Independent living means the right and opportunity to choose how to live. It means living like others, being able to decide for yourself what to do, who to meet and where to go, being limited only to the extent that other people without disabilities are limited. This means having the right to make mistakes just like any other person.
To become truly independent, people with disabilities must confront and overcome many obstacles. Such barriers can be obvious (physical environment, etc.), as well as hidden (attitudes of people). If you overcome these obstacles, you can achieve many benefits for yourself, this is the first step towards living full life, serving as employees, employers, spouses, parents, athletes, politicians and taxpayers, in other words, to fully participate in society and be an active member of it.
Philosophy independent life broadly speaking, it is a movement to protect the civil rights of millions of people with disabilities around the world. This is a wave of protest against segregation and discrimination against people with disabilities, as well as support for the rights of people with disabilities and their ability to fully share the responsibilities and joys of our society.
As a philosophy, Independent Living is globally defined as the ability to have complete control over one's life through acceptable choices that minimize dependence on others for decisions and daily activities. This concept includes control over one’s own affairs, participation in Everyday life society, fulfilling a range of social roles and making decisions that lead to self-determination and a decrease in psychological or physical dependence on others. Independence is a relative concept, which each person defines differently.
The philosophy of independent living makes clear the difference between a meaningless life in isolation and fulfilling participation in society.
Basic concepts of independent living for people with disabilities
· Don't see my disability as a problem.
· Don't support me, I'm not as weak as I think.
· Do not treat me as a patient, as I am simply your fellow countryman.
· Don't try to change me. You don't have the right to do this.
· Don't try to control me. I have the right to my own life, like any person.
· Don’t teach me to be submissive, humble and polite. Don't do me a favor.
· Recognize that the real problem that people with disabilities face is their social devaluation and oppression, and prejudice against them.
· Support me so that I can contribute to society to the best of my ability.
· Help me know what I want.
· Be someone who cares, takes the time, and who doesn't fight to do better.
· Be with me even when we fight each other.
· Don't help me when I don't need it, even if it gives you pleasure.
· Don't admire me. The desire to live a fulfilling life is not admirable.
· Get to know me better. We can be friends.
· Be allies in the fight against those who use me for their own gratification.
· Let's respect each other. After all, respect presupposes equality. Listen, support and act.
Model Regulations on the Center for Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Disabled People
OBJECTIVES OF THE CENTER
- Detailing and specification individual programs rehabilitation of disabled people developed by institutions Civil service medical and social examination;
- Development (based on a detailed and specific individual rehabilitation program) of plans and programs for the rehabilitation of disabled people in the Center;
- Carrying out medical rehabilitation;
- Organization and implementation of measures for prosthetics and cutting of disabled people;
- Implementation of professional rehabilitation of disabled people;
- Carrying out social rehabilitation disabled people;
- Conducting comprehensive psychological rehabilitation;
- Dynamic control over the process of rehabilitation of disabled people;
- Participation in the organization of training and retraining of personnel for departments and offices of multidisciplinary comprehensive rehabilitation of disabled people;
- Providing organizational and methodological assistance to independent departments and offices of multidisciplinary comprehensive rehabilitation of disabled people;
- Providing advisory and methodological assistance on the rehabilitation of disabled people to public, state and other organizations, as well as individual citizens.
3. MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTER
In accordance with the listed tasks, the Center performs the following functions:
- clarification of rehabilitation potential;
- carrying out rehabilitation therapy;
- performing reconstructive surgery;
- restoration, improvement or compensation of lost functions;
- speech therapy training;
- organization physical therapy;
- organization and implementation of measures related to prosthetics for disabled people, training them in the skills of using prostheses;
- implementation of a comprehensive system of measures for the professional rehabilitation of disabled people to return them to active work;
- identification and selection of appropriate types of profession for disabled people that fully correspond to their health status;
- organization of vocational guidance and selection
disabled people;
- organization of vocational training and retraining of disabled people;
- organization of professional and industrial adaptation of disabled people;
- teaching disabled people the basics entrepreneurial activity and skills of active behavior in the labor market;
- organization of social and everyday adaptation of disabled people;
- implementation of measures for social and environmental orientation of disabled people;
- implementation of measures to adapt families to the problems of people with disabilities;
- informing people with disabilities about rehabilitation services that are provided to them free of charge or for a fee;
- training disabled people in the use of special products and technical means that make their work and life easier;
- involving disabled people in amateur or professional sports;
- conducting psychotherapeutic and psychological activities;
- scientific support and analysis of experience in organizing the work of bodies and institutions of medical and social examination, rehabilitation and prosthetics for people with disabilities and the development of recommendations for its improvement;
- organization of information and advisory assistance on legal, medical and other issues related to the rehabilitation of disabled people.
Introduction
Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological prerequisites for the analysis of the conceptualization of independent life of disabled people
1. Changes in research approaches to assessing the place of people with disabilities in society 18
2. The influence of state social policy on the development of amateur public organizations of disabled people 49
Chapter 2. Analysis of the practice of creating and functioning of the Center for Independent Living of Disabled People (using the example of the city of Samara)
3. Attitude of people with disabilities to participation in public organizations built on the principles of self-government 87
4. Formation of the Center for Independent Living as an innovative social technology 119
Conclusion 146
References 151
Appendix 162
Introduction to the work
Relevance of the research topic. There are more than ten million disabled people in Russia. In reality, for the most part, these people are excluded from the social and political life of the country. Throughout history, the Russian state has implemented social policies aimed at solving the problems of people with disabilities. At each stage of its development, state social policy was guided both by the resources that could be allocated to support people with disabilities, and by the prevailing ideas about what they should be spent on.
In recent decades, Russian society has faced increasing problems in understanding support for people with disabilities. This was due to a period of economic instability, an increase in the number of people with disabilities, and the fact that “traditional”, outdated approaches to solving problems regarding people with disabilities dominated both in society and in its power structures. The dominant views were formed at the first stage of the formation of the corresponding direction of state social policy.
