Social rehabilitation – a set of measures aimed at restoring a person’s rights, social status, health, and legal capacity.
The implementation of social rehabilitation largely depends on compliance with its basic principles . These include:
· phasing;
· differentiation;
· complexity;
· continuity;
· subsequence;
· continuity in carrying out rehabilitation measures acceptance;
· accessibility and preferential free of charge for those most in need (disabled people, pensioners, refugees, etc.).
In social rehabilitation activities stand out levels :
medical and social;
§ professional and labor;
§ socio-psychological;
§ social-role;
§ social and domestic;
§ social and legal.
In practical social work, rehabilitation assistance is provided to various categories of people in need. Depending on this, the most important areas of rehabilitation activity are determined. To such directions social rehabilitation should include:
· disabled people and children with disabilities;
· old people;
· military personnel who participated in wars and military conflicts;
· persons who have served their sentences in places of deprivation of liberty, etc.
One of the priorities of modern social policy is the social protection of people with disabilities.
Rehabilitation of disabled people
The main types of rehabilitation of disabled people are: medical, social-environmental, professional-labor and psychological-pedagogical.
Medical rehabilitation includes a set of medical measures aimed at restoring or compensating for impaired or lost body functions that led to disability. These include restorative and Spa treatment, prevention of complications, reconstructive surgery, prosthetics, physiotherapy, physiotherapy, mud therapy, psychotherapy, etc. The state guarantees disabled people full provision of all types of medical care, which is provided free of charge or on preferential terms in accordance with the law Russian Federation and the legislation of its subjects.
Social and environmental rehabilitation for disabled people is a set of measures aimed at creating an optimal environment for their living, providing conditions for restoring social status and lost social connections. Such rehabilitation activities are aimed at providing disabled people with special equipment and equipment that allows them to be relatively independent in everyday life.
Under vocational rehabilitation disabled people is understood as a system of state-guaranteed measures for vocational guidance, vocational training and employment of disabled people in accordance with their health, qualifications and personal inclinations. Medical and social expert commissions and rehabilitation centers provide vocational guidance. Professional education carried out in regular or specialized educational institutions for the training of specialists in various fields, as well as in the system of industrial and technical training at enterprises. Employment of disabled people who are unemployed is carried out by employment services, where there are special units for this purpose.
There are specific features of employment of disabled people in rural areas. They use such forms of employment as work as part of specialized field teams, individual procurement of wild products, work in auxiliary industries and at home producing small products.
An individual rehabilitation program for a disabled person includes a set of rehabilitation measures that are optimal for him. It contains rehabilitation activities provided free of charge in accordance with the federal basic program for the rehabilitation of disabled people, as well as those in which the disabled person himself or other persons and organizations participate in the payment.
Rehabilitation of disabled children
Rehabilitation of disabled children should begin at the very early stages diseases. Individual comprehensive rehabilitation programs for disabled children should reflect not only the main aspects of rehabilitation (medical, psychological, pedagogical, social, welfare), but also rehabilitation measures, their scope, timing and control.
The problematic side of the rehabilitation process in boarding homes for children with disabilities disabilities is its certain isolation. There is no opportunity for wider communication between disabled children and a healthy environment, which leaves a unique imprint on the level of socialization of children and makes it difficult for them to adapt to society. Such problems are better solved in rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents with disabilities.
The approximate regulations on these centers were approved by the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation in December 1994. In accordance with it, the purpose of the center’s activities is not only to provide children and adolescents with disabilities in physical or mental development with qualified medical, social, psychological and social , social pedagogical assistance, but also their adaptation to life in society, family, education and work.
Rehabilitation of the elderly
Medical and social rehabilitation is becoming of great importance for the lives of older people. By virtue of natural aging organisms become more common with age chronic diseases. The number of people in need of constant medical supervision is growing. Issues of medical and social rehabilitation of older people are professionally resolved in wide-profile rehabilitation centers and specialized gerontological centers.
