Open the left menu Republic of Bashkortostan. Mysterious places and anomalous zones of Bashkiria

Head up to the sky
The gray-haired giant Ural,
This fabulous space
My gaze has been riveted forever,
I would always praise you!
I have always sung your praises!

The words of the Bashkir poet, written more than two hundred years ago, perfectly reflect my attitude towards nature, people and the mysterious and the Southern Urals. There really is something to admire here!
Vast expanses of taiga, fast rivers and waterfalls, mysterious caves, ridges of distant mountains - all this is surrounded by many mysteries. In Bashkiria it is very many anomalous and mystical zones! As it turned out, there are quite a lot of such places. The list I provide is not complete and requires improvement. But still, based on this sample, it is possible to compile general impression about this amazing and still mysterious country.

Mausoleum of Turakhan

The mausoleum is a small stone building and was built during the Tatar-Mongol yoke in the 12th century. Although there is still debate about the fact that the Mausoleum was located there, because no sarcophagus was found inside. Nevertheless, such a building is one of the oldest in all of Russia.
According to some sources, there could have been a courtroom in which criminals were tried, tortured and executed, but according to other sources it was just a stone yurt. But from time immemorial, the Bashkirs called the building keshene, which translated means mausoleum.
“This is how this building has stood for almost a thousand years - small and mysterious. How many stones remember him! I wandered around the keshen, fighting the wind, and it seemed to me that there was a living creature in front of me. Who was not at all happy that I disturbed his winter peace,” writes a user under the nickname Varandey on LiveJournal.
Where: Chishminsky district.

Chandar, a mysterious ancient map

The village itself did not have any historical value until Professor Chuvyrov discovered a mysterious stone slab there in 1999. It is a relief map made by representatives of an unknown highly developed civilization about 50 million years ago.
The plate depicts the area from the Ufa Upland to the present-day city of Salavat. It even depicts the bottom of the rivers of that time. And now Bashkir diggers note that the area is also fraught with some mystical mysteries. According to them, otherworldly voices are periodically heard there and shadows appear out of nowhere.

“They told me that when you come to Chandar, you can’t say that all this is nonsense, otherwise something bad will happen. I didn’t listen and said right there that it was all bullshit and nothing like it existed. When we were leaving the village, fog suddenly began, in which we saw the outlines of a truck that we almost flew into. Unfortunately, from Chandar’s photographs, only the sign indicating the entrance was photographed, since inside the village my camera refused to work for unknown reasons,” writes Ufa resident Vladislav Zubarev.
Where: Nurimanovsky district

Holy waters of Narystau

According to legend, the companions of the Prophet Muhammad are buried here on the mountain - son and father Zubair bin Zait and Abdurrahman bin Zubair. The water flowing from the foot of the mountain is considered healing. According to local residents, more than once those who came to the spring for help - to cure joints, save loved ones from drunkenness or serious illness - returned here again - to say “thank you” to the spring.

In 2011, a decision was made to improve the memorial sites, and fundraising began for the construction of the mosque, but progress was very slow. Fortunately, the initiative was supported by the URAL Charitable Foundation, and in just a month Narystau acquired a beautiful memorial Complex and a mosque.
“Despite the fact that many people are very skeptical about Narystau, it is difficult to deny that this place has some special power. People from all over Russia go there, bathe their children, drink, and take bottles of water with them. By the way, finding plastic bottles there is worth their weight in gold, if you are planning to go, take them with you. People climb the mountain in the cold and heat to pray for their most important desires, and they say that many of them come true.
For example, I met a middle-aged married couple there; a year ago they came here from the Orenburg region and asked for a child. Then they came back again - a woman could not get pregnant for 8 years and gave birth to a son. Perhaps this is, of course, a coincidence, but the fact that people believe in the power of Narystau is a fact,” Ufa resident Svetlana Anisimova told us.
Where: Miyakinsky district

Akhunovsky menhirs

Uchalinsky Stonehenge is not a monumental structure like in England. The scale of ours is much more modest - the monument is big circle, in the center of which there is a vertical stone about two meters high, next to it is slightly smaller, and all this is surrounded by 8 menhirs (standing stones - editor's note).

Despite this, the place is a real paradise for pilgrims. According to legend, the deepest desires are fulfilled here. In addition, the megalithic complex in the village of Akhunovo was included in the top ten places in Russia where, according to tourism experts, you should go to fulfill your desires. The monument in the Uchalinsky district is celebrated not only as an ancient religious complex, but also as one of the largest observatories in Eurasia in terms of the number of observed astronomical events.
“Akhunovo is the most amazing ancient monument that I have ever explored. At the height of the excavations, I was told that this was the best monument that we had explored in our entire lives. We will never have the chance to find and excavate anything like this again! We never truly understood this object, we never felt its true meaning. I can’t even fantasize anything about him - a complete stop of fantasy, a stupor,” says researcher Fyodor Petrov.
Where: Uchalinsky district

Aulia Spring

Mount Aushtau near Lake Aushkul annually attracts thousands of pilgrims. About a month a year a healing spring flows here, which is known even in Mecca. According to beliefs, the waters of the spring bring health, help and healing to the soul. And in fact, eyewitnesses say that the waters of the Aulia spring help relieve allergic reactions, remove kidney stones and have a beneficial effect on digestion. The thing is that the water from the source is very soft, as it is essentially melted snow. In the past, it was even used as a medicine and consumed by the spoonful.

According to one of the legends, a caravan passed through this area, and the residents, thinking that a war was coming against them, gave battle to the pilgrims. After the battle, people learned that the leader of the caravan was a righteous wanderer - an auliya named Ramazan. He was buried on the top of a mountain near the village. After the death of Ramadan, a miracle happened: a clean spring flowed from the mountain. Now it comes to life only at the end of spring for a few weeks, in May-June. The water from this spring can be stored for years.
“This water really is miraculous! For several years my mother suffered from kidney pain. We took the plunge and went to this source. Even the place itself makes you cleaner, and after my mother started taking this water, the pain began to go away. I don’t believe in otherworldly powers and healers, but it seems to me that this is truly a miracle,” writes Alena Borisova from Sterlitamak.
Where: Uchalinsky district

Abortion - Mysterious places and anomalous zones of Bashkiria
The building is located deep in the forest, and, apparently, it is in connection with this that a terrible legend arose, which attracts young people to visit here. According to it, illegal abortions were carried out in this building during Soviet times. That's why it's hidden deep in the forest. According to another version, there was an ambulance station there for workers of nearby factories. In fact, this is an abandoned maternity hospital.

Until 2010, the building was in excellent condition - two floors and a basement could be safely visited. But then there was a strong fire - the roof collapsed, blocking the stairs. After that, the fire repeatedly engulfed the building, and, according to the “tourists,” the abortion clinic is now almost completely destroyed.
“When my friends and I first arrived there (it was around 2008), nothing had yet been destroyed or burned. It was possible to normally go into two basements and walk through all the rooms on both the 2nd and 1st floors, but now you can’t do anything like that - the stairs have been destroyed, almost all the basements have been filled up... Of course, there were no screams or crying children, ghosts or spirits, but the horror was enough for the first time. My friends and brothers told me many strange things that happened inside, but at these moments I was sitting in the car - it was scary, so there is something to be afraid of...” - Gulnara Utyaganova shared her impressions.
Where: Ufa district.

Abandoned camp "Dubki" Mysterious places and anomalous zones of Bashkiria

Scary stories after lights out in the company of guys from the squad. Well, who didn’t have something like this in childhood? It’s another matter when grown men, one after another, retell absolutely seemingly unthinkable things. The Dubki children's camp operated successfully and delighted the children with a fun holiday. And there is no mystery that the health complex has closed. There are hundreds, and maybe thousands, of similar stories across the country.

But no place is told as many strange things as about “Dubki”. Fans of extreme recreation note that some kind of devilry is going on there. Children's screams can be heard throughout the camp, car alarms go off autonomously, and building doors constantly slam. According to one legend, a murderer was once hiding in the camp.
“We walked around the abandoned building, I clicked the camera. Sometimes we could hear the creaking of doors and the slamming of windows, but we attributed it all to the wind, although it was not very strong. One of us went to the window (or rather, to what was left of it) and suddenly froze, staring into the yard. After a couple of seconds, he shouted for us to come to him. We ran up and began to peer into the darkness, but saw nothing. He said he saw the silhouette of a little girl in the dark. We assured him that it was his imagination and continued to wander around the building. And suddenly... we heard a child’s scream from the street, so piercing that the blood froze in our veins. It ended as abruptly as it began,” says Kirill Ovchinnikov.
Where: Chishminsky district.

Sterlitamak meteorite

On the night of May 17-18, 1990, in the Sterlitamak region of Bashkiria, the sky lit up brightly. A 300-kilogram iron meteorite fell from the sky onto a flat field of one of the state farms. This event was observed by dozens of eyewitnesses.

As a result of the collision of a celestial body and the earth, a crater was formed, which residents can observe to this day. Before this, eyewitnesses had only once seen a meteorite fall, which led to the formation of a crater. Now the meteorite is kept in the Ufa Museum of Archeology and Ethnography scientific center RAS.

“Now the crater is located in the middle of a field, seven hundred meters from the nearest highway. There is no sign or tablet that a celestial body fell here, despite the fact that such places are rare and unique on our planet,” writes user Ruslan Lukmanov in LiveJournal.
Where: Sterlitamak district

Aksakov's house -

Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov, the famous Russian writer who gave the country “The Scarlet Flower,” was born in Ufa and lived here until he was 8 years old. His contemporaries noted that in Aksakov’s life there was often a place for mysticism. It continues in his mansion, which to this day is located in the historical center of Ufa. Museum workers claim that there is a ghost in the house.

The spirit of the writer’s grandfather walks through the rooms, Aksakov himself wrote about this in his autobiography. The anomaly of the place was also confirmed by ufologists who came to the museum. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the building has been preserved in almost the same form as 2 centuries ago. Furniture and all items are in the same places.
“Perhaps this is the most unusual place I have ever been to. No, I didn’t see ghosts, I didn’t hear otherworldly voices. The point is different... Some kind of extraordinary aura reigns in Aksakov’s house. This probably cannot be explained in words. You need to feel it! For a moment it seemed to me that I was in the 19th century... Or maybe in a fairy tale? - says Artem Zubarev from Neftekamsk.
Where: Ufa, st. Rasuleva, 4.

Kapova Cave is of interest even without any legends, because it was formed more than a million years ago. Its length is about 2 kilometers, and the cave has three floors. And all this historical splendor is decorated with a blue lake. The water in it is considered healing, but you should not drink it, but rather take a dip. There is still life in the cave. These include bats and fish in the underground river, and traces of large animals have also been found here many times, apparently looking for shelter.

The main thing is the rock paintings. After all, according to researchers, they are already about 18 thousand years old! Mostly animals are depicted - bears, mammoths, horses, rhinoceroses. True, now the climate in the cave calls into question the preservation of historical painting. The cave is closed to the public to preserve the monument.

“The beauty of these places cannot be described in words. The cave itself, which holds a thousand-year history, welcomes its visitors with open arms. The mountains that reach the clouds resemble powerful warriors - the Bashkirs, who defended the interests of their people for centuries,” said Ruslan Abdrakhmanov from the Davlekanovsky district.

CHRISTIAN SHRINES
Traditionally, the majority of the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan are Sunni Muslims. According to 2010 data, Islam is preached by about 67% of all religious organizations in the republic. Orthodox Christianity ranks second, 22% of the total number of all organizations. However, despite the almost threefold minority, according to Orthodox Christianity, on the territory of the Republic there are even more shrines and places of veneration than in the more numerous Islam. This is due, first of all, to the nature of Islam itself, which disapproves of the worship of any images other than the image of Allah Almighty.
Apparently, this is why Orthodoxy, living according to other canons, finds a greater number of holy places in Bashkiria. Some of them even have national significance. The flow of pilgrims coming to them, both from the republic itself and from beyond its borders, is steadily growing every year.

For those not familiar with history, the small green church standing on the left bank of the Sutoloka River may not seem particularly noteworthy. This is the Church of Sergius of Radonezh or St. Sergius Cathedral. It houses the main Orthodox shrine of Ufa - the relics of Moses of Ufa.

