Marine project. Navy

Russian Navy (Military navy Russian Federation ) is one of the three branches of the state's armed forces.

It is intended for armed defense of the interests of the Russian Federation, conducting combat operations in the sea and ocean theaters of war. The Russian Navy is capable of delivering nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying enemy fleet groups at sea and at bases, disrupting enemy ocean and sea communications and protecting its own. shipping, assist the Ground Forces in amphibious landings, and participate in repelling enemy landings.

Modern Russian Navy is the successor to the USSR Navy, which, in turn, was created on the basis of the Russian Imperial Navy. The birth of the Russian regular navy is considered to be 1696, when the boyar Duma issued a decree “There will be sea-going vessels.” The first ships were built at the shipyards of the Voronezh Admiralty. Over its 300-year history, the Russian fleet has gone through a glorious military path. 75 times the enemy lowered their flags in front of his ships.

Russian Navy Day celebrated on the last Sunday of July. This holiday was established by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1939.

OPPORTUNITIES AND TASKS OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

The Navy's importance modern world difficult to overestimate. This type of armed forces the best way suitable for the global projection of military power to any region of the globe. Specific capabilities inherent only to the Navy are:

1) Mobility and high autonomy, with the ability to reach any point in the World Ocean through neutral waters. While the mobility of the Ground Forces is, as a rule, limited within the borders of their own country, and the autonomy of Navy aircraft does not exceed several hours of flight, naval groups can operate for months at any distance from their bases. High mobility makes it difficult to launch strikes, including nuclear ones, against a deployed enemy naval group, because during the time required to prepare a strike, it can shift significantly, and not always in a predictable direction.

2) High firepower and range of modern shipborne weapons. This allows the navy to hit targets located several hundred or even thousands of meters from the coast. Thus, the Navy is an important instrument of “non-contact” warfare. Combined with mobility and autonomy, this property allows one to exert military pressure on almost any (albeit with some restrictions) state in the world.

3) Short response time to a crisis situation. Possibility of rapid redeployment to a crisis region without long-term political and infrastructural costs.

3) The secrecy of the actions of the Navy's submarine forces. No other branch of the armed forces has this capability. It is the strategic submarine missile cruisers on combat duty that are the factor that can significantly limit the actions of a potential aggressor. After all, the exact location of underwater strategic cruisers is unknown; some of them may be very close to the shores of a potential enemy, and in the event of aggression against Russia, they are capable of delivering a retaliatory strike with monstrous consequences.

4) Versatility of application. The navy can be used in operations of various types:

show of force,
combat duty,
naval blockade and protection of communications,
peacekeeping and anti-piracy activities,
humanitarian missions,
transfer of ground forces,
coastal protection,
conventional and nuclear war on the sea,
strategic nuclear deterrence,
strategic missile defense,
landing operations and combat operations on land (independently or in cooperation with other types of armed forces).

Let us dwell on some aspects of the use of the Navy. What a demonstration of force is was shown quite recently, when a Russian Navy squadron led by the Admiral Kuznetsov TAVKR entered the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, the possibility of an external invasion of Syria was prevented. From that same time, a series of military successes began for the Assad regime in the fight against the “rebels.” But the United States has the greatest potential for demonstrating force. It can be said that they demonstrate strength continuously in all key points of the globe, and this is an integral part of the American foreign policy.

The United States also currently takes a leading position in the creation of a naval component of missile defense (BMD). The fleet is considered here as a maritime component of the global missile defense system. Interception of ballistic missiles is carried out by specially developed interceptor missiles launched from sea carriers under the control of the Aegis system. It is very likely that in the foreseeable future the Russian Navy will receive its own analogue of the Aegis. The media reported plans of the Russian Ministry of Defense in 2016 to begin construction of six destroyers equipped with elements of anti-missile and anti-space defense.

The Navy, as a global military instrument, must have its own air and land components. This is exactly what we see in the US Navy. The US Marine Corps' well-equipped expeditionary divisions, with armored vehicles, aircraft, and logistics support units, are capable of shortest time arrive anywhere in the world and land on the coast for the purpose of conducting humanitarian, counter-insurgency operations, or full-scale military operations. This is the essence of US colonial policy, and the Navy is its universal instrument. Russian sailors also had to fight a lot on land, but in a different way. Sailors went to the front in a critical situation and, as a rule, on their own soil. And that's not only Civil War and WWII. In such purely land wars of recent Russian history as the First and Second Chechen Wars, it was not without the participation of sailors.

In peacetime, the Russian Navy performs the following tasks:

deterrence from the use of military force or the threat of its use against the Russian Federation;
protection of the country's sovereignty, extending beyond its land territory to internal sea waters and the territorial sea, sovereign rights in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf, as well as freedom of the high seas;
creating and maintaining conditions to ensure the safety of maritime economic activities in the World Ocean;
ensuring Russia's naval presence in the World Ocean, demonstrating the flag and military force, official visits;
ensuring participation in military, peacekeeping and humanitarian actions carried out by the world community that meet the interests of the state;
ensuring the personal safety of Russian citizens located in foreign coastal states in the event of conflict situations arising in them.

In peacetime, the tasks of the Russian Navy are solved by carrying out the following activities:

combat patrols and combat duty of strategic missile submarines (SSBN) in established readiness to strike designated targets of a potential enemy;
combat support of the RPLSN (ensuring the combat stability of the RPLSN) on routes and in combat patrol areas;
searching for nuclear missile and multi-purpose submarines of a potential enemy and tracking them along routes and in mission areas in readiness for destruction with the outbreak of hostilities;
observation of aircraft carrier and other naval strike groups of a potential enemy, tracking them in areas of their combat maneuvers in readiness to strike them with the outbreak of hostilities;
revealing and hindering the activities of enemy reconnaissance forces and means in the seas and ocean areas adjacent to our coast, observing and tracking them in readiness for destruction with the outbreak of hostilities;
ensuring the deployment of fleet forces during a threatened period;
identification of communications and equipment of ocean and sea theaters in strategically important areas of the World Ocean;
study of probable areas of combat operations and conditions for the use of various branches of the naval forces, the use of weapons and technical means;
monitoring the activities of foreign fleets;
protection of civil navigation;
implementation of foreign policy actions of the country's leadership;
protection and security State border RF in the underwater environment;
protection and security of the State Border of the Russian Federation in airspace and control of its use;
protection of the State border of the Russian Federation on land and sea by military methods;
assistance to the Border Troops of the FSB of the Russian Federation in protecting the State Border, the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;
assistance to internal troops and internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation in suppressing internal conflicts and other actions using means of armed violence on the territory of the Russian Federation, ensuring public safety and a state of emergency in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
sea coast defense;
assistance to the civil defense troops and the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation in eliminating the consequences of accidents, disasters, fires and natural disasters.

The tasks of the Russian Navy in wartime are as follows:

ensuring the combat stability of strategic missile submarines;
defeating strike naval groups of enemy naval forces and gaining dominance in the near sea (ocean) zone, creating favorable conditions for actions in the coastal direction;
protection of vital sea communications;
landing amphibious assault forces and ensuring their actions on the shore;
delivering fire strikes against aggressor troops from sea directions;
protecting your coastline;
blockade of the enemy coast (ports, naval bases, economic coastal areas, strait zones);
in the event of the use of nuclear weapons by the enemy - destruction of ground objects on its territory, participation in the first and subsequent nuclear strikes.

It should be added that the World Ocean is both a colossal source of resources and a global transport artery. In the future, the importance of ocean control is likely to only increase. A pressing problem for Russia is the growing rivalry for control over the resources of the Northern Arctic Ocean, which today looks increasingly promising with economic point vision. And a strong navy is for Russia the key to the wealth of the North.

STRUCTURE AND COMBAT COMPOSITION OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

The structure of the Russian Navy includes the following forces:

surface;
underwater;
naval aviation;
coastal troops.

Separate forces are special forces, logistics support and hydrographic service.

Let's take a closer look at each of the above types of forces of the Russian Navy.

Surface forces

They provide access to submarine combat areas, their deployment and return to bases, as well as transportation and cover of landing forces. Surface forces are assigned the main role in protecting communications, laying and eliminating minefields.

The surface forces of the Russian Navy have the following classes of ships:

Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser(TAKR) Project 11435 - 1 (“Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov”) as part of the Northern Fleet. The cruiser was put into operation in 1991. The main attack weapons of the aircraft carrier are 12 Granit anti-ship missile launchers and an air wing consisting of carrier-based training aircraft Su-25UTG and Su-33 fighters, as well as Ka-27 and K-29 helicopters. Currently, the air wing actually includes 10 Su-33 fighters. These aircraft lack strike capabilities; their task is long-range defense of an aircraft carrier group. After the planned large-scale modernization, the TAKR air wing will increase to 50 aircraft, of which 26 are MiG-29K or Su-27K fighters. It is also planned to replace the current unreliable boiler-turbine power plant with a gas turbine or nuclear one.