In gerontological centers, medicinal, non-medicinal and organizational methods are usually used medical and social rehabilitation older people. Medication includes restorative, symptomatic, stimulating and other types of therapy. Non-drug treatments include massage, physiotherapy, psychotherapy, acupuncture, herbal medicine, etc. Prescribing a separate regimen (bed, observation, free), dispensary observation, inpatient treatment is an organizational method of medical and social rehabilitation.
Rehabilitation of elderly people in boarding homes has its own characteristics. The organization of the rehabilitation process in inpatient social service institutions for the elderly is based on modern ideas about the benefits of a mobile, active lifestyle. The means of rehabilitation of older people in boarding homes are occupational therapy workshops, special workshops, subsidiary farms, etc.
Rehabilitation of children from disadvantaged families
Increased social disadvantage in society stimulates antisocial behavior among children. Social maladjustment is characterized not only by the severance of children’s connections with parents, teachers, peers, and the deformation of their value orientations, but also by a violation the most important species child's activities. Social maladaptation manifests itself in such deviations as vagrancy, violation of moral norms, illegal actions, drug addiction, substance abuse, etc.
The methods of maintaining these children cannot be the same as for teenagers with alcoholism and drug addiction, or juvenile delinquents. They all need rehabilitation, but its forms can be different. For some, temporary isolation and the strict regime used in reception centers are acceptable. For the vast majority of maladjusted minors, the place of rehabilitation should be social shelters and social rehabilitation centers.
Rehabilitation of military personnel
Military personnel - veterans of wars, military conflicts and their families - need special rehabilitation. The rehabilitation system for such military personnel is implemented in three main areas: social, psychological and medical. The main tasks of social rehabilitation of military personnel are: ensuring their social guarantees, monitoring the implementation of social benefits, legal protection, forming a positive public opinion and involving military personnel in the system of social relations.
The main psycho-traumatic impact of a combat situation is a fairly long stay of military personnel under conditions of specific combat stress, the effect of which performs a certain positive function for a person during the battle, but becomes a negative, destructive factor after its end due to post-stress reactions. This may manifest itself in unmotivated aggression in relation to relatives, friends and even random people. Or in a depressed state, in an attempt to withdraw into oneself with the help of alcohol and drugs. Such persons need medical psychological assistance, V special events psychocorrection and psychotherapy.
Parents and family members of combatants need certain rehabilitation measures and psychological assistance. Special centers and clubs for relatives of people who have gone through war and military conflicts can be a means of rehabilitating such families.
Rehabilitation of persons who have served their sentences in prisons
A special area of rehabilitation activity is the restoration of the legal and social status of persons who have served their sentences in places of deprivation of liberty. A former prisoner, unable to find work or housing, again takes the path of crime or joins the ranks of the homeless. There are shelters for the latter, and some former prisoners may end up in them. Another part of them goes into crime. As a result, “saving” funds for the creation of specialized rehabilitation centers for persons who have served their sentences in places of deprivation of liberty results in large losses and social costs for the state.
Social rehabilitation, being one of the general technologies social work, is aimed at restoring not only health and ability to work, but also the social status of the individual, his legal status, moral and psychological balance. Depending on the specifics of the rehabilitation object, methods of rehabilitation influence are determined, supplemented by appropriate private technologies of social work.
The systemic nature of social rehabilitation is largely due to those areas of activity and tasks that are declared and implemented in accordance with the federal comprehensive program“Social support for people with disabilities”, as well as the following targeted programs included in it:
· « Medical and social examination and rehabilitation of disabled people";
· “Scientific substantiation and informatization of problems of disability and disabled people”;
· “Formation of an accessible living environment for people with disabilities”;
· “Development and production of prosthetics, construction, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of prosthetic and orthopedic enterprises”,
· “Children with disabilities” and a number of others.
Today in our country there are hundreds of regulations regulating certain aspects of social rehabilitation, but a unified scientifically based system of social rehabilitation has not yet been created.
Certain legal acts are implemented on different levels:
· at the federal level;
· at the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation
at the level of individual ministries
· at the level of individual departments;
· at the level of individual enterprises and organizations;
· at the level of various societies of disabled people.
