Features of the formation of the first Soviet government:
Council of People's Commissars (SNK USSR) 1917-1922 - the first Soviet government of Russia The government is the highest executive body in the country, it develops the budget, executes it, and implements laws adopted by the legislative body.
The first Soviet government was formed at the Second Congress of Soviets in October 1917 as the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government. The word Provisional meant that the government acts until the convocation Constituent Assembly, which was supposed to resolve the issue of power in the country. After the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in January 1918. the word Temporary was removed from the title.
The official name of the Russian government is the Council of People's Commissars (the second name is “Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government”; the word “temporary” was removed in January 1918). The government is headed by Chairman V.I. Lenin.
The government included only Bolsheviks (17 people):
1). Chairman V.I. Lenin.
2). People's Commissars, heads of 13 people's commissariats:
A. I. Rykov - People's Commissar for internal affairs,
V. P. Nogin - trade and industry,
V. P. Milyutin - agriculture,
L. D. Trotsky - for foreign affairs,
J.V. Stalin - on affairs of nationalities,
A. V. Lunacharsky - enlightenment,
V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko, N.V. Krylenko and P.E. Dybenko - Committee on Military and Naval Affairs, as well as People's Commissars of Finance, Labor, Justice, Food, Posts and Telegraphs, Railway Transport.
Question about creating a coalition government:
Already on October 28, 1917, Vikzhel (All-Russian Executive Committee for Railway Affairs) presented an ultimatum to the government: it demanded to include representatives of other socialist parties (Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries) and create a homogeneous coalition government, threatening to stop trains in the country.
A negotiation commission was formed, headed by Kamenev and Sokolnikov. Kamenev, for his conciliatory position (to give half the seats in the government to other parties), was removed from the post of chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in November 1917 and replaced by Sverdlov. The negotiations came to nothing. The government remained one-party until December 1917.
Changes in the personal and party composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR:
In December 1917, the Council of People's Commissars included representatives of the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party (after the unification of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of workers and peasants' deputies). They headed the People's Commissariats of Agriculture, Posts and Telegraphs, Justice, Local Government (city dumas and zemstvos continued to operate in the country), and state property. After the signing of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty with Germany in March 1918, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries left the government in protest and it again became a one-party government.
At first, the Government met daily and considered 20-30 issues. It was responsible to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and was formed by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It itself arrogated to itself the function of publishing legislative acts (before the convening of the constituent assembly).
To relieve the government, it was created Small Council of People's Commissars - a permanent government commission that considered minor issues, mainly of a financial nature. The decisions of this commission were approved by the government without re-examination.
In connection with the civil war, another permanent government commission was created in November 1918 - Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense (SRKO). He had to mobilize all forces in the interests of the country's defense. It included representatives of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the military department of trade unions, and was headed by V. I. Lenin.
Happy ending Civil War in 1920 SRKO was transformed into Council of Labor and Defense (STO). The leadership of the country's economy was concentrated in it. The STO included people's commissars of communications, military, agriculture, food, labor, RKI, VSNKh, representatives of the Central Statistical Bureau and the All-Russian Central Trade Union (trade unions).
The working body of the Council of People's Commissars was Case management led by V.D. Bonch-Bruevich. Here materials for Council of People's Commissars meetings were prepared, minutes of meetings were kept, delegations and visitors were received. The business manager was also a member of the government.
C1920 government meets once a week, the decision is made by a majority vote of government members. After the emergence of the government of the USSR in 1923, the governments of the union republics continued to operate in the union republics.
It should be remembered that the highest executive agency authorities - the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR - along with legislative bodies - the All-Russian Congresses and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee - issued decrees, orders, resolutions. Moreover, before the adoption of the USSR Constitution of 1936, which abolished this order, the government issued more decrees than the legislative bodies themselves. This is one of the most striking manifestations of the lack of a clear separation of branches of power in the Soviet state in 1917-1936.
Government of the USSR (1923-1991):
The name of the government changed frequently:
Council of People's Commissars (1923-1946);
Council of Ministers of the USSR (1946-1977);
Council of Ministers of the USSR - Government of the USSR (according to the Constitution of the USSR 1977);
Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR (since March 1991).
The government was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, was responsible to it, with the advent of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1938, it was formed at the first session of the Supreme Council and resigned its powers to the newly elected Supreme Council. Between sessions, changes in the composition of the government could be made by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
The first government of the USSR, formed in July 1923 at the second session of the Central Executive Committee, was small in composition (only 17 people):
Chairman - V.I. Lenin;
Five deputies (L. B. Kamenev, A. I. Rykov, A. D. Tsyurupa, V. Ya. Chubar - Chairman of the Government of Ukraine, Orakhelashvili - Chairman of the Government of the Transcaucasian SFSR);
10 people's commissars;
Business manager.
Five People's Commissars headed the all-Union People's Commissariats (there were no such People's Commissars in the Union republics; all management of these industries was concentrated at the Union level):
For foreign affairs (Chicherin, Litvinov);
On military and naval affairs (Trotsky, Frunze, Voroshilov);
Foreign Trade (Krasin);
Communication routes (Dzerzhinsky, Koganovich);
Posts and telegraphs (Rykov, Yagoda).
Five people's commissars led the united union-republican people's commissariats (that is, similar people's commissariats existed in the union republics and were subordinate to the union people's commissariats):
VSNKh of the USSR (Supreme Council of National Economy) - Dzerzhinsky, Kuibyshev, Ordzhonikidze;
Finance;
Food;
Workers' and Peasants' Inspection (RKI).
Gradually, in the context of increased centralization and narrowing of the rights of the union republics, new people's commissariats (ministries since 1946) were created and the composition of the government expanded. In 1926, the rights of the Union-Republican People's Commissariat were received by the USSR Central Statistical Office (Central Statistical Office). In 1929, in connection with mass collectivization, the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR was created, which took control of the republican people's commissariats of agriculture.
In 1930, the People's Commissariat of Supply (Mikoyan) appeared, in 1931 - water transport. In 1932, instead of the Supreme Economic Council, the People's Commissariats of Heavy Industry, Light Industry, and Forestry were formed. In 1932 The People's Commissariat of Grain and Livestock State Farms arose. In 1934 - NKVD, People's Commissariat of Internal Trade. In 1936 - health care, justice, defense industry, etc.
According to the USSR Constitution of 1936, the Government is formed by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR at the first session of the newly elected Supreme Council. The Presidium of the Supreme Council could change the composition of the government between sessions. Members of the Government were proposed by the head of the USSR Government approved by the Supreme Council. The Supreme Council approved them. In fact, the Government formed the Political Bureau of the USSR. Since 1936, the Government has issued only decrees and orders. For the first time, the 1936 Constitution defined the functions of the government:
Manages the work of the People's Commissariats;
Fulfills the country's development plans;
Executes the budget;
Protects the interests and rights of citizens;
Manages relations with other countries;
Education;
Armed forces, etc..
In 1977, the USSR government already had more than 100 members:
Chairman;
First Deputy Chairmen;
Deputies;
62 ministers;
18 chairmen of state committees;
Chairman of the State Bank of the USSR;
Chairman of the Central Statistical Office of the USSR;
15 heads of government of the union republics (by position);
Manager of the affairs of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
The growth of the administrative apparatus is clearly visible in the wide network of Union ministries that in 1977 led various industries:
Ministry of Aviation Industry
Ministry of Automotive Industry
Ministry of Gas Industry
Ministry of Mechanical Engineering
Ministry of Mechanical Engineering for Livestock and Feed Production
Ministry of Mechanical Engineering for Light and Food Industry and Household Appliances
Ministry of Mechanical Engineering for Medical Industry
Ministry of Mechanical Engineering and Petroleum Industry
Ministry of Defense Industry
Ministry of General Engineering
Ministry of Instrumentation, Automation and Control Systems
Ministry of Communications Industry
Ministry of Radio Industry
Ministry of Medium Engineering
Ministry of Machine Tool and Tool Industry
Ministry of Construction, Road and Municipal Engineering
Ministry of Construction of Oil and Gas Industry Enterprises
Ministry of Shipbuilding Industry
Ministry of Tractor and Agricultural Engineering
Ministry of Transport Construction
Ministry of Heavy and Transport Engineering
Ministry of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
Ministry of Chemical Industry
Ministry of Pulp and Paper Industry
Ministry of Electronics Industry
Ministry of Electrical Industry
Ministry of Energy Engineering.