Heavy nuclear missile cruisers(TARK) Project 1144 "Orlan" - 4. These are the largest and most powerful non-aircraft-carrying attack ships in the world. Their main armament is 20 Granit anti-ship missile launchers. At the moment, the Russian Navy has only one combat-ready cruiser of this project - “Peter the Great” in the Northern Fleet. The rest - “Kirov”, “Admiral Lazarev”, “Admiral Nakhimov” - for various reasons were not operational and were in storage for a long time. Currently, work has begun on their repair and modernization. Commissioning of these ships is planned in 2018-2020.

Missile cruisers Project 1164 "Atlant" - 3, of which one ("Marshal Ustinov") is under repair until 2015. The main armament is 8x2 anti-ship missile launchers P-1000 "Vulcan". There are two cruisers of this type in service - the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet GRKR "Moscow" and the flagship of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy RKR "Varyag".

All of the cruisers described above have extremely high striking power. They are intended primarily to strike large enemy surface ships, provide air defense and combat stability of naval groups, and fire support for landing forces. By the way, Project 1164 cruisers are sometimes called “aircraft carrier killers,” but this is an exaggeration. The P-1000 supersonic anti-ship missiles really have no analogues in the world, and a hit from several of these missiles can send an aircraft carrier to the bottom, but the problem is that the range of American carrier-based aircraft is much greater than the flight range of Russian (and any other) anti-ship missiles .

Large anti-submarine ships (LAS) – 9. This is a specific class of ships in the Soviet and Russian fleets. In Western fleets, these ships could be classified as destroyers. Currently, the Russian Navy has 7 BOD Project 1155 "Fregat", 1 BOD 1155.1 and 1 - 1134B. As the name suggests, BODs are primarily designed for anti-submarine warfare. The priority armament is anti-submarine, including Ka-27 anti-submarine helicopters. Guided missile weapons are represented by air defense systems. There are no anti-ship missile weapons. True, information recently appeared in the media that BOD Project 1155 will be modernized. The modernization of the BOD will include equipping it with modern A-192 cannons, Caliber missiles and the latest air defense and missile defense system with S-400 Redut missiles. To control the new weapons, the ship's electronics will also be replaced. Thus, BODs will gain versatility and, in terms of their combat capabilities, will actually be equal to destroyers.

During the modernization, one of the BOD Project 1155 “Smetlivy” was converted into a TFR for the far sea zone.

Destroyers (DES) Project 956 “Sarych”, there are 7 in the fleet, another one is undergoing repairs and modernization. Currently, Project 956 destroyers are obsolete and cannot compete with American Arleigh Burke-class destroyers. The advantage of American destroyers is their versatility (their Mk 41 launcher houses the entire range of anti-aircraft and anti-ship missiles) and the presence of the Aegis system. The Russian fleet has nothing like this yet. It must be admitted that while in other countries (USA, Japan) destroyers are the “backbone” of military fleets, in the Russian Navy they are represented extremely insignificantly. We can talk about the imbalance of the Russian fleet in this regard. However, at present, the requirements for a promising destroyer of the Russian Navy have been formulated and its development is underway.

Corvettes Project 20380 “Guarding” – 3 (5 more are under construction). These are the latest multi-purpose ships of the 2nd rank in the near sea zone. They carry balanced weapons: anti-ship missiles (2x4 Uran anti-ship missile systems), artillery (1x100 mm A-190), anti-aircraft (4x8 Redut air defense systems, 2x6 30-mm AU AK-630M), anti-submarine (2x4 330-mm TA) and aviation (1 Ka-27PL helicopter).

Patrol ships (TFR)- 4. Of these, Project 11540 "Yastreb" - 2, Project 1135 and 1135M - 2. Another 3 ships of Project 1135M are part of the Coast Guard of the FSB of Russia.

Missile ships (RK)– 2, project 11661 “Cheetah”. According to the NATO classification, these ships belong to the class of frigates; in Russia, until 2003, they were considered patrol ships, but they are distinguished from conventional TFR by incomparably more powerful weapons: 1x76-mm guns, two 30-mm automated guns (on the lead ship of the Tatarstan series "), torpedo tubes, RBU, anti-ship missile systems (on the ship "Tatarstan" - the Uran anti-ship missile system with X-35 missiles, on the "Dagestan" - the universal Kalibr-NK anti-ship missile system, which can be used to launch several types of high-precision cruise missiles missiles; "Dagestan" became the first ship of the Russian Navy to receive this complex), anti-aircraft weapons (on "Tatarstan" - "Osa-MA-2", on "Dagestan" air defense system "Broadsword").

Small anti-submarine ships– 28. These are mainly ships of projects 1124 and 1124M, built in the 1970s – 1980s. last century. The main armament is anti-submarine and torpedo; there are artillery, air defense systems and electronic warfare equipment.

Small rocket ships(MRK, according to the Western classification - corvettes) - 14 ships pr.1234.1 and 1234.7 "Gadfly". Ships of this series were built from 1967 to 1992. Despite their small size, MRKs have high striking power. The main strike weapons are 6 P-120 Malachite anti-ship missile launchers, or 4 P-20 Termit-E anti-ship missile launchers or 12 Oniks anti-ship missile launchers. The Russian Navy also has two latest-built river-sea class missiles, Project 21631 Buyan-M, armed with 1x8 Kalibr or Onyx anti-ship missiles, artillery and machine gun mounts, and a 30-mm anti-aircraft gun.

Large missile boats(RKA) – 28, various modifications of project 1241 “Molniya” (1241.1, 12411T, 12411RE, 1241.7). The boats are equipped with anti-ship weapons - 4 ZM80 Moskit missiles and 1x76-mm AK-176 AU, and electronic warfare equipment. Anti-aircraft weapons are purely symbolic - 1 Strela-3 or Igla MANPADS. At least one boat of this type received new anti-aircraft weapons during modernization: the Broadsword air defense system with the ability to install two quadruple anti-aircraft missile launchers.

Small artillery ships (MAK) – 4. This class includes one ship Project 12411 after modernization and 3 newest Russian river-sea class ships Project 21630 Buyan, armed with 1x8 anti-ship missiles "Caliber" or "Oniks", artillery and machine gun mounts, 30-mm anti-aircraft gun .

Artillery boats (AKA)– 6. Of these, Project 1204 “Shmel” - 3, and Project 1400M “Grif” - 3. Designed for operations on rivers and lakes, as well as in coastal shallow areas of the sea. Currently, 5 of the 6 AKAs in service are serving as part of the Caspian Flotilla. Project 1204 boats have armor and fairly powerful weapons: a 76-mm tank gun, a BM-14-7 rocket launcher, a 14.5-mm anti-aircraft machine gun mount and mine weapons. Project 1400M boats are intended for patrol and border service. Their armament is a 12.7 mm turret-mounted machine gun.

Sea minesweepers (MTSh)- 13, of which Project 12660 - 2, Project 266M and 266ME - 9, Project 02668 - 1, Project 1332 - 1. The main armament of sea minesweepers is anti-mine and anti-submarine. MTSh are designed for laying minefields, searching for, destroying sea mines and guiding ships through minefields. The minesweepers are equipped with contact, acoustic and electromagnetic trawls, as well as special mine detection sonar. For self-defense, minesweepers have artillery and missile weapons: 76-, 30-, 25-mm gun mounts, Strela-3 air defense systems, etc.

Basic minesweepers (BTSH)– 22, all ships – Project 1265 “Yakhont” 70s. the buildings.

Raid minesweepers (RTSH)– 23, of which Project 1258 – 4, Project 10750 – 8, Project 697TB – 2, Project 12592 – 4, radio-controlled river minebreakers Project 13000 – 5.

Large landing ships (LHDK)– 19. Of these, 15 are BDK Project 775, which are the basis of the Russian landing fleet. Each ship is designed to carry 225 paratroopers and 10 tanks. In addition to transporting troops, large landing craft are designed to provide fire support. For this purpose, the BDK Project 775 has an MS-73 “Groza” MLRS with a firing range of 21 km and two twin 57-mm AK-725 gun mounts. The ship's air defense consists of a 76-mm AK-176 gun mount and two six-barreled 30-mm AK-630 gun mounts. They can also be used for the ship's self-defense against light enemy surface forces. The remaining 4 large landing craft are represented by the older Project 1171 “Tapir”. Ships of this project can transport 300 paratroopers and 20 tanks or 45 armored personnel carriers. Their armament consists of 2 A-215 Grad-M MLRS and a twin 57-mm ZIF-31B artillery mount.

Small air-cushion landing craft (SADHC)– 2 ships pr.12322 “Bison”. These ships were created in the 80s. last century and still have no analogues in terms of carrying capacity in this class of vessels. Each ship can carry three tanks or 10 armored personnel carriers and 140 troops. The design of the ship allows it to move over land, swampy areas and land troops deep in enemy defenses. The ship's armament consists of 2 A-22 "Fire" launchers with 140-mm unguided rockets and two AK-630 gun mounts; For air defense, the ship has 8 Igla MANPADS.