A unified systematic approach to organizing rehabilitation activities has not yet been developed. For creating unified system Social rehabilitation requires compliance with a number of conditions:
1) Creation of a system for collecting and analyzing information on the problems of those categories of people who need social rehabilitation (disabled people, former prisoners, military personnel, etc.). It is impossible to talk about a system of social rehabilitation when there is no system of informing about the true needs of citizens who need certain types, forms and volumes of rehabilitation measures. For example, statistics on disability can only show the age and nosological structure of disability, but will give an answer about the nature and degree of reduction in the level of disorders social functions and opportunities for self-sufficiency. Disabled people often refuse to undergo rehabilitation measures because they do not want this to entail changes or removal of the disability group, which is fraught with financial losses and loss of social benefits for them.
2) Development of a high-quality rehabilitation industry. We are talking about creating and improving the necessary technical means and devices that facilitate the life of people in need of social rehabilitation. The technical means provided to people with disabilities do not satisfy their needs due to low quality, poor range or high prices. Tax legislation does not provide significant benefits to enterprises specializing in the production of products for the disabled. This entails a decrease in the quality of manufactured rehabilitation products, despite the high needs for them among disabled people.
3) Organization of social rehabilitation services. This should be one of the highest priority conditions for creating a system of social rehabilitation, involving the creation of rehabilitation centers and departments in various systems and departments (education, health care, social protection of the population, physical education and sports) and a bureau of medical and social examination.
4) Recognition of the priority of the professional component of social rehabilitation. It is the receipt of basic or new education and retraining that are the key factors in the resocialization of the individual, providing the opportunity to acquire new professional skills, find a job, gain financial independence and become a full member of society. This requires the following condition to be met.
5) Creating a barrier-free environment, which involves the integration of people in need of social rehabilitation into society and can be specifically implemented in the development of new approaches to urban planning, adaptation of the urban environment and transport to the needs of people with physical limitations to movement, ensuring accessibility of information and information tools.
6) Solving staffing issues. Today in Russia there are not many specialists who know the methods of social rehabilitation. The training of relevant personnel is not satisfactory: there is no training for occupational or occupational therapists. Therefore, the training of qualified specialists with professional training in various areas of social rehabilitation, medicine, psychology, pedagogy, and social work is of particular importance when creating a unified system of social rehabilitation. Current specialists today mainly rely on their own empirical work experience, since theoretical and methodological issues of social rehabilitation are still at the development stage and require thorough research and subsequent systematization.
7) Development of interdepartmental cooperation. Having become disabled, a person, in order to ensure his life activities, is forced to turn to various departments that have their own funding and are engaged in serving a certain group of the population. Each department often develops and implements its own rehabilitation technologies in accordance with its profile. At the same time, interdepartmental cooperation on issues of social rehabilitation is practically absent, which negatively affects the implementation of social programs, leads to their duplication or, conversely, one-sided activities of rehabilitation institutions subordinate to different departments. As a result, one problem is divided into a number of unrelated tasks that each department tries to solve in isolation own funds, which generally reduces the effectiveness of the rehabilitation process.
Thus, the need to form a unified federal system of comprehensive social rehabilitation in the Russian Federation is obvious. Such a system can be created through the formation of a single social rehabilitation space in which all the above conditions would be taken into account and created.
Rehabilitation science (in a general sense) is the science of rehabilitation. Consequently, its object and subject, functions, principles and patterns (these are signs of any science) are associated with a process called rehabilitation. Rehabilitation (from Late Latin rahabilitatio - restoration).
Rehabilitation is the process of implementing an interconnected set of medical, professional, labor and social activities different ways, means and methods aimed at preserving and restoring human health and the environment for its life support according to the principle of minimum maximum.
The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms defines rehabilitation through a set of medical, pedagogical and social measures aimed at restoring (or compensating) impaired body functions, as well as the social functions and working capacity of sick and disabled people. Note that the above interpretations reveal various aspects of rehabilitation: medical, psychological and social. To understand the essence of rehabilitation, it is productive to establish the relationship between adaptation and rehabilitation.