The temple was founded in 1868 and has survived to this day almost in its original form. The place where it was built also has a long history. Already in the 16th century there was a temple here, which burned down in 1774 during the Pugachev unrest. In 1777, a new temple was built in its place, but after standing for more than 90 years, this church fell into disrepair and was dismantled. Built in its place, with the money of local merchants, the Church of Sergei of Radonezh was distinguished by its exquisite decoration and was even decorated with paintings by M.V. Nesterov, written especially for her. The temple housed an ancient icon of St. Sergius of Radonezh, with which, according to legend, Admiral Kolchak was blessed during his stay in Ufa. Under Soviet rule, St. Sergius Cathedral was the only church that was not closed, although almost all clergy either abdicated or were arrested.
Here, in June 2002, from the Demsky cemetery of Ufa, the relics of the newly glorified Moses of Ufa were transferred, and the temple became one of the most important objects of Christian pilgrimage, gaining fame far beyond the borders of the republic.
Address: , Ufa, st. Bekhtereva 2
Coordinates: 54°42"39"N 55°58"3"E

Temple of the Tabyn Icon of the Mother of God on the Holy Keys

Probably the most famous place for Christians in Bashkiria is located near the village of Krosnousolskoye, Gafuriysky district. His popularity was brought to him by two objective factors: one of which is natural, and the other religious-historical.
Firstly, the international health resort “Krasnousolsky”, famous far beyond the borders of Bashkiria, is located here. Healing properties water seeping to the surface from numerous sources and flowing into the river. Usolka were known back in the 16th century. Sodium chloride waters with and without hydrogen sulfide come out of the ground. With their help, diseases are successfully treated gastrointestinal tract, musculoskeletal system, gynecological and complex skin diseases. Secondly, here, according to church traditions, one of the most mysterious and enigmatic icons of Orthodox Russia was found - the Tabyn Icon of the Mother of God. In church publications, this icon is called legendary and miraculous, and in some even - Super Miraculous. The reason for this was the fact that the icon was lost several times in different years, but each time it was found and this fact was declared a miracle each time. The icon, as an object of worship, was very popular, and entire theological studies were often devoted to its history. For example, the famous historian and priest Nikolai Modestov wrote a special archaeological essay in 1914: “Tabynsk Icon of the Mother of God.”
Now her whereabouts have not been established. There are various rumors about the current whereabouts of the icon, among them there are versions that the icon is supposedly in the treasuries of the Pope, in the repositories of the Russian Church Abroad, in Chinese museums or in private collections of Australians. Who knows, perhaps the Tabyn Icon will once again reveal itself and force many non-believers to reconsider their attitude towards religion. In addition, there are several copies of the icon located in different churches in the Urals and Siberia, which are also revered among believers as healing and miraculous.
The icon is lost, but human memory lives on. Already under Soviet rule, the place where the icon was found became the object of mass pilgrimage. Sources from mineral water, next to which the icon was found, were revered as saints. And thanks scientific proof Even the most ardent atheists received healing benefits from bathing in Krasnousolsk water. That, however, did not stop the local party leadership, in order to combat obscurantism, from laying a box of dynamite next to a revered source and detonating it. As a result of the explosion, the underground channel changed and the source dried up. However, the key immediately clogged up in several other places. So much so that there was no longer any possibility of destroying these new wells.

Address: , Gafuriy district, village. Krasnousolsky, st. Klyuchevaya, 1
Coordinates: 53°55"27"N 56°31"53"E

The relics of Varvara Skvorchinskaya in Priyutovo.

The relics of another, popularly beloved saint of the Ufa diocese, were recently transferred from the Meleuzovsky Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God to the Church of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God in the convent of the village of Priyutovo. Believers from all over Bashkiria, from the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions come to bow and ask for help from Varvara Skvorchikhinskaya. Popular rumor attributes to Varvara many miracles and cases of healing, both during the life and after the death of the saint. The future “Blessed Varvara”, in the world Varvara Vasilievna Arkhangelskaya, was born on November 20, 1890 in the village of Karaulovka, Ufa province, in the family of a rural priest. From the first years of her life she had to endure many sad events. At the age of two she lost her mother Ekaterina Evlampieva. And on April 9, 1897, her father Vasily died suddenly, leaving her and other children orphans.
From 1902 to 1909, Varvara studied at the Ufa Diocesan School and received the right to the title of home teacher. After that, she worked in rural schools in the villages of Bashkiria: Kuganak, Ire, Bogorodskoye, Budenya, Skvorchikha. After the October Revolution, her life remained almost unchanged. Is it that it has become more noticeable that the young teacher devotes much more time than others to explaining to children God's laws and prays more often than others. In 1925, Varvara was transferred to the village of Novonikolaevka in the Skvorchikhinsky village council of the same Sterlitamak canton. In Skvorchikha, Varvara rented a room in a peasant hut not far from the school and began teaching. As her students testify, the new teacher was strict, neat, modest, but dressed, by village standards, fashionably, in a city manner. However, despite the outward modernity, the lessons that Varvara taught were not to the liking of her superiors. She often invited priests to lessons and talked about God and the Orthodox faith. Having come into conflict with the administration, which demanded that she start teaching atheism, she quit the school and, as believers say, “went into seclusion,” i.e. reduced her contacts with the outside world to a minimum.
The old woman died at the age of 76 on the morning of February 14, 1966, having predicted her own death two weeks in advance. In 2000, with the blessing of Patriarch Alexy II, the relics of Varvara Skvorchikhinskaya were found. In 2001, Varvara was glorified among the locally revered saints of the Ufa diocese.

Address: Republic of Bashkortostan, Belebeevsky district, Priyutovo village, st. Ostrovsky 27, Convent in honor of the Holy Royal Passion-Bearers.
Coordinates: 53°54"28"N 53°56"20"E

Tomb of Muzhavir Hazrat -

One of the most inaccessible shrines in Bashkiria is located in the depths of the Baymak region. We are talking about the grave of one of the most respected and revered elders in the republic - Muzhavir Sirazhetdinov, better known as Muzhavir Khozarat (Bashk. “Muzhaүir khәҙrәt”). By his contemporaries, he was revered as a great healer, sage and soothsayer. The fame of the deeds of this holy man spread far beyond the borders of Bashkiria. People came from Moscow, the Urals, Kazakhstan and the rest of the territory for treatment, advice and spiritual guidance. former USSR. As eyewitnesses say, he accepted everyone, regardless of nationality, religion and gender.
You can read about the life and miracles of Muzhavir Khozarat in two books that Lira Yakshibaeva, a member of the Union of Writers of Bashkortostan and Russia, wrote about her famous fellow villager (“Muzhavir Khazret”; 2008 and “The Tale of the Healer Muzhavir”; 2011). They contain a huge amount of biographical information, testimonies, and memories of people who knew this unusual person well.
All the old residents of the area can still talk incessantly about the miracles he performed. They say that at other times a small tent village was organized on the banks of the Urgazy from the people who came to Hazrat for help. The wonderful old man died on July 28, 1967. He was buried according to Muslim custom in an old cemetery not far from his native village of Mansurovo. But even though almost 45 years have passed since then, the flow of people coming for help to “grandfather” (as his fellow villagers affectionately called him) continues to this day.
Address: Republic of Bashkortostan, Baymaksky district, 1 km. to the south from the village. Bakhtigareevo (Mansyrovo, Mansurovo, Mankhar).
Coordinates: 52°31"46"N 58°29"32"E

Mount Aushtash (Aush-Tash) -

Just 15 km. from the border with the Chelyabinsk region is located one of the most picturesque shrines of Muslims in the Southern Urals - Mount Aush-Tash, at the foot of which lies Lake Aushkul. The height of the mountain is 343 meters. According to many researchers, the mountain has been revered since prehistoric times, but it is connected with Islam by an ancient burial and many legends. At the very top of the mountain there is an old birch tree, next to it there is an artificial mound about a meter high, surrounded by a fence. An ancient broken stone with Arabic script is installed above the grave. It is not possible to read the entire text due to the loss of several fragments, and therefore historians have several versions. It says something like this: “This is the preacher of the faith, Sheikh Muhammet Ramadan Alushi (in another version, Mignan Alusa), 651 during the time of Berke Khan...”
Every year, Muslims of Bashkria and the Chelyabinsk region gather to honor the memory of the preachers of Islam, they read prayers and collect miraculous water from the Aulia spring. During the climb, many people take stones with them to the top so that, after enduring difficulties, they will get rid of the sins that burden their souls.
There is also a belief, which you can hear from local residents, that by walking around Mount Aush-Tash seven times clockwise and making a wish, you can be sure that it will certainly come true. But this no longer has anything to do with Islam...
Address: Republic of Bashkortostan, Uchalinsky district, village. Starobayramgulovo
Coordinates: 54°43"30"N 59°41"14"E (Tomb of the Three on the top of the mountain)
Coordinates: 54°43"57"N 59°41"39"E (Auliya Source)

Mount Narys-Tau (Narystau).

Every nation has its own folk heroes and literary epics that describe their exploits. They hold the connection of times, and new generations learn national pride. The Bashkirs also have such an epic, its name is “Idukai and Moradym” and it is certainly the most voluminous creation of Bashkir folklore. In it, we are talking about the national hero, the Golden Horde Temnik Idigei (Edigei, Idukai) and his confrontation with Khan Tokhtamysh. The epic repeatedly mentions Mount Narysta-Tau (or “Narys-Tau” in modern pronunciation). At the end of the work, the hero dies and is buried on the top of this mountain.
There really is such a mountain in Bashkiria, and it is located about 110 km southwest of Ufa. It is not difficult to find it on the map, because... At the foot of the mountain lies a village of the same name, founded in 1920. Mount Narys-Tau has long been known for the fact that a spring flows from under it, the waters of which are considered sacred and have miraculous and medicinal properties. The glory of the spring was known far beyond the borders of the republic, and some Muslims claim that the existence of this spring is known even in Mecca. In any case, according to local residents, in order to drink the water, people came from Central Asia and Kazakhstan back in the century before last. Many set up a camp and lived near it for several days to undergo a full course of treatment and perform the necessary religious rituals.
The debate about who is actually buried on Mount Narys-Tau continues and apparently they will subside soon. Although, it seems to me, there is no contradiction between these versions. It is quite possible that both the holy Sahabah of Muhammad and the warlike Idigei are buried on the top. Archaeologists will probably no longer be able to find out how everything really happened. But it is not important. The main thing is that more and more people come to visit this amazing place from year to year. After all, as a very intelligent person once said: “Don’t be strict with your neighbors, the earth will reconcile you all anyway.”
Address: Republic of Bashkortostan, Miyakinsky district, Narystau village
Coordinates: 53°50"59"N 55°2"41"E (Memorial complex)
Coordinates: 53°50"47"N 55°2"35"E (Holy Spring)

NATURAL OBJECTS OF WORSHIP OF BASHKRIA

Mountains have always made a strong impression on people. This is understandable, where else can a person so clearly and categorically feel his weakness and insignificance? Mountains are a place where, despite all the achievements of civilization, nature still does not forgive mistakes and irresponsibility. Needless to say, ancient people, when faced with dangers and inexplicable phenomena, personified them, endowing them with personality and even intelligence. The Ural Mountains are the most ancient on earth. Therefore, there are also quite a few legends, myths and tales about them. Read below about some of these places that anyone can visit now.

Mount Iremel, although geographically located in Bashkiria, is, in terms of its significance, one of the most famous natural monuments of the entire Urals. Since ancient times, peoples and tribes have distinguished Iremel from other peaks and treated it with special respect. However, everything is in order, first I will give a brief geographical information: the Iremel mountain range is located in the northeast of the Uchalinsky district. A small section of the border with the Chelyabinsk region runs tangentially to the northern and western edge of the mountain’s base. Iremel is located in the zone of the highest elevations and is part of the axial ridge of the Ural-Tau. There are Big and Small Iremel, which rise on the common foundation of the massif, oriented in relation to the cardinal points from northeast to southwest with a total length of approximately 13 km. Mount Big Iremel has a height of 1582 meters (Peak “Boar”) and is the second highest point in the Southern Urals (second only to Yaman-Tau - 1640 m). The slopes and peaks of Iremel rise above the boundaries of the forest belt and represent the subalpine and alpine zone. Big and Small Iremel (height 1449 m) are separated from each other by a characteristic saddle approximately a kilometer wide.
In the ancient Bashkir folk epic you can read about how Mount Iremel arose. In it, the main character Ural-Batyr fights with the padishah Azraki and his army: divas (i.e. evil spirits) and dragons. Having destroyed everyone, Ural-Batyr placed their defeated bodies in heaps, which later became the Ural Mountains. The largest pile turned out to be Iremel. During the confrontation, the hero died from poisoning, and his children had to take up swords. According to legend, they cut through Iremel, and the Belaya and Ural rivers flowed out of it.
Legends are legends, but the Russian settlers who began to populate the Chelyabinsk region treated the mountain with no less respect than the local residents. And as some clergy note, before the revolution, no one was surprised that in a dry year people gathered and went in procession to ask for rain on Iremel.
There are plenty of wonderful stories and rumors today. Sports tourists, nomadic esotericists and simply curious people have recently flooded the mountain. Some jokingly, some in all seriousness, tell their stories about Iremel. Some believe that this is a “portal”, an “energy center” and come here to “recharge”. Others believe that in ancient times Iremel was used for human sacrifices by servants of dark cults and are looking for ancient temples here. Ufologists, of whom there are also quite a few, claim that somewhere here there is an underground UFO base and claim that they regularly see “flying saucers.” Sorcerers and psychics come to Iremel to collect magical plants. For example, only here does Rhodiola Iremelica, listed in the Red Book, grow. This plant, also called the “golden root,” is included in many alchemical recipes for immortality.
Unfortunately, I did not have the chance to climb Iremel and test its power for myself. Although this idea is not completely buried. I believe that someday, “Father Iremel” will invite me to visit him. In general, for now I had to be content with panoramic views and stories from “experienced” tourists. By the way, many believe that Iremel grants wishes. To do this, be sure to take a gift for the mountain spirits with you.
And further. It is highly not recommended to stay at the top overnight...
Address: Republic of Bashkortostan, Uchalinsky district, 9 km. to the North-West from the village. Baisakalovo
Coordinates: 54°32"1"N 58°52"42"E