The first stage was focused exclusively on solving the material problems of disabled people (benefits, payments, etc.). Current government programs for people with disabilities were aimed primarily at their care. Such social policies contributed to the development of dependence and isolation of disabled people, rather than promoting their integration into society. For most people with disabilities to be included in active life society, had to overcome many administrative and psychological barriers, and face one form or another of discrimination. The situation was especially acute with regard to wheelchair users and, above all, the youth part of this group. Among them, the most interested in changing the situation were disabled people of working age. This was explained by the fact that it was disabled people of working age who had the potential necessary to overcome their passive position.
4 At the second stage of development of social policy, the state was
An attempt was made to create conditions for those disabled people who wanted and were able to work. Labor artels and cooperatives of disabled people were created. At the same time, this direction of social policy continued to place emphasis on material support for people with disabilities. The truth is that the difference (and quite a significant one) was that in this case an attempt was made to refuse to encourage dependent attitudes among disabled people. They were provided with conditions for employment and the opportunity to earn their own living (in addition to a paid pension). But it should be borne in mind that the increment was small. A disabled person, as a rule, was provided with low-skilled, monotonous work, which suited not everyone.
With the growth of the culture of society, with the development of social sciences, there is an understanding that it is necessary to satisfy not only the material needs of people with disabilities, but also the social ones, and there is an understanding of the need to use other methods of solving the problems of this group of people in new socio-economic conditions. The difference between disabled people and other people in their ability to jointly protect their rights and provide mutual support and assistance is taken into account. This served as an impetus for the development of the next stage of social policy, the stage when conditions are created for uniting people with disabilities in public organizations and creating their own based on them own enterprises. This direction to some extent coincided with the directions of social policy in Western countries, where the state encourages people with disabilities to independently determine their lives.
The disadvantages of implementing this new stage in the development of social policy in Russia include the organizational dependence of public organizations on the state, the lack of a sense of equality with other citizens and independence among disabled people. At a time when the concept of independent living for disabled people is already being discussed in the West, in Russia
5 disabled people are not endowed with independence and have multiple social limitations.
Meanwhile, at the end of the twentieth century, Russian society was faced with the fact that among disabled people the number of people with average and higher education. New technical means are emerging that allow people with disabilities to actively participate in work, public life. The very content of labor in society has changed. Labor processes have become knowledge-intensive, requiring deep knowledge. At the same time, they do not create insurmountable obstacles to the participation of people with disabilities. This new situation requires a revision of a number of legislative provisions in the field of labor, a new approach to assessing the possibility of participation of disabled people in production and business. At the same time, social policy does not react entirely constructively to this, and either simply leaves or avoids these problems.
As a consequence of this, highly educated youth with limited physical capabilities are little involved in production activities, in the activities of public organizations. Young people with disabilities suffer from isolation, low self-esteem and face barriers that prevent them from learning, working, starting a family and being able to live the lives they want.
It is becoming increasingly obvious that the main direction in organizing an independent lifestyle for disabled people is the creation of a living environment that would encourage young disabled people to be independent, self-sufficient, and renounce dependent attitudes and overprotection. In these conditions, people with disabilities and their public organizations begin to independently search for new ways to achieve their independence and integration into society. However, neither science nor practice is yet ready to help them today by providing them with the necessary knowledge and experience in the search for new guidelines for self-organization. There are still few attempts to generalize the experience of practitioners-organizers and people with disabilities themselves in solving this problem. Lack of necessary justification for restraining
There are fundamental changes in the current legislation related to policies regarding people with disabilities. And although social practice puts forward research into the life strategies of people with disabilities as a priority task for science, it still does not have clear guidelines in the development of the participation of people with disabilities in public life.
In these conditions, the amateur performance of disabled people acquires great importance, since this is nothing more than the development of the independent living movement, when the initiative comes from the disabled themselves, “from below” and the state is forced to respond to the actions of the disabled. This, in turn, increases the role of public organizations created by people with disabilities themselves. Associations of people - public organizations know the true needs and requirements of each individual group of people with physical disabilities. The work of public organizations can logically complement government activities in the field of social protection of people with disabilities, bringing social support and assistance to everyone. Of particular importance is sociological analysis the orientation of society towards supporting public organizations of people with disabilities, the position and value orientations of people with disabilities themselves, the content of interaction between their public organizations and government bodies.
Thus, the relevance of the research topic is explained by the fact that science today lags significantly behind the needs of society in studying the problems of people with disabilities. She is not ready to give specific recommendations or methods for developing social policy regarding people with disabilities.
Problem, underlying the dissertation work is the contradiction between the awareness of the need to develop amateur public organizations of people with disabilities, facilitating their integration into active public life and the lack of a scientifically based idea about the methods, means and ways of establishing such organizations and the conditions that must be created for their success work.
Evaluating degree of development of the problem, It should be noted that in the last decade in scientific publications on social
7 rehabilitation of disabled people, there is an increasing awareness of the need
solving problems of self-organization of disabled people in Russia. In the works of I. Albegova, N. Dementieva, L. Krasotina, A. Lazortseva, T. Voronkova, L. Makarova, A. Shumilin, S. Koloskov, attention is paid to the factors determining the development of social policy in relation to people with disabilities, substantiating the importance of satisfaction social needs of disabled people.
The problems of social rehabilitation of disabled people today are in the center of attention of domestic and foreign science. An analysis of foreign and domestic publications allows us to conclude that a wide range of scientists (T. Vinogradova, Y. Kachalova, E. Yarskaya- Smirnova, L. Kosals, C. Cooley, R. Linton, G. Mead, N. Smelzer). Their research covers a wide range of problems that arise when society attempts to help people with disabilities. Various aspects of the life of disabled people in society are considered. It can be argued that the problem of social activity, as a proactive life strategy for people with disabilities, is complex in nature and is the object of research in various sciences - medicine, philosophy, law, sociology, psychology, economics.
The approaches developed by scientists to assess the ways of rehabilitation of disabled people represent a consistent series of models that reflect both the level of development of society at the time of their creation and the level of development of scientific thought.