In social rehabilitation, adaptation occupies a significant place. Social adaptation characterizes, on the one hand, the interaction of the object of social rehabilitation with the social environment, and on the other hand, it is a reflection of a certain result of social rehabilitation. It represents not only a human condition, but also a process during which a social organism acquires balance and resistance to the influence and influence of the social environment.
Social rehabilitation is a process of active adaptation of an individual to the conditions of the social environment, a type of interaction between an individual or social group with the social environment.
A significant difference between rehabilitation is that adaptive and compensatory mechanisms. In this case, either adaptation to the conditions of existence occurs, or a return to the previous state in clinical, social, psychological terms. Thus, if adaptation in its essence is an adaptation to a defect, then the essence of rehabilitation is overcoming it. In foreign social practice, it is customary to distinguish between the concepts of “rehabilitation” and “habilitation”.
Habilitation is understood as a set of services aimed at the formation of new and mobilization, strengthening of existing social, psychological and physical development person. Rehabilitation in international practice is usually called the restoration of abilities that existed in the past, lost due to illness, injury, or changes in living conditions. In Russia, this concept (rehabilitation) implies both meanings, and it is assumed not a narrow medical, but a broader aspect of social rehabilitation activity. One of the most important tasks of social work is to preserve and maintain a person, group or team in a state of active, creative and independent attitude towards oneself, one’s life and activities. In its solution, the process of restoring this state, which can be lost by the subject for a number of reasons, plays a very important role. This task can and should be successfully solved in the process of organizing and conducting social rehabilitation of the subject.
Social rehabilitation is a set of measures aimed at restoring social connections and relationships that have been destroyed or lost for any reason, socially and personally. significant characteristics, properties and capabilities of the subject. This is a conscious, purposeful, internally organized process. The need for social rehabilitation is a universal social phenomenon. Each social subject, regardless of the degree of his social well-being this moment time, throughout his life, he is forced to change his usual social environment, forms of activity, expend his inherent strengths and abilities and face situations that inevitably and necessarily lead to certain losses. All this leads to the fact that a person or group begins to feel the need for certain social rehabilitation assistance. Rehabilitation of elderly people refers to the process of restoring lost skills (including household ones), social connections, mending broken human relationships, taking responsibility for one’s own actions. The essence of social rehabilitation of older people lies in resocialization (learning new values, roles, skills to replace old, outdated ones) and their reintegration (restoration) into society, adapting them to living conditions; involvement in creative activity. These tasks are solved by social workers, using the existing individual abilities and residual capabilities of older people. Also, for the purpose of resocialization, a social worker is involved in organizing labor rehabilitation clients, taking into account their desires, capabilities and medical indications; carries out activities to attract older people to participate in public life; provides targeted social assistance; organizes surveys, surveys, testing and analytical work.
Specialists develop individual programs for social rehabilitation of the elderly and organize their phased implementation, which allows taking into account the rehabilitation potential of each client. The effectiveness of social rehabilitation can be judged by such indicators as the acquisition of self-service skills, expansion of the range of interests, restoration of communication abilities, instilling communication skills, activation of leisure activities, and participation in public life. Rehabilitation activities have different directions: social and medical; social-environmental; social and domestic, social and cultural and social and labor. We can say that the goal of such rehabilitation measures is to create conditions for a confident, healthy, harmonious old age. How do older people fit into the context of modern reality, to what extent are their life ideas consistent with existing ones? social norms how they were able to perceive and adapt to social changes - these are the questions that are becoming relevant at the present stage of development of society in Russia.
It should be noted that in domestic practice, the interpretation of the concept of “social rehabilitation” (rehabilitation in the social aspect) is also different. Here are just a few examples:
1) social rehabilitation - a set of measures aimed at restoring the social connections and relationships destroyed and lost by an individual due to health problems with persistent impairment of body functions (disability), changes in social status (senior citizens, refugees, etc.);
2) social rehabilitation is a set of measures aimed at restoring a person’s rights, social status, health, and legal capacity. The rehabilitation process is aimed not only at restoring a person’s ability to function in a social environment, but also at restoring the social environment itself, living conditions that are impaired or limited for any reason.