Landing craft (LKA)– 23, of which 12 are project 1176 “Shark”, 9 are project 11770 “Chamois”, 1 are project 21820 “Dugong” and 1 are project 1206 “Squid”. Landing boats are designed for landing troops on unequipped coasts. Project 11770 and 21820 boats are the latest. When they move, the principle of an air cavity is used, which makes it possible to minimize water resistance and, due to this, reach a speed of more than 30 knots. The carrying capacity of boats pr. 11770 is 1 tank or up to 45 tons of cargo, boats pr. 21820 - 2 tanks or up to 140 tons of cargo.

Submarine forces

The main tasks of the submarine force are:

defeating important enemy ground targets;
search and destruction of enemy submarines, aircraft carriers and other surface ships, its landing forces, convoys, single transports (ships) at sea;
reconnaissance, ensuring the guidance of their strike forces and issuing target designations to them;
destruction of offshore oil and gas complexes, landing of special-purpose reconnaissance groups (detachments) on the enemy coast;
laying mines and others.

Includes a strategic nuclear component (which is an integral part of Russia's nuclear triad) and general purpose forces.

Strategic submarine forces of the Russian Navy are designed to carry out combat duty with nuclear ballistic missiles on board and, if the command is received, to carry out nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets. They include 14 nuclear-powered strategic missile submarines (SSBNs; sometimes also referred to as SSBNs, or “nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines”). The main part of the SSBN - 10 units. - concentrated on the Northern Fleet, another 3 SSBNs are part of the Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy.

True, not all of these ships are in combat-ready condition. Two ships of Project 941 "Akula" due to lack of ammunition (the R-39 ballistic missiles used on them have been removed from service) have been put into reserve and are planned for disposal. The lead ship of the same series, Dmitry Donskoy, was modernized in 2008 for the new Bulava missile system and after modernization received the designation 941UM.

Of the three submarines Project 667BDR "Kalmar" (all part of the Pacific Fleet), two are in service, one is undergoing repair and modernization. These submarines are equipped with R-29R intercontinental liquid ballistic missiles. Currently, the submarines of the Kalmar project are largely morally and physically obsolete and are planned for decommissioning.

SSBN pr.667BDRM "Dolphin" is still the main naval component of the strategic nuclear triad of the Russian Federation. The Russian Navy has seven submarines of this project, of which five are actually in service. The Ekaterinburg submarine is being restored after a severe fire that occurred on December 29, 2011. The BS-64 submarine is being converted into a carrier of deep-sea vehicles to perform special tasks, that is, it will no longer be used as a missile cruiser.

It should be noted that all of the above submarines were built in the USSR and belong to the third generation of SSBNs.

They should be replaced by fourth-generation SSBNs Project 955 “Borey”, armed with “Bulava” missiles, but to date the Russian Navy has received only the lead ship of this series, the “Yuri Dolgoruky”. The latter became the only strategic missile submarine built in Russia from the collapse of the Union to the present day. True, the current construction program for the Borei SSBN provides for the construction of 10 ships by 2020.

Thus, the Russian Navy currently has only nine SSBNs in combat-ready condition. True, if we consider that the US Navy has 14 SSBNs, we can talk about relative parity for ships of this class.

General Purpose Submarine Force include nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines, nuclear general purpose submarines, diesel-electric submarines, and special purpose nuclear and diesel submarines.

They have the following ship composition:

Nuclear submarines with cruise missiles (SSGN or APRC– nuclear submarine missile cruiser) – 8, Project 949A “Antey”. Of these, 5 are in service, 1 is under repair, 2 are in reserve. These submarines are armed with 24 supersonic anti-ship ZM-45 of the P-700 “Granit” complex and are intended, first of all, for unexpected strikes on enemy naval formations. They are considered, along with naval missile-carrying aircraft, one of the main means of countering AUGs of the US Navy. The secrecy of reaching the missile launch line and unprecedented striking power - greater than that of any surface missile cruiser - give a formation of two SSGNs a real chance of destroying an aircraft carrier. At one time, an anti-aircraft division was created in the USSR Navy, which included 2 groups of 2 SSGNs and one submarine, Project 671RTM. The division successfully conducted a tactical exercise using a real AUG "America".

Multi-purpose nuclear submarines (SSN)– 19. Of these: Project 971 “Shchuka-B” - 11, Project 671RTMK – 4, Project 945 “Barracuda” – 2, Project 945A “Condor” – 2. The main task of the submarine is tracking strategic submarines and AUG of a potential enemy and their destruction in the event of the outbreak of war.

Submarines pr.971 "Shchuka-B" are the basis of the multi-purpose submarine forces of the Russian Navy. They are armed with a missile and torpedo system, allowing them to use Various types ammunition: torpedoes, missile-torpedoes, underwater missiles, anti-submarine guided missiles (PLUR), cruise missiles S-10 grenades with nuclear warheads for attacks on AUG, high-precision cruise missiles for attacks on ground targets.

Project 945 Barracuda submarines are the first Soviet third-generation submarines, and Condor is a development of this project. Armament: torpedoes and missile-torpedoes. A distinctive feature of Project 945A is that the level of unmasking signs (noise and magnetic fields) is significantly reduced. This submarine was considered the quietest in the USSR Navy.

Project 671RTMK submarines are largely outdated and should be removed from service in the future. Currently, two of the four existing submarines of this type are combat-ready.

Diesel submarines (DPL)- 19, of which Project 877 "Halibut" - 16, Project 877EKM - 1, Project 641B "Som" - 1 (was under major repairs, at present the final fate of the boat - disposal or resumption of repairs - has not been determined), pr. .677 Lada – 1.

Project 877 submarines have extremely low noise levels and versatile weapons: torpedo tubes and Club-S missile systems. In the West, this submarine received the nickname “Black Hole” for its stealth.

The only submarine pr.641B "B-380" remaining in the fleet long time was undergoing major repairs; At present, the final fate of the boat - disposal or resumption of repairs - is not determined.

DPL pr.677 “Lada” is a development of the “Halibut” project. However, due to a number of technical shortcomings in 2011-2012. the project was sharply criticized by the command of the Russian Navy. In particular, the power plant turned out to be capable of developing no more than half of the power specified in the project. It was decided to finalize the project. Currently, the lead ship of the B-585 series “St. Petersburg” has been built and is in trial operation. After eliminating the shortcomings, construction of the series will likely continue.

Special purpose nuclear submarines (PLASN)– 9, of which Project 1851 – 1, 18511 – 2, Project 1910 – 3, Project 10831 – 1, Project 09787 – 1, Project 09786 – 1. All PLSN are part of the 29th brigade of nuclear submarines special purpose boats. The brigade's activities are strictly classified. It is known that PLSN are equipped with special equipment and are designed to carry out work at great depths and on the bottom of the World Ocean. The brigade is part of the Northern Fleet, but is directly subordinate to Main Directorate of Deep Sea Research ( GUGI) General Staff of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

Special Purpose Diesel Submarine (PLSN)– 1, pr.20120 “Sarov”. Designed to test new types of weapons and military equipment. In 2012, the media reported that the Sarov submarine is equipped with an experimental hydrogen power plant, which, in case of successful tests, will be installed on the submarine pr.677.

In addition to warships, the Russian Navy includes auxiliary vessels of various types:

intelligence : large nuclear-powered reconnaissance ship, large, medium and small reconnaissance ships, communications ships, air surveillance ship, underwater surveillance ships, search and rescue ship;
rescue : rescue ships, fire-fighting and rescue boats, raid diving boats, rescue sea tugs, ship-lifting vessel, etc.
transport : integrated supply ship, dry cargo and liquid vessels, sea ferries, general-arms self-propelled ferry;
floating bases : submarines, technical and rocket technology;
floating workshops ;
hydrographic ships ;
demagnetization, hydroacoustic and physical field control vessels .

Naval aviation

Includes airplanes and helicopters for various purposes. Main goals:

search and destruction of combat forces of the enemy fleet, landing forces, convoys;
covering their naval groups from air strikes;
destruction of airplanes, helicopters and cruise missiles;
conducting aerial reconnaissance;
targeting enemy naval forces with their strike forces and issuing target designations to them;
participation in mine laying, mine action, electronic warfare (EW), transportation and landing, search and rescue operations at sea. Naval aviation operates both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the fleet or formations of other branches of the Armed Forces.

Naval aviation is divided into deck-based and shore-based aviation. Until 2011, the naval aviation of the Russian Navy included: missile-carrying, attack, fighter, anti-submarine, search and rescue, transport and special aviation. After the military reform of 2011, the state and prospects of naval aviation are vague. According to available information, its organizational structure currently includes 7 air bases and the 279th naval air regiment assigned to the Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier.