Currently, the scientific literature clearly identifies the problems of disabled people: employment, education, active participation in public life, self-organization, etc. Initially, the dominant model for the rehabilitation of disabled people, their integration into society, was the model of medical rehabilitation, and it was mainly focused on solving problems of disabled people related to their diseases
8 nothing, with their health. This is not in doubt. After all, it is medical measures that are primarily aimed at the possible restoration of health for a disabled person. At the same time, today the rate of rehabilitation of disabled people is very low and does not exceed 2.3% upon re-examination. 1 According to the UN, on average 10% of the population of each country are disabled, and most of them cannot lead a full life due to existing social and physical barriers. Currently, the number of disabled people in Russia is 10.1 million people, and it should be noted that there has been a significant increase in recent years. According to the Russian Ministry of Labor, since 1992, more than 1 million people have received disabled status in the Russian Federation every year. In 1999, 1049.7 thousand people were recognized as disabled for the first time, incl. disabled people of group 1 - 137.7 thousand (13.1%), group 2 - 654.7 thousand (62.4%), group 3 - 257.3 thousand (24.5%). The most significant increase in the number of persons recognized as disabled for the first time was registered in 1995 (1346.9 thousand people). At the same time, the share of disabled people of working age increased from 37.7% in 1995 to 53.7% in 1999. Compared to 1992, the number of disabled people of working age increased by almost a third (29.9%) and amounted to 563.6 thousand people, or 53.7% of the total number of disabled people (in 1992 - 434.0 thousand, respectively). people, or 39%). 3 The medical model of rehabilitation does not allow us to fully solve the social problems of people with disabilities. Moreover, the lack of a differentiated approach to people with disabilities by type of disease (vision, hearing, musculoskeletal system) does not allow a comprehensive consideration of the problem and thereby makes the medical model of rehabilitation narrowly focused. It is noted that the medical model of rehabilitation classifies disabled people as people who lead a passive lifestyle, and
1.Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation” No. 181-FZ dated November 24, 1995. 2. Frolova E. Main factors and trends in disability of the population of Russia. / In the book. Equal opportunities for people with disabilities: problems and government strategy. - M.: VOI, 2000. - P.62. Z. Puzin S. On the situation of disabled people in Russia / book. Equal opportunities for people with disabilities: problems and government strategy. -M.: VOI, 2000. -P.56.
9 can perform only such actions as determined by doctors.
At that time, researchers critical of the limitations of the medical model noted that rehabilitation of a disabled person consists not only of training the disabled person himself to adapt to the environment, but also of intervening in the surrounding society in order to promote social integration, promote the recovery of the disabled person and the environment his society into a socially unified whole. These positions are reflected in the works of A. Chogovadze, B. Polyaev, G. Ivanova. 4
In her work devoted to the sociocultural analysis of atypicality, E. Yarskaya-Smirnova notes that growing up in Russian society Concern about the possible adverse consequences of the institutional exclusion of a number of social groups, including people with disabilities and their families, not only serves as an incentive for the development of social rehabilitation programs, but also requires functional analysis processes of change and methods of reproduction of the characteristics of the social structure. The problem of limited human capabilities that arises in this regard is complex and acute. 5
The social model of rehabilitation of disabled people, formulated by the head of the public organization of disabled people “Perspective” E. Kim, as the concept of independent life, was confirmed in the works of M. Levin, E. Pechersky, E. Kholostova, E. Yarskaya-Smirnova. At the same time, much attention is paid to the rights of a disabled person as a member of society and equal opportunities. Initially, the social model of rehabilitation differed from the medical one in that with satisfaction physiological needs disabled people, their social needs begin to be met - training, participation in sports life, informing. And although this is a positive point, it still does not solve the problem of meeting the social needs of disabled people that are associated
4. Chogovadze A., Polyaev B., Ivanova G. Medical rehabilitation of sick and disabled people / Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. -M., 1995, -Chapter Z, -P.9. 5.Yarskaya-Smirnova E. Sociocultural analysis of atypicality. -Saratov, 1997. -P.7.
10 with their status in society. And as a consequence, the development of the social model
moves to the next level when an attempt is made to develop the social activities of people with disabilities. Public organizations of disabled people are being created. Disabled people are involved in managing life processes. This gave them some opportunity for self-realization. But in all this there was one significant drawback: all the activities of people with disabilities and their public organizations depended on the state. Disabled people depend on benefits, on budget subsidies, on the opinions and mood of officials.
Issues of the development of existing social protection institutions and the need to create institutions of a fundamentally new type, as close as possible to a specific person with disabilities and dealing with a comprehensive solution to their problems, are highlighted in the works of E. Kholostova, L. Grachev, M. Ternovskaya, N. Dementieva, A. Osadchikh, M. Ginkel, D-S.B. Yandak, M. Mirsaganova, M. Sadovsky, T. Dobrovolskaya. In their works, they emphasize the idea that an effective comprehensive solution is possible with the participation of public organizations of people with disabilities, when a disabled person independently determines his lifestyle and acts as an expert in solving his problems. And in this case, the public organization does not act as an auxiliary, but as the main, dominant structure focused on helping people with disabilities, while using the capabilities of government agencies. This approach is fundamentally different from the existing one, where high-cost government agencies dominate, and people with disabilities and their public organizations can only accept what is offered to them. This is nothing more than the next stage in the development of the social model of rehabilitation of disabled people.
A differentiated, comprehensive approach to the rehabilitation of disabled people involves interaction various structures social sphere - interdepartmental interaction. Personification of disabled people within a single information field will make it possible to obtain an assessment of the dynamics of satisfaction
satisfaction with rehabilitation, identify problematic issues in providing measures of social rehabilitation. The essence of this approach lies in the study of the processes of construction by disabled people themselves and their environment of social reality, including their needs, motives and certain life strategies. Analysis of the social consequences of budget policy, analysis of the existing practice of interdepartmental relations is reflected in the works of V. Beskrovnaya, N. Bondarenko, A. Proshin, V. Dubin, A. Orlov, P. Druzhinin, E. Fedorova, T. Sumskaya, N. Mitasova. In our analysis we are guided by the main provisions chosen by them. At the same time, we cannot fail to note that the development of amateur performances of disabled people through the creation certain conditions, is complicated by the lack of scientific recommendations on what methods can be used to accomplish this.