Despite the fact that existing interpretations do not contain fundamental differences in approaches to the essence and content of social rehabilitation, they are not absolutely identical. The goal of social rehabilitation is to restore the social status of the individual and ensure social adaptation in society. Social adaptation is understood as the process of an individual’s active adaptation to the conditions of the social environment, the type of interaction of an individual or social group with the social environment. The rehabilitation process involves adapting the person being rehabilitated to the needs of society and society to the needs of the individual. The content of social rehabilitation can be presented through its structure. There are various options for structuring social rehabilitation. Let's list just a few of them. According to L.P. Khrapylina, who is the author of numerous publications on rehabilitation problems, the structure of social rehabilitation is as follows: medical measures, social measures, professional rehabilitation. Professor A.I. Osadchikh believes that social rehabilitation is legal rehabilitation, social-environmental rehabilitation, psychological rehabilitation, socio-ideological rehabilitation and anatomical-functional rehabilitation. Professor E.I. Kholostova and N.F. Dementieva are of the opinion that the initial link in social rehabilitation is medical rehabilitation, representing a set of measures aimed at restoring lost functions or compensating for impaired functions, replacing lost organs, and stopping the progression of the disease. Psychological rehabilitation is aimed at overcoming fear of reality, eliminating the socio-psychological complex characteristic of a person with disabilities, strengthening an active, active personal position.
The determining factor for social rehabilitation is the consequences of the loss or impairment of any functions of the body and human abilities, causing various social restrictions. Thus, social rehabilitation is a set of socio-economic, medical, legal and other measures aimed at providing the necessary conditions and returning certain groups of the population to a full-blooded life in society, and the goal of social rehabilitation is to restore the social status of the individual and ensure his social adaptation.
Returning to the question of the essence and content of rehabilitation science as a scientific and educational discipline, it is necessary to clarify its object and subject, which will make it possible to show its place in the system of social knowledge, social sciences, and social education.
One of the most important tasks of social work is to preserve and maintain a person, group or team in a state of active, creative and independent attitude towards oneself, one’s life and activities. In its solution, the process of restoring this state, which can be lost by the subject for a number of reasons, plays a very important role.
Any social subject, regardless of the degree of complexity, throughout his life repeatedly encounters situations when the established and habitual model of life activity is destroyed, established social ties and relationships are broken, and to varying degrees the social environment of his life changes in depth.
In such circumstances, the subject needs not only to get used to and adapt to new conditions of existence, but also to regain lost social positions, restore physical, emotional and psychological resources, as well as important and significant social connections and relationships for the subject. In other words, a necessary condition successful and effective social support for a person or group is the restoration of their socially and personally significant qualities and characteristics and overcoming the situation of social and personal insufficiency.
This task can and should be successfully solved in the process of organizing and conducting social rehabilitation of the subject.
The term “social rehabilitation” was introduced into science only at the end of the 19th century.
There are 2 approaches to defining the concept of “rehabilitation”:
How legal meaning implies full recovery legal status of the individual. In the medical, socio-economic understanding, the term “rehabilitation” is used as a set of measures aimed at restoring (or compensating) impaired body functions and the working capacity of sick and disabled people.
As medical means medical and social recovery based on certain activities - work, play, study, etc. In the medical socio-ethical understanding, this term gained international recognition after the First World War, when various methods began to be widely used rehabilitation treatment: medicinal and surgical treatment, physiotherapy, physical therapy, mud therapy, restorative and special sanatorium treatment, orthotics and prosthetics, occupational and psychotherapy.
A breakthrough in the development of both the theory and practice of rehabilitation occurred after the Second World War. To treat the consequences of wounds, concussions, diseases received at the front, various Centers, rehabilitation services, state institutions rehabilitation.
In 1958, the International System for the Organization of Rehabilitation was organized, in 1960 - the International Society for the Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons, which is a member of the World Health Organization (WHO) and works in contact with the UN, UNESCO and the International Workers' Bureau (IBO) .