The government met at least once a quarter. The government issued decrees and orders which were adopted by a majority vote of government members. In 1923-1936. it also issued decrees (like the Russian government), and in greater numbers than the All-Union Congresses of Soviets and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
Sov e t labor A and turnover O us , the body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, which directed the activities of economic commissariats and the activities of all departments in the field of defense of the country. Created in April 1920 based on Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense. According to the Regulations adopted Eighth All-Russian Congress Soviets (December 1920), acted as a commission of the Council of People's Commissars. Organs of S. t. and o. There were regional, provincial, district and volost economic conferences locally. The STO included the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (chairman of the STO) and people's commissars - for military affairs, communications, agriculture, food, labor, RKI, the chairman of the Supreme Economic Council, a representative of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the manager of the Central Statistical Office (with an advisory vote). The first chairman of the STO was V.I. Lenin. In February 1921, the State General Planning Commission (Gosplan) was formed at the STO. In 1923, with the formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the STO of the RSFSR was liquidated and the STO of the USSR was formed. Abolished by a resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on April 28, 1937. Its functions were transferred to the Economic Council under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (ECOSO).
Economic Council under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (ECOSO) operated from 1937 op 1941 ., is a body of operational economic management. Created instead of a service station.
Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - To resolve issues related to ensuring the management of the national economy and other issues of public administration, the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, consisting of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, first deputies and deputy chairmen, operates as a permanent body of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
The competence of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and its Presidium, the procedure for their activities, the relations of the Council of Ministers with other state bodies, as well as the list of all-Union and Union-Republican ministries and state committees of the USSR are determined on the basis of the Constitution by the Law on the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee - governing body Central Committee of the CPSU, which included the most influential members of the Central Committee, who determined the policy of the party, and in a one-party system, the entire state, since, according to the Constitution of the USSR, the CPSU was the leading and guiding force of the Soviet state. Thus, members of the Politburo were actually among the top leadership USSR, even if they did not formally hold government positions. For the first time, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) headed by Lenin was formed at a meeting of the Central Committee on October 10 (23) 1917 for the political leadership of the armed uprising (it included Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bubnov). Recreated as a permanent body in 1919 at the VIII Congress of the RCP(b). It was called the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), later - the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (b), and in 1952 -1966 - Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. The former name was returned by the XXIII Congress of the CPSU in 1966. According to the Charter of the CPSU, the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee was elected at plenums Central Committee of the CPSU to guide the work of the party in the period between plenums of the Central Committee, but in practice its composition was determined behind the scenes, by a narrow circle of party leadership. It was the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee that made decisions that were subsequently approved Central Committee of the CPSU. The Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee included from 10 (in the 1920s) to 25 (in the 1970s) members. The record and anti-record for length of stay in the Politburo belong to two Marshals of the Soviet Union: the longest member of the Politburo (Presidium) of the CPSU Central Committee was Kliment Voroshilov(34 and a half years), least of all - Georgy Zhukov(120 days).
You should pay attention to relations between the government of the USSR and the governments of the union republics:
1) according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the institution of permanent representations of the union republics under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was established.
Permanent representatives were appointed by the Council of People's Commissars of the union republics and approved by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. They had the right:
Participate in meetings of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR with the right of an advisory vote;
Submit issues for consideration by the government;
Protect the interests of their republics in the government;
Inform the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, inform the Council of People's Commissars of their republics.
2) According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1977, the Government of the USSR included the Chairmen of the Governments of the Union Republics with the right to a decisive vote (about 100 people in total).
3) The government of the USSR could suspend decisions of the governments of the union republics.
In the 70s, the Government met once a quarter. The Presidium of the Government (about 15 people) met more often. The Political Bureau met most often - it included several people.
In the 1990s, the Government of the USSR under Gorbachev was reduced in size by approximately half.
At that time:
Minister of Foreign Affairs - Shevardnadze;
Minister of Defense - Yazov;
Minister of the Interior - Pugo;
Minister of Health - Chazov.
At the end of the 1980-1990s. in connection with the expansion of the rights of the union republics, the number of ministries of union importance began to decrease (for example, in connection with the transfer of full control over forests to the republics, the USSR Ministry of Forestry was abolished, etc.).
In 1991, in the USSR Cabinet of Ministers, in addition to deputies, there were only 37 ministers and 10 chairmen of state committees.
The government of the USSR ceased its activities before the Union collapsed. In August 1991, immediately after the suppression of the coup on August 24, 1991. The government of the RSFSR, headed by I. S. Silaev, proposed to USSR President M. S. Gorbachev to disband the USSR Cabinet of Ministers on the grounds that its chairman and a number of ministers participated in the attempted coup.
The Russian government refused to carry out the orders of the union government until its new composition was formed. At the same time, the Russian government assumed leadership of the ministries and departments of the USSR, enterprises and institutions of union significance located on Russian territory.
M. S. Gorbachev was forced to raise the question of trust in the government of the USSR with the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, trust was refused, and the President of the USSR on the same day, August 24, dissolved the union government.
Instead, the Committee for the Operational Management of the National Economy of the USSR was created (August 24 - December 19, 1991). Since September 1991, the Inter-Republican Economic Committee also operated, whose task was to coordinate the implementation of economic reforms in the union republics and social policy.
Chairmen of the Government of the USSR:
Rykov Alexey Ivanovich (1924 - 1930, at the same time until 1929 - head of the government of the RSFSR)
Molotov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (1930 - 1941)
Malenkov Georgy Maximilianovich (1953 - 1955)
Bulganin Nikolai Alexandrovich (1955 - 1958)
Kosygin Alexey Nikolaevich (Oct. 1964 -1980)
Tikhonov Nikolay Alexandrovich (1980 - 1985)
The names of the most prominent people's commissars and ministers who were part of the USSR government: Minister of Foreign Affairs G.V. Chicherin (1923-1930), M.M. Litvinov (1930-1939), V.M. Molotov (1939-1949), A.A. Gromyko (1957-1985), E. Shevardnadze A. (1985-1991);
Defense (until 1934 People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs): Trotsky (1923 - 1925), M. V. Frunze (1925), K. E. Voroshilov (1925-1940), S. K. Timoshenko, I. V. Stalin (July 1941-1947), G. K. Zhukov (1955-1957), etc.
The Russian government in the 90s.
Heads of government:
Yeltsin (November 1991 – summer 1992)
Gaidar (executive duties) summer-December 1992
Kiriyenko (March–Aug 1998)
Stepashin (May - Aug 1999)
Kasyanov (Jan. 2000 -2004)
Fradkov (2004-2007)
Zubkov (since 2007)
The chairmen of the government had deputies. The composition of the government includes ministers, administrators (the head of the government's apparatus is the rank of federal minister), and chairmen of state committees. The Ministry of Defense manages the industry, the minister makes decisions individually. The State Committee (there are 6 of them) is an intersectoral leadership; its chairman does not make unilateral decisions. The government structure changes frequently. It refers to the presence of deputies.