A certain contradiction is created. On the one hand, a review of scientific literature on a given issue indicates a fundamental theoretical and methodological basis in this area of sociology. On the other hand, there is an insufficient tradition empirical research life strategies of disabled people. The conceptual scientific substantiation of actually existing life strategies of people with disabilities, including proactive ones, is represented by a very small number of works. In addition, the scientific literature practically does not analyze the options for proactive life strategies of people with disabilities and methods for their implementation. An exception are the works of E. Kim, M. Mason, D. Shapiro, D. MacDonald, M. Oxford, which substantiate the need to organize public associations of disabled people as one of the forms of a social institution.
It becomes obvious the need to fill the existing gap and practical activities to implement the priority, in our opinion, concept of an independent lifestyle for people with disabilities and, corresponding to it, an organizational form, as a proactive life strategy.
12 That is why this topic was the focus of our research attention.
The initial guidelines of the dissertation research were largely formed under the influence of the sociocultural theory of atypicality developed by E. Yarskaya-Smirnova and other scientists of the Saratov school.
Theoretical and methodological basis dissertation research is determined by its applied and interdepartmental nature. The analysis of the problem under study was carried out at the intersection of such areas of knowledge as stratification research, research in the field of social work, in the field of integration processes from the perspective of sociology, psychology, and social anthropology. The author’s position was formed under the influence of the concepts of an independent lifestyle for people with disabilities developed by J. Dejohn, D. MacDonald, E. Kim. 6
These concepts are based on the social constructivism of P. Berger and T. Luckmann, which absorbed and synthesized the ideas of W. Dilthey, G. Simmel, M. Weber, W. James, J. Dewey. An important role in substantiating the direction of the analysis was played by the theoretical developments of domestic researchers E. Yarskaya-Smirnova, E. Kholostova, L. Grachev, M. Ternovskaya, who defended the ideas of a comprehensive solution to the problems of rehabilitation, as well as a differentiated approach to finding ways to integrate people with disabilities into society.
Reliability and validity The results of the study are determined by consistent theoretical principles, the correct application of sociological principles about social processes and social institutions, about social structure. The results and interpretations of the study are correlated with existing research problems of social rehabilitation of disabled people, life strategy.
b.Sm., D. MacDonald, M. Oxford History of the independent living movement for disabled people. Website of the American Centers for Independent Living, http // www. acils. com/acil I ilhistor. htm. E.H. Kim Experience in social work within the framework of implementing the concept of independent living in the activities of non-governmental organizations. St. Petersburg, 2001. -192 p.
13 Target dissertation research is to substantiate
approach to creating a social institution of a fundamentally new type, based on an analysis of modern concepts of social rehabilitation of disabled people and the experience of forming one of the first in the Samara region, the Center for Independent Living of Disabled People. The basic structure on which the Center for Independent Living is formed is an amateur public organization of people with disabilities, wheelchair users, who are able to best ensure the integration of people with disabilities into society.
To achieve this goal it was necessary to solve the following tasks:
consider the trend in the development of scientific knowledge about the social rehabilitation of people with disabilities, the typology of individual life strategies, defining in them the place of activity of people with disabilities in public organizations;
describe theoretical constructs of a differentiated, personalized approach that exist in the sociological literature to describe the basic elements of a personality structure capable of forming and implementing proactive life strategies;
describe the cognitive capabilities of qualitative methodology for studying the activities of public organizations of people with disabilities as a pro-active life strategy for people with disabilities;
analyze the attitude of people with disabilities to participation in public organizations that provide them with independent activities and the opportunity to lead an active lifestyle;
summarize and analyze the regional experience of the Center for Independent Living, organized on the basis of the public organization of wheelchair users “Desnitsa” in the city of Samara, as a proactive life strategy for people with disabilities.
14 The object of the dissertation research are existing
organizational forms of independent life for disabled people, public
organizations, social institutions in which it is possible to use
principles of self-government, self-organization, helping each other.
The subject of the study is the attitude towards a new form of self-organization of people with disabilities, both disabled people who are members of the public organization “Desnitsa” and disabled people who are not its members.
The central hypothesis of the study is the assumption of a predominantly active lifestyle among wheelchair users who took part in the activities of the new public organization “Desnitsa”, in comparison with disabled people who have a similar type of physical disability, but do not participate in the life of the public organization. Revealing the main hypothesis of the study, we note that the dissertation is aimed at substantiating the importance of an active lifestyle as a basis for meeting the social needs of people with disabilities.
Reliance on sociological research methods and obtaining information is determined by the specifics of the subject of research: structure social group- disabled people, life position, lifestyle, quality of life - these are sociological categories studied using the sociological apparatus. The choice of sociological methods was determined by specific tasks at each stage of the study. The research method used was the case study method, which included semi-structured interviews, work with experts, and document analysis. The materials of these studies formed the basis for the empirical part of the dissertation work.
Empirical basis dissertation consists of a sociological study carried out by the dissertation candidate in the public organization of wheelchair users “Desnitsa” among disabled people with musculoskeletal disorders, aged 20-40 years, who took part in
15 creating and organizing the work of a public association, as well as in
control group of wheelchair users who do not participate in the activities of any public organizations. Total The study participants included 250 people.
Scientific novelty dissertation work consists of:
newly analyzed and systematized theoretical approaches to understand the social model of rehabilitation of disabled people, its place is determined within the framework of the traditional medical model and the concept of an independent lifestyle for disabled people;
in the context of the scientific use of life strategy, for the first time, as a variant of a proactive life strategy, the activities of people with disabilities in public organizations are highlighted;
For the first time, a sociological analysis of the impact of public organizations on approaches to understanding the social model of rehabilitation was carried out;
Using a regional example, the procedure for organizing the work of an independent non-state social institution, the Center for Independent Living, is described on the basis of an amateur public organization of wheelchair users.