Currently rehabilitation it is customary to call the system of state socio-economic, psychological, pedagogical and other measures aimed at preventing the development of pathological processes, leading to temporary or permanent loss of ability to work, to the effective and early return of sick and disabled people to society and to socially useful work.
The concepts of “adaptation” and “rehabilitation” are closely interrelated. Without a reliable adaptation apparatus (physiological, psychological, biological), full rehabilitation of an individual is impossible). Adaptation in this case can be considered as an adaptation to a disease using reserve, compensatory abilities, and rehabilitation can be considered as restoration, activation, and overcoming a defect.
Existing legislative acts and scientific definitions, for example, allow us to understand by social rehabilitation a complex of social, socio-economic, psychological and pedagogical measures, etc., aimed at eliminating or possibly more fully compensating for limitations in life caused by health problems with persistent dysfunction of the body. Thus, it turns out that the term “social” is understood extremely broadly, including both the medical and professional aspects.
Social rehabilitation is also one of the areas of social policy, which is associated with the restoration of protection functions by the state social rights and guarantees for the country's citizens.
The need for social rehabilitation is a universal social phenomenon. Each social subject, regardless of the degree of his social well-being at a given time, throughout his life is forced to change his usual social environment, forms of activity, expend his inherent strengths and abilities and face situations that inevitably and necessarily lead to certain losses . All this leads to the fact that a person or group begins to feel the need for certain social rehabilitation assistance.
Factors that determine the subject’s need for social rehabilitation measures can be divided into two main groups:
1. Objective, i.e. socially or naturally determined:
Age-related changes;
Natural, man-made or environmental disasters;
Serious illness or injury;
Social disasters (economic crisis, armed conflict, increased national tension, etc.).
2. Subjective or personal:
Changes in the goals, interests and value orientations of the subject and his own actions (leaving the family, dismissal due to at will or refusal to continue studying);
Deviant forms of behavior, etc.
Under the influence of these and similar factors, a person or group, firstly, is pushed to the periphery social life, gradually acquiring some marginal qualities and characteristics and, secondly, losing a sense of identity between themselves and the world around them.
The most important and most dangerous elements of this process for the subject are:
Destruction of the usual system of social connections and relationships;
Loss of habitual social status and its inherent model of status behavior and status perception of the world;
Destruction of the subject’s habitual system of social orientation;
A decrease or loss of the ability to independently and adequately evaluate oneself, one’s actions, the actions of others and, as a result, make independent decisions.
The result of these processes is a situation of social or personal failure, which may be accompanied by the destruction of the human personality.
In the process of organizing and implementing social rehabilitation activities, it is important not only to help a person or group of people. It is necessary to provide them with the opportunity for active life, guarantee a certain level of social stability, demonstrate possible prospects within the new social status and create a sense of their own importance and need and a sense of responsibility for their subsequent life activities.
This is what determines the goals and means of the process of social rehabilitation.
To the means of social rehabilitation that are available modern society, the following systems can be considered:
Healthcare;
Education;
Professional training and retraining;
Mass communications and media;
Organizations and institutions psychological support, assistance and correction;
Public and non-governmental organizations working in the field of solving specific social and personal problems(employment of disabled people or minors, assistance to victims of sexual or domestic violence, etc.).
Main goals of social rehabilitation, can be characterized as follows.
Firstly, the restoration of the social status, the social position of the subject.
Secondly, the subject’s achievement of a certain level of social, material and spiritual independence.
And, finally, thirdly, increasing the level of social adaptation of the subject to new living conditions.
When organizing a conscious and purposeful process of achieving these goals, it is necessary to remember that often the object of social rehabilitation activities is an adult, formed as an individual, with an established system of needs, interests and ideals, and with an established system of abilities, knowledge and skills. This circumstance leads to the fact that, having lost his usual opportunities for life, a person strives for their full and absolute recovery, and in the shortest possible time.