Now deputy heads:
Shuvalov Igor Ivanovich - 1st deputy, Kudrin, Kozak, Zhukov, Ivanov, Sechin, Sobyanin (Chief of Staff of the Government of the Russian Federation)
Ministry of Health - Golikova T.
min reg.development – Basargin
Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Lavrov (there were Kozyrev, Primakov, Ivanov);
Ministry of Transport - Levitin;
Ministry of Economic Development and Trade Nabiullina (was German Gref);
Ministry of Internal Affairs - Nurgaliev (there were Rushailo, Gryzlov);
Ministry of Communications and Mass Communications - Shchegolev Igor Olegovich
Ministry of Defense - Serdyukov (Grachev, Sergey Ivanov(formerly secretary of the Council of Bez-ti);
Ministry of Culture - Avdeev (Sokolov (Solomin, Dementieva, Shvydkoy);
Ministry of Natural Resources - Trutnev;
Min. Justice – Konovalov
Ministry of Education and Science – Fursenko
Ministry of Industry and Energy – Khristenko Viktor Borisovich
Ministry of Sports Mutko
Ministry of Energy Shmatko Sergey Ivanovich
GOiChS - Shoigu
The Ministry of Defense has been the center of the organizational management since the 90s, it is a federal executive body (the government meets once a week, decisions are made by a majority vote). The rank of the Ministry of Defense is held by the head of the government apparatus.
Chairmen of the Government of the Russian Federation
Chernomyrdin, Viktor Stepanovich (December 25, 1993 - March 23, 1998); at the same time November 5-November 6, 1996 was and. O. President of the Russian Federation in connection with Yeltsin's heart surgery; again
Chernomyrdin, Viktor Stepanovich (August 23-September 11, 1998) and. O. Chairman of the Government (was not approved by the State Duma).
Stepashin, Sergey Vadimovich (May 19, 1999 - August 9, 1999); from May 12 onwards O. Chairman of the Government.
Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich (August 16, 1999 - May 7, 2000); from August 9 onwards O. Chairman of the Government; from December 31 at the same time and. O. President of the Russian Federation.
Kasyanov, Mikhail Mikhailovich (May 27, 2000 - February 24, 2004); from May 7 onwards O. Chairman of the Government.
Khristenko, Viktor Borisovich (February 24, 2004 - March 5, 2004), acting. O. Chairman of the Government (was not submitted to the State Duma for approval).
Fradkov, Mikhail Efimovich (March 5-May 7, 2004, May 7-May 12, 2004 was acting (resigned to the newly elected President of the Russian Federation); was again Chairman of the Government from May 12, 2004 to September 12, 2007); September 12-September 14, 2007 and. O. (after resignation, until the appointment of a new Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation)..
Zubkov, Viktor Alekseevich (September 14, 2007 - May 7, 2008), then until May 8 and. O. (after resignation, until the appointment of a new Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation).
19. Local government authorities in RussiaXVIII- XXcenturies The old system of local institutions and officials with a lack of uniformity in the territorial division and governing bodies, driven by diversity and uncertainty, has ceased to be viable. The apparatus of governors and governors could not quickly and decisively combat various manifestations of the dissatisfaction of the masses, collect taxes, carry out recruitment into the army, or carry out orders from the center for reform. Mass escapes of serfs, recruits and persons recruited by force for various construction works, uprisings in Astrakhan, on the Don, and in Bashkiria revealed the inability of the old local apparatus to provide quick and effective suppression. By decree 1708 d “for the benefit of the people” b created 8 provinces: Moscow, Ingermanland, Smolensk, Kiev, Azov, Kazan, Arkhangelsk, Siberian. This would be a vast administrative territory, unequal in territory and population. The governors received extraordinary powers: each of them had not only an administrator, police officer, finance and judicial functions, but was also the commander of all troops located in the province under his control. The governor ruled the province with the help of the provincial office, where clerks and clerks were located. Each province included counties, in which instead of a governor with 1710g the commandants stood. Ref-ma MS 1708 destroyed the old principle of appointment to a position and turned all officials of the MS into officials of the absolute monarchy, guided by general laws and regulations. This ref of places of administration somewhat streamlined the government apparatus, but did not eliminate the diversity in the places of administration. The establishment of collegiums (1718) and the new per capita taxation required the implementation of new adm ref-we ms. 1719 adm ref-ma, according to which the territory of each province is divided into several provinces . There are 45 provinces in total, and soon their number increased to 50. The basic unit of territorial division was the province. At the head of important provinces were governor-generals, governors, vice-governors, and at the head of the rest were governors. The provinces were divided into districts - districts, headed by zemstvo commissars, who had a shire fin and a police department. In 1720, a judicial reform was carried out, and an attempt was made to separate the court from the administration by creating two separate judicial instances: lower (provincial and city) and court courts (in the provinces). Despite the creation of separate boards and the proclaimed separation of the court from the administration, governors and governors actively interfered in the activities of local departments and courts. Provincial and court courts were abolished. IN 1723-24 the reform of the city class administration was completed: b city magistrates were created, replacing the burmister's huts. The magistrates are collegial institutions consisting of the president, 2-4 mayors and 2-8 ratmans. The magistrates are in charge of all the management of the city: the corner and the civil court, the police, finance, and household affairs. In small cities, town halls are established with a simpler structure and narrower competence. Despite the increase in the number of officials and institutions, the local administration was still poorly coping with its tasks. New local management system enshrined in the instruction of 1728: the unity of the organizational management and courts in the provinces became governors, and in the provinces and districts - voivodes. The governors and governors and the offices headed by them absorbed almost all the states in the provinces, provinces and cities, leaving no room for the development of other parts of the state apparatus. In 1743, magistrates were restored; financial affairs were primarily in their jurisdiction, but in these matters they were subordinate to the governors and governors. In 1775, a reform of the state apparatus was carried out and the administrative division of the government was changed to strengthen local power. 1775 Ref ms. "Institution for the administration of the province of Vseross imp". Disaggregation of the lips, their number more than doubled. Each began to be divided into counties, between territories - provinces - liquids. Each of the capital provinces, as well as larger regions, was headed by a governor (gubernatorial general) with unlimited powers. All institutions and officials created in 1775 are divided into 3 main groups: administrative police, financial services and judicial. 1 gr b is represented in the province by the governorate, provincial government (bringing laws and state orders to the attention of subordinate institutions and officials, encouraging them to implement) and the order of general contempt (managing local schools , medical and welfare institutions were established, they were in charge of some prisons, they began to play the role of a kind of banks), and in the county - the zemstvo police officer (captain), the lower zemstvo court (this is a police body consisting of the elected courtyard of the zemstvo district police officer and 2-3 assessors; carried out the orders of the superior lord, court sentences, conducted a preliminary investigation into the crime) and the mayor (executed the zemstvo police officer in the district city). The reform of 1775 created a whole system of local courts: general class courts (the chamber of criminals and the chamber of citizens of the court - the appellate instance for reviewing cases decided in lower courts), special purpose courts (conscientious - relieved the province courts of many complicated cases, its task was to reconcile the parties; and court: upper and lower with an appointed composition of judges (served officials and commoners), as well as class courts: upper zemstvo court - nobles, provincial magistrate-citizens, upper justice - state, econ, palaces of peasants, coachmen, single-lords; in the district: district court for nobles, city magist for townspeople, lower reprisals for non-landlord peasants.