About 300 aircraft remain in naval aviation. Of them:

24 Su-24M/MR,
21 Su-33 (in flight condition no more than 12),
16 Tu-142 (in flight condition no more than 10),
4 Su-25 UTG (279th naval aviation regiment),
16 Il-38 (in flight condition no more than 10),
7 Be-12 (mainly for the Black Sea Fleet, will be decommissioned in the near future),
95 Ka-27 (no more than 70 operational),
10 Ka-29 (assigned to the Marines),
16 Mi-8,
11 An-12 (several in reconnaissance and electronic warfare versions),
47 An-24 and An-26,
8 An-72,
5 Tu-134,
2 Tu-154,
2 IL-18,
1 IL-22,
1 IL-20,
4 Tu-134UBL.

Of these, no more than 43% of the total number are technically serviceable and capable of performing combat missions in full.

Before the reform, the Navy aviation had two fighter regiments, the 698th OGIAP with Su-27 fighters and the 865th IAP with MiG-31 fighters. They are currently transferred to the Air Force.

Attack and naval missile-carrying aircraft (Tu-22M3) were eliminated. The latter looks more than strange, given that the MRA has long been considered one of the main and most effective means of combating the AUG of a potential enemy near our maritime borders. In 2011, all Tu-22M3 missile-carrying bombers of naval missile-carrying aviation, consisting of three squadrons, were hastily transferred to the Air Force Long-Range Aviation. Thus, all Tu-22M3 missile carriers are now concentrated in the Air Force, and the Navy has lost an important part of its combat potential.

Apparently, this decision was dictated not so much by military considerations as by realities today. Due to long-term catastrophic underfunding, combat training of naval aviation pilots was carried out at a more than modest level; only one 1/3 of the crews could be considered combat ready; Tu-22M3 aircraft have not been modernized for a long time. In fact, in the 1990s and early 2000s, only those who learned how to fly in naval aviation were able to fly in Soviet time. At the same time, the combat effectiveness of Long-Range Aviation in modern Russia continues to be at least somehow maintained. The missile carriers were transferred to places where they are still able to service them and can fly them. In addition, the collection of all Tu-22M3 aircraft in one structure, in theory, should reduce the cost of their maintenance. Currently, out of 150 aircraft of this type available to Russia, only 40 are combat-ready. It is reported that thirty Tu-22M3 will undergo a deep modernization with the replacement of all electronics and will receive a new high-precision missile X-32.

The rest of the Tu-22M3 are in non-flying condition for various reasons and are “mothballed.” Judging by the photos, the condition of these far from old cars is not very good. If we talk about completing such a task as the destruction of at least one Nimitz-class aircraft carrier, then this will require at least 30 Tu-22M3, that is, almost all available combat-ready vehicles. If you divide 40 missile carriers between two structures, it turns out that the fight against AUG is beyond the capabilities of the missile-carrying units of either of them.

In general, after the reform, naval aviation was deprived of most of its striking power, and is currently concentrating on the tasks of anti-submarine defense (ASW), patrol and search and rescue operations, while maintaining a single regiment of ship-based fighters and limited opportunities to carry out strike missions from ground airfields.

Patrolling, which is carried out by Il-38 and Tu-142M3/MK aircraft in the Pacific region and the Arctic, is a demonstration of military presence and has an important political significance. Due to Russia's serious political and economic interests in the Arctic, maritime patrol aircraft monitor ice conditions and the movements of foreign ships in this region.

Another one important function naval aviation - anti-submarine. It is also carried out by Il-38 and Tu-142M3/MK aircraft. The anti-submarine function in peacetime includes "offensive" and "defensive" combat patrols. The first includes monitoring the areas of possible presence of SSBNs of a potential enemy, primarily American submarines. In the second case, Russian anti-submarine aviation covers the probable patrol areas of its strategic missile carriers, monitoring the activity of enemy submarines that may pose a threat to Russian SSBNs when they are on combat duty.

The Russian Navy also has specialized Ka-27PL anti-submarine helicopters. These are reliable machines that still have a significant service life, just like the Ka-27PS search and rescue helicopters. The Black Sea Fleet has 8 Mi-8 helicopters equipped with electronic warfare equipment.

Coastal strike aviation of the Russian Navy is represented by the only 43rd naval attack squadron of the Black Sea Fleet, consisting of 18 Su-24 front-line bombers and 4 Su-24MR reconnaissance aircraft. It is based in Crimea at the Gvardeyskoye airfield. The squadron was not transferred to the Air Force because this could not be done without international complications.

Also equipped with the Su-24, the 4th Separate Marine Attack Aviation Regiment (OMSHAP), based in Chernyakhovsk (Kaliningrad region), became the 7052nd air base in 2009, but was transferred to the Air Force in March 2011.

The Navy's transport aviation has at its disposal the An-12, An-24 aircraft and one An-72 short take-off and landing aircraft.

The Black Sea Fleet has three or four Be-12PS turboprop amphibians, which are mainly used for search and rescue and patrol operations. These machines are significantly outdated and have expired.

Moral and physical obsolescence of the flight fleet is a serious problem for the Russian Navy aviation. So far, it has only been partially resolved. Thus, new Ka-52K helicopters will be purchased for the acquired Mistral UDC, Ka-31 AWACS helicopters and MiG-29K carrier-based fighters for the Kuznetsov aircraft carrier. The Su-33 fighter jets are also being modernized.

The training of naval aviation pilots of the Russian Navy is carried out by the 859th The educational center Naval Aviation in Yeysk on the Sea of Azov. It carries out both retraining of pilots for new types of aircraft and training of ground personnel.

To train carrier-based aviation pilots of the Russian Navy, the unique NITKA training ground, located in Crimea and owned by the Ukrainian Navy, is used. In 2008-2010 Due to international complications caused by the “Five Day War” with Georgia, the Russians were deprived of the opportunity to conduct training at the complex. Accordingly, for three years, the training of young pilots of the 279th naval aviation regiment was greatly hampered, since pilots are allowed to fly from the deck of the Kuznetsov aircraft carrier only after successful training at NITKA. In 2013, Russia refused to use the Ukrainian THREAD, as it was actively building its own, more advanced THREAD in Yeisk. In July 2013, the first test flights of the Su-25UTG and MiG-29KUB aircraft were successfully carried out on it.

Coastal troops

Designed for the defense of the coast, bases and other ground facilities and participation in amphibious assaults. Includes coastal missile and artillery troops and marine infantry.

Coastal missile and artillery forces of the Russian Navy include:

2 separate coastal missile regiments;
1 Guards Missile Brigade;
3 separate coastal missile and artillery brigades;
3 anti-aircraft missile regiments;
2 electronic warfare regiments;
2 motorized rifle brigades;
1 motorized rifle regiment;
separate naval road engineering battalion;
communication nodes.

The basis of the firepower of the Coastal Forces of the Russian Navy is the Redut, Rubezh, Bal-E, Club-M, K-300P Bastion-P anti-ship missile systems, and the A-222 Bereg self-propelled artillery system. There are also standard samples of artillery weapons and military equipment of the ground forces: 122-mm 9K51 Grad MLRS, 152-mm 2A65 Msta-B howitzers, 152-mm 2S5 Giatsint self-propelled guns, 152-mm 2A36 Giatsint- towed guns B", 152-mm D-20 howitzer guns, 122-mm D-30 howitzers, up to 500 T-80, T-72 and T-64 tanks, more than 200 BTR-70 and BTR-80 armored personnel carriers.

Marine Corps includes:

3 MP brigades;
2 MP regiments;
two separate MP battalions.

The Marines are armed with T-80, T-72 and PT-76 tanks, BMP-2 and BMP-3F infantry fighting vehicles, BTR-80, BTR-70 and MTLB armored personnel carriers, Nona-S and Nona-SVK artillery mounts "on the floating chassis of the armored personnel carrier and "Gvozdika". Currently, a new tracked infantry fighting vehicle is being developed specifically for the fleet.

The Marine Corps of the Russian Navy is considered a special elite branch of the fleet, however, unlike the US Marine Corps, which is, in fact, a full-fledged army, the Russian Marine Corps can only solve tasks of a tactical nature.

In addition to the indicated coastal forces, the Russian Navy includes separate maritime reconnaissance points () and detachments for combating underwater sabotage forces and means (OB PDSS).

OPERATIONAL AND STRATEGIC ASSOCIATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

The operational-strategic formations of the Russian Navy are:

Baltic Fleet with headquarters in Kaliningrad. Ship composition: 3 diesel submarines, 2 destroyers, 3 corvettes, 2 patrol ships, 4 small missile ships, 7 small anti-submarine ships, 7 missile boats, 5 base minesweepers, 14 raid minesweepers, 4 large landing ships, 2 small landing ships VP, 6 landing boats. Total: submarines - 3, surface ships - 56.

Northern Fleet with headquarters in Severomorsk. Ship composition: 10 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, 3 nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines, 14 attack nuclear-powered submarines, 9 nuclear-powered special-purpose submarines, 1 diesel-powered special-purpose submarine, 6 diesel-powered submarines, 1 heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser, 2 heavy nuclear-powered submarines missile cruisers, 1 missile cruiser, 5 BOD, 1 destroyer, 3 small missile ships, 1 gun boat, 6 small anti-submarine ships, 4 sea minesweepers, 6 base minesweepers, 1 raid minesweeper, 4 large landing ships, 4 landing boats. Total: submarines - 43, surface ships - 39.