Mount Tratau (Tora-Tau)

If you drive along the highway connecting Salavat, Ishimbay and Sterlitamak, it will be difficult not to notice a huge mountain, more like a mound of light sand, located on the eastern side. This is the symbol of the Ishimbay region, one of the hallmarks of Bashkiria, the single mountain (shikhan) Tora-Tau, which translates as Horse Mountain. The mountain is very unusual and once upon a time, about 280 million years ago, it was not a mountain, but a coral reef in the center of an ancient ocean. Bashkiria is one of the few places on earth where such natural monuments have been preserved. In the valley of the Belaya River and the environs of Sterlitamak there are three more shihans: Kush-Tau (Bird Mountain) - 357 meters, Yurak-Tau (Heart Mountain) -338 meters and Shakh-Tau (Tsar Mountain), from which it is sixty seconds After more years of industrial development, a pit was formed.
Tora-Tau is the tallest and most famous of them. Its height is about 275 meters above the level of the Belaya River and 402 meters above the level of the world ocean. The mountain has attracted people since ancient times. Historians believe that the living ancestors of the Yurmat (Yurmatin) tribes who settled in the Ishimbay, Sterlibashevsky and Sterlitamak regions of Bashkiria revered Tora-Tau as sacred. By the way, the Yurmatians are ancient nomadic tribes related to the Sarmatians and Ugrians, who moved, together with the Bulgars, from the steppes of the Azov region to the banks of the Volga.
At the foot of the mountain there is a small but clean karst lake Tugar-Salgan. The shore of the lake and Tora-Tau were for local residents a territory where they were forbidden to enter. Only priests could do this and only on certain days of the year. The ban was very strict and old-timers of the surrounding villages testify that it was secretly observed almost until the Revolution. On sacred land it was forbidden to engage in agriculture, herd livestock or gather. It was difficult to find daredevils who decided to break the ban and decided to disturb the spirit of Tora-tau.
Today the mountain is a popular vacation spot for residents of surrounding towns. Tora-Tau is especially popular among paragliders. However, the years have not affected the mystical glory of the mountain in any way. Many people who have been there believe that the mountain has very strong “positive” energy and real magical powers. It is believed that the mountain can fulfill wishes and people who want to enter into communication with the Higher Powers climb it. Lake Tugar-Salgan enjoys the same fame. Fishermen claim that in some places, the echo sounder does not find the bottom. Perhaps the karst sinkholes really go deep and connect the lake with an underground river, which, according to legend, flows under Mount Tora-Tau.
Legends about these natural monuments have been on the lips of residents of the Ishimbay region for decades. One of the most romantic ones says that a beauty named Diaphet was imprisoned in one of the caves by her despotic sorcerer father in order to prevent her love for the Russian knight. The entrance to the cave was guarded by a huge snake, with which our knight had to “sweat” hard. By the way, there really are several small caves in Tora-Tau. In addition, there are legends that the graves of Muslim saints are located on the mountain. Climbing up one of the slopes, you can actually see a memorial stone with an inscription in Bashkir: “The Bashkir sage is buried on Tora-Tau...” Nearby there is a birch tree hung with multi-colored ribbons, with the help of which, like all over the world, people mark their wishes.
Address: Republic of Bashkortostan, Ishimbay district, 1.5 km to the Southeast from the village. Shihan.
Coordinates: 53°33"16"N 56°5"55"E

There are many caves in the Urals, and some of them have their own legends and carefully keep their secrets. One of these has two names and is very well known to speleologists and tourists. We are talking about the Kinderlin Cave or as it is also called: the Cave named after the 30th anniversary of the Victory or simply Victory. The first name is due to the fact that it is located near the small Kinderlya River, a left tributary of the Zilim River. The cave received its second name even before it was officially opened. There is a story about how in 1974, at one of the meetings of the republican section of speleologists of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, a politically correct decision was made to perpetuate the upcoming 30th anniversary of the Victory in the Second World War. To achieve this, it was decided to name the first large cave to be found in the coming year in honor of this great date. As if by order, speleologists from the city of Sterlitamak quickly discovered a cave suitable in all respects near the village of Tash-Asta.

As further expeditions showed, one of the most branched and extensive underground systems in the Urals was found. The total length of the cave is 8130 meters, of which 230 meters are under water. At the very beginning of the cave there is the longest glacier in the caves of Bashkiria, with an area of ​​720 square meters and a thickness of up to 8 m. The cave was formed in the direction of tectonic cracks of latitudinal and meridional strike in the environment of monoclinally occurring thick-layered limestones of the Famennian stage of the Upper Devonian, falling into westward at an angle of 80 degrees. In general, the Pobeda Cave is an inclined-horizontal system of galleries and passages in north-northeast and west-northwest directions, laid at four hypsometric levels.
Despite the fact that the cave was officially discovered only a few decades ago, local residents have been actively using it since ancient times. Hunters did this especially actively, using the microclimate of the glacier to store killed prey. As evidence in different parts Animal bones were discovered in the caves, which, according to various estimates, are from 10-12 thousand years old.
The cave has many interesting corners and tourists from all over Bashkiria and speleologists from all over the world rush to enjoy its beauty. I will not list all the attractions of the cave; their descriptions can be found on the corresponding speleological sites. I was amazed by the so-called “Music Box” - a deep cavity with many stalactites specific shape, producing sounds of different tonality when lightly struck. I was very surprised by the “Atlantean Hall” with its unreal forms. In it, calcite deposits on the walls form a kind of “hall of columns”, in which real giants could easily live. The “Classical” hall, the “Chaos Hall”, the “Lake” hall, the “Greenhouse” grotto, the “Gift” passage, the “Fairytale” gallery and much more will not leave you indifferent. Unfortunately, due to the influx of tourists, the cave begins to become overgrown with dirt and debris. There is already information that pathogenic bacteria have been found in the water and atmosphere of the cave, which, in general, should not exist. Part of the cave is closed to unauthorized visitors, and without approval you can only visit a small area near the entrance.
I did not find any information that the cave was used in ancient times for ritual purposes. However, two attractions of the cave have become real objects of worship for modern tourists. One of them is a huge stalagmite named “Snow Queen”. It is located at the front of the cave and can be seen by anyone. With a good imagination, in a snow-white, sparkling column of ice, you can really see the cold mistress of the underground kingdom, surrounded by smaller stalagmites - her subjects. This is not only one of the sources of drinking water in the cave, but also a place where it is customary to make a wish. There are many rituals associated with her, but usually tourists simply turn off the light of their flashlights and, in complete darkness, mentally visualize their desire, being close to the Snow Queen.

The second object for making wishes, even larger than the Snow Queen, is the Pagoda stalagmite. I did not find information about his age. However, it seems that we are talking about millennia here. People also come up to him to touch him and make a wish.
On my own behalf, I can add that my wish came true, although it is not clear who exactly should be thanked, either the “Pagoda” or the “Snow Queen”. Or perhaps it’s all about the very atmosphere of the Kinderlin Cave, where at least for a while you disconnect from the worries and problems waiting for you at the top.
Address: Republic of Bashkortostan, Gafuriysky district, 4 km. to the North-East from the village. Tash-Asta.
Coordinates: 54°9"31"N 56°51"24"E

DAMN FINGER
But this is really interesting! Why are high single rocky ledges sticking out of the ground often called “Devil’s Finger” in all cultures and different parts of the world? I wonder how Sigmund Freud and his followers would interpret such unanimity in names? One of these objects is located near Lake Bannoe; here, in the deep gorge of the Kruzyak River, the forty-meter-long Bashkir Devil’s Finger threatens the sky (Don’t be confused! There is another Devil’s Finger in Bashkiria. It is less famous and is located on the banks of the Usva River).
As expected, there are plenty of legends around this Devil’s Finger. According to one, this is a petrified evil giant, the owner of the taiga, immobilized by the resourceful shepherd Abdullah. According to another, this is really the finger of the Devil, the only thing that remained on the surface after his overthrow into hell. Some people avoid this place, while others consider it magical and touch their finger to make a wish.
An energetically active place. A place where one asks for happiness. A place where one asks for good luck.
Address: Republic of Bashkortostan, Abzelilovsky district, village. Yakty-Kul, 1 km. to the North-West from the Mountain Gorge preschool educational institution.
Coordinates: 53°34"44"N 58°32"39"E

Previously, it was called Karagosh-Tau, but after a major forest fire in 1758 it began to be called Mount Yangan-Tau (i.e. “Burnt Mountain”).

And as it turned out, it was difficult to come up with a more accurate name. The mountain is really on fire! Through five main (and many more small) points, gases rise to the top from the depths of the mountain, the temperature of which is in the range of 370-1500 degrees. And at a depth of one hundred meters the temperature reaches 3800!!!.

There is no volcanic activity in the surrounding mountains. Scientists have put forward several theories, the most common one says that oxidation of bituminous shale is taking place inside the mountain. Therefore, the warmth from what is happening chemical reaction heats the water, which rises to the surface in the form of hot steam. By the way, the microclimate of the mountain is very useful, and one of the most famous sanatoriums of the republic is located here.
Local residents, even before any theories appeared, revered the mountain as sacred and believed that divine fire lived in it, giving longevity and good health to those who come here with good thoughts.
An energetically active place. A place where people ask for restoration of health.
Address: Republic of Bashkortostan, Salavat district, village. Chulpan.
Coordinates: 55°18"2"N 58°8"13"E

Stones of Summer (Yay Tashi).

One and a half kilometers along the road north from the village of Zarikovo, there is a completely ordinary black earth field. It is fertilized, sown and harvested in the same way as all other Bashkir lands. But if you walk along this field and carefully examine it, you will notice that there is a small area fenced off from the rest of the plot by a small but neat fence. If you are curious enough and come up to look behind the fence, you will be quite surprised, because behind it lie only two large boulders. No matter how much you look at them, they are no different from other stones scattered in abundance throughout the republic. Well, maybe one of them has a slightly greenish tint, and the other is reddish. That's all. However, these are not ordinary stones. Many locals believe they are magical. These are the Stones of Summer or as it sounds in Bashkir: Yei Tashi.
Stones have their own proper names. One is called Abiy, and the second is Babai. According to one version, these are husband and wife, according to another, these are brother stones. When and who first told people about the amazing power of Babai and Abiy, history is silent. Apparently, this was some local and respected shaman, who was engaged in his activities even before the arrival of Islam in these parts. He noted that by communicating with boulders, it is possible to locally influence atmospheric phenomena in the area, within several tens of kilometers. For example, the belief has survived to this day that if, during days of severe drought, you wash the stones with clean spring water and pray, the long-awaited rain will come. Moreover, the rain began not only in the Gafurisky district, where these boulders lie, but also in the neighboring Beloretsk, Sterlitamak or Ishimbay districts. And, conversely, if the rains did not stop and the crop could die, it was enough to rub the stones vegetable oil- the rain, as if ordered, “turned off.” It is clear that in both cases, in addition to manipulating the boulders, sincere prayer and faith were required that everything would work.
Legends about the Stones of Summer are carefully passed down from generation to generation by local old-timers. Some of them are more than amazing. For example, many believe that stones are not limited to passive activity and move from place to place. Moreover, they actively resist people's attempts to change their location. And if anything happens, they can even stand up for themselves. To confirm this, they tell the following story. Once, when another “battle for the harvest” was going on in the republic, the authorities decided to drag the stones to the side so that the equipment could move freely across the field and not go around huge boulders. They brought a tractor and hitched it to one of the stones. They managed to move the stone a little, but then the cable suddenly broke. And in the evening of the same day, the tractor driver unexpectedly broke his leg, which did not heal for a long time. He recovered only after, on the advice of one of the local grandmothers, he went to the stones and asked for their forgiveness. The moved stone is said to have somehow miraculously moved back to its original place.
And if it suddenly happened that while cultivating the land, a plow or harrow inadvertently clung to a stone, then thunderclouds almost instantly appeared in the sky and, with a very high degree of probability, a downpour could begin.

