos of uniform samples are posted in the article) it is shorter than the kimono in judo. The length of the jacket below the waist cannot exceed 15 cm. The set also includes briefs and soft sambos or wrestling shoes.

Basic Rules

The match is held on a mat identical to a wrestling mat, with a round field in which the fight takes place. In judo, wrestling is fought on a rectangular and harder tatami. The duration of the fight depends on age and gender and ranges from 3 to 5 minutes.

Players try to knock the opponent to the mat (on the ground) using throws and other techniques. A certain number of points are awarded for this. The player wins if, during the time allotted for the fight, he receives more points, forces the opponent to surrender by applying a painful technique (lever, knot, pinching the muscles and joints of the arms and legs) or wins ahead of schedule, scoring 8 points more. You can also end the fight with a clear victory by throwing your opponent onto his back while remaining on his feet. Holding the enemy for 10 s is awarded 2 points, and for 20 s - 4. Throwing him onto his back and causing the attacker to fall is awarded 4 points; on the side - at 2; on the chest, pelvis, shoulder, abdomen - 1. For performing techniques without falling, the points are doubled.

The rules provide for the division of athletes participating in competitions into 7 age groups, as well as 12 weight categories.

Combat option

Kharlampiev called this type of fighting an invisible weapon that is always with you. It was liberated from the monopoly of the special services and the army in the 90s. last century, during Gorbachev's perestroika. In 1994, the first Russian combat sambo championship took place in Moscow. Unlike sports, in addition to throws, holds, removing the opponent from a state of balance, levers, knots, etc., strikes are used here, the purpose of which is to quickly and effectively eliminate an aggressive opponent. Applied martial arts use techniques to fight unarmed and armed (knife, pistol, stick, etc.) opponents.

The study of combat sambo takes place in 4 main areas: military, police, everyday life and sports. It uses all the techniques of the sports version, as well as punches and kicks (including knees and elbows), both standing and on the ground, and choking. Combat Sambo is part of mixed martial arts (MMA). Sambo wrestlers often participate in international competitions MMA, K1, Pride, etc. One of the most famous professional MMA wrestlers is Fedor Emelianenko.

In addition to the standard uniform (jacket, shorts, shoes), sambo wrestlers use boxing helmets, short gloves with open fingers and shin pads, a mouth guard, and a bandage.

The purpose of the competition is to recruit more points using various holds, strikes, etc. You can also defeat your opponent by knocking him out or forcing him to surrender due to the inability to continue the fight.

Prohibited tricks

In combat sambo, the range of technically applicable methods is very wide, but there are also limitations. Not allowed:

biting and scratching;
press on the eyes and hit them;
use grips that cause pain in the spine and cervical vertebrae;
grab the enemy’s nose, ears, genitals;
hit with a fist or elbow in the area of the cervical vertebrae and the back of the head;
grab the opponent's fingers and toes;
kick a lying opponent while standing over him;
grab hair;
hit a lying opponent in the head;
sticking fingers into opponent's mouth;
use in battle dangerous objects that interfere with the normal course of battle.

For the first prohibited action that does not cause injury to the opponent, the player receives a reprimand. In case of repeated violation, the participant will be disqualified.

Popularization

Sambo wrestling is very popular in the Russian Federation and many republics of the former Soviet Union. In 2003, Sambo was declared a national sport in Russia, and in given time there is a struggle for recognition of it as Olympic. For many years, countries such as Bulgaria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Serbia, Greece, France, Mongolia and Japan have had national clubs and federations. And thanks to immigrants born in the former USSR, sambo is developing in North America, Western Europe and Australia.

Sambo is a combat sport, as well as a system of defense without weapons. Many believe that Sambo has absorbed and continues to absorb the most effective techniques of defense and attack, which are carefully selected from various types of martial arts. Along with wrestling techniques, sambo also absorbed the moral principles of the peoples who passed on part of their culture to sambo.

International Sambo Federation (FIAS) - non-governmental public non-profit organization, uniting national sambo federations.