Ref 1775 created a staff of prosecutorial supervision in each province. This would be a provincial prosecutor with 2 assistants - solicitors. At the provincial class court there is appointed 1 prosecutor and 2 attorneys, in the district - a lawyer. The D-th prosecutor's office is limited to very uncomplicated tasks: formal supervision of legality d-th ranks and the establishment and reading of texts again received the laws of the ranks. Ref 1775 did not strengthen the bureaucratic positions, but also increased the importance of the court’s seats in the administration and court. A major milestone in the ref-x MS was the approval in 1782 of the “Charter of the Deanery or Policeman,” which determined the structure of the police apparatus of cities. The head of the police is the chief police chief, who was the chairman of the city-wide police department - the deanery board, who maintained order in the city, forced residents to comply with laws and regulations, enforced the orders of the places of administration and court decisions, was in charge of the city's amenities and trade.
The growth of the nobles' social classes ended with the adoption of 1785 Charter of the dvu. By permission of the governor-general or governorate, the nobles of each province convene a meeting of nobles once every 3 provinces, and in a county - a county court assembly. Every 3 years, the provincial yard collects the election of 2 candidates for the governor, the leaders of the court, from the governor or the governor to appoint the governor. At the same time, a conscientious judge is elected, court assessors to the top zemstvo and conscientious courts. The nobles of each of the provinces entered into the court genealogy book, for the composition and maintenance of which the post was created by the current institution - the nobles' deputy assembly.
IN 1785 – charter granted to cities Therefore, the population of the city (mountain inhabitants) was divided into 6 categories: owners of lands and houses within the city, merchants of all guilds, guild artisans, nonresidents, eminent citizens (scientists, artists), townspeople. The primary body of class self-government in the city b city assembly. Duma, consisting of all city inhabitants and the city head, the general city Duma (ruling body), consisting of the city head and vowels from all 6 people. It met once every 3 years and elected an executive body - a six-vote Duma (1 representative from 6 categories). Chairman b city head. B custom books with the decree of his families' wealth and wealth. The government has established very narrow boundaries for the children of this self-government. Is the location under the jurisdiction of the council? landscaping, food supply, development of trade and crafts, protection of human rights, certain police, etc.
Ref places managed in the 60-90s of the 19th century. During the period, the competence of the governors was somewhat narrowed: they lost the right to audit the fate of cases, a number of new institutions did not fall under their jurisdiction. However, the main structure of the province is retained behind the province. He headed the governor's board, which finally transformed the executive body. The revolution movement and the general rise of the 60s pushed the government to strengthen the power of the province. In 1866, they received the right to audit all civil institutions of the province, the right to ban meetings and press organs. In the 60s, the governor received the right to influence even the court; Since 1889, it has been placed in front of the provincial presence - the adm-court established for the cross of the council and the bodies supervising them. 1862 - Police ref, according to the cat in 44 provinces, the old police bodies in every county city and county united in the heads of the district police department. In the provincial cities, city police departments were created. Strengthening app places. Having been implemented through the new “Regulations on the Corps of Gendarmes” of 1867, the network of gendarmerie bodies has been removed. On the main territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan there is a provincial gendarmerie department. Since 1871, an inquiry has been launched in their Children, as well as an investigation has been carried out.
Zemstvo reform of 1864 Zemstvos were established for the management of the construction and management of hospitals, schools, roads, charitable establishments, for the establishment of food supplies, etc. The administration of the zemstvo consisted of administrative bodies - provinces and districts of zemstvo councils and executive bodies - districts and provinces of zemstvo councils. Elections of zemstvo bodies are held every 3 years. From the moment they appeared, zemstvos were crowded into St. Children under the supervision of the governor. The new regulations on zemstvo institutions of 1890 constrained the huts of the system and the Children of Zemstvos, and strengthened control over them. The city was founded in 1870. org self-government (city council and council) entrusted administrative and household tasks. Gor org self-government was chosen for 4 g by taxpayers. Elections to the city Duma are held at 3 electoral congresses. The City Duma, issued by the org, is made up of its executive body - the city council, consisting of the head and members of the council. The city mayor took charge of both the Duma and the government, coordinating the work of these institutions. The city of 1892 was a city counter-ref. It replaced the property qualification for the election tax. Destiny ref 1864 It introduced the formality of irremovability of judges and independence of the court from the administration, transparency and publicity of meetings, adversarial process, legal counsel, jury, elected peace court, etc. Entering 2 systems of courts of the Ukr: courts with elected judges - world judges for 3 years and congresses of the world of judges and courts with appointed judges - district courts and judicial chambers. Small-scale and civil cases were under the jurisdiction of the judges. The honorable world judges replaced the district police officers during their absence. The role and honor of the world judges of the world district constituted the world congress, the pred-l cat was elected from the world of judges. The congress played the role of the final appeal court for the world district judges. In 1889, elected judges, except for the capitals and Odessa, were abolished and replaced by appointed persons. Okuzh court was created for several counties. It consisted of the chairman, his comrades and members of the court. The administrative district of the court included a prosecutor with comrade and clerk. The prosecutor's office supervised the investigation, acted as a prosecutor, and monitored the execution of the sentence. The jury determined the guilt and innocence of the accused. The Court Chamber was the final court of appeal for consideration of civil and criminal cases in the district courts. Only cases that were decided without a jury were submitted to the judicial chamber for review from the district courts. App of the Courts of the Chamber: general presence of the presiding judge, his comrades and members of the court; there were corners and citizen departments. At the district courts and judicial chambers there are lawyers - sworn attorneys
The government of the world's first workers' and peasants' state was first formed as the Council of People's Commissars, which was created on October 26. (November 8) 1917, the day after the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, by the resolution of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies on the formation of a workers' and peasants' government.
The decree written by V.I. Lenin stated that to govern the country, a Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars, was established "until the convening of the Constituent Assembly." V.I. Lenin was elected the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, who served in this post for seven years (1917-1924) until his death. Lenin developed the basic principles of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars and the tasks facing the highest bodies of government of the Soviet Republic.
The name “Temporary” disappeared with the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was one-party - it included only Bolsheviks. The proposal to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries to join the Council of People's Commissars was rejected by them. On Dec. In 1917, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries entered the Council of People's Commissars and were in government until March 1918. They left the Council of People's Commissars due to disagreement with the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty and took the position of counter-revolution. Subsequently, the CHK was formed only by representatives of the Communist Party. According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, adopted by the 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the government of the Republic was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 determined the main functions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. The general management of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR belonged to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The composition of the government was approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets or the Congress of Soviets. The Council of People's Commissars had the necessary full rights in the field of executive and administrative activities and, along with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, enjoyed the right to issue decrees. Exercising executive and administrative power, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR supervised the activities of the People's Commissariats and other centers. departments, and also directed and controlled the activities of local authorities.
The Administration of the Council of People's Commissars and the Small Council of People's Commissars were created, which on January 23. (February 5) 1918 became a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for preliminary consideration of issues submitted to the Council of People's Commissars and issues of current legislation for the management of the department of industries government controlled and governments. In 1930 the Small Council of People's Commissars was abolished. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 30, 1918, it was established under the leadership. V.I. Lenin Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense 1918-20. In April 1920 it was transformed into the Council of Labor and Defense (STO). The experience of the first Council of People's Commissars was used in state building in all the Union Soviet Socialist Republics.
After the unification of the Soviet republics into a single union state - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a union government was created - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The regulations on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were approved by the Central Executive Committee on November 12, 1923.
The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was its executive and administrative body. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR supervised the activities of all-Union and united (union-republican) people's commissariats, considered and approved decrees and resolutions of all-Union significance within the limits of the rights provided for by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the provisions on the Council of People's Commissars of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and other legislative acts. Decrees and resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were binding throughout the entire territory of the USSR and could be suspended and canceled by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its Presidium. For the first time, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, headed by Lenin, was approved at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the regulations on it in 1923, consisted of: chairman, deputy. Chairman, People's Commissar of the USSR; Representatives of the union republics participated in the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars with the right of an advisory vote.