Address: Republic of Bashkortostan, Gafuriysky district, 1.5 km north from the village. Zerikovo.
Coordinates: 54°10"55"N 56°32"59"E

Sultan of Keremet
Kugu Yumo resides in his heavenly home on a golden throne, from where he can see all the affairs of people. In the old days, when the gates of heaven opened, he appeared to people sitting on the clouds and playing the harp - that’s when they prayed to him. The family of the highest god included Yuman-ava - “Mother of God” (or Shochin-ava, “Giver of Birth”), the patroness of births and weddings; Kugu Yumo also had a son named Erge-Pugoshch-yumo (he predetermined who would have a boy). The Supreme God stood at the head of an entire hierarchy of heavenly beings, ideas about which were formed among the Mari under the influence of Islam and Christianity. The names “yumo” (“sky”) and “kugu-yumo” began to designate any god in general. The highest gods included: Tunya-yumo, the god of all things, who also controls the winds and clouds; Osh-keche-kugu-yumo, the “white” god of the sun and light;. Kawa-yumo, god of the sky; Mayor-kugu-yumo, patron of people, Purysho-yumo, predeterminer of fate; Sakche-yumo, guardian god. Volgenche-yumo was the god of lightning, and Kudyrchoyumo was the thunderer, slaying evil spirits, protector of crops, people and livestock. They say that thunder occurs because Yumo rolls stones from the sky. Such stones falling to the ground are called “lightning stones”: they can be extinguished with milk rather than water.

Shaitantau (“Devil’s Ridge”) is one of the mountain-forest-steppe massifs wedged into the South Ural steppes. Located between the Sakmara and Kuruil valleys in the Kuvandyk region.
The southern part of this ridge is located in the Orenburg region.
The northern part of Shaitantau is located in Bashkiria.
The name of this ridge is translated from Bashkir as “Devil's Mountain”.
Local residents gave this name to the hill because of the strong winds blowing on it and sudden temperature changes. The Bashkirs believed that this was due to the machinations of evil spirits.

There are folk legends about the ridge.
An area of ​​beautiful nature in the Southern Urals.

Various anomalous phenomena often occur in the mountains.

BRIC-ALGA.
A village in the Belebeevsky district, next to which there is a small forest with an aura of mystery. At night, strange noises are heard here, places with trampled grass are seen (the nature of the violations is unclear), rounded areas with broken trees at a height of 3-3.5 meters, and distortion in the growth of some trunks is observed. There are eyewitnesses who claim that UFOs often hover over the forest. Archaeological excavations are being carried out in the forest itself and nearby. According to archaeologists, they discovered very strange burials here, not typical for this place. (Information from NIG "Fakel")

MOUNTAIN WOLF FANG.

Located near the village of Kaga in the Beloretsk region. At the top of the mountain there are frequent occurrences of various light phenomena - flashes, glows, electrical-like discharges. There is information about UFO flights. The first reports of this came from tourists who regularly vacation at the Agidel tourist base. It is quite difficult to climb to the top itself; few have reached it. When you try to do this, an unreasonable feeling of fear arises, weather conditions sharply worsen, etc. (NIG "Fakel")

ZIGANOVKA and MAKAROVO.
Villages in the Ishimbay region, where the presence of mysterious grass formations is sometimes recorded. They resemble the famous “crop circle” phenomenon. Our colleagues from the Fakel group have at their disposal eyewitness reports of the stable appearance of luminous balls in the mountains. Their nature has not yet been clarified... Note that a military training ground extends near these settlements.

MARS.
A village located in the north-west of Bashkiria in the direction of the M-7 highway, and named after the planet Mars. Local modern legends talk about this place as “a cosmic mystery on the land of ancient Bashkiria.” According to eyewitnesses, UFOs regularly appear in the local skies.

YURMASH.
A river in the Beloretsky district, on the right bank of which, not far from the village of Assy, lie several large boulders reddish color. These are the so-called "thunderstones". The surrounding Bashkirs have long had a belief that if you hit these stones with something, or even just touch them, a thunderstorm will immediately begin. To prevent people and grazing cattle from touching them, the stones are surrounded by a dense fence. In the 70s of the twentieth century, Professor G. Vakhrushev decided to explore the mysterious blocks. It turned out that the rock consists of clayey limestone, being a ribbon marl. Vakhrushev immediately rejected the version of the supernatural power of the stones, proposing a rational explanation of the phenomenon: “Here, thunderclouds arise mostly on the spot. In the area of ​​the Yurmash River there are vast mountain ranges. Their peaks are bare rocks, surrounded by placers. There are also large faults in this area V earth's crust, which can serve as pathways for radioactive gases that ionize the air to escape from the depths, which contributes to the formation of thunderclouds." After 20 years, many “anomalous” tourists rushed here to knock on the stones and provoke the wrath of Nature. The funny thing is that after this “Batu’s invasion” the number of thunderstorms in this region increased sharply, but meteorologists were inclined to explain this by the next maximum of solar activity...

YAMAN-TAU.
The highest point of the Ural Mountains in the territory of Bashkiria (1640 meters above sea level). Translated from Bashkir - Bad Mountain. Currently (from about the mid-90s) it is occupied by the military, who have declared its surroundings a closed zone. Because of this, the mountain is practically inaccessible. Moreover, it is located in the center of the South Ural Nature Reserve, created, obviously, for the same defense purposes. There are legends around Yaman-Tau, albeit of a modern nature - the local population explains that the territory is closed due to the extraction of uranium ore or the burial of radioactive waste. The huge, gently sloping dome with a flat top is somewhat reminiscent of the town of Kosvinsky Kamen in the Northern Urals, also favored by the military in the past. Some facts that can be collected from various sources (mainly the Internet) partially clarify the picture. In the depths of the mountain there is a top-secret military facility. Judging by the maps, to the west of the mountain, near the village of Kuzyelga, the village of Solnechny (Mezhgorye) grew up, and power lines, railways and roads were connected to the top. Communications are clearly visible from space, and in 1996 all this became the cause of the American-Russian conflict... On February 5, 1973, in the Yaman-Tau river valley (10 km from the top), two photographs were taken of a disc-shaped UFO hovering over the tops of trees . One of them was published in the newspaper Põllumajanduse Akademia (No. 20, 1973, Tartu).

Putin's secret underground city
A secret base of the Russian government was discovered in the mountains of the Southern Urals, not far from the Abzakovo ski center, where Russian President Vladimir Putin frequented. There are a lot of rumors around the mountain bunker, and even residents of nearby settlements They don’t really know what kind of objects have been built in the mountains since the Cold War.
At the beginning of the new, 21st century, Russian President Vladimir Putin became a frequent guest at the South Ural ski resort"Abzakovo", located approximately 60 km from Magnitogorsk. Neither Putin himself nor his assistants were able to explain to the public why the head of state chose this place. It's official - Putin liked to ski there. But there is also an unofficial version. Thus, the president came to supervise the completion of the construction of a secret underground city located in the very high mountain South Ural massif - Yamantau (translated from Bashkir - “bad head”, height 1640 m).
The Americans were the first to tell the world about the existence of a secret mountain site in the Southern Urals. On April 16, 1996, The New York Times published an article reporting on a mysterious military base being built in Russia. In a secret project reminiscent of the horrors of the Cold War, Russia is building a gigantic military complex underground in the Ural Mountains, Western officials and witnesses in Russia say. Hidden inside Mount Yamantau in the Beloretsk region (today the city of Mezhgorye - Ed.) in the Southern Urals, the huge complex is connected by a railway and a highway. Thousands of workers are involved in the work,” the publication wrote.
Meanwhile, unlike the general public, tourists who annually climb this mountain have not forgotten about Yamantau. They say that since the beginning of the 2000s, measures to protect the surrounding area of ​​Yamantau have become more stringent. On one side, the mountain is located on the territory of the South Ural State Reserve (they say that the reserve was not established there by accident). But not only rangers, but also military personnel patrol the area around Yamantau.
as one of the participants in the events said, the construction of an underground base in Mount Yamantau actually began in the Soviet years, during the Cold War. The facility was developed and built by the Construction Directorate-30, subordinate to the Ministry of Defense. The department is based in the ZATO Mezhgorye (formerly Belorets-16, also called the city of Solnechny). Construction Department-30 specializes in the construction of underground and above-ground facilities and structures, conducts large-scale underground construction: in this area, US-30 is one of the largest construction organizations.

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Wikipedia website
Encyclopedia of mysterious places in Russia
http://paranormal-news.ru/
http://www.artmystica.ru/
http://www.bashforum.net/

Every child who lives and studies in Bashkortostan is obliged to know and study the language of the land that is his home. Learning another language broadens a child’s horizons and allows him to better understand the culture of his native land. Studying the Bashkir language (the second state language in Bashkortostan), along with Russian, creates additional skills in the child that will later help him in learning the following - foreign languages. Even if in everyday life, for example, Russian children, the Bashkir language is not required, but its knowledge is still necessary, as a basis and basis, like knowledge of other sciences such as chemistry or physics, which also not everyone will need later in life, but their study also compulsory at school...

I read something like this as an argument for the defenders of the compulsory universal study of the Bashkir language in schools in Bashkortostan, when quite suddenly I discovered that since 2006 this subject has been compulsory.

To be honest, I was deeply amazed...

No, in my childhood we had “Bashkir” classes at school (it was “A” class), but there were always few children there and in general they (children from “A” class) were always somehow alienated. And in the general classes we had Bashkirs, and we always got along well, and there were no cultural barriers between us, and I admit that they knew how to speak Bashkir, but somehow we never got along with the “A” classes relationship…

Having started to monitor the Internet on this issue (since my daughter is interested in school in 2 years), I found out that at the moment there is a rebellion brewing among parents of schoolchildren against learning the Bashkir language (after 11 years))) At the same time, adherents of the compulsory study of the Bashkir language (in mainly from a certain “Congress of the Bashkir People”) also became more active in response: they call on Khamitov, as the President of Bashkiria, as well as the Minister of Education of Bashkiria, to protect titular language from attacks from parents who do not want their children to learn Bashkir.

By the way, neither the President, Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan Bashkir Khamitov, nor the Minister of Education Bashkir Shafikov did not live up to the hopes of the newly organized and not registered anywhere Congress of the Bashkir People(not to be confused with the World Kurultai of the Bashkirs), so out of despair they began to organize rallies and other protests, gladly supported by the local national Bashkir elite and some local media, under the motto: “Khamitova resign!”

I will not theorize here for long on the topic “are our children obligated/not obligated” to learn the Bashkir language (note: by the way, the prosecutor’s office doubts such “obligation”), but I will turn to a simple and always convenient method of logical and rational thinking.

So, does my child need the Bashkir language?

To begin with, from my personal life experience:

My wife and I are Russians (my ancestors are from the Ryazan province, my wife’s ancestors are from Ukraine), we have lived in Ufa all our lives. The majority of all our relatives, friends and acquaintances are Russian. At the same time, among them there are, of course... NON-Russians, but I don’t even know whether they are Bashkirs or Tatars, I don’t see any fundamental difference and I’ve never even been interested in their nationality, we don’t experience any difficulties in communication. Have there been times in my life when I needed the Bashkir language? No. That is, over the 35 years of my life, the need for such knowledge has never arisen.

OK. But, perhaps, in the future the situation will change, and knowledge of the language of the people, which according to statistics in the republic is less than 30%, and in my city less than 15%, will be so necessary for my absolutely Slavic girl that I will then bite my elbows for not giving her the opportunity study it in childhood? Hardly)))

Fine. But “defenders of the Bashkir language” say that since I live in Bashkortostan, then my children must study the Bashkir language out of respect for this land, which once, many centuries ago, completely belonged to the Bashkirs.

I doubt the harmony and steadfastness of this logical chain: if you live here, it means you must know the local language. For example, if you turn to the experience of the “stronghold of democracy”, then it will not even occur to anyone that Americans are obliged to study Indian language.

Bashkir - the second state? OK. But, for example, in another “stronghold of democracy, liberalism and tolerance” - Europe, there are many countries where several exist simultaneously state languages(for example, Switzerland, Austria or Belgium), and it does not occur to Europeans to somehow force their citizens to study them all. Moreover, as a general rule, the most common the language in a given area, and not at all the one that historically once was there many centuries ago. And that's logical and rational, isn't it?

Or, let’s say, the Republic of Crimea, where three official languages ​​are at the same time - Russian, Ukrainian and Tatar. And what, do you think that Crimean children are forced to learn all 3 languages ​​at the same time?!

And besides, our country is full of national republics, and if I move, my child will have to new language learn?! Nonsense…

Okay, let’s discard all these legal and moral-philosophical reflections on the topic “should/shouldn’t” and return exclusively to the plane practical necessity.

So, we have already found out that in everyday life it is difficult to imagine a situation where knowledge of the language of a national minority would be extremely necessary for my child. But maybe the adherents of the Bashkir language will have some other arguments?

“Knowing an extra language can’t hurt.”
You need it - you teach it, you don’t have to force it on everyone. There are no difficulties with additional study of the “native” language, including the Bashkir language, in schools, but why force a foreign language on everyone, and even obviously endangered language?!