Black Sea Fleet with headquarters in Sevastopol. Ship composition: 2 diesel submarines, 1 missile cruiser, 2 BOD, 3 SKR, 7 MPK, 4 MRK, 5 missile boats, 7 sea minesweepers, 2 base minesweepers, 2 raid minesweepers, 7 large landing ships, 2 landing boats. Total: submarines - 2, surface ships - 41.

Pacific Fleet with headquarters in Vladivostok. Ship composition: 3 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, 5 nuclear-powered cruise missile submarines, 5 multi-purpose nuclear submarines, 8 diesel submarines, 1 heavy nuclear-powered missile cruiser, 1 missile cruiser, 4 large anti-submarine ships, 3 destroyers, 8 small anti-submarine ships, 4 small missile ships, 11 missile boats, 2 sea minesweepers, 7 base minesweepers, 1 raid minesweeper, 4 large landing ships, 4 landing boats. Total: submarines - 21, surface ships - 50.

Caspian flotilla with headquarters in Astrakhan. Ship composition: 2 patrol ships, 4 small artillery ships, 5 missile boats, 5 artillery boats, 2 base minesweepers, 5 raid minesweepers, 7 landing boats. Total: surface ships - 28.

The Northern and Pacific fleets are full-fledged ocean-going fleets. Their ships can conduct all types of naval operations in the far ocean zone. Only these two fleets of the Russian Navy have submarines and SSBNs. All Russian missile cruisers are also concentrated here except the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet, the RKR Moskva.

The Baltic and Black Sea fleets are predominantly maritime fleets. Their ships can also enter the World Ocean, but only in global peace, to carry out expeditionary operations against an obviously weaker enemy.

GENERAL ASSESSMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY

Russia has the longest maritime borders in the world - 43 thousand km, and therefore the importance of the Navy for it is very great. At the same time, no country in the world has such an inconvenient strategic location of access to the sea. All fleets of the Russian Navy are isolated from each other, and in the event of a war in one of the directions, the transfer of forces from others is extremely difficult.

The peak of the power of the USSR Navy occurred in the 80s of the last century. According to Western experts of that time, a formation of three AUGs of the US Navy, in the event of the outbreak of hostilities in the area of responsibility of the Northern Fleet of the USSR Navy, most likely would have lasted no longer than a day.

With the collapse of the USSR, the rapid degradation of the fleet began. According to some estimates, compared to the USSR in the 80s, Russia has lost up to 80% of its naval power. Nevertheless, in the world ranking of fleets in terms of combat power, the Russian fleet still ranks second (after the American one), and in terms of the number of ships - sixth.

According to some estimates, the Russian Navy is inferior in combat capabilities to the US Navy by more than one and a half times. The advantage of the Americans is in the number of nuclear submarines, the number and quality of guided missile destroyers and, of course, the presence of 11 nuclear aircraft carriers in the fleet. However, in Lately There is a trend towards a revival of the Russian fleet, while the US is at the peak of its naval power, which is likely to decline in the future.

The basis of the combat strength of the Russian navy are Soviet-built ships. At the same time, in recent years there has been active construction of new ships.

First of all, there is a desire to increase the capabilities of the Russian Navy in the near sea zone. This is necessary to protect the country’s economic interests on the continental shelf, and at the same time is not as ruinous as the construction of large warships in the far ocean zone. The surface ships under construction and planned for construction are: 8 frigates of the far sea zone, project 22350, 6 frigates of the far sea zone, project 11356, 35 corvettes (ships of the near sea zone), of which at least 20 ships of project 20380 and 20385, 5- 10 small missile ships Project 21631, four Mistral helicopter carriers, at least 20 small landing ships Dugong and a series of base minesweepers Project 12700 Alexandrite. Of course, these ships are not intended to compete with the United States for supremacy at sea. Rather, they are suitable for opposing lower-ranking fleets, such as the Swedish or Norwegian, in the struggle for Arctic resources, or participating in international missions, for example, against Somali pirates.

At the same time, attention is paid to updating the strategic submarine forces. Three SSBNs Project 955 “Borey” are being built. In total, eight of them should be built. As for general-purpose submarine forces, first of all, it should be noted the construction of eight new fourth-generation multi-purpose nuclear submarines, Project 885 Yasen, for the Russian Navy. Also, 6 diesel submarines Project 636.3 “Varshavyanka” will be built, which are a further development of the submarines Project 877EKM.

In recent years, the media has been discussing the creation of a Russian nuclear-powered aircraft carrier similar to the Nimitz-class aircraft carriers. According to some reports, it is planned to create up to five AUGs in the Russian Navy. Currently, the domestic aircraft carrier is at the design stage. The problem is that some technologies available to the Americans are simply not available in Russia, in particular, the electromagnetic catapult that will be equipped with the newest American aircraft carriers of the Gerald Ford series. In addition, the aircraft carrier needs modern escort ships designed to operate as part of the AUG. Among them, an important role is played by destroyers, which are now practically absent from the Russian Navy. Approximately, the commissioning of the first domestic aircraft carrier is planned for 2023, but, apparently, this is still the most optimistic time frame.

The Russian Navy (USSR), as an independent branch of the Armed Forces, took shape in the period from the late 17th to the early 20th century.

The creation of a regular military fleet in Russia is a historical pattern. It was due to the country’s urgent need to overcome the territorial, political and cultural isolation that became at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. main obstacle to economic and social development Russian state.

The first permanent grouping of forces - the Azov Fleet - was formed from ships and vessels built in the winter of 1695-1696. and was intended to assist the army in the campaign to capture the Turkish fortress of Azov. On October 30, 1696, the Boyar Duma, on the proposal of Tsar Peter I, adopted the resolution “Sea vessels shall be...”, which became the first law on the fleet and recognition as the official date of its founding.

During Northern War 1700-1721 the main tasks of the fleet were determined, the list of which remains practically unchanged to this day, namely: the fight against enemy naval forces, the fight on sea communications, the defense of one’s coast from the sea direction, assistance to the army in coastal areas, striking and ensuring invasion of territory enemy from the sea direction. The proportion of these tasks changed as material resources and the nature of armed struggle at sea changed. Accordingly, the role and place of individual branches of the fleet that were part of the fleet changed.

Thus, before the First World War, the main tasks were carried out by surface ships, and they were the main branch of the fleet. During the Second World War, this role for some time passed to naval aviation, and in the post-war period, with the advent of nuclear missile weapons and ships with nuclear power plants, submarines established themselves as the main type of force.

Before the First World War, the fleet was homogeneous. Coastal troops (marines and coastal artillery) existed since the beginning of the 18th century, however, organizationally they were not part of the fleet. On March 19, 1906, submarine forces were born and began to develop as a new branch of the Navy.

In 1914, the first units of Naval Aviation were formed, which in 1916 also acquired the characteristics of an independent type of force. Navy Aviation Day is celebrated on July 17 in honor of the first victory of Russian naval pilots in an air battle over the Baltic Sea in 1916. The Navy as a diverse strategic association was finally formed by the mid-1930s, when the Navy organizationally included naval aviation, coastal defense and units Air defense.

The modern system of command and control bodies of the Navy finally took shape on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. On January 15, 1938, by resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, it was created People's Commissariat The Navy, within which the Main Naval Staff was formed. During the formation of the regular Russian fleet, its organizational structure and functions were unclear. On December 22, 1717, by decree of Peter 1, an Admiralty Board was formed for the day-to-day management of the fleet. On September 20, 1802, the Ministry of Naval Forces was formed, which was later renamed the Naval Ministry and existed until 1917. The bodies of combat (operational) control of the Navy forces appeared after Russo-Japanese War with the creation of the Naval General Staff on April 7, 1906. The Russian fleet was led by such famous naval commanders as Peter 1, P.V. Chichagov, I.K. Grigorovich, N.G. Kuznetsov, S.G. Gorshkov.

Permanent groupings of forces in maritime theaters took shape as the Russian state solved historical problems related to the acquisition of access to the World Ocean and the inclusion of the country in the world economy and politics. In the Baltic, the fleet existed continuously since May 18, 1703, the Caspian flotilla since November 15, 1722, and the fleet on the Black Sea since May 13, 1783. In the North and the Pacific Ocean, groupings of fleet forces were created, as a rule, on a temporary basis or, without receiving significant development, they were periodically abolished. The current Pacific and Northern fleets have existed as permanent groupings since April 21, 1932 and June 1, 1933, respectively.

The fleet received its greatest development by the mid-80s. At this time, it included 4 fleets and the Caspian Flotilla, which included more than 100 divisions and brigades of surface ships, submarines, naval aviation and coastal defense.