According to the Constitution of the USSR, adopted in 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the highest executive and administrative body state power USSR. It formed Top. Soviet Council of the USSR. The USSR Constitution of 1936 established the responsibility and accountability of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Top. Council, and in the period between sessions of the Top. Council of the USSR - its Presidium. According to the USSR Constitution of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR united and directed the work of the all-Union and Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR and other economic and cultural institutions, took measures to implement the national economic plan, the state budget, exercised leadership in the field of external relations with foreign states, supervised the general construction of the country's armed forces, etc. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had the right in the branches of management and economics assigned to the competence of the USSR, to suspend decisions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics and to cancel orders and instructions of the People's Commissariats of the USSR. Art. 71 of the USSR Constitution of 1936 established the right of deputy inquiry: a representative of the Council of People's Commissars or the People's Commissar of the USSR, to whom a request from a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR is addressed, is obliged to give an oral or written answer in the appropriate chamber.
The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, was formed at the 1st session of the Supreme Council. Soviet of the USSR January 19 1938. June 30, 1941 by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme. The Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was created State Committee Defense (GKO), in which all state power in the USSR was concentrated during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45.
The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic is the highest executive and administrative body of state power of the Union Republic. He is responsible to the Supreme Council of the Republic and is accountable to it, and in the period between sessions of the Supreme. Council - in front of the Presidium Top. The Council of the Republic and the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic are accountable to it, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, issues resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the current laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and is obliged to verify their implementation.
Composition and formation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSRAn important step towards the adoption of the USSR Constitution of 1924 was the Second Session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, which opened on July 6, 1923.
The Central Executive Committee of the USSR formed the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and in its work was responsible to it and its Presidium (Article 37 of the Constitution). The chapters on the highest bodies of the USSR enshrine the unity of legislative and executive power.
To manage the branches of public administration, 10 People's Commissariats of the USSR were created (Chapter 8 of the USSR Constitution of 1924): five all-Union (for foreign affairs, military and naval affairs, foreign trade, communications, post offices and telegraphs) and five united ones (the Supreme Council of the National Economy, Food, Labor, Finance and Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate). All-Union People's Commissariats had their representatives in the Union republics. The United People's Commissariats exercised leadership on the territory of the Union republics through the people's commissariats of the same name of the republics. In other areas, management was carried out exclusively by the union republics through the corresponding republican people's commissariats: agriculture, internal affairs, justice, education, health care, social security.
The People's Commissariat of the USSR was headed by people's commissars. Their activities combined the principles of collegiality and unity of command. Under the People's Commissar, under his chairmanship, a collegium was formed, the members of which were appointed by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The People's Commissar had the right to make decisions individually, bringing them to the attention of the collegium. In case of disagreement, the board or its individual members could appeal the decision of the People's Commissar to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, without suspending the execution of the decision.
The second session approved the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and elected V.I. Lenin as its chairman.
Since V.I. Lenin was ill, the leadership of the Council of People's Commissars was carried out by five of his deputies: L.B. Kamenev, A.I. Rykov, A.D. Tsyurupa, V.Ya. Chubar, M.D. Orakhelashvili. The Ukrainian Chubar was, from July 1923, the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine, and the Georgian Orakhelashvili was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the TSFSR, so they performed, first of all, their direct duties. From February 2, 1924, Rykov will become the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Rykov and Tsyurupa were Russian by nationality, and Kamenev was Jewish. Of the five deputies of the Council of People's Commissars, only Orakhelashvili had higher education, the other four are average. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the direct successor of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In addition to the chairman and his five deputies, the first Council of People's Commissars of the Union also included 10 people's commissars and the chairman of the OGPU with an advisory vote. Naturally, when selecting the leaders of the Council of People's Commissars, problems arose related to the necessary representation from the union republics.
The formation of the Union People's Commissariats also had its problems. The RSFSR People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade, Communications, Posts and Telegraphs, and Military and Naval Affairs were transformed into allied ones. The personnel of the People's Commissariats at that time was still formed mainly from former employees of the administrative apparatus and specialists from pre-revolutionary times. For employees who were workers before the revolution in 1921-1922. accounted for only 2.7%, which was explained by the lack of a sufficient number of literate workers. These employees automatically flowed from the Russian People's Commissariats to the Union ones, with a very small number of workers transferred from the national republics.
The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic is formed by the Supreme Council of the Union Republic, consisting of: the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic; Deputy Chairmen; Chairman of the State Planning Commission; People's Commissars: Food Industry; Light industry; Forestry industry; Agriculture; Grain and livestock state farms; Finance; Domestic trade; Internal Affairs; Justice; Healthcare; Enlightenment; Local industry; Utilities; Social Security; Authorized Procurement Committee; Head of the Department of Arts; Authorized All-Union People's Commissariats.
Story legislative framework SNKAccording to the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:
· management of general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of management (Articles 35, 37)
issuing legislative acts and taking measures “necessary for the correct and rapid flow of state life" (v.38)
The People's Commissar has the right to individually make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).
All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel a resolution or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).
17 people's commissariats are being created (this figure is indicated erroneously in the Constitution, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43).
· on foreign affairs;
· on military affairs;
· on maritime affairs;
· on internal affairs;
· Justice;
· social security;
· education;
· Posts and telegraphs;
· on nationalities affairs;
· for financial matters;
· ways of communication;
· agriculture;
· trade and industry;
· food;
· State control;
· Supreme Council of the National Economy;
· health care.
With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-Union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and order of activity of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925.
WITH at this moment The composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to allied departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:
· domestic trade;
· finance
· Internal Affairs
· Justice
· education
health care
· agriculture
social security
The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, representatives of the USSR People's Commissariats under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (according to information from the SU, 1924, N 70, art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration. (based on materials from the USSR Central State Archive of Ordinance, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.)
With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR on January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was accountable only to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, and in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.
Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has included 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):
· Food Industry
· light industry
timber industry
· agriculture
grain state farms
livestock farms
· finance
· domestic trade
· Justice
health care
· education
local industry
· public utilities
social security
Also included in the Council of People's Commissars is the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the Head of the Directorate for Arts Affairs under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
So, on the night of November 7-8, 1917, the All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted three historical documents: “Decree on Peace”, “Decree on Land” and “Resolution on the Formation of the Council of People’s Commissars” - the first Soviet government. Opponents of Bolshevism throughout the years of its existence Soviet power constantly inflated the speculative “national question”, which found its concentrated expression in the myth of the “Judeo-Bolshevik” government. The only bad thing is that our “nationally concerned” fellow citizens are ready to believe any word of their beloved Fuhrers. And we have to explain simple elementary truths over and over again.
So, for the information of everyone who wants to know objective information: in the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars there were 15 people. This data is not a great secret - the text of Lenin’s “Resolution” dated November 8, 1917 full list easy to find in volume 35 of the Complete Works. There, in the appendices, are placed short biographies all people's commissars. When the author began to analyze the national situation, an interesting thing was discovered: the national composition of the government approximately corresponded to the national composition of the entire Russian state. So, of these 15 members there were:
representatives of the Caucasian peoples (Georgians) - one (I. Dzhugashvili);
representatives of Western peoples (Pole) - one (I. Teodorovich);
representatives of Mediterranean peoples (Jews) - one (L. Bronstein);
representatives of Little Russia (Ukrainians) - three (P. Dybenko, N. Krylenko, V. Ovseenko).