The last phrase about a “dying language” immediately provokes the following argument from Bashkir activists: "That's it! Our language is dying out because it is being systematically squeezed out! And it needs to be preserved!”
Okay guys, I got you. But there is a simple question, the answer to which will clarify everything: why is the Bashkir language dying out? why do so many Bashkirs in the cities hardly know him? Yes because it is NOT NEEDED. It is dying out due to objective historical and evolutionary reasons. And that's why in my hometown half of these 15% of urban Bashkirs do not know more than a hundred words in Bashkir. Do you want the Bashkir language to be preserved? OK. What's the problem?! Teach their children for at least five hours a day, even until he’s blue in the face, but what does all of us - people of other nationalities - have to do with it?!

Note: moreover, as practice shows, if there is an opportunity to choose, the overwhelming majority of Bashkir parents in cities refuse in-depth study of Bashkir, fully understanding the futility of this language and the futility of their children’s efforts to study it.

“Knowledge of the Bashkir language can be useful. Not everyone needs knowledge of chemistry or physics in life, but, nevertheless, everyone teaches them.”
And in this argument, the “adherents of the Bashkir” reveal their inadequacy in all its glory. This is how far removed from reality one must be in order to compare the need for a child to study fundamental basic sciences and a language that is spoken by approximately 1 million people, and even those live mainly in rural areas somewhere in the vast expanses of “middle zone” Russia near the old Ural Mountains. This is nonsense! These citizens are definitely not registered in a mental hospital?!

“If a child knows Bashkir, he will be able to communicate with Bashkirs in their native language”
Oh, wow! Fucking argument. The only problem is, I haven’t yet met Bashkirs who don’t know Russian, and, thank God, I don’t go to small remote villages. Then why the hell should I teach my child Bashkir?! So that some hypothetical Bashkir would be pleased that my child forced learn this language?! In other words, Bashkir nationalists artificially created a situation where tens and hundreds of thousands of children throughout the republic are forcibly taught an endangered language, so that they (these children), in some unrealistic ball-vacuum situation, would prefer to communicate in it instead of Russian?!

Note: by the way, in this regard, I always remember one story that happened to me once, about 10 years ago. Then I had the chance to live in Sibay (one of the most remote cities of Bashkiria) for about a week for work, and there one Russian girl indignantly told me how once, when she was in her senior year, the school director called her on some issue, and when she went into his office and said hello, he answered her irritably in Bashkir: “Get out and come in as you should!” In the sense that when you walked in, you only had to say hello to them Bashkir language. Yes, just like that...
But this, of course, is beside the point. I will continue...

The next, one of the key arguments from the idiot “defenders of the Bashkir language” sounds like this: “Why are Bashkir children obliged to learn the Russian language, but Russian children living in Bashkortostan should not learn the Bashkir language?!”
Well, first of all, based on the above. And secondly, because the Russian language is the language of interethnic communication in Russia, which 99% of the population knows, and this is enough to ensure that learning this language, including for Bashkir children, would be practical necessity. But they may not teach. Just what will they do without the Russian language in Russia?!

In general, this whole story with the imposition of the Bashkir language and the hysteria of the Bashkir nationalists that broke out, when there was a threat of canceling this unhealthy “obligation”, all this reminded me of the events of my “perestroika” childhood, when at the dawn of the “parade of sovereignties” I remember, saw and heard then, slogans of this kind: “Russians - to Ryazan, Tatars - to Kazan!” In my opinion, it would be nice to take a closer look at all this local, suddenly active, nationalist riffraff.

Note: by the way, this is precisely why, at one time, when Putin strengthened his “ vertical of power", Khamitov was appointed to Bashkiria "from the outside" - so that he would dispel the established clanism of local nationalists in the republic.

Are Bashkirs and the Bashkir language being infringed upon? Wake up! From a third to half of civil servants are Bashkirs, although national population proportions are different. How many local state TV channels are there in Bashkiria? How many of them are in Bashkir? How long is it carried out? national Bashkir events? And they are carried out, by the way, on are common Republican money that goes to general budget of the republic, but are spent with a clear disproportionate bias in favor of the local national minority.

So, maybe the nationalists who have gone astray should shut up, otherwise it won’t just be about the imposition of the Bashkir language...

P.S. But as a conciliatory finale, I can fully admit the existence of some kind of mandatory course on studying, say, the most common 100 words or phrases in the Bashkir language with a final test. Well, for general understanding. But nothing more.

What do you think about this?

The boat is rocked by local Bashkir elites who dream of returning to the prosperity of the times of “independence”

44 (29.3 % )

It enchants with its landscapes. Rivers, lakes, waterfalls, mountains and caves involuntarily invite tourists. Other features of the region will also be interesting for visitors: a real cauldron of nationalities that live together, temples, mosques and unforgettable participation in national holidays. Therefore, not only local residents, but also those who decided to visit the region are wondering what the summer of 2019 will be like in Bashkiria.

Everyone has their own favorite time of year. Some people love frosty winters, others like rainy autumns, another part of the population loves fragrant springs, and summer also has its fans. It is during this period that you can enjoy nature and your energy. It is at this time of year that most people plan their vacations and trips to interesting places. In summer you can swim, sunbathe and just have fun in nature. Will the weather in Bashkiria for the summer of 2019 allow the Hydrometeorological Center to plan its urgent matters?

Forecasters warn that summer will be slightly delayed and will not begin in the first days of the month. June in Bashkiria will be changeable. At first, the thermometer column will creep up, but this will not last long. It will start raining in the middle of the month. There is also information from the Hydrometeorological Center that the temperature will drop significantly at night. Thus, if the temperature is above zero during the day, then frosts can be observed at night.

Folk omens say that the first day of summer will show what the weather will be like for the next three months. If June 1st turns out to be hot, then summer is expected to be that way. And if, on the contrary, the first day of summer is rainy, then it will fall in the summer sufficient quantity cool days and heavy rainfall.

In June, sufficient precipitation is expected; heavy rains will be replaced by mushroom rains and vice versa. At the end of the month it will become warmer, the warm sun will come out and everyone will finally feel the real arrival of summer.

July in the Republic of Bashkortostan

Summer is a time of change and dramatic turns in the fate of many people. July will be a great time for this. It is expected that it will be quite hot during this period, so spending time in nature will be a useful and enjoyable activity. Temperatures will fluctuate, with occasional clouds in the sky, but the hot weather will last almost the entire month. No precipitation is expected this month. Even if there is a thunderstorm or rain, this phenomenon will not last long and will end quickly.

It is impossible to predict anomalous manifestations of nature in advance, but it is possible to predict average indicators. What will summer 2019 be like in Bashkiria? The most real! July will be warm and sunny, with limited precipitation.

The middle of summer is worth spending profitably and fully relaxing. Both Bashkirs and guests of the region will be able to try to conquer Mount Iremel, reveal its secrets and enjoy the unsurpassed view that opens up from its top. You can visit the Shulgan-Tash park and see the unique paintings on the walls in the cave of the same name. Also, one cannot ignore Mount Yuraktau, the Avdyrdak ridge, Lake Yakty-Kul and the village of Kutanovo. Here you can relax your soul and reboot your brain. Where else are there places where man and nature are one? Don't waste time on empty entertainment and relaxing on the couch. Take advantage of the warm days of July and give free rein to your emotions. After such a rest, any work will be completed faster.

At the end of the month, the rains will still sprinkle the dry soil and give life-giving moisture to the plants.

August in Bashkiria

The month of August is the last chord of summer. It is still warm and sunny, but already hints at the imminent approach of autumn. It is forecast that there will be quite a lot of rain this month and it will be longer and colder. After the 9th, temperatures will begin to drop significantly at night, although temperatures will remain quite high during the day. On such days, warmth is especially appreciated, because summer is coming to an end. If you believe the weather forecasters, then at the end of August you will be able to fully enjoy the sun.

How is it different in Bashkiria from other years? Almost nothing. But everyone can make it unforgettable themselves. What to do to spend your time productively? For lovers of a quiet and relaxing holiday, there is the opportunity to relax in nature with tents near the Belaya and Zilim rivers. Rafting along them will invigorate you and give you unforgettable impressions and emotions. For active people there are other types of recreation: mountain biking, catamarans, hiking and visiting wild places. You can try yourself as a rock climber, and crawl through narrow loopholes in caves.

Separately, it is worth highlighting such recreation as fishing. The region is home to about fifty species of fish, of which the most popular are salmon, trout, bream, crucian carp, roach, pike perch and even ruff. There is plenty to do in the region, which is why many are interested in the question:

Sunny Bashkiria

Based on the logic of climate events, summer in the region will be quite dry. There will be rain at the beginning and end of summer. Village residents may experience water shortages, as wells and boreholes are likely to dry up in mid-summer. Don't forget about fire safety.

Long-term forecasts may not be 100% accurate. The overall picture of the summer of 2019 is visible, but the mood of nature must also be taken into account. In this part of the continent there are frequent changes in air masses. Winters are quite cold, and summers are warm, sometimes even hot. It’s not for nothing that Bashkortostan is called sunny, because there is more sunny time in the region than in many others in the Russian Federation. The landscape of the region also greatly influences diversity. Mountains turning into steppe plains and elongated mountain ranges - all this can significantly influence the weather.

The weather in Bashkiria is like a capricious beauty. In the morning it’s like this, but by evening it’s completely different. This is the beauty of the region. And the people living here are happy, they enjoy life and all the changes in the weather yes.

Ancient period

The very first monument of human habitation on the territory of modern Bashkortostan, dating back to the Early and Middle Paleolithic period, is the Mysovaya site near Lake Karabalykty in the Trans-Urals, where various tools used by humans were discovered: hand-held points, axes, chips, various products from local stones.

From the middle of the 2nd to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e., in the Bronze Age, a period of intensive development of the territory of the Southern Urals begins and is associated with the arrival here of the tribes of the Abashevo culture. The Abashevites had a high level of processing bronze and making tools from it. A pastoral economic and cultural type of activity was created, as well as permanent settlements.

During the formation of the Timber-Andronovo antiquities (16-15 centuries BC), settlement and burial structures appeared, indicating the deepening social heterogeneity of society (rich burials of leaders and the nascent military aristocracy) and the consolidation of various population groups into large inter-tribal communities. Vivid evidence of these processes is the development of the villages of Balanbash, Tyubyak, Sintashta, Ustye, Arkaim, etc.

Early history

The earliest mention of an area with the name “Bashgurd” is found in the 8th century in the work of Fazlallah Rashid ad-din “Oguz-name”.

The country of the Bashkirs, its people and customs were reported in the 9th-13th centuries by Arab geographers Ahmed Ibn Fadlan and al-Balkhi, the Italian monk Carpini Plano and the Dutchman Willem Rubruk. The very name of the people - “Bashkort” - was first found in the works of Sallam Tarjeman (the first half of the 9th century). Ibn-Rust noted that the Bashkirs are “an independent people occupying territories on both sides of the Ural ridge between the Volga, Kama, Tobol and the upper reaches of the Yaik”. And the geographer Idrisi in the 12th century wrote about two regions of the Bashkirs “internal” and “external” and mentioned the Bashkir cities of Nemzhan, Gurkhan, Karakia, Kasra and Masra.

From the second half of the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century, the Bashkirs occupied lands from the left bank of the Volga in the southwest to the upper reaches of the Tobol in the east, from the Sylva River in the north to the middle reaches of the Yaik in the south.

In the X-XIII centuries. the western part of the Bashkirs was part of the Volga Bulgaria.

The first battle of the Bashkirs with the Mongols took place in 1219-1220, when Genghis Khan, at the head of a huge army, spent the summer on the Irtysh, where the Bashkirs had summer pastures. The confrontation between the two peoples continued for a long time.

The Bashkirs receive the right to fight (labels), that is, in fact, territorial autonomy within the empire of Genghis Khan. In the legal hierarchy of the Mongol Empire, the Bashkirs occupied a privileged position as a people obliged to the Khagans primarily for military service and preserving their own tribal system and administration; in legal terms, it is possible to talk only about suzerainty-vassalage relations, and not “allied” ones.

In the XII-XIV centuries. the entire territory of settlement of the Bashkirs was part of the Golden Horde.

From the time of the formation of the Golden Horde in 1243 and until 1391, that is, a century and a half, two “ils” functioned on the territory of historical Bashkortostan - Bashkir and Tabyn, ruled by their princes - biys.

In June 1391, the “Battle of the Nations” took place near the Kondurcha River. The armies of two world powers of that time collided in the battle: Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh and Emir of Samarkand Timur (Tamerlane). The battle ended with the defeat of the Golden Horde, the destruction of many cities (Bolgara, etc.) and put an end to the Golden Horde.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the Bashkirs were part of the Nogai Horde, Kazan and Siberian Khanates.