Such a desire may be expressed in the fact that he rejects attempts to provide him with a new social status and new opportunities for self-realization and life. Such resistance is a natural primary human reaction to a negative change in the usual image and lifestyle.
In such conditions, a specialist organizing the process of social rehabilitation must clearly understand the following:
What is the reason for the specific crisis situation in which the subject finds himself;
How relevant and significant are lost or destroyed values and relationships for a person;
What are the subject’s own characteristics, needs, capabilities and abilities that can be relied upon when providing him with social rehabilitation assistance.
Types of social rehabilitation:
Depending on the nature and content of social or personal problems in which people are involved, both at their own request and in addition to it, and the content of the tasks that need to be solved, the following main types of social rehabilitation are used:
Medical rehabilitation (restoration of the physical and mental health and potential of a person or a certain social group, undermined as a result of strong external influences);
Legal rehabilitation (restoration of individual citizens or social groups in their legal and civil rights);
Political rehabilitation (restoration of political rights of innocent victims);
Moral rehabilitation (restoration of reputation, honor and dignity, image of an individual, social group or organization, work collective V the eyes of the public);
Economic or socio-economic rehabilitation (restoration of impaired economic and socio-economic status, both of an individual and a social group);
Socio-cultural rehabilitation (restoration of a cultural and spatial environment that has characteristics sufficient and necessary for creative activity and spiritual self-realization of people);
Social-pedagogical - aimed at solving such problems as overcoming the state of “pedagogical neglect” (additional or individual classes, organizing specialized classes), organizing and providing pedagogical assistance with various violations a person’s ability to receive education (organization educational process in hospitals and places of detention, training of disabled people and children with non-standard intellectual abilities, etc.). At the same time, certain work is expected to create adequate conditions, forms and methods of training, as well as appropriate methods and programs.
Professional and labor - allows you to form new or restore labor and professional skills lost by a person and subsequently employ him, adapting the regime and working conditions to new needs and opportunities.
Social-environmental - aimed at restoring a person’s feelings social significance within a new social environment for him. This type of rehabilitation includes introducing a person to the main characteristics of the environment in which he finds himself, helping in organizing a new living environment and restoring habitual patterns of behavior and activities to organize his own daily life.
Psychological rehabilitation (creation of a normal psychological climate for persons who have suffered traumatic shock). Psychological rehabilitation is considered as a system of special and targeted measures through which recovery occurs various types mental activity, mental functions, qualities and education that allow a disabled person to successfully adapt to the environment and society, accept and fulfill appropriate social roles, and achieve a high level of self-realization.
Methodological apparatus psychological rehabilitation includes activities on psychological counseling, psychotherapy, psychocorrection and psychological training. Especially often there is a need for activities aimed at relieving anxiety, neurotic reactions, and developing an adequate attitude towards the disease, those rehabilitation measures, which are determined taking into account the entire complex of clinical, social and economic factors.
Each specific type of social rehabilitation determines the procedure and measures for its practical implementation. No matter how different the main types of social rehabilitation may be, their practical implementation requires reliance on a number of fundamental principles.
1. Timeliness and phasing of social rehabilitation measures, implying the timely identification of the client’s problem and the organization of consistent activities to resolve it.
2. Differentiation, consistency and complexity, aimed at implementing social rehabilitation measures as a single, holistic system of support and assistance.
3. Consistency and continuity in the implementation of social rehabilitation measures, the implementation of which allows not only to restore the resources lost by the subject, but also to anticipate the possible occurrence of problematic situations in the future.
4. Individual approach to determining the volume, nature and direction of social rehabilitation measures.
5. Availability of social rehabilitation assistance for all those in need, regardless of their financial and property status
One of the most important components of social rehabilitation is restoration of the individual's social status.
At the federal level, the main objectives of rehabilitation policy are: the formation of a strategy for social rehabilitation, its goals, objectives, priority areas and mechanisms; legal support rehabilitation policy; financial support State programs on rehabilitation.
At the regional (local) level, the solution to rehabilitation problems should be carried out in relation to “local specifics”. The role of subjects of regional (local) rehabilitation policy is primarily played by local authorities state power(both executive and legislative) and social protection bodies.