Throughout their glorious history, Russian and Soviet warships could be seen at all latitudes of the seas and oceans, not only for military purposes, but also for discovering new lands, penetrating the polar ice for scientific research. The study and description by military sailors of the northern shores of Siberia, Kamchatka, Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, the Sea of Okhotsk, circumnavigation of the world, and the discovery of Antarctica were of global significance. Russia was glorified by such famous navigators as M.P. Lazarev, F.F. Bellingshausen, G.I. Nevelskoy and others.

The role of the fleet in the history of Russia has always gone beyond the scope of its purely military tasks. The presence of the fleet contributed to our country's active foreign policy. He has more than once become a deterrent for the enemy of our state when the threat of war arose.

The role of the fleet in the formation of national identity was great. Victories at Gangut, Grengam, Ezel, Chesma Fidonisi, Kaliakria, Navarino, Sinop became a source of national pride. Our people sacredly honor the memory of outstanding naval commanders F.F. Ushakov, D.N. Senyavin, M.P. Lazarev, V.N. Kornilova, P.S. Nakhimova, N.G. Kuznetsova.

Russia, due to its geographical location and the combination of economic, political and military interests in the World Ocean, is a great maritime power. This is an objective reality that Russians and the world community will have to reckon with in the next century.

Navy structure

The Navy is a powerful factor in the country's defense capability. It is divided into strategic nuclear forces and general purpose forces. Strategic nuclear forces have great nuclear missile power, high mobility and the ability to operate for a long time in various areas of the World Ocean.

The Navy consists of the following branches of forces: submarine, surface, naval aviation, marine corps and coastal defense forces. It also includes ships and vessels, special purpose units, and logistics units.

Submarine forces are the strike force of the fleet, capable of controlling the expanses of the World Ocean, secretly and quickly deploying in the right directions, and delivering unexpected powerful strikes from the depths of the ocean against sea and continental targets. Depending on the main armament, submarines are divided into missile and torpedo submarines, and according to the type of power plant into nuclear and diesel-electric.

The main striking force of the Navy is nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear warheads. These ships are constantly in various areas of the World Ocean, ready for the immediate use of their strategic weapons.

Nuclear-powered submarines armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles are aimed primarily at combating large enemy surface ships.

Nuclear torpedo submarines are used to disrupt enemy underwater and surface communications and in the defense system against underwater threats, as well as to escort missile submarines and surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo submarines) is mainly associated with solving typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea.

Equipping submarines with nuclear power and nuclear missile weapons, powerful hydroacoustic systems and high-precision navigation weapons, along with comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation of optimal living conditions for the crew, has significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms of combat use. Surface forces in modern conditions remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships that carry aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, as well as submarines, to nuclear power have greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and airplanes significantly expands their capabilities to detect and destroy enemy submarines. Helicopters create the opportunity to successfully solve the problems of relay and communications, target designation, transfer of cargo at sea, landing troops on the coast and rescuing personnel.

Surface ships are the main forces for ensuring the exit and deployment of submarines to combat areas and returning to bases, transporting and covering landing forces. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, combating mine danger and protecting their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike enemy targets on its territory and cover their coast from the sea from enemy naval forces.

Thus, surface ships are entrusted with a complex of responsible combat missions. They solve these problems in groups, formations, associations, both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the naval forces (submarines, aviation, marines).

Naval aviation is a branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

Strategic and tactical aviation is designed to combat groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as to carry out bombing and missile attacks on enemy coastal targets.

Carrier-based aviation is the main striking force of the Navy's aircraft carrier formations. Its main combat missions in armed warfare at sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, launch positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other enemy air defense systems, conducting tactical reconnaissance, etc. When performing combat missions, carrier-based aircraft actively interact with tactical ones.

Naval aviation helicopters are an effective means of targeting a ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks from low-flying enemy aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful tool fire support for marine landings and destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats.

The Marine Corps is a branch of the Navy, designed to conduct combat operations as part of amphibious assault forces (independently or jointly with the Ground Forces), as well as for the defense of the coast (naval bases, ports).

Marine combat operations are carried out, as a rule, with the support of aviation and artillery fire from ships. In turn, the Marine Corps uses in combat all types of weapons characteristic of motorized rifle troops, while using landing tactics specific to it.

Coastal defense troops, as a branch of the Navy, are designed to protect naval force bases, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrows from attacks by enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their weapons are coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). To ensure defense by troops on the coast, coastal fortifications are created.

Logistics units and subunits are designed to provide logistical support to the forces and combat operations of the Navy. They ensure the satisfaction of material, transport, household and other needs of formations and associations of the Navy in order to maintain them in combat readiness to carry out assigned tasks.

In Russia, Navy Day is celebrated annually on the last Sunday of July. The need for a fleet appeared in Russia back in the 17th century. To avoid total cultural and political isolation, the empire needed the development of sea routes. The lack of a fleet hampered the country's development.

“There will be sea vessels” - these words of Peter I predetermined the appearance of the birthday of the Russian Navy. At the insistence of the emperor, the Boyar Duma on October 20, 1696 decided to create a regular fleet in the state.

Peter’s persistence could be understood - just a year earlier, the siege of the Russian army of the Turkish fortress of Azov ended in failure. And all because of the lack of a fleet in the Russians, because the Turkish fleet freely supplied the besieged from the sea with ammunition and food.

Military shipbuilding began in Voronezh, then in St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk and Ladoga. The Baltic and Azov fleets were quickly created, followed by the Pacific and Northern.

At the shipyards of the Voronezh Admiralty in 1696-1711, about 215 ships were built for the first Russian regular navy. As a result, the Azov fortress was conquered, and subsequently a peace treaty necessary for Russia was signed with Turkey.

A Brief History of the Russian Navy

Thanks to the presence of the fleet, Russian sailors also made a significant contribution to geographical discoveries. So, in 1740 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky was founded, to which V. Bering and A. Chirikov contributed. A year later they discovered a strait through which they reached west coast continent of North America.

The navigators Bering and Chirikov carried the baton geographical discoveries, which are of great importance for the country, science and economy, were picked up by such Russian navigators as Putyatin E.V., Bellingshausen F.F., Lazarev M.P., Golovnin V.M.

Already in the second half of the 18th century, the Russian Navy became so strong and expanded that it occupied third place in the world in terms of the number of warships. The skill and tactics of combat behavior at sea were constantly improved, and thanks to this, Russian sailors won victories in naval battles. The exploits of admirals F.F. Ushakova, P.S. Nakhimova, G.A. Spiridova, D.N. Senyavina, V.I. Istomina, G.I. Butakova, S.O. Markov and V.A. Kornilov went down in the history of the navy as the bright, brilliant actions of talented naval commanders.

Russia's foreign policy has become more active. In 1770, the Russian Navy achieved dominance in the Aegean Sea, through the efforts of the squadron of Admiral Spiridov, who defeated the Turkish flotilla.

The following year, the coast of the Kerch Strait and the fortresses of Kerch and Yeni-Kale were conquered.

Soon the Danube military flotilla was formed. And in 1773, the Azov flotilla proudly entered the Black Sea.

In 1774, the Russian-Turkish war, which lasted for six years, ended. Victory remained with the Russian Empire, and according to its terms, part of the coastline The Black Sea between the Dniester and Southern Bug rivers, and most importantly - the entire coast of the Azov Sea. Crimea was declared an independent state under Russian protectorate. And in 1783 it became part of Russia.

In 1783, the first ship of the Black Sea Fleet was launched from the port of Kherson, specially founded five years earlier.

By the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Navy was the third largest in the world. It consisted of the Baltic, Black Sea fleets, White Sea, Caspian and Okhotsk flotillas. Great Britain and France were ahead in size.

In 1802, the Ministry of Naval Forces was created for management, which a little later was renamed the Naval Ministry.

The first military steamship was built in 1826. It was called Izhora, and was armed with eight guns, with a power of 100 horsepower.

The first frigate steamship was built in 1836. It was already armed with 28 guns. Its power was 240 horsepower, its displacement was 1320 tons, and this ship-frigate was called Bogatyr.

Between 1803 and 1855, more than forty long-distance voyages, including around the world, were made by Russian navigators. Thanks to their resilience, the development of the oceans, the Pacific region, and the development of the Far East took place.

The fleet also showed its heroic roots during the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War. Soviet warships beat the Nazis at sea, as well as on land and in the sky, reliably covering the front flanks.

Soldiers of the marine infantry units, naval pilots, and submariners also distinguished themselves.

During the Great Patriotic War, combat operations at sea were led by admirals A.G. Golovko, S.G. Gorshkov, I.S. Isakov, F.S. Oktyabrsky, I.S. Isakov, I.S. Yumashev, L.A. Vladimirsky and N.G. Kuznetsov.

Russian Navy today

The Russian Navy has a history of just over three hundred years, and at the moment it consists of the following operational-strategic formations:

Pacific Fleet of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Vladivostok;
Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Severomorsk;
Caspian Flotilla of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Astrakhan;
Baltic Fleet of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Kaliningrad;
Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy with headquarters in Sevastopol.

The structure of the Russian Navy consists of surface and submarine forces, naval aviation (tactical, strategic, deck and coastal), coast guard troops, marines and centrally subordinate units, as well as rear units and units.