As part of Russia

Friendship Monument in Ufa (in honor of the 400th anniversary of the voluntary entry of Bashkiria into Russia)

The voluntary accession to Russia and the receipt of letters of merit by the Bashkirs is also mentioned in the chronicle of foreman Kidras Mullakaev, reported to P.I. Rychkov and then published in his book “Orenburg History”: “... not only those lands where they before their citizenship, being still sparsely populated and living in extreme squalor, namely beyond the Kama River and near the Belaya Voloshka (which was later called the White River), were confirmed by them, the Bashkirs, but in addition many others, in which they now live, were granted, as evidenced by the letters of grant, which many still have.”

The exclusiveness of relations between the Bashkirs and Russia is reflected in the “Cathedral Code” of 1649, where the Bashkirs, under pain of confiscation of property and disgrace of the sovereign, were prohibited “...boyars, okolnichy, and Duma people, and stewards, and solicitors and nobles of Moscow and from the cities, nobles and children of boyars and Russian local people of all ranks, do not buy or exchange any land, either as a mortgage, or by rent, or for rent for many years don't have."

Map: “Division of the Ufa province and Bashkiria into darugs”, Land maps of the Orenburg province" by Krasilnikov, 1755

The territory of Bashkortostan in the XVI-XVII centuries. designated as Ufa Uyezd or Bashkiria, which consisted of the following administrative units: Kazan Road, Nogai Road, Osinskaya Road and Siberian Road: “Since that time, the Ufa district or, moreover, the whole of Bashkiria (Bashkiria) has been divided into four roads, named according to this: the side to Siberia is called the Siberian road, to Kazan - Kazanskaya, to the suburb of Ose (which was built on the Kama River) - Osinskaya, and to to the steppe peoples it was nicknamed Nogai, which names are still observed in the discourse of the entire Bashkiria.” A road or daruga in this case is considered as a type of economic land management for that period. Each road was controlled by a foreman. The roads consisted of tribal volosts, which, in turn, were divided into clans (aimags or tubes).

In 1708, the local region was included in the Kazan province as the Ufa Voivodeship, which since 1719 has been renamed the Ufa Province.

In 1737, the trans-Ural part of Bashkiria was assigned to the newly created Iset province, the territory of which covered the modern Kurgan, northeastern part of the Chelyabinsk, southern Tyumen, eastern Sverdlovsk regions.

In 1744, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, by her highest decree, ordered that “there should be a province in Orenburg and be called the Orenburg province and Privy Councilor Neplyuev should be its governor.” The Orenburg province was formed as part of the Orenburg, Ufa and Iset provinces. The Iset province included Trans-Ural Bashkiria and the counties of Isetskaya, Shadrinsky and Okunevsky; Ufa province - Osinsky, Birsky and Menzelinsky districts.

In 1774, the Ufa province became part of the created Orenburg province.

In 1781, the Ufa governorship consisted of two regions, Ufa and Orenburg. In 1796, the Ufa governorship was renamed the Orenburg province.

The cantonal reform of 1798 put an end to the functioning of roads. From that time on, petitions indicated the province, district, numbers of Bashkir cantons and military yurts (teams).

In 1865, the Ufa province was formed by dividing the Orenburg province into Ufa and Orenburg, consisting of Ufa, Belebeevsky, Birsky, Zlatoust, Menzelinsky and Sterlitamak districts.

In honor of the 450th anniversary of Bashkiria’s voluntary entry into the Russian state, on April 2, 2007, the Bank of Russia issued a set of commemorative coins dedicated to this event (only reverses are shown):

Formation of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Autonomous Bashkir SSR on the map of the USSR, 1928

In July 1941, the Odessa Machine Tool Plant named after V.I. Lenin was evacuated to the city of Sterlitamak, and already on October 11, 1941, production began to operate.
During the war years, two Academies of the country's Armed Forces were located in Bashkiria. The Higher Academy of the General Staff named after K. E. Voroshilov was relocated from Moscow to Ufa in November 1941. By the beginning of November 1941, the Lenin Military-Political Academy was transferred to the city of Belebey. From June 22, 1941 to June 30, 1944, 5,475 people were mobilized from the republic to the Military-Political Academy and military-political schools. In total, 17 military educational institutions were located in the republic.

In 1941-1945, the headquarters of the international communist movement - the Executive Committee of the Communist International - was located in Ufa. In 1943, radio broadcasts were conducted in 18 European languages.

On November 17, 1941, the bureau of the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the BASSR adopted a resolution “On the formation of two cavalry divisions from local nationalities.”

In Bashkiria, from the first days of the war, an extensive network of hospital bases was deployed. The first batch of wounded soldiers was delivered to Ufa by a military ambulance train on July 28, 1941. In total, during the Great Patriotic War, 63 evacuation hospitals were formed on the territory of the republic together with several infirmaries with a total number of beds of 22,500.

Administrative division:

Urban districts:

The names “Republic of Bashkortostan” and “Bashkortostan” are equivalent.

Geographical position

The Republic of Bashkortostan is located in the Southern Urals and adjacent territories - the Cis-Urals and partly the Trans-Urals. Area = 143.6 thousand square meters. km. The length of the territory from north to south = 550 km, from west to east = 430 km. Population more than 4 million people.

In the west, Bashkortostan borders on Tatarstan and Udmurtia in the north - on the Perm and Sverdlovsk regions in the east - on the Chelyabinsk region in the south - on the Orenburg region.

Bashkortostan is characterized by diversity natural conditions, and is clearly divided into 3 main zones:

• Bashkir Cis-Urals - 2/3 of the entire territory. Hilly plain. The most favorable for the life and activities of the population.
• Mountain Bashkir Urals - more than 1/4 of the territory. A less favorable area for the life and activities of the population.
• Bashkir Trans-Urals - 1/10 of the entire republic. A narrow strip that passes into the West Siberian Plain.

Natural conditions are favorable for development Agriculture and industry. Large areas are occupied by black soil and rich forests. Rich mineral and water resources (surface and underground). Favorable agroclimatic resources. Bashkortostan is part of a well-populated and developed zone of Russia.

The development of the republic is facilitated by its geographical location. Here are the most important railways, pipelines and highways connecting the European part of the Russian Federation with the Urals and Siberia. Bashkortostan has direct access by rail to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, the Lower Volga, and Turkmenistan.

The Belaya River is an integral part of the unified deep-water system of Russia, providing the Republic of Belarus with access to the ports of the Caspian, Baltic, Black Sea and Azov basins.

Bashkortostan has positive opportunities for the import and export of both raw materials and fuel, and finished products - with the Western and Eastern regions of the country.

The most important feature of the geographical location of Bashkortostan is that it is located at the junction of not only 2 continents, but also at the junction of 2 economic regions (Volga and Ural) and connects them. Historically, Bashkortostan has more close relations with the adjacent Ural regions. Bashkortostan is an integral part of the Ural economic region. The proximity of Bashkortostan to the highly developed regions of the Urals and Volga region is one of the advantageous factors of its geographical location.

Landscapes of the Republic of Belarus include:

• mountains and plains;
• taiga and feather grass steppes;
• excessively wet and acutely dry areas; etc. This is due to the physical and geographical location. Bashkortostan in its nature combines the features of adjacent diverse spaces.

The flora and fauna represent a motley mixture of Volga-Kama, Ural and Siberian-Kazakh species.

The territory of Bashkortostan stretches from north to south and has 4 geographical zones, temperate zone:

• mixed forest zones;
• deciduous forests;
• forest-steppe zone;
• steppe zone.

Additional natural diversity give the Ural Mountains, stretching across the entire republic in a wide strip, the landscape changes from steppes at the foot of the mountains, to taiga at an altitude of 600 - 1000 m, and the alpine belt at the highest peaks.

The relief of Bashkortostan is surprisingly diverse: plains; rolling plains; hills; plateau; plateau; mountain ranges; intermountain "depressions" (depressions). This is due to the peculiarities of the geographical structure of the territory. It covers parts of heterogeneous tectonic formations.

• Russian platform (Eastern outskirts);
• Pre-Ural trough;
• Ural folded region (country)

The surface of Western Bashkortostan is a gently undulating, sometimes hilly, plain with average heights of 150 - 300 m.

Bugulminskaya - Belebeyevskaya Upland maximum height= 480 m.

Ufa plateau - maximum height = 517 m.

Pribelskaya plain and Yuryuzano-Aiskaya - north-east of Bashkortostan.

Mountainous Bashkortostan occupies the southern Urals in terms of relief - a system of mountain ranges that are separated by intermountain depressions. The main ridge is considered to be the Ural-Tau - not the highest, but it is a watershed (up to 1 km no higher), Avayak, Mashak - up to 1.5 km in height, they have the highest peaks of the Urals. Iremel height = 1584m, Yaman-tau height = 1640m. The maximum length is 190 km.

To the south, all these ridges descend and pass into the Zilair plateau. The slow movements of the Southern Urals continue mainly in height.

The Bashkir Trans-Urals stretches in a narrow strip - it is a ridge-hilly area in places with hills. The Urals region is associated with the presence of various minerals. Bashkortostan has:

• fossil fuels;
• ore, metallic minerals;
• non-metallic minerals;
• The groundwater.

In terms of species, Bashkortostan's raw materials surpass all other countries. More than 3,000 types of minerals have been identified.

Climatic and hydrological conditions.

The territory of the Republic of Belarus is located inland. Air masses from the Atlantic come here more transformed (i.e. less humid, colder). From the north of the republic it is widely open to the influence of the Arctic Ocean. From the south, Bashkortostan is influenced by the arid regions of Kazakhstan and the Caspian lowland. The low Ural Mountains do not prevent the influence of cold from Siberia - this determined the continental climate of Bashkortostan.

The climate is characterized by:

• warm summer (sometimes hot);
• long cold winter.

This is due to:

• annual course of solar radiation;
• changes in the radiation properties of the earth's surface throughout the year;
• circulation processes (air masses) - cyclonic activity, the nature of the influence of these masses is different.

Bashkortostan is influenced by air masses from the south, continental warmth from Central Asia, sudden changes in weather, and instability.

Western Bashkortostan is a zone of temperate continental climate. The western slopes of the Ural Mountains are the most humid. The eastern slopes and the Trans-Urals are dry, and a purely continental climate predominates. Mountainous Bashkortostan - the most precipitation up to 600 mm. With altitude, the temperature decreases, the frost-free summer period decreases, at an altitude of about 1000m and at higher altitudes, winter is 1.5 months longer. Moderately cold climate.

The average annual temperature in Bashkortostan is +2.8 ° C.

The average July temperature is +17-19 ° C; January - 15-17 ° C.

A stable transition of temperature through zero in the first ten days of April goes up, and in the third ten days of October it goes down. The distribution of precipitation is uneven.

An important factor is the wind. The wind pattern is determined seasonal features, atmospheric circulation. In the cold - intensification, the southern and southwestern ones are most repeated. In summer there are calms and northerly winds.

Bashkortostan is rich in surface waters. Numerous rivers and lakes adorn its nature. There are approximately 13,000 rivers in the republic, their length is 57,000 km. The main part is less than 100 km long.

The entire river network belongs to 3 river systems:

• Volga system;
• Ural system;
• Ob system (less than 1% of the territory, Greeks, Uy, Myas);

The main river is Belaya 1430 km; the source is at Mount Iremel, the channel increases to 1/2 km, the main part of the water is consumed - 920 cubic meters. m/sec.. The main tributary of the Belaya River is the river. Ufa; length 918 km. A deep valley cuts through the Ufa plateau. Pavlovskoye Reservoir - 120 sq. km. Large rivers: Dema - 556 km; Ai - 549 km. The main sources of river nutrition are: precipitation and groundwater.

There are more than 1000 lakes in Bashkortostan (including reservoirs).

• West - Asly Kul (more than 23 sq. km), Kandy-Kul.
• Trans-Urals - Urgun, Bolshie Uchaly, Yakty-Kul, Chebarkul, Talkas.

The origin of the lakes is different. Western ones are located in depressions that were formed as a result of Karst encroachments, Trans-Urals as a result of tectonic ones. Most lakes are very small - floodplain, oxbow lakes.

Tourist resources

In accordance with the recreational potential and historical and cultural opportunities, the republic can be conditionally divided into 7 recreation areas, most of which are already sufficiently developed and functioning.

Central zone with the center in Ufa. Recreational area of ​​Ufa with adjacent suburbs - Forest Park area with a ski jump and ski slope, "Victory Park" with a ski slope, Lekarevka, Yumatovo, Mill Plant, Shakshi and Melnichnoye Lake area;

Southern zone with a center in the Meleuzovsky district (Nugushskoye reservoir and Muradymovsky caves). Recreation area Sterlitamak, Salavat, Ishimbaya, Meleuz and Kumertau;

Northern zone with the center in the village. Pavlovka (Pavlovskoye Reservoir). Recreation area of ​​Ufa;

Western zone centered on Lake Kandra-kul, including Lake Asly-kul. Recreation area Ufa, Tuymazy, Belebey, Oktyabrsky, village. Serafimovka;

Eastern zone with center in the village. Maloyaz (sanatorium "Yangan-tau" with a complex of ski slopes under construction and infrastructure for it);

Eastern zone with center in the city. Asha and Sim, Chelyabinsk region. A recreation area, amateur tourist routes and a training place for climbers, rock climbers and mountain tourists. In recent years, alpine skiing has been actively cultivated in Asha and Minyar.