9 out of 15 people were Russians. Let's list them by name:
People's Commissar of Internal Affairs - RYKOV Alexey Ivanovich. Born in 1881 into a peasant family Vyatka province, Yaransky district, Kukarki settlement. Russian. He studied at Kazan University, was expelled for participating in the revolutionary movement, a member of the RSDLP since 1898. He met the 1917 revolution in exile in the Narym region.
People's Commissar of Agriculture - MILYUTIN Vladimir Pavlovich. Born in 1884 in the village of Tugantsevo, Lgovsky district, Kursk province, in the family of a rural teacher. Russian. He studied at the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University, participated in the revolution. movement, member of the RSDLP since 1903. In 1917 he was chairman of the Saratov Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
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About the “Jewish Action” of the Cheka-NKVD |
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All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK, or Cheka), which R. Wilton mistakenly calls “Moscow”, meaning, probably, its location): Dzerzhinsky - chairman, half-Pole, half-Jew; Petere - deputy, Latvian; Shklovsky, Jew; Zeystin, Jew; Razmirovich, Jew; Kronberg, Jewish; Khaikina, Jewish; Carlson, Latvian; Schauman, Latvian; Leontovich, Jew; Rivkin, Jew; Antonov, Russian; Delafarb, a Jew; Tsitkin, Jew; Rozkirovich, Jew; G. Sverdlov, Jew; Bizensky, Jew; Blumkin, Jew; Alexandrovich, Jew; Model, Jewish; Rutenberg, Jew; Pines, Jew; Sachs, Jew; Ya. Goldin, Jew; Halperstein, Jew; Knigissen, Jew; Lateis, Latvian (or is Latsis a Jew?); Dyball, Latvian; Saysun, Armenian; Deikenen, Latvian; Libert, Jew; Vogel, German; Soured, Latvian; Schilkenkus, Jew; Janson, Latvian; Heifis, Jew. Total - 36 people, of which: 1 German, 1 Armenian, 1 Russian, 8 Latvians and 24 Jews and 1 half-Jew. This is how the “international” turned out and this is how the “Russian” revolution turned out... |
FORMATION OF THE SOVIET STATE 1917 – 1922.
WORKSHEET 1
Read the documents below and complete the tasks in them. Document 1
DECREE OF THE SECOND ALL-RUSSIAN CONGRESS OF SOVIETS ON THE FORMATION OF THE WORKERS AND PEASANTS GOVERNMENT∗
The All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies resolves:
To govern the country, until the convening of the Constituent Assembly, to form a Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars. The management of individual branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, the composition of which must ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the congress, in close unity with the mass organizations of workers, workers, sailors, soldiers, peasants and office workers. Government power belongs to the board of chairmen of these commissions, i.e. Council of People's Commissars.
Control over the activities of people's commissars and the right to remove them belongs to the All-Russian Congress of Councils of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies and its Central Executive Committee.
At the moment, the Council of People's Commissars is composed of the following persons: Chairman of the Council - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin).
People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - A.AND. Rykov. Agriculture – IN.P. Milyutin.
Labor – A.G. Shlyapnikov.
For military and naval affairs - a committee consisting of: IN.A. Ovseenko (Antonov), N.IN. Krylenko And F.M. Dybenko. For trade and industry affairs - IN.P. Nogin.
Public education - A.IN. Lunacharsky. Finance – AND.AND. Skvortsov (Stepanov).
For foreign affairs - L.D. Bronstein (Trotsky). Justice – G.AND. Oppokov (Lomov).
For food matters - AND.A. Teodorovich. Posts and telegraphs - N.P. Avilov (Glebov).
Chairman of Nationalities Affairs – AND.IN. Dzhugashvili (Stalin).
The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs remains temporarily unfilled.
Document 2
DECREE ON PEACE∗
The Workers' and Peasants' Government, created by the revolution of October 24–25 and based on the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, invites all warring peoples and their governments to immediately begin negotiations on a just democratic peace.
The just or democratic peace that the overwhelming majority of the exhausted, exhausted and war-torn workers and laboring classes of all the warring countries yearn for - the peace that the Russian workers and peasants most definitely and persistently demanded after the overthrow of the tsarist monarchy - is such a peace that the Government considers immediate a world without annexations (i.e. without the seizure of foreign lands, without the forced annexation of foreign nationalities) and without indemnities.
The Government of Russia proposes to conclude such a peace to all warring peoples immediately, expressing its readiness to immediately take, without the slightest delay, all decisive steps until the final approval of all the conditions of such a peace by authorized assemblies of people's representatives of all countries and all nations.
By annexation, or seizure, of foreign lands, the Government understands, in accordance with the legal consciousness of democracy in general and the working classes in particular, any accession to a large or strong state of a small or weak nationality without the precisely, clearly and voluntarily expressed consent and desire of this nationality, regardless of whether it is violent annexation is completed, regardless of how developed or backward the nation being forcibly annexed or forcibly retained within the borders of a given state is. Finally, regardless of whether this nation lives in Europe or in distant overseas countries.
If any nation is kept within the borders of a given state by force, if, contrary to its expressed desire, it does not matter whether this desire is expressed in the press, in popular assemblies, in party decisions or indignations and uprisings against the national oppression - the right is not granted by free vote, with the complete withdrawal of the troops of the annexing or generally stronger nation, to decide without the slightest coercion the question of the forms of state existence of this nation, then its annexation is annexation, i.e. capture and violence.
The Government considers it to be the greatest crime against humanity to continue this war over how to divide between strong and rich nations the weak nationalities they have captured and solemnly declares its determination to immediately sign peace terms ending this war on the specified terms, equally fair for all. without taking away nationalities conditions.
At the same time, the Government declares that it does not at all consider the above peace conditions to be ultimatum, i.e. agrees to consider all other peace conditions, insisting only on their proposal as quickly as possible by any belligerent country and on complete clarity, on the unconditional exclusion of any ambiguity and any mystery when proposing peace conditions.
The Government cancels secret diplomacy, for its part expressing its firm intention to conduct all negotiations completely openly before all the people, immediately proceeding to the full publication of secret agreements confirmed or concluded by the government of landowners and capitalists from February to October 25, 1917. The entire content of these secret agreements , since it is aimed, as in most cases it happened, at delivering benefits and privileges to Russian landowners and capitalists, at maintaining or increasing the annexations of the Great Russians, the Government declares it unconditionally and immediately cancelled.
Addressing the proposal to the governments and peoples of all countries to begin immediately open negotiations on concluding peace, the Government expresses for its part its readiness to conduct these negotiations both through written communications, by telegraph, and through negotiations between representatives of different countries or at a conference. -out representatives. To facilitate such negotiations, the Government appoints its authorized representative to neutral countries.
The government invites all governments and peoples of all warring countries to immediately conclude a truce, and for its part considers it desirable that this truce be concluded for no less than three months, i.e. for such a period during which it is quite possible both to complete peace negotiations with the participation of representatives of all, without exception, nationalities or nations drawn into the war or forced to participate in it, as well as to convene authorized meetings of people's representatives of all countries to finalize the terms peace.
Addressing this peace proposal to the governments and peoples of all warring countries, the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Russia also addresses in particular the class-conscious workers of the three most advanced nations of humanity and the largest participating in real war states - England, France and Germany. The workers of these countries rendered the greatest services to the cause of progress and socialism, and great examples of the Chartist movement in England, a number of revolutions of world-historical significance carried out by the French proletariat, and finally, in the heroic struggle against the exclusive law in Germany and exemplary for the workers of the whole world the long, persistent, disciplined work of creating mass proletarian organizations in Germany - all these examples of proletarian heroism and historical creativity serve as our guarantee that the workers of these countries will understand the tasks that now lie upon them to liberate humanity from the horrors of war and its consequences, that these workers, through their all-round decisive and selflessly energetic activity, will help us successfully complete the cause of peace and at the same time the cause of liberation of the working and exploited masses of the population from all slavery and all exploitation.