The modern Russian Navy has reliable military equipment - nuclear submarines, powerful missile cruisers, anti-submarine ships, naval aircraft and landing craft.

Sailors are not an easy profession, but they are always respected.

The Navy is specific type Armed Forces, guarding the interests of Russia. They are ready to defend their homeland in the ocean and sea theaters of military operations. The Navy is ready to cooperate with the Ground Forces during possible continental wars.

Navy flag

Since 1992, the fleet has regained the historical flag of the Russian Navy, thereby continuing the interrupted tradition. Under it, as before, sailors perform important tasks in maintaining the country's defense capability.

Missions of the fleet in peacetime

In peacetime, the fleet's potential serves to deter possible aggression of a potential enemy against the Russian Federation. Continuous combat training is underway. It would seem that the time is peaceful, but somewhere along their routes missile-carrying submarines (RPLSN) are continuously on combat duty. In strategically important areas, search, observation and escort of submarine-launched submarines and aircraft carrier groups of a potential enemy are carried out. Its intelligence and communications are being counteracted. Held Exploratory survey areas of possible combat operations.

The Russian Navy is ready to protect the coast, act together with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and internal troops in the event of civil conflicts, and when eliminating the consequences of disasters, work together with the Ministry of Emergency Situations and civil defense.

It is obvious that it is the Naval Forces that represent the best guarantee for the implementation of national economic activities in the World Ocean. They represent the Russian Federation in the vast expanses of water, and, at the direction of the command, perform representative functions by visiting ships. The Russian Navy also fulfills interstate obligations by participating in peacekeeping operations ratified by the world community, provided they comply with the interests of the country.

Tasks of the fleet in wartime

In wartime, the fleet is ready to actively defend the sovereignty of the state in the exclusive zone, as well as on the continental shelf. In addition, he should also carry out a specific “maritime task” in the face of military threats - to defend the freedom of the high seas. To carry out the above tasks at the time specified by the combat work standards, it is transferred to a military state through operational deployment. If it is possible to localize a conflict or prevent it by protecting shipping, this function is performed first.

In the conditions of the active phase of hostilities, the Russian Navy fleet must hit remote enemy ground targets, ensure the combat operation of the submarine-launched missile launchers, strike the enemy’s submarine and surface naval forces, coastal defenses, protect the Russian coast, and interact with ground front-line force groups.

Fleet Composition

The leadership of the military fleet is carried out by the Main Command of the Navy. This refers to the management of its functional forces and assets: surface and underwater, naval aviation, coastal troops, coastal artillery and missile forces, and marines.

Organizationally, the Russian Navy consists of the following operational-strategic associations: the Baltic, Northern, Pacific, Black Sea fleets, as well as the Caspian flotilla.

Northern Fleet

The naval bases are Severomorsk and Severodvinsk. It is called ocean-going, nuclear-powered, missile-carrying. The basis of its combat power is made up of nuclear-powered missile-carrying submarines and torpedo submarines, missile-carrying and missile-carrying aircraft, submarine-launched, missile ships, as well as the aircraft carrier - the flagship of the fleet, the nuclear-powered heavy missile cruiser "Peter the Great". At the same time, this mighty warship is the flagship of the Russian Navy.

The length of this missile cruiser is 251.1 m, width is 28.5 m, height from the level of its main plane is 59 m, displacement is 23.7 thousand tons. The mighty “heart” of the giant are two nuclear reactors. The autonomy of the Russian flagship is determined by the food supply for the crew on board, which is enough for about 2 months. Technically, thanks to its reactors, the cruiser can sail unlimitedly - without entering ports. Maximum speed ship - 31 knots.

The Northern Fleet is the most formidable operational-strategic formation. The warships that make up its might are regularly assigned combat training missions for the purpose of combat training. For example, approximately once every year and a half, the fleet flagship, together with accompanying ships, crosses Atlantic Ocean, he participated in the international exercises Vostok-2010 and Indra-2009.

Baltic Fleet

It is serving near the “window to Europe.” Its composition (ships) is now being intensively modernized and updated. The process is taking place against the backdrop of NATO countries building up their military power in Europe. The Baltic Fleet is planned to be strengthened with new Project 11 356 frigates with eight anti-ship cruise missiles and anti-submarine missile torpedoes on board.

This operational-strategic formation is based in the Kaliningrad region (Baltiysk) and in the Leningrad region (Kronstadt). Functionally, it protects the Baltic economic zone, promotes the safety of ships, and performs foreign policy functions. This is the oldest Russian fleet. Its history began with the victory over the Swedish ships on May 18, 1703. Today, 2 - “Restless” and “Persistent” - form the basis of the combat power of the Russian Baltic Navy.

Its combat potential is formed by a brigade of diesel submarines, a division of surface ships, auxiliary ship formations, coastal troops, and naval aviation. The flagship ship is the destroyer Nastoychivy. IN this year The ship's navigation systems are being updated (hydrometeorological complexes, cartographic systems, hydro-navigation indicators, etc.), and modernization of the Baltiysk harbor is planned.

Black Sea Fleet

After Crimea entered the Russian Empire in 1783, under Empress Catherine the Great, this fleet was created. Today it is based in the cities of Sevastopol and Novorossiysk. Since March 18, 2014, the main base of the Black Sea Fleet - the city of Sevastopol - became part of Russia.

The Russian Black Sea Navy has 25 thousand people. It consists of the following forces and means: diesel submarines, ocean-sea surface ships, naval aviation (fighter, missile-carrying, anti-submarine). The main tasks of this fleet are to protect the Black Sea economic zone and ensure navigation. The flagship of the fleet is the missile cruiser Moskva.

Currently, military observers are reporting the formation of the Black Sea naval coastal forces and artillery with supporting radio military units equipped with S-300PM2 and Pantsir-S1 air defense systems. It is expected that the naval aviation of the fleet will be strengthened by MiG-29 and Su-27SM aircraft, and Su-25SM attack aircraft. It is also planned to reinforce anti-submarine aviation by additionally equipping units with Il-38N aircraft, Ka-52K attack helicopters and deck-based Ka-29M and Ka-27 helicopters.

As reported in the press, a regiment of Tu-22M3 bombers will be stationed at the airfield in Gvardeyskoye. They will be able to tactically support Russian Navy ships of the Mediterranean squadron. At the same time, the formation of land military units on the peninsula is taking place.

Pacific Fleet

This Russian fleet ensures the protection of Russian interests in the Asia-Pacific region. It is based in Vladivostok, Fokino, and Maly Ulisse. The basis of combat power is made up of strategic submarine missile cruisers, nuclear and diesel submarines, ocean-going surface ships, naval aviation (fighter, missile-carrying, anti-submarine), and coastal troops. The flagship of the fleet is the missile cruiser Varyag.

This fleet performs an important strategic task of nuclear deterrence. Nuclear submarines are constantly on combat duty routes. The Pacific ships of the Russian Navy provide guaranteed protection of the regional economic zone.

Caspian flotilla

The Caspian flotilla is based in Makhachkala and Kaspiysk. Region of this sea is her area of responsibility. Organizationally, the flotilla is a component of the Southern Military District. It is formed by brigades and divisions of surface ships. The flagship of the flotilla is the Gepard patrol ship, equipped with Kalibr-NK cruise missiles. It is tasked with countering terrorism, navigation safety, and protecting the state interests of Russia in the oil-producing region.

Ships included in the Russian Navy

At first glance, it is difficult for a non-specialist to even imagine the ship composition of the Russian Navy, but nevertheless, as it turned out, this information is in free access. This allows you to “embrace the immensity”: to present summary data on the fleets of a power occupying 1/5 of the landmass in a convenient, compact form (see Table 1). Let us comment on the abbreviation made in the table: for the sake of compactness, the fleets in it are indicated in capital letters.

Table 1. Ship composition of the Russian Navy as of the beginning of 2014.

Class	WITH	B	T	KFL	H	Total
Missile submarines cruiser strategist. appointments	10		4			14
Diesel/electric submarines	8	2	8		2	20
Multi-purpose nuclear submarines, armed with torpedoes and cruise missiles	18		10			28
Special purpose nuclear submarines	8					8
Special purpose diesel submarines	3	1	2			6
Total - submarine fleet	47	3	24	0	2	76
Heavy atomic missiles. cruisers	2		2			4
Heavy aircraft carrier cruisers	1					1
Rocket. cruisers	1		1		1	3
Squadron destroyers	3	2	4			9
Distant patrol ships		2			3	5
Large anti-frost. ships	5		4		1	10
Close patrol ships		3		2		5
Small rockets. ships	3	4	4	2	4	17
Small artillery. ships				4		4
Small anti-frost ships	6	7	8		7	28
Rocket. boats		7	11	6	5	29
Anti-sabotage. boats		1	1	1	3	6
Artillery. boats	2			5		7
Long-range minesweepers	4		2		7	13
Raid minesweepers	1	15		5	2	23
Close minesweepers	6	5	7	2	2	22
Large landings. ships	4	4	4		7	19
Landing. boats	4	6	4	6	2	22
Landing. ships on air shower		2				2
Total - surface fleet	42	56	52	33	44	227

Prospects for the development of the Russian Navy

Let us analyze the prospects for the development of the fleet, based on an interview given by the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Admiral Viktor Viktorovich Chirkov.