Theoretical and practical significance work is determined by the objective need for a conceptual analysis of actually existing practices, in particular organizational forms independent life for disabled people. The results of the study were reflected in the creation of an amateur public organization of wheelchair users, which makes it possible to combine the capabilities of government agencies and public organizations. The Center for Independent Living, organized on the basis of an amateur public organization, is nothing more than effective form realizing the possibilities of public organization, social activity of people with disabilities. This is manifested in its independence from government agencies, in the lack of opportunity for government
structures to dictate their terms of existence and activities of the organization. The Center for Independent Living has established itself as the most flexible structure in comparison with government institutions, allowing people with disabilities to fully realize the principles of initiative, self-expression, and personal participation in the formation of an active lifestyle. The high effectiveness of the Center is manifested in the fact that disabled people themselves act as rehabilitation specialists who have learned the living conditions and special needs of disabled people from their own experience. It is the opportunity for disabled people to participate in the development of their own programs and implementation of measures related to rehabilitation, in the development or evaluation of state rehabilitation programs, taking into account the experience of public organizations of disabled people, their initiative - the key to the high performance of the Center for Independent Living.
The collected and systematized theoretical material can be used in the educational process - in the development of training courses on the issues of social rehabilitation of people with disabilities and social work with their public organizations.
Approbation of work. The main provisions of the dissertation work were set out in the author’s published scientific articles and discussed at the scientific and practical conference “Standard rules for equal opportunities for people with disabilities” (Samara, 1998), at the round table “Prevention of spinal cord injuries” (Samara, 1998), at an extended meeting of the public organization "Desnitsa" "Social infrastructure and wheelchair users" (Samara, 1999), at the scientific and practical conference "Step out of the circle" (Samara, 1999), at the practical seminar "Sustainable organization - the path to success" (Samara, 1999) , at the press conference “Awareness and Overcoming” (Samara, 2000), at the International Conference “The Mission of Social Work in a Transitional Society” (Samara, Russia, 2000), at the practical seminar of the Association of Volga Region Cities “The Role of Public Associations in Municipal Politics” (Pen-za, 2000), were reflected in an international design project for people with
17 with disabilities in the Samara region (London, 2001).
The main provisions of the dissertation work were reflected in the developed target program for the problems of disabled people “Samara, we are together” for 2005-2006, and were taken into account in the developed special course “Public associations and their interaction with government agencies authorities".
The structure of the dissertation includes an introduction, two chapters, four paragraphs, a conclusion, a list of references, and an appendix.
Changes in research approaches to assessing the place of people with disabilities in society
According to statistics, people with disabilities make up approximately a tenth of the world's population. However, such a significant group of people is still in the position of a minority in many countries, whose rights and interests are given insufficient attention by the state. For decades, democratic countries have been dominated by the idea that people with disabilities need care. In these countries, including Russia, by the beginning of the 20th century, traditions of public and private charity towards people with disabilities had developed.
Russia is a country with a long history in which mercy and charity found a place, when the poor, orphans and disabled people were the object of care of the state, church and God-fearing people. The beginning was laid by the Kyiv princes, who taught to love one’s neighbors and make donations in their favor. Under Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, two almshouses appeared in Moscow in 1682; by the end of the century there were about ten of them, and by 1718, under Peter the Great, there were already ninety. Among them is the famous “Sailor’s Silence” on the Yauza. Catherine the Great in 1775 established orders for public charity (prototypes of social protection committees), but private individuals were also encouraged for establishing charitable institutions. Then the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria arose, and her son Alexander I founded a humane society.7 At the same time, Count Sheremetyev built a Hospice House for the orphaned and wretched (now the famous Sklifosovsky Institute of Emergency Medicine). After Patriotic War In 1812, in Moscow, thanks to the publisher P. Pezarovius, the newspaper “Russian Invalid” appeared, which paid primarily attention to veterans. It was published until the October Revolution.
During the Crimean, Russian-Turkish and Russian-Japanese wars, communities of sisters of mercy began to emerge. At the origins of the first of them stood Princess Elena Pavlovna and the famous surgeon Pirogov. In the eighties of the 19th century, landowner Anna Adler set up a printing house for the blind, where in 1885 the first book in Russian was printed in Braille.
As a result of the October coup, the system of charitable institutions was practically destroyed. However, already in the twenties, the formation of new institutions and organizations began, aimed at supporting people with disabilities who did not have material resources. The Soviet state tried to support the desire of disabled people to earn their own living. In December 1921, on the basis of those that already existed at the end Civil War artels of disabled people, the All-Russian Production and Consumer Association of Disabled People was founded, the tasks and structure of which significantly influenced the education and development of the social movement among people with hearing and vision disabilities. Its main task was the employment of disabled people by expanding the network of its own artels and workshops for homeworkers, as well as the construction of kindergartens, sanatoriums, vocational schools and sports facilities. The structure of the production and consumer association preceded the modern structure of the All-Russian Society of Disabled People. All issues were resolved democratically and only disabled people had the right to vote. The production and consumer association was supervised by the government of the RSFSR and had a higher status compared to the Societies of the Blind and Deaf, which were “under the care” of the Ministry of Social Welfare.
In the pre-war years, the state made an attempt to take over the small enterprises of the Society of the Blind. This was the first test in the struggle of disabled people for their rights. What the visually impaired managed to achieve, other disabled people, in particular, those in wheelchairs, later failed to achieve. At that time, the dominant belief was that only state property should correspond to the era of building communism. The fight against this ideological tyranny was beyond the power of disabled people in those years. This dealt a severe blow to the disabled movement in Russia. Unlike disabled people - support workers, the production of the Society of the Blind only survived during these years. The network of educational and production enterprises played an important role in this.
Not wanting to come to terms with injustice in relation to public associations, disabled people - support workers made an attempt after the Great Patriotic War to obtain permission to self-organize, to create amateur public organizations. In 1955, on Old Square in front of the building of the CPSU Central Committee, a small picket of war invalids in motorized wheelchairs took place, putting forward modest demands of an economic nature, but its organizer was not a veteran, but a 24-year-old disabled person since childhood, an amputee - a wheelchair user, Yuri Kiselev. It is appropriate to note the special role in the struggle for the rights of disabled people since childhood, because adult disabled war veterans, however, had some benefits and did not want to risk them, while those disabled since childhood belonged to the most disadvantaged category that did not have benefits.