South Ural zone with the center in the Beloretsk region. The main planned and amateur tourist routes that were developed before 1990 are concentrated here, some of them still operate today (meaning routes with an organized type of recreation). In recent years, Beloretsky and Abzelilovsky districts have become the center of ski tourism. The ski resorts "Abzakovo" and "Metallurg-Magnitogorsk", a ski slope in Beloretsk, were built and operate here, and two tourist bases of the Joint Stock Company "BASHTUR" are located in the area. The area borders the Burzyansky district, where the famous Burzyansky reserve and the famous Shulgantash cave with rock paintings of primitive man are located.

Minerals

Bashkortostan has oil deposits (about 200 registered deposits), natural gas (predicted reserves of more than 300 billion m³), ​​coal (about 10 deposits, balance reserves of up to 0.5 billion tons), iron ore (more than 20 deposits, balance reserves of about 100 million tons), copper (15 deposits) and zinc, gold (over 50 deposits), rock salt, high-quality cement raw materials.

Oil and gas

Oil deposits are distributed throughout the republic, but the largest and most numerous of them are concentrated in several oil and gas bearing areas

Tuymazinsko-Shkapovsky (west and southwest), Arlansko-Kushnarenkovsky (Birskaya saddle and part of the Blagoveshchensk depression, northwest)

Bashkir arch (north), Blagoveshchensk depression and southeast slope of the South Tatar arch (center, south)

area of ​​the Pre-Ural trough (east, southeast).

The Tuymazinskoye, Serafimovskoye, Shkapovskoye fields are located in a vast elevated structural zone, which also extends into the territory of neighboring Tatarstan and the Orenburg region.

The Arlanskoye, Mancharovskoye and other deposits are controlled by the side zones of the Aktanysh-Chishminsky trough of the Kama-Kinel system and are mainly associated with the terrigenous strata of the Lower Carboniferous.

In the area of ​​the Bashkir arch, oil fields are developed in its central part (Kushkulskoye). More than 20 fields are concentrated on the northwestern slope and adjacent part of the Upper Kama depression (Oryebash, Igrovka, Buraevo, Kuzbaevo, Chetyrman, Yugamash, Tatyshly, Voyady, etc.), confined to the reefs and lining structures of the side zones of the Shalym trough.

In the area of ​​the Blagoveshchensk depression and the southeastern slope of the South Tatar arch, the deposits are controlled by graben-like troughs and associated narrow swell-like zones (Demskoye, Sataevskoye, Raevskoye, Sergeevskoye).

In the Pre-Ural trough, small but numerous oil, gas and combined fields are controlled by reef massifs and linear anticlines (Kinzyabulatovskaya, Karlinskaya).

In the section of the platform cover, oil deposits are located at several age levels.

Most oil fields are multi-story, their constituent deposits are located within the average oil-bearing contour at different stratigraphic levels. Multilayer deposits predominate in the platform part. Within the Pre-Ural trough - deposits in reef massifs and linear folds of the Kinzyabulagov type, the oil-bearing capacity of Upper Devonian carbonate deposits (Tabynskoye) has been established.

All oil deposits of the republic are divided into 4 genetic types: structural, lithological, stratigraphic, reef (massive), and deposits of the first type sharply predominate.

Other fossil fuels

Brown coal deposits are widespread. The greatest importance in this case is the South Ural basin, the territory of which covers the territory of part of Bashkortostan and the Orenburg region.

Coal reserves in the republic amount to 252.7 million tons. Their mining was carried out by Bashkirugol JSC (closed in 1999). Maximum production occurred in 1975 (9.4 million tons, including production in the Orenburg region), currently it has decreased to approximately 3.5 million tons (including 425 thousand tons in Bashkortostan itself) due to the depletion of low-ash reserves coals.

In Bashkortostan, 34 brown coal deposits have been explored, the most important are Babaevskoye, Mayachnoye, Kuyurgazinskoye, Yuzhno-Kuyurgazinskoye and Krivlevskoye, their total reserves account for 25.4% of the reserves of the South Ural basin.

In the northwestern part of Bashkortostan (Kama coal basin) several layers have been exposed hard coals with a thickness of up to 20-25 m (forecast resources are about 20 billion tons).

In the Urals, oil shale is common in the sediments of the Domanik horizon of the Frasnian stage. A number of occurrences of oil shale were discovered in Upper Carboniferous deposits on the southwestern edge of the Ufa Plateau.

Solid minerals

They are widespread in the Cis-Ural region, in the mountainous part of the Southern Urals and in the Trans-Ural region and are represented by deposits of copper, gold, iron ore, rock salt, fluorite, magnesite, barite, bauxite, etc.

There are 3 mineragenic zones on the territory of the republic:

1st zone Pre-Ural trough with the adjacent platform region. and the Western Ural folding zone

2nd zone to the Zyuratkul-Yuryuzan fault

3rd eastern part of the Krakino zone and the Uraltau anticlinorium

In the first zone, sedimentary deposits of rock salt of the Sterlitamak-Salavat salt-bearing province, gypsum and anhydrite in the deposits of the Kungurian stage, manganese in carbonate deposits of the Early Permian and Carboniferous ages, phosphorites in the Lower Permian carbonate rocks, copper in the red and variegated molasse deposits of the Upper Permian, bauxite are developed in Upper Frasnian carbonate deposits in the Salavat region.

In the second zone, stratiform deposits of siderite, magnesite, barite and base metals are common. There are deposits of naturally alloyed brown iron ores. Numerous occurrences of ore gold and its placers, as well as fluorite, are widespread along large faults.

The third zone contains numerous small deposits and occurrences of copper and chromite.

In 2006, 3.2 million tons of copper pyrite ores, 45.8 thousand tons of copper, 97.1 thousand tons of zinc, 5132 kg of gold, 76.8 tons of silver were mined on the territory of Bashkortostan. 932.8 kg of gold were extracted from oxidized gold-bearing ores, and 70 kg of alluvial gold. Extraction of rock salt amounted to 3.5 million tons, limestone for the chemical industry - 4.3 million tons, gypsum - 80 thousand tons, cement clays - 660 thousand tons, facing stone (granite) - 20 thousand cubic meters.

Temperature

Number sunny days per year ranges from 287 in Aksenovo and Beloretsk to 261 in Ufa ( smallest number days occur in December and January, the largest in the summer months).

The average absolute minimum air temperature is -41°, the absolute maximum is +38°. A stable transition of air temperature through 0° occurs on April 4-9 in spring and October 24-29 in autumn, in mountainous areas on April 10-11 and October 17-21, respectively. The number of days with positive air temperatures is 200-205, in the mountains 188-193. The average date of the last frost is May 21-30, the latest is June 6-9, and in the northern and mountainous regions - June 25-30. The average date of the first frost is September 10-19, the earliest is August 10-18.

Precipitation

300-600 mm of precipitation falls annually; there is a fairly sharp differentiation of precipitation across the territory of the republic, and its amount depends primarily on the nature of atmospheric circulation. The influence of the Ural Mountains is especially strong here. On the western slopes of the Ural Mountains, the annual precipitation reaches 640-700 mm, on the eastern slopes it does not exceed 300-500 mm, in the western flat part of Bashkortostan - 400-500 mm. 60-70% of precipitation falls in the warm season (from April to October). The summer months account for the maximum daily precipitation (78-86 mm).

Snow cover

The earliest date for the appearance of snow cover is September 12-20, the earliest date for the formation of stable snow cover is October 16-24, in mountainous areas October 5-12, the average date for the establishment of snow cover is November 3-13. The average date for the melting of snow cover is April 14-24. The number of days with snow cover is 153-165, in mountainous areas - 171-177. The average and maximum height of snow cover is 36-55 cm, the maximum height can reach 106-126 cm. The average density of snow cover at the highest height is 240-300 kg/m3.

Vegetable world

Forests occupy more than 40% of the republic's territory. In the Cis-Ural region these are mixed forests; to the north, in the western foothills, there are pine-deciduous and birch forests and dark coniferous taiga.

Forest-steppes with birch and oak forests, and forb-feather grass steppes are also common in the Cis-Ural region.

The soils are mainly gray forest, chernozem, soddy-podzolic.

Animal world

The rivers, lakes and ponds of the republic are home to 47 species of fish, 13 of them are listed in the Red Book of Bashkiria. These include sterlet, sturgeon, taimen, brook trout, and European grayling. More widespread are bream, white-eye, chub, ide, roach, crucian carp, rudd, as well as perch, ruff and pike-perch. There are catfish, burbot, sprat, and buckle.

The territory of Bashkortostan is home to 286 species of birds, 76 species of mammals, 700 species of worms, 121 species of mollusks, about 500 species of arthropods, 10 species of amphibians and the same number of reptiles. The fauna of the region is quite diverse. Many species of animals and birds have a wide habitat, although the distribution of some European species is limited to the Ural Range.

Among the mammals in the southern regions there are small pika, gray and Eversman's hamsters, and on the left bank of the Belaya River there is a reddish ground squirrel. However, most animals live throughout the republic: marmot, jerboa, brown hare, steppe ferret, gray partridge, skylark, bear, lynx, marten, chipmunk, squirrel, hazel grouse, beaver, otter, muskrat, various types of ducks and gulls, swamp turtle, elk, roe deer, wild boar and many others.

The objects of hunting at present are mainly ducks: teal, as well as hazel grouse, black grouse, capercaillie, woodcock, etc. They hunt marten, American mink, ermine, weasel, light ferret, badger, wolf, fox, raccoon dog, and hare.

Moose, wild boar, bear and beaver are hunted strictly according to certain standards, since their numbers have greatly decreased as a result of deforestation and pollution of water bodies and fields. Many species of birds have disappeared - the pelican, shelduck, bustard, bustard, steppe eagle have stopped nesting in Bashkortostan, and the muskrat has been completely exterminated. Some species of birds of prey, reptiles, mammals and insects are included in the Red Book of Bashkortostan.

In order to preserve natural complexes, the Bashkiria National Park, the Bashkir Nature Reserve, the South Ural Nature Reserve, and the Shulgan-Tash Nature Reserve were created.

Timezone

Bashkortostan is located in a time zone designated by international standard as Yekaterinburg Time Zone (YEKT/YEKTST). The offset relative to UTC is +5:00 (YEKT, winter time) / +6:00 (YEKTST, daylight saving time) due to daylight saving time in this time zone. Relative to Moscow time, the time zone has a constant offset of +2 hours and is designated in Russia accordingly as MSK+2. Yekaterinburg time differs from standard time by one hour, since maternity time is in effect in Russia.

History of Bashkiria

Ancient period

The very first monument of human habitation on the territory of modern Bashkortostan, dating back to the Early and Middle Paleolithic period, is the Mysovaya site near Lake Karabalykty in the Trans-Urals, where various tools used by humans were discovered: hand-held points, axes, chips, various products from local stones.

The territory of the Southern Urals (and present-day Bashkiria in particular) was characterized by an abundance of vegetation, livestock and stone raw materials, and attracted people from various areas (including quite remote ones).

Caves Shulgan-Tash(Kapovaya) in the upper reaches of the Belaya River and Ignatievskaya (Yamady-Tash) in the upper reaches of the Sim River belong to the Late Paleolithic. Various images of rock art (silhouette images of mammoths, horses and other animals) were found on the walls of the cave.

During the Mesolithic era (12-7 millennia BC), there was a significant increase in population in the current territory, as evidenced by various archaeological sites of this period in the Bashkir Trans-Urals (for example, the sites of Yangelka, Murat, Yaktykul). The racial type of the local population of that period was Caucasoid with signs of Mongoloidity.

During the same period, the development of productive forces occurred, as evidenced by the discovery of plate technology for the manufacture and use of more complex tools. This period is the time of dominance of the appropriating economy - hunting, fishing and gathering.

In the Neolithic era (6-4 millennia BC) there was a transition from the appropriating to the producing economy of agriculture and cattle breeding, but it was slowed down by climatic conditions, and fishing remained the most rational activity. Widespread pottery production also developed during this period. Flint tools were also made, the most common of which were scrapers, knives and hunting tool tips. Drilled axes, chisels, and various jewelry were also found.

During the Chalcolithic era (end of the 4th - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC), the development and interaction of the previously formed population groups of the Southern Urals continued. During this period, the local population bred small and large cattle. It is believed that it was in these places that the horse was first domesticated.