History of origin and development

Throughout its existence, sambo has developed in two directions: as a mass sport and as a means of training personnel for special forces and law enforcement agencies. Since 1923, at the Moscow Sports Society "Dynamo", V. A. Spiridonov began to develop an applied discipline - self-defense. At Dynamo, various martial arts and national types of wrestling of the peoples of the world were studied. This direction was closed and was intended for training special forces.

A graduate of the Kodokan Judo Institute and second dan holder V. S. Oshchepkov begins to develop sports sambo. At this time, he teaches judo as an academic discipline at the Moscow Institute of Physical Education, but gradually moves away from the canons of judo in search of the most effective techniques, and is engaged in improving techniques self-defense, forming the foundations of a new combat sport.

Over time, Spiridonov’s self-defense system merged with Oshchepkov’s system. A great contribution to the development and dissemination of the system of self-defense without weapons was made by A. A. Kharlampiev (one of Oshchepkov’s students) and E. M. Chumakov.

November 16, 1938 is considered to be the birthday of Sambo. It was on this day that an order was issued by the All-Union Committee for Physical Education and Sports, in which sambo was recognized as an “extremely valuable sport in terms of its variety of techniques and defensive significance.” A decision was made to organize a training system for athletes in all republics of the USSR, and the All-Union Sambo Section was created, which later became the Sambo Federation.

In 1939, the first national championship in the new sport was held, and in the 50s international competitions began to be held.

In 1966, Sambo was officially recognized as an international sport. The first European Open Championship took place in 1972, and the first World Championship took place in 1973. In subsequent years, European and world championships and international tournaments are regularly held. Sambo federations are being created in Spain, Greece, Israel, the USA, Canada, France and other countries. Today sambo is represented in two directions: sports and combat.

Sambo rules

Competition participants are divided into age groups, and a participant’s age group is determined by their year of birth.

Younger age (11-12 years);
teenagers (13-15 years old);
middle age (15-16 years);
older age (17-18 years);
juniors (19-20 years old);
adults (20 years and older);
veterans (35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59 years old, over 60 years old).

In sambo it is allowed to use throws, holds and painful techniques on the arms and legs. Throws can be carried out using the arms, legs and torso.

In sambo, points are awarded for throws and holds. A throw is a technique with which a sambist throws an opponent off balance and throws him onto the mat on some part of the body or on his knees.

If a sambist, pressing against an opponent with any part of his body, holds him in this position for 20 seconds, then this technique is called a hold.

In sambo there is the possibility of early victory; for this you need to throw the opponent on his back while remaining in a standing position, perform a painful hold, and score 8 points more than the opponent.

Principle of scoring:

4 points are awarded:

for throwing an opponent onto his back with the attacker falling;
for throwing an opponent on his side without the attacker falling;
for holding for 20 seconds.

2 points are awarded:

for throwing an opponent on his side with the attacker falling;
for a throw on the chest, shoulder, stomach, pelvis without the attacker falling;
for holding for 10 seconds.

1 point is awarded for throwing the opponent onto the chest, shoulder, stomach or pelvis with the attacker falling.

Sambo equipment

At all official competitions, the use of uniforms is permitted in accordance with the requirements established by these Rules and the Sports Regulations of the All-Russian Sambo Federation.

Sambo equipment includes: a jacket (red or blue), boots (wrestling shoes), shorts and a belt. Participants are provided with a white T-shirt.

Sambo jackets are made of cotton fabric. The sleeve of the jacket should reach the hand, the width of the sleeve should provide at least 10 cm of clearance between the arm and the fabric along its entire length. The hem of the jacket should be 25-30 cm below the belt line, the length of the ends of the tied belt should not exceed the length of the hem of the jacket .

Sambo boots in red, blue or combined (red-blue) colors are made of soft leather or synthetic fabric, have a soft sole. All the seams of the boots are hidden inside. The ankles and feet in the area of the big toe joint are protected by pads covered with leather on top.

Sambo shorts are made from wool, wool blend or synthetic knitwear. From above they should reach the belt line, and from below they should cover the upper third of the thigh.