The influence of state social policy on the development of amateur public organizations of disabled people
Social policy is component the internal policy of the state, embodied in its social programs and practices, and regulating relations in society in the interests and through the interests of the main groups of the population. The main task of social policy is to harmonize public relations. The content and direction of the state's social policy serve not only as a substantive, but also as an organizational basis for social work, performing an important methodological function in relation to the latter. Social policy in its origin is secondary to the economy, which has been and remains the determining material basis for solving all social problems. The secondary origin of social policy in relation to the economy does not mean that its significance for the development of the material and spiritual culture of society is secondary. Firstly, the results are realized in the social sphere economic activity, its effectiveness in meeting people's needs is tested. Secondly, the degree of its humanity is reflected and demonstrated in social policy. Ultimately, caring for a person and creating conditions for his harmonious development is an end in itself of social progress. And to the extent that this trend is expressed in the social policy of the state, the more noticeable is the humanistic essence and direction of social development. Thirdly, without an effective social policy, it is impossible to activate creativity in human activity as the main component of the productive forces of society. Structural elements human factor is a manifestation of specific social relations, the regulation and improvement of which constitute the content of social policy and social work in society. Any inattention to the needs of people, weakening of attention to the social aspects of work, life, leisure, any infringement of the legitimate interests of people ultimately contradict the principle of social justice and lead to a drop in production and an aggravation of social tension in society and the region. As is known, at the turn of the 70s - 80s of the 20th century in the country, despite the fact that the problems of employment of the population were successfully solved, social guarantees of a fundamental nature were provided, the opportunities for improving housing conditions, food services, education, and providing for the population were not fully realized quality consumer goods, etc. All this was the result of underestimation of the problems of social development and the reason for the growth of dependent sentiments, the entrenchment of the psychology of “equalization”, social corrosion, eroding spiritual values in society and increasing the inhibition of socio-economic development.
The main task of the state’s social policy in modern conditions consists in harmonizing social relations through the development and implementation of organizational and legal measures to regulate them. Consistent implementation of social policy helps to strengthen the political stability of society. The works of V. Zhukov, I. Zainyshev, E. Kholostova, A. Kozlov note that in the development of the state’s social policy at the present stage of social development, several directions can be distinguished, which together reveal its main content. In the conditions of reorientation of the economy from planned principles to market mechanisms of self-regulation, one of the most important directions of the state’s social policy is the creation of socially guaranteed conditions for the life of citizens, regardless of their physical condition, that is, social protection of the population from the negative consequences of market relations in the economy. This presupposes, firstly, maintaining a balance between the monetary income of the population and commodity resources; secondly, creating favorable conditions for improving the living conditions of citizens; thirdly, the development of the service sector for the population, satisfying their demand for quality goods and services; fourthly, expanding the material base for strengthening the health of the population, increasing its education and culture. 48
The social policy of the state is especially tangible in those changes that occur in the nature and conditions of human labor activity, since it is here that reflection of its humanity occurs.
Attitude of people with disabilities to participation in public organizations built on the principles of self-government
As part of the dissertation research, a sociological study was conducted on the problems of disability, the attitude of disabled people towards disability, which is its integral part. Target sociological research was to find out how wheelchair users perceive the newly created public organization “Desnitsa”, how they evaluate changes in their lives since its organization, and also how the lifestyle of those who actively participate in its work differs from those who do not participate in her work, and perhaps does not know about her existence. The objectives of the study were: identifying society's point of view on the problem of disability; studying the degree of change in public consciousness towards understanding social problems associated with disability; identifying the degree of readiness of disabled people to independently solve their problems; identifying the degree of readiness of public associations to solve the problems of people with disabilities; identifying the attitude of people with disabilities to the integration processes taking place in society; identifying priorities in progressive social programs that aim to integrate people with disabilities and require additional financial costs.
The UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities states that persons with disabilities have the same civil and political rights as other citizens and are entitled to measures designed to enable them to gain as much independence as possible. Therefore, one of the most important directions of the state’s social policy is the creation of socially guaranteed conditions for the life of citizens, including disabled people, whose capabilities turned out to be extremely limited. The creation of such conditions is provided for by the Law of the Russian Federation “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons”.
Today, the problem of rehabilitation of wheelchair users and improvement of their living conditions is quite acute. Currently in the city of Samara the number of wheelchair users exceeds 2000 people and it is constantly growing. Many problems associated with rehabilitation and improvement of living conditions for wheelchair users remain unresolved. Thus, despite the measures taken to improve living conditions, medical care, a large complex of social, psychological, pedagogical and medical problems remains unresolved. There is practically no network of rehabilitation and restorative treatment. Leaves a lot to be desired better conditions programs to ensure unimpeded access for wheelchair users to social infrastructure facilities, communications and transport. To date, the mechanism for implementing individual rehabilitation programs and the procedure for financing them have not been worked out. There are no advisory services where relatives could receive advice and recommendations on caring for spinal patients, there is not enough literature on these issues, techniques and methods for career guidance and labor adaptation for wheelchair users have not been developed.
This justifies the timeliness of the dissertation research and the need to create amateur public organizations and centers for comprehensive rehabilitation of wheelchair users. At the same time, the implementation of measures aimed at developing the activity and amateur performances of disabled people will make it possible to fully and comprehensively resolve issues related to improving living conditions, social, psychological, vocational rehabilitation. The dignity and uniqueness of such amateur public organizations lies in the fact that this is not a speculative and abstract substance organized from above, but a concrete, practice- and time-tested, effective social institution, and functioning thanks to the efforts and desires of the disabled themselves, i.e. an initiative from below. In November 1997, on the initiative of people using wheelchairs, the Samara public organization of wheelchair users, the Desnitsa Association, was created, uniting 80 spinal, cerebral, myopathic and amputee patients. Programs for interaction between the municipality and the public organization were developed. Initially, it was intended to include only spinal patients in the organization, but disabled people with other types of nosologies (vision, hearing, etc.) also began to submit applications to the organization. It was decided to admit disabled people of other nosologies. Behind short term“Right”, justifying its name, showed itself to be mobile (“right hand” - right hand) and a fighting team: it declared its rights by defending the rights of its disabled people. A legal service is being created, where each member of the organization who finds himself in a difficult life situation is explained his rights. The first program for a barrier-free environment is being developed, within the framework of which a propaganda campaign called “Put an official in a wheelchair” is being carried out. However, only journalists who experienced all the “delights” of moving around the city and conveyed these sensations on the pages of their publications were able to get into the carriage. The organization wins a grant from the SOROSA Foundation under the “Independent Living” section, offering the “Step Out of the Circle” program, establishes contacts with a number of international organizations for people with disabilities, and begins publishing the “New Life” information sheet.