Signed by Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)
Tasks
1. What was the name of the first Soviet government and why its powers were declared temporary? 2. Which government bodies determined the composition of the Soviet government??
3. What did the Soviet government mean by proposal? « democratic world … without annexations and indemnities»?
4. What role did the Soviet government assign to the workers of the warring states in immediately ending the war??
1. The first Soviet government was called Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. It was created temporarily until the convening of the Constituent Assembly. After the death of Nicholas 2, the right of inheritance passed to Mikhail Alexandrovich, who agreed to accept power only after popular elections about the final power in the country. At the same time, the Soviets developed. As a result, dual power was established in the country.
2. Control over the activities of people's commissars and the right to remove them belongs to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies and its Central Executive Committee.
3. " those. without the seizure of foreign lands, without the forcible annexation of foreign nationalities) and without indemnities.”
A large, strong state does not have the right to annex a small and weak nation, without the consent of the nation itself, no matter how backward it is, no matter where it is located. The state has no right to determine the form of state existence of the nation; this accession is annexation.
4. Immediate peace. The task of liberating humanity from the horrors of war and its consequences, and with their energetic activity the workers will help bring the matter to peace and free the working masses from all slavery and exploitation.
Document 3
ABOUT THE SITUATION IN THE TAMBOV VILLAGE 1919–1920∗
If they refuse to give the “surplus” supplies to the food brigades, the peasants are arrested in droves and their property is confiscated – from both the rich and the middle-class. And even the poor. Such confiscations, releasing peasants around the world, occur in most districts of the Tambov province. Usually the soldiers force the peasants themselves to load the carts with grain, goods and utensils, agricultural tools, and the confiscated property is taken to the nearest provincial or district town, where most often both the cart and the horse are left, and the peasant returns home beggarly if he is not arrested.
In Kirsanovsky district... the following method of punishing peasants is practiced: all their property is confiscated, adults are taken to forced labor camps, and children are taken to orphanages. Without encountering any resistance from the terrorized population, those authorized by the Soviet government in choosing punitive measures crossed the boundaries of everything human. In the winter of 1920, the provincial food commissar Goldin ordered that peasants hand over potatoes no smaller than an egg to the workers, threatening that if they were smaller, the cart and horse that would deliver the crop would be confiscated. This decree was not just a threat: the horse and harness of Roman Molodtsov, a peasant in the village of Tokarevka, were confiscated for transporting small potatoes to the Tokarevsky warehouse. In Bolshe-Lipovetsky district, a peasant who refused to hand over his grain was buried waist-deep in the ground, and he was kept in this position until he agreed to part with his last grain.
Before Easter, the Tambov provincial food detachments received from Moscow, from the People's Commissariat of Food, a telegram with an order to send a carload of geese to Moscow to the Central Committee of the RCP(b). The order was carried out. The Tambov committee did the same, and party members and their relatives received 30 pounds of geese.
All this, naturally, could not but cause protest from the peasantry. At first these were requests and complaints to those commissars and chiefs who seemed more fair to them, to those who committed injustice and atrocities.
In response, however, a wave of repression and terror rolled in, which ultimately caused the peasant war (in comparison with which Razinism or Pugachevism look like child’s play).
Document 4
FROM THE ORDER OF THE COMMANDER OF THE TROOPS OF THE TAMBOV PROVINCE M.N. TUKHACHEVSKY ON ACTIONS TO ELIMINATE THE REBELLION∗
All the peasants of Soviet Russia took up field improvements with redoubled force. Agriculture.
Only in the Tambov province, where the Socialist Revolutionary Party, a party against the working class and peasantry, had built a nest for itself, did banditry develop, which threatens to completely destroy the already ruined agriculture of the Tambov province...
The Workers' and Peasants' Government decided to the shortest possible time to eradicate the Socialist Revolutionary gangs in the Tambov province by implementing the most decisive measures.
In pursuance of this, by resolution of the Plenipotentiary Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, I order:
1. Troops of the Tambov province with the reinforcements they received quick action destroy gangs of bandits.
3. The families of bandits who do not appear are strictly arrested, and their property is confiscated and distributed among peasants loyal to Soviet power.
Commander of the troops Chief of the General Staff
Tukhachevsky Kakurin
Tasks
1. Describe the methods, which carried out surplus appropriation in the Tambov province. 2. How did employees of food detachments exceed their powers??
3. What, In your, became the cause of mass discontent among peasants in the Tambov province?
4. What methods were used to suppress the peasant revolt of 1921 in the Tambov province?
1 .Confiscation of property from all segments of the population; In the Kirsanovsky district, all the property of the peasants is taken away, adults are taken to forced labor camps, and children are taken to orphanages.
2. Due to the fact that the Soviet government did not encounter any resistance among the population, punitive measures were tightened. “In the winter of 1920, the provincial food commissar Goldin ordered that the peasants hand over potatoes to food workers no less than the size of an egg, threatening that if they were smaller, a cart and a horse, who deliver the harvest will be confiscated. This decree was not just a threat: the horse and harness of Roman Molodtsov, a peasant from the village of Tokarevka, were confiscated for delivering small potatoes to the Tokarevsky warehouse.” For not delivering the grain, the peasant was buried waist-deep in the ground.
3. The facts presented in the document about the abuse of power by workers of food detachments, about bullying of peasants, they indicate that the discontent of the peasants began to increase and ultimately caused a peasant war, incomparable to the Pugachev war.
4. methods of suppressing the storm: 1. The troops of the Tambov province with the reinforcements they received should quickly destroy the bandit gangs.
2. All peasants who joined the gangs must immediately come to the disposal of the Soviet authorities, hand over their weapons and hand over the leaders to be brought before a military revolutionary tribunal. Bandits who voluntarily surrender do not face the death penalty.
3. Families of bandits who do not appear are strictly arrested, and their property is confiscated and distributed among peasants loyal to Soviet power.
4. The arrested families, if the bandit does not appear and surrender, will be resettled to remote regions of the RSFSR. 5. Bandits who fail to show up to surrender are considered illegal.
6. Honest peasants should not allow the mobilization and formation of gangs of bandits in the villages and report all gangs to the Red Army troops.
7. All military units of the Red Army, without exception, provide support to the peasants and steadily protect them from attacks by bandits.
8. This order is the last warning before decisive action and will be implemented strictly and steadily.
WORKSHEET 2
Define the following concepts and decipher the abbreviations.
Food detachment- during the period of war communism (it is important to note that the first food detachments appeared in the summer of 1917, under the auspices of the Provisional Government) an armed detachment that participated in food appropriation. The food detachments consisted mainly of workers, soldiers and sailors.
Combed- Kindness Committee, an organ of Soviet power in rural areas during the years of "war communism". They were created by decrees of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 11, 1918 and the Council of People's Commissars of August 6, 1918 with the purpose of:
"War Communism"- Name domestic policy Soviet state, held in 1918 - 1921. in conditions of the Civil War. Her characteristic features there was extreme centralization of economic management, nationalization of large, medium and even small industry (partially), state monopoly on many agricultural products, surplus appropriation, prohibition of private trade, curtailment of commodity-money relations, equalization in the distribution of material goods, militarization of labor. This policy was consistent with the principles on the basis of which, according to Marxists, a communist society should arise.
Labor mobilization –
Food dictatorship- a system of emergency measures of the Soviet government in 1918-21 to organize food supplies (centralization of food procurement and distribution, monopoly of grain trade, requisition of grain, surplus appropriation, etc.). Implemented by the People's Commissariat for Food, it caused mass protests by the peasantry. Canceled with the introduction of the New Economic Policy.