From the middle of the 2nd to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e., in the Bronze Age, a period of intensive development of the territory of the Southern Urals begins and is associated with the arrival here of the tribes of the Abashevo culture. The Abashevites had a high level of processing bronze and making tools from it. A pastoral economic and cultural type of activity was created, as well as permanent settlements.

During the formation of the Timber-Andronovo antiquities (16-15 centuries BC), settlement and burial structures appeared, indicating the deepening social heterogeneity of society (rich burials of leaders and the nascent military aristocracy) and the consolidation of various population groups into large inter-tribal communities. Vivid evidence of these processes is the development of the villages of Balanbash, Tyubyak, Sintashta, Ustye, Arkaim, etc.

In the last centuries BC, the state formation Kangyuy emerged, which subjugated the tribes living on the territory of present-day Bashkortostan.

In the 5th-8th centuries, the Bakhmutinsky, Turbaslinsky and Kushnarenkovsky cultures formed here, dating back to the Kangyuy culture.

Early history

The first written mentions of the Bashkir tribes are found in Herodotus. (V century BC)

The first mention in the form "Bashgurd" for the area (mountains and provinces) dates back to the 8th century.

The very name of the people - “Bashkort” - was first found in the works of Sallam Tarjeman (the first half of the 9th century). The country of the Bashkirs, its people and customs were reported in the 9th-13th centuries by Arab geographers Ahmed Ibn Fadlan and al-Balkhi, the Italian monk Carpini Plano and the Dutchman Willem Rubruk. Ibn-Ruste noted that the Bashkirs are “an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural ridge between the Volga, Kama, Tobol and the upper reaches of the Yaik.” And the geographer Idrisi in the 12th century wrote about two regions of the Bashkirs “internal” and “external” and mentioned the Bashkir cities of Nemzhan, Gurkhan, Karakia, Kasra and Masra.

From the second half of the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century, the Bashkirs occupied lands from the left bank of the Volga in the southwest to the upper reaches of the Tobol in the east, from the Sylvyna River in the north to the middle reaches of the Yaik in the south.

In the X-XIII centuries. the western part of the Bashkirs was part of the Bulgar Khanate. Since the 10th century, Islam has been spreading among the Bashkirs, becoming the dominant religion in the 14th century.

The first battle of the Bashkirs with the Mongols took place in 1219-1220, when Genghis Khan, at the head of a huge army, spent the summer on the Irtysh, where the Bashkirs had summer pastures. The confrontation between the two peoples continued for a long time.

From 1220 to 1234, the Bashkirs continuously fought with the Mongols, in fact, holding back the onslaught of the Mongol invasion to the east. The Bashkirs repeatedly won battles and finally concluded a treaty of friendship and alliance. The Mongol-Bashkir war lasted 14 years (while the campaign through Rus' took only 3 years).

The Bashkirs receive the right to fight (labels), that is, in fact, territorial autonomy within the empire of Genghis Khan. In the legal hierarchy of the Mongol Empire, the Bashkirs occupied a privileged position as a people who owed the Khagans primarily military service and retained their own tribal system and administration; in legal terms, it is possible to talk only about suzerainty-vassalage relations, and not “allied” ones.

In the XII-XIV centuries. the entire territory of settlement of the Bashkirs was part of the Golden Horde. From the time of the formation of the Golden Horde in 1243 until 1391, that is, a century and a half, two “ils” functioned on the territory of Historical Bashkortostan - Bashkir and Tabyn, ruled by their princes - biys.

In August 1391, the “Battle of Nations” took place near the Kondurcha River. The armies of two world powers of that time collided in the battle: Khan of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh and Emir of Samarkand Timur (Tamerlane). The battle, which ended in the defeat of the Golden Horde, put an end to Bashkir autonomy within the Golden Horde.

After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the territory of Historical Bashkortostan became part of the Kazan, Nogai, Siberian and Astrakhan khanates.

As part of Russia

By 1557, most of modern Bashkortostan voluntarily joined Russia. By the time of their entry, the Bashkirs occupied territories from the middle reaches of the Tobol to the middle reaches of the Volga. After the fall of Kazan, Ivan IV turned to the Bashkirs with a call to voluntarily join the Russian state. The first to arrive in 1554 to the royal governor in Kazan were ambassadors from the northwestern Bashkir clans (yryu) and agreed in advance on the terms of entry.

In 1554-1555, representatives of the central, southern and southeastern Bashkirs (the Yurmat, Burzyan, Kypsak, Usergan, Tamyan clans) traveled to Kazan.

In 1555-1556, ambassadors of the Bashkir clans (yryu) went to Moscow for the so-called “letters of grant,” which set out the conditions for their entry into Russia. They stipulated every right Bashkirs can dispose of their territory, have their own army, administration, and religion on it. At the same time, Russia assumed obligations to help the Bashkirs repel external aggression, for which the Bashkirs had to pay tribute and allocate troops to participate in Russia’s defensive wars.

The voluntary accession to Russia and the receipt of letters of grant by the Bashkirs is also spoken of in the chronicle of foreman Kidras Mullakaev, reported to P.I. Rychkov and then published in his book “Orenburg History”: “... not only those lands where they were before their citizenship, being still sparsely populated and living in extreme squalor, namely, beyond the Kama River and near the Belaya Voloshka (which was later called the White River), they, the Bashkirs, were confirmed, but in addition, many others, on which they now live, were granted, as this This is also evidenced by the letters of commendation, which many still have today.”

The exclusivity of relations between the Bashkirs and Russia is reflected in the “Cathedral Code” of 1649, where the Bashkirs, under pain of confiscation of property and the sovereign’s disgrace, prohibited “... boyars, okolnichy, and Duma people, and stolniks, and attorneys and nobles from Moscow and from the cities, nobles and children of boyars and local Russian people of all ranks should not buy or exchange any land, and should not have it as a mortgage, or by rent, or for rent for many years.”

By the middle of the 16th century, after the collapse of the Siberian Khanate, the territory of present-day Bashkortostan actually became part of Russia.

Map: “Division of the Ufa province and Bashkiria into darugs”, Land maps of the Orenburg province” by Krasilnikov, 1755.

The territory of Bashkortostan in the XVI-XVII centuries. in royal documents it was designated as “Ufa district”, which was divided into Nogai, Kazan, Siberian and Osinsk roads (darugs). Trans-Ural Bashkirs were part of the Siberian Road. The roads consisted of tribal volosts, which, in turn, were divided into clans (aimags or tubes).

A road or daruga in this case is considered as a type of economic land management for that period.

Bashkiria at that time consisted of the following administrative units: Kazan Daruga, Nogai Daruga, Osinskaya Daruga and Siberian Daruga.

Each daruga was controlled by a foreman.

Daruga, in turn, was divided into volosts. So let’s say when denoting geographical feature it was said: on the Nagai road, in the Kara-Tabyn volost, or more fully: in Bashkiria on the Siberian road in the Murzalar volost, etc. In 1708, the local region was included in the Kazan province as the Ufa Voivodeship, which since 1719 has been renamed the Ufa Province. In 1737, the trans-Ural part of Bashkortostan was assigned to the newly created Iset province, the territory of which covered the modern Kurgan, northeastern part of the Chelyabinsk, southern Tyumen, eastern Sverdlovsk regions. In 1744, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, by her highest decree, ordered that “there should be a province in Orenburg and be called the Orenburg province and Privy Councilor Neplyuev should be its governor.” The Orenburg province was formed as part of the Orenburg, Ufa and Iset provinces. In 1744, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, by her highest decree, ordered that “there should be a province in Orenburg and be called the Orenburg province and Privy Councilor Neplyuev should be its governor.” The Orenburg province was formed as part of the Orenburg, Ufa and Iset provinces. The Iset province included Trans-Ural Bashkiria and the counties of Isetskaya, Shadrinsky and Okunevsky; Ufa province - Osinsky, Birsky and Menzelinsky districts.

In 1774, the Ufa province became part of the created Orenburg province.

In 1781, the Ufa governorship consisted of two regions, Ufa and Orenburg. In 1796, the Ufa governorship was renamed the Orenburg province.

The cantonal reform of 1798 put an end to the functioning of roads. From that time on, petitions indicated the province, district, numbers of Bashkir cantons and military yurts (teams).

In 1865, the Ufa province was formed by dividing the Orenburg province into Ufa and Orenburg, consisting of Ufa, Belebeevsky, Birsky, Zlatoust, Menzelinsky and Sterlitamak districts.

Education of Little Bashkiria

Main article: Bashkir ASSR cantons of Little Bashkiria in September 1919.

After the February Revolution of 1917, a process of national movement for the creation of national-territorial autonomy began in the region. In July-August 1917, the I and II All-Bashkir Congresses (kurultai) were held in Orenburg, where it was decided that it was necessary to create a “democratic republic on a national-territorial basis” within federal Russia. Elected by the first and re-elected by the second congresses, the Bashkir regional (central) shuro (council) worked in Orenburg and prepared for the Constituent Assembly of Russia, which was to take place in January 1918.

The October Revolution made adjustments to the process of formation of autonomy. November 16, 1917 Bashkir regional (central) shuro (council) proclaims parts of the territories of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, Ufa provinces autonomous part Russian Republic - territorial-national autonomy of Bashkurdistan. The last decision was approved at the III All-Bashkir Congress (kurultai), which took place on December 8-20, 1917 in Orenburg.

The concept of “Little Bashkiria” was introduced in January 1918 during the development of the draft “Regulations on the autonomy of Little Bashkiria”. The southern part of Krasnoufimsky (Perm province), southern Osinsky (Perm province), southeastern Ekaterinburg (Perm province), southwestern Shadrinsky (Perm province), southwestern Chelyabinsk (Orenburg province), western Trinity were included in Little Bashkiria (Orenburg province), Verkhneuralsky (Orenburg province), northwestern Orsky (Orenburg province), northern Orenburg (Orenburg province), southwestern Birsky (Ufa province), northeastern part of Sterlitamak district (Ufa province), eastern Buguruslan ( Samara province). Estimated: territory - 78,439 km², population - 1219.9 thousand people.

On March 20, 1919, the “Agreement of the Central Soviet power with the Bashkir government about Soviet Autonomous Bashkiria." Published in print on March 23, 1919, therefore this day is considered the official date of the formation of the republic. In accordance with the “Agreement...” the Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic (ABSR) was formed. The term “Little Bashkiria” continued to be used in relation to the ABSR.

According to the “Agreement...” the location of the capital of the Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic was to be determined by the Congress of Soviets. In connection with Kolchak’s offensive, the leadership of the republic (Bashrevkom) was evacuated to Saransk, where they stayed from the end of April to August 1919. On August 20, 1919, Bashrevkom returned to the city of Sterlitamak, which became the de facto capital of Little Bashkiria, while being located on the territory of the Ufa province. On August 20, 1920, the city of Sterlitamak, and in November of the same year, 16 volosts of the Sterlitamak district were transferred to the republic.

Education of Greater Bashkiria

On June 14, 1922, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, taking into account the wishes of the Bashkir people, adopted a decree “On expanding the borders of the Bashkir Autonomous Socialist Republic.” According to this decree, the Ufa province was abolished, and its territory was transferred to the Bashkir Republic. The capital of the republic was moved from the city of Sterlitamak to Ufa.

Soviet period

Regions of the Tatar and Bashkir ASSR in 1953

During the Great Patriotic War, more than 100 industrial enterprises, dozens of hospitals, a number of central government bodies, and 278 thousand refugees were evacuated to Bashkiria (of which 104 thousand were in Ufa).

In May 1952, the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was divided into Ufa and Sterlitamak regions. In April of the following year, this decision was canceled and the regional division in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished.

On October 11, 1990, the Bashkir ASSR became the Bashkir SSR (Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Bashkir SSR). The republic remained part of the RSFSR. During the State Emergency Committee, the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the BASSR spoke out against the State Emergency Committee.

Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan

On October 11, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic proclaimed the Declaration of State Sovereignty. On March 31, 1992, Bashkortostan signed a federal agreement on the division of powers and jurisdiction between government bodies Russian Federation and the authorities of the sovereign republics in its composition and the Appendix to it from the Republic of Bashkortostan, which determined the contractual nature of relations between the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation. The Appendix to the Treaty reserves the right of the republic to have an independent legislative system, judicial system and prosecutor's office. It was also noted that the land, subsoil, and natural resources on the territory of Bashkortostan are the property of the multinational people of Bashkortostan, and that issues of ownership, use and disposal of this property are regulated by the legislation of the republic.

On December 12, 1993, Murtaza Rakhimov was popularly elected as the first president of the Republic of Bashkortostan; in 1998 and 2003, he was re-elected to this post.

In October 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted Rakhimov’s candidacy to the local parliament, which approved his powers until 2011. On July 15, 2010, the President of Bashkortostan Murtaza Rakhimov resigned.

On July 19, 2010, the State Assembly - Kurultai of the Republic of Bashkortostan approved Rustem Zakievich Khamitov as President of the Republic of Bashkortostan.