A person with a disability has equal rights to participate in all aspects of society; equal rights must be ensured by the system social services, equalizing opportunities limited as a result of injury or illness. There is no disability medical problem. Disability is a problem of unequal opportunities!
Disability is a limitation in capabilities caused by physical, psychological, sensory, cultural, legislative and other barriers that do not allow a person with a disability to be integrated into society on the same basis as other members of society. Society has a responsibility to adapt its standards to the special needs of people with disabilities so that they can live independent lives."
The concept of “independent living” in its conceptual meaning implies two interrelated points. In socio-political meaning, independent life is the right of a person to be an integral part of the life of society and to take an active part in social, political and economic processes, this is freedom of choice and freedom of access to residential and public buildings, transport, communications, insurance, labor and education. Independent life is the ability to determine and choose, make decisions and manage life situations yourself. in the socio-political sense, independent life does not depend on a person being forced to resort to outside help or aids necessary for its physical functioning.
In a philosophical understanding, independent living is a way of thinking, it is the psychological orientation of an individual, which depends on its relationships with other individuals, on physical capabilities, on the environment and the degree of development of support service systems. The philosophy of independent living orients a person with a disability to the fact that he sets himself the same goals as any other member of society.
We all depend on each other. We depend on the baker who bakes bread, on the shoemaker and the tailor, on the postman and the telephone operator. The shoemaker or postman depends on the doctor or teacher. However, this relationship does not deprive us of the right to choose.
If you don’t know how to sew, then you go to a store or atelier. If you don't have the time or desire to fix the iron, you go to a workshop. And again, your decision depends on your desires and circumstances.
From the point of view of the philosophy of independent living, disability is viewed from the perspective of a person's inability to walk, hear, see, speak or think in ordinary categories. Thus, a person with a disability falls into the same sphere of interconnected relations between members of society. In order for him to make decisions and determine his actions, social services are created, which, like a car repair shop or an atelier, compensate for his inability to do something.
Inclusion in the infrastructure of society of a system of social services to which a person with a disability could delegate his limited abilities would make him an equal member of society, independently making decisions and taking responsibility for his actions, benefiting the state. It is precisely such services that would free a person with a disability from degrading dependence on the environment, and would free up invaluable human resources (parents and relatives) for free labor for the benefit of society.
Independent Living Movement determined as a social movement that preaches the philosophy of self-organization, self-help, advocates for civil rights and improving the quality of life of people with disabilities.
The concept of independent living considers the problems of a person with disabilities in the light of his civil rights and focuses on the elimination of social, economic, psychological and other barriers. According to the ideology of independent living, people with disabilities are part of society and should live in the same places as healthy people. They should have the right to their own home, to grow up and live in their own family, together with their healthy
members, receive education taking into account the specifics of disability in a general school with healthy children, take an active part in the life of society, have a paid job; Material support for people with disabilities should be such that they feel independent and are provided with everything that society can offer them.
Independent living is the ability to independently determine your life style, make decisions and manage life situations. Disabled people have the right to respect, equal social acceptance, independent choice of employer, the right to free movement (to travel in public transport, fly by plane, overcome architectural barriers), travel and types of recreation, and the right to participate in the social and political life of society.
In the socio-political sense, independent life implies the ability to self-determinate, to do without outside help or to reduce it to a minimum in the implementation of life activities, a number of social roles and active participation in the life of society.
People with disabilities have the potential to make significant economic, political, social and cultural contributions. They are excellent experts on disability issues and can demonstrate an amazing ability to personally lead and effectively organize the services and supports needed to be productive members of society.
Predisposing factors The processes of deinstitutionalization, the development of social work in the community, and the formation of a new social direction rehabilitation of disabled people.
Providing disabled people with pensions and benefits, various services (home help), technical means of rehabilitation, etc. contributed to ensuring that disabled people could leave boarding schools and hospitals and live with their families.
Another important prerequisite for the development of the Independent Living Movement was the creation of public organizations of disabled people. At first, these organizations financed sporting events for disabled people or clubs where they could meet and socialize. In 1948, during the Olympic Games The first competitions for disabled athletes of the war were held. In 1960, the first official Paralympic Games took place, where disabled people from different countries of the world met. Communicating thanks to the created system of public organizations, people with disabilities began to interact. A sense of community and understanding of the problems they faced in their quest to become full members of society were formed. Public organizations of certain 214
categories of disabled people (blind, deaf, “support people”), support groups and “self-help”. The first self-help group was Alcoholics Anonymous (1970). These organizations, as well as charitable societies (which existed before), provided social support to people with disabilities, helped them find employment, provided housing in which people with disabilities could live in small groups on their own, with minimal assistance from social workers, and share personal experience in overcoming crisis situations.
If earlier individuals spoke out against discrimination against people with disabilities, now people with disabilities together began to fight for their civil rights.
The philosophy of independent living, broadly defined, is a movement for the civil rights of millions of people with disabilities around the world. The independent living movement influences public policy, advocates at the national and regional levels, and serves as an advocate and spokesperson for the interests of people with disabilities. At the grassroots level, the Independent Living Movement provides a personalized, consumer-oriented approach so that people with disabilities can expand their ability to exercise civil rights and live with dignity.
Public organizations of people with disabilities that preach the philosophy of independent living are called Centers for Independent Living (ILC).