The very logic of the development of the Fleet as a complex, integral organism, the admiral believes, does not accept hasty decisions.

Therefore, its development is planned as a strategic process until 2050. The goal of further progress is associated with increasing the effectiveness of the enemy’s nuclear deterrence.

The plan provides that the Russian Navy will receive the latest ships in 3 stages:

from 2012 to 2020;
from 2021 to 2030;
from 2031 to 2050.

At the first stage, the construction of fourth generation nuclear submarine cruisers will be completed. The main carrier of ballistic weapons will be Project 955A RPLSN.

The second stage will be marked by the replacement of existing RPLSNs with their IV generation analogues. It is also planned to create a ship-based strategic missile system for surface ships. At the same time, the development of fifth-generation nuclear submarine cruisers will begin.

At the third stage, it is planned to begin the construction of tested fifth generation nuclear cruisers.

In addition to fundamentally increasing the potential characteristics of the Russian Navy, the newest ships - strategic submarine cruisers and submarine-launched submarines - will be characterized by increased stealth, low noise, perfect communications, and the use of robotics.

Challenges facing coastal troops

Let us recall that we have previously named the main bases of the Russian Navy for all its fleets. However, the planned development of the fleet for the period until 2050 will certainly affect the coast guard. What accents does Commander-in-Chief Chirkov see in it? Considering the bases of the Russian Navy in the process of their further strategic development, Viktor Viktorovich is betting on completing the creation of coastal missile systems, training and equipping the Marine Corps to perform tasks in the North.

Conclusion

Although the basis of the organizational structure of the Russian Navy will not change (4 fleets and 1 flotilla), heterogeneous highly maneuverable strike forces will be created within their framework. In the spirit of their creation, the successful development of unmanned vehicles, artificial intelligence systems, marine robotic systems, and non-lethal weapons continues.

Summing up the review of the Russian fleet, it should be noted Special attention for the prospect of updating it with ships of IV and then V generation. At the same time, the basis of the Navy's power after the plan is implemented will be the fifth generation nuclear submarine cruisers. A fundamental increase in combat power will be accompanied by the improvement of command and control systems and the integration of naval forces into interservice groupings of troops in possible theaters of combat operations.

To conclude our modest presentation of the Russian Navy, here is a photo of its nuclear-powered flagship, the missile cruiser Peter the Great.

The Russian Navy has 203 surface ships and 71 submarines, including 23 nuclear submarines equipped with ballistic and cruise missiles. Russia's defense capability at sea is ensured by modern and powerful ships.

"Peter the Great"

The heavy nuclear-powered missile cruiser "Peter the Great" is the world's largest non-aircraft-carrying attack ship. Capable of destroying groups of enemy aircraft carriers. The only afloat cruiser of the famous Soviet project 1144 Orlan. Built at the Baltic Shipyard and launched in 1989. Put into operation 9 years later.

Over 16 years, the cruiser covered 140,000 miles. The flagship of the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy, home port is Severomorsk.
With a width of 28.5 meters, it has a length of 251 meters. Total displacement 25860 tons.
Two nuclear reactors with a capacity of 300 Megawatts, two boilers, turbines and gas turbine generators are capable of providing energy to a city with a population of 200 thousand. It can reach speeds of up to 32 knots, and its cruising range is unlimited. The crew of 727 people can sail autonomously for 60 days.
Armament: 20 SM-233 launchers with P-700 Granit cruise missiles, firing range - 700 km. Anti-aircraft complex "Reef" S-300F (96 vertical launch missiles). Anti-aircraft system "Kortik" with a reserve of 128 missiles. AK-130 gun mount. Two Vodopad anti-submarine missile and torpedo systems, and an Udav-1M anti-torpedo system. Bombing rocket launchers RBU-12000 and RBU-1000 “Smerch-3”. Three Ka-27 anti-submarine helicopters can be deployed on board.

"Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov"

Heavy aircraft-carrying cruiser "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" (project 11435). Built at the Black Sea Shipyard, launched in 1985. He bore the names “Riga”, “Leonid Brezhnev”, “Tbilisi”. Since 1991 it became part of the Northern Fleet. Carried out military service in the Mediterranean, participated in the rescue operation during the sinking of the Kursk. In three years, according to the plan, it will go for modernization.
The length of the cruiser is 302.3 meters, the total displacement is 55,000 tons. Maximum speed - 29 knots. A crew of 1,960 people can stay at sea for a month and a half.
Armament: 12 Granit anti-ship missiles, 60 Udav-1 missiles, 24 Klinok (192 missiles) and Kashtan (256 missiles) air defense systems. It can carry 24 Ka-27 helicopters, 16 Yak-41M supersonic vertical take-off aircraft and up to 12 Su-27K fighters.

"Moscow"

"Moskva", guards missile cruiser. Multipurpose ship. Built at the shipyards of the plant named after 61 Communards in Nikolaev. Initially it was called “Slava”. Commissioned in 1983. The flagship of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.
Participated in the military conflict with Georgia, in 2014 he carried out a blockade of the Ukrainian Navy.
With a width of 20.8 meters, it has a length of 186.4 meters and a displacement of 11,490 tons. Maximum speed 32 knots. Cruising range up to 6000 nautical miles. A crew of 510 people can stay in “autonomy” for a month.
Armament: 16 P-500 “Basalt” mounts, two AK-130 artillery mounts, six 6-barreled AK-630 artillery mounts, B-204 S-300F “Reef” air defense systems (64 missiles), “Osa-MA” air defense system launchers (48 missiles), torpedo tubes, RBU-6000 rocket launchers, Ka-27 helicopter.
A copy of the Moscow, the cruiser Varyag is the flagship of the Pacific Fleet.

"Dagestan"

The patrol ship "Dagestan" was commissioned in 2012. Built at the Zelenodolsk shipyard. In 2014, transferred to the Caspian Flotilla. This is the second ship of Project 11661K, the first - Tatarstan - is the flagship of the Caspian Fleet.
"Dagestan" has a more powerful and modern weapons: universal Kalibr-NK missile system, which can use several types of high-precision missiles (firing range is more than 300 km), Palma air defense system, AK-176M AU. Equipped with stealth technology.
With a width of 13.1 meters, the Dagestan has a length of 102.2 meters and a displacement of 1900 tons. Can reach speeds of up to 28 knots. A crew of 120 people can sail autonomously for 15 days.
Four more such ships are laid down at the shipyards.

"Persistent"

The flagship of the Baltic Fleet, the destroyer Nastoichivy, was built at the Zhdanov Leningrad Shipyard and launched in 1991. Intended for the destruction of ground targets, air defense and anti-ship defense formations.
With a width of 17.2 meters, it has a length of 156.5 meters and a displacement of 7940 tons. The crew of 296 people can sail without calling at a port for up to 30 days.
The destroyer is carrying a KA-27 helicopter. Equipped with twin AK-130/54 gun mounts, six-barreled AK-630 mounts, P-270 Moskit mounts, six-barreled rocket launchers, two Shtil air defense systems and torpedo tubes.

"Yury Dolgoruky"

The nuclear submarine “Yuri Dolgoruky” (the first submarine of Project 955 “Borey”) was laid down in 1996 in Severodvinsk. Commissioned in 2013. Home port - Gadzhievo. Part of the Northern Fleet.
The length of the boat is 170 meters, the underwater displacement is 24,000 tons. Maximum surface speed is 15 knots, underwater speed is 29 knots. Crew 107 people. It can carry out combat duty for three months without entering a port.
“Yuri Dolgoruky” carries 16 Bulava ballistic missiles, is equipped with PHR 9R38 “Igla”, 533-mm torpedo tubes, and six REPS-324 “Barrier” acoustic countermeasures. In the coming years, six more submarines of the same class will be built on the Russian shores.

"Severodvinsk"

The multipurpose nuclear submarine Severodvinsk became the first submarine of the new Russian project 855 Yasen. The quietest submarine in the world. Built in Severodvinsk. In 2014, it became part of the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy. Home port – Zapadnaya Litsa.
With a width of 13.5 meters, a length of 119 meters, an underwater displacement of 13,800 tons,
The surface speed of the Severodvinsk is 16 knots, and the underwater speed is 31 knots. Navigation autonomy – 100 days, crew – 90 people.
It has a modern, silent nuclear reactor of a new generation. The submarine is equipped with ten torpedo tubes, P-100 Oniks, Kh-35, ZM-54E, ZM-54E1, ZM-14E cruise missiles. It carries Kh-101 strategic cruise missiles and can hit targets within a radius of up to 3,000 kilometers. By 2020, Russia plans to build six more Yasen-class submarines.