"The Dispossessed"- unofficial name of a citizen of the RSFSR, USSR, deprived of voting rights according to the Constitutions of the RSFSR of 1918 and 1925.
Prodrazverstka- in Russia, a system of government measures, carried out during periods of military and economic crises, aimed at fulfilling the procurement of agricultural products. The principle of surplus appropriation was the obligatory delivery by producers to the state of an established (“deployed”) standard of products at prices set by the state.
CHON- special purpose units, “communist squads”, “military party detachments”, created at factory party cells (party cells), district, city, district and provincial party committees on the basis of a resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) dated April 17, 1919 to provide assistance to Soviet authorities in the fight against counter-revolution, performing guard duty at particularly important facilities, etc.
VOHR- (troops of the internal security of the republic) - troops of the Cheka, OGPU, NKVD of the RSFSR (USSR), whose task included the protection and defense of especially important facilities, escorting cargo, guarding places of deprivation of liberty.
Cheka – All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (1917-1922). Formed on December 7 (20), 1917. Liquidated with the transfer of powers to the State political management(GPU NKVD RSFSR) under the NKVD RSFSR on February 6, 1922. The Cheka was the body of the “dictatorship of the proletariat” for the protection of state security of the RSFSR, “the leading body in the fight against counter-revolution throughout the country.” The Cheka had territorial divisions to “fight counter-revolution on the ground.”
WORKSHEET 3
Fill the table.
First Soviet government
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars IN AND. Lenin
Narcotics and People's Commissars
Titles People's Commissars
Select from the solutions provided, actions , indicate , which characterize :
a) “emergency” b) “war communism”
1. Resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on the transformation of the Soviet Republic into a single military camp.
2. Mass terror as the physical destruction of opponents, intimidation of the population.
3. Introduction of committees of poor people.
4. Creation of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense. 5. Refusal of terror against the masses.
6. Emergency bodies that acted outside the law, using special powers and dictatorial methods.
7. Limitation of the actions of governing bodies within the framework of revolutionary legality.
Answer: a) 1 b) 6
Fill the table.
Last time Vladimir Putin entertains his beloved subjects not only with brutal aphorisms like “we’ll soak you in the toilet” and “you’ll be tired of swallowing dust,” but also with outstanding discoveries in the field of history. According to the president, the Russian army in Seven Years' War commanded by someone who died thirty years before it began Peter I. The garrison of the Brest Fortress, of which even Chechen researchers find it difficult to find barely three percent of their fellow tribesmen, consisted of as many as a third of proud Vainakhs. Bolsheviks, silencing the First world war, introduced chapters about it into the school history course, and published the works of its participants, such as generals, in thousands of copies Andrey Zayonchkovsky And Alexey Brusilov, and even greater - the work of modern researchers such as Barbara Tuckman And Nikolai Yakovlev…
Vladimir Vladimirovich’s latest historical revelation was noted during a visit to the Moscow Jewish Museum and the Tolerance Center operating there, where, at the suggestion of the head of state, over 60 thousand ancient books and documents were transferred from the library of the head of the Hasidic Jewish religious movement “Chabad” Joseph Schneerson. To emphasize his generosity, the president reminded the grateful rabbis of those who took away their precious books and subtly mentioned the nationality of the expropriators.
“The decision to nationalize this library was made by the first Soviet government, and its members were approximately 80-85 percent Jewish. — Putin was denounced by the Bolshevik Council of People's Commissars. “But they, guided by false ideological considerations, then went for arrests and repressions of both Jews and Orthodox Christians, representatives of other faiths, and Muslims. They all were treated with the same brush. And these ideological blinders and false ideological guidelines, thank God, collapsed. And today we are, in fact, handing over these books to the Jewish community with a smile. I congratulate all of us on this event.”
It’s unlikely that Putin knows where the 85% in his report came from, but since the referents still won’t tell, this is not the first time that the sinner I have had to fill in the gap in presidential education. I inform you: the ominous figure was taken from the book of an emigrant writer Andrey Diky (Zankevich) “Jews in the USSR”, where this is the composition of the Council of People’s Commissars.
“Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom, SNK) 1918: Lenin- chairman, Chicherin— foreign affairs, Russian; Lunacharsky- enlightenment, Jew; Dzhugashvili (Stalin) - nationalities, Georgians; Protian- agriculture, Armenian; Larin (Lurie)- economic council, Jew; Schlichter- supply, Jew; Trotsky (Bronstein)- army and navy, Jew; Lander- state control, Jew; Kaufman- state property, Jew; V. Schmidt- labor, Jew; Lilina (Knigissen)- public health, Jewish; Spitsberg- cults, Jew; Zinoviev (Apfelbaum) - internal affairs, Jew; Anvelt- hygiene, Jew; Isidor Gukovsky- finance, Jew; Volodarsky- seal, Jew; Uritsky- elections, Jew; I. Steinberg- justice, Jew; Fengstein- refugees, Jew. In total, out of 20 people’s commissars, there is one Russian, one Georgian, one Armenian and 17 Jews.”
According to Zankevich, 85% are indeed Jews, but even a cursory glance at his list irrefutably proves that the author is lying. His “first Council of People’s Commissars” has been replaced by several subsequent ones, and the names and nationalities of the commissars are mixed up. Thus, the left Socialist Revolutionary Isaac Steinberg was indeed a Jew and the People's Commissar of Justice, but only from December 10, 1917, when his party decided to enter the government. Another left Socialist Revolutionary, the Armenian Prosh Proshyan, from that same day took the post of People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs, and not of Agriculture. Among the Jews Zankevich included the Estonian Jan Anvelt, the Russian Anatoly Lunacharsky, the Germans Karl Lander and Vasily Shmidt, of which only Lunacharsky was actually a member of the first Soviet government. Jews Grigory Zinoviev (Apfelbaum) And Moses Volodarsky (Goldstein) the first Council of People's Commissars were not included, but Jewish people's commissars Kaufman, Lilina (Knigissen), Fengstein And Spitsberg didn't exist at all.
Meanwhile, who was who in the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars, formed on October 26 (November 8), 1917, immediately after the October Revolution, has long been known from the corresponding resolution published in the 35th volume of the complete works of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and a quarter of a Jew - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin). In addition to him, the government included:
People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - Alexey Rykov, Russian.
People's Commissar of Agriculture - Vladimir Milyutin, Russian.
People's Commissar of Labor - Alexander Shlyapnikov, Russian.
The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs is a committee consisting of: Vladimir Ovseenko (Antonov), Pavel Dybenko And Nikolai Krylenko(the first two are Ukrainians, the third is perhaps half or a quarter Jewish, but with the same success his grandfather, the foreman of the volost administration Abram Korneevich Krylenko, could also be Russian, who received his name at baptism from the priest according to the calendar).
People's Commissar for Trade and Industry Victor Nogin, Russian.
People's Commissar of Public Education - Anatoly Lunacharsky, Russian.
People's Commissar of Finance - Ivan Skvortsov (Stepanov), Russian.
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs - Lev Bronstein (Trotsky), Jew.
People's Commissar of Justice - Georgy Oppokov (Lomov), Russian.
People's Commissar for Food Affairs - Ivan Teodorovich, Pole.
People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - Nikolay Avilov (Glebov), Russian.
People's Commissar for Nationalities Affairs - Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin), Georgian.
Delirium of the Wild was popular among dwarf-type patriotic parties in the late 80s/early 90s. last century, but subsequently they stopped referring to it, fortunately there were already enough documents about the prohibitively high share of Jews in the ruling and punitive bodies. But Putin’s assistants are probably lazy once again get on the Internet, and they, taking advantage of the boss’s historical naivety, once again fed him a fake.
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