The strategic goal of rehabilitation policy at the regional (local) level can be defined as the return, based on the maximum use of existing social potential, into the bosom of public life and social relations of persons who, for a number of reasons, have found themselves maladapted and desocialized.
Social rehabilitation at the regional (local) level should include a number of the following most important tasks:
Adaptation of rehabilitation policy measures pursued by the Federal Government to local conditions;
Involvement of authorities local government in coordinating the rehabilitation policy of the Federal Government;
Selection of priority directions and mechanisms of rehabilitation policy for a given social group, including satisfaction of its priority social needs;
Development and implementation of rehabilitation programs:
Ensuring economic, legal, organizational, managerial and other conditions for the implementation of rehabilitation policy within their competence, determined by federal legislation, and, mainly, through decentralized financial sources, i.e. from the local budget.
Social rehabilitation can be considered as an important component of social policy.
Still, a more correct understanding is “social rehabilitation”, which is associated with the category “social”, which covers all phenomena of social life, including all types of cultural, labor, economic and other activities. Thus, social rehabilitation becomes not just one of the directions of the state’s social policy, but should be considered as a priority.
Activities aimed at restoring a person’s lost functions in society, lost social connections and relationships due to disability, age-related changes or due to being in a crisis situation (imprisonment, vagrancy, etc.). R.s. is a system of economic, social and legal measures that ensure the maintenance at a certain level of equal opportunities for participation of a person with certain disabilities in the life of society with other citizens. Activities for R.s. include social and everyday orientation and social and environmental adaptation, social services in specialized institutions for social protection and other departmental affiliation, provision of socio-psychological assistance, as well as physical rehabilitation using special technical means, and other types social assistance. All these activities are determined by the federal basic program for the rehabilitation of disabled people, territorial target programs for medical and social rehabilitation of disabled people and the regional basic list of technical means of rehabilitation. For those who have been disabled since childhood, R.s. should be carried out from the first days of life. In the situation of becoming disabled in old age, people need additional support measures, because... they experience more difficulties due to the decreasing adaptive capabilities of the body and psyche as they age. r.s. elderly people and people with disabilities can be carried out in departments day stay social service centers, in the process of service at home or along with medical measures - in centers for medical and social rehabilitation of disabled people. r.s. includes the following areas: - socio-economic rehabilitation - material support person and his family through pensions, benefits, various types of targeted in-kind assistance(food, clothing, household items); - social and everyday rehabilitation - assistance in adapting a person to his physical disability and restoring self-care skills - training in everyday self-care skills, using special devices for self-care, training in housekeeping skills in new conditions for a person limiting one’s own capabilities; - social and environmental rehabilitation - adaptation of the environment to the specific needs of disabled people - provision of means of transportation, prosthetic and orthopedic assistance, hearing aids, typhotechnics, etc. (see Social policy regarding people with disabilities), as well as ensuring access to information through counseling about rights, benefits, etc.; - sports rehabilitation - Physical education and health activities for the disabled. For elderly people with disabilities, health groups are most appropriate, where an instructor, under the supervision of a doctor, conducts physical therapy and correctional classes, training in special physical exercises that a person can do at home. r.s. is achieved through a whole range of rehabilitation measures and involves an individual approach. The initiative to contact a medical and social rehabilitation center can come from both the person himself and the doctor or social worker providing assistance to him. In such a center it is developed individual program rehabilitation, which reflects all forms, volumes and terms of various areas of rehabilitation necessary for this person. On social worker is the function of coordinating all these activities, maintaining relations with health authorities, employment, legal services, the district social service institution, as well as with the family of a person with a disability. The content and measures of R.s are defined in the Federal Law “On social protection disabled people in the Russian Federation" dated November 24, 1995, Ng181-FZ, as well as in the Law "On approval of a comprehensive target program for medical, social and vocational rehabilitation disabled people of the Samara region and providing them with an accessible living environment for 2001-2005.” dated 22.02.2001 Ng 15-GD.
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