The official date of birth of the first public organization of independent living is considered to be 1962, when the Group for the Integration of Disabled People was created in France. It included students who wanted to speak up on their own behalf and create services that they themselves felt needed. In the USA, a similar organization was created in 1972 - this is now the most famous Center for Independent Living in Berkeley - an organization that includes people with various forms of disabilities. Then similar organizations were created in other cities in the United States and Latin America. The development of centers and rehabilitation in the community was facilitated by the 1978 US law on the protection of persons with disabilities and the provision of financial support to INC from the government. In the 1980s independent living centers began to appear in Canada, Great Britain, and Germany in the early 1990s. - in other Western European countries. In Africa and South-East Asia National organizations were created that began to deal with the problems of people with disabilities at a new level. With significant support from the UN, the International Organization of Disabled Persons was created, which became a key organization for uniting disabled people from different countries and promoting the Independent Living Movement.
International exchange of experience in the human rights Independent Living Movement expands the boundaries of understanding of this process and terminology. For example, people with disabilities from developing countries have criticized the term “independence” as artificial and prefer to use the concepts of “self-determination” and “self-help”.
Center for Independent Living is a comprehensive innovative model of a system of social services that direct their activities towards creating a regime of equal opportunities for people with disabilities. Essentially, these are public organizations of disabled people, in which there is no medical personnel and social workers.
The creation of the IJC was largely due to the fact that the programs offered by professionals did not meet the needs of people with disabilities. With the development of professional rehabilitation services, consumers were faced with the fact that their needs were not always adequately identified and met, there was strict control on the part of professionals and the desire to manage their lives in everything. People with disabilities and social workers viewed the same situations differently. Thus, if consumers saw their financial problems in poor housing and unemployment, then social workers viewed the problems of their clients as personal or emotional difficulties, although they recognized them as not having sufficient financial security. At the same time, social workers were mainly involved in counseling rather than employment and housing improvement.
INCs do not focus on any few or specific forms of disability, but address problems common to different categories disabled people. The choice of direction and development of programs of different centers depend on national characteristics, existing problems, resources and funding opportunities, but there are common characteristics for all.
IJCs implement four main types of programs.
1. Informing and providing reference information
tions about available social services and community resources. Not
by turning to state institutions, a disabled person receives additional
stupid to information resources (database based). This
program is based on the belief that access to information
broadens one's horizons and increases a person's ability to manage
your life situation. A person makes a choice based
on knowledge of the problem.
2. Development and provision of individual and group support
holding equals." The work is organized on a voluntary basis
mutual support of IJC members. Consulting and transfer
independent living experiences are carried out by disabled people themselves.
They conduct seminars, support groups, and individual lessons on developing independent living and socialization skills, using technology, and stress management. An experienced counselor acts as a positive role model for a person with a disability who has overcome barriers and fulfilled needs. Self-support groups help reduce feelings of isolation, teach independent problem solving, and promote personal growth.
3. Individual consultations to protect rights and interests
disabled people. The program is based on the belief that man himself
knows better what services he needs. INC work with people
individually to help them find the most optimal
decision in each specific case, develop a strategy for
achieving personal goals. Consulting is provided on
financial issues, housing legislation, existing
benefits. The coordinator teaches the person to speak on his own behalf,
speak up in your own defense, independently defend your rights.
Trainings are conducted to develop independent living skills
training, to increase self-confidence, management among peers
nykh (leadership schools). As a result, opportunities expand
to participate in society.
4. Development of programs and new models for the provision of services
CNJ. Conducted Scientific research, testing new lips
roys, new approaches and methods are being developed and planned
dy support. Control and analysis are carried out
services (household help and personal assistant services,
transport services, assistance to disabled people during vacation
carers, loans to purchase
accessories), demonstration programs
we use a network of contacts with government and benefit
creative organizations. As a result, easier
promoting independent living in the community and improving life
new situation.
The Center complements other alternative programs and services provided by government agencies people with disabilities. To implement their programs, IJCs involve the community through public education or the support of various committees or special groups.
The centers provide assistance in finding employment for people with disabilities, provide consultations and training on acquiring skills in job search, readiness for an interview, writing a resume, provide translation services to the deaf, provide technical equipment, and help with home modifications.
Unlike medical and social rehabilitation, in which the main role is given to professionals, in the independent living model, citizens with disabilities
People take responsibility for the development and management of their lives, personal and social resources. The main goal of the ILC is to move from a rehabilitation model to a new paradigm of independent living.
Canadian disability researcher Henry Enns gives the following differences between the paradigms of rehabilitation and independent living (Table 3).
Independent Living Centers best serve the needs of their communities and have achieved the following goals:
Ensured employment and opportunity for disabled people to participate in the
creative activities that develop skills and confidence
in their abilities, necessary for integration into social and environmental
nomic flows;
They focused on models in which everyone had the same
roles and which encouraged risk-taking and determination;
Organized work in communities, which can serve
source of support and pride for the local community of people
with physical impairments, as well as a symbol of realized
opportunities and confidence in their abilities to benefit
society as a whole.
In 1992, in Moscow, on the basis of the “Contacts-1” club for disabled people, the country’s first Center for Independent Living for children with disabilities was organized. The main task of the center is
Table 3 Differences between rehabilitation and independent living paradigms
1.1 Definition of “independent living” for a disabled person
Disability is a limitation in capabilities caused by physical, psychological, sensory, cultural, legislative and other barriers that do not allow a person who has it to be integrated into society on the same basis as other members of society. Society has a responsibility to adapt its standards to the special needs of people with disabilities so that they can live independent lives.
The concept of independent living in a conceptual sense implies two interrelated aspects. In socio-political terms, it is a person’s right to be an integral part of the life of society and to take an active part in social, political and economic processes; this is freedom of choice and access to residential and public buildings, transport, communications, insurance, labor and education. Independent life is the ability to determine and choose, make decisions and manage life situations.
In a philosophical understanding, independent living is a way of thinking, a psychological orientation of an individual, which depends on its relationships with other individuals, on physical capabilities, on the environment and the degree of development of support service systems. The philosophy of independent living encourages a person with a disability to set himself the same goals as any other member of society. According to the independent living philosophy, disability is viewed in terms of a person's inability to walk, hear, see, speak, or think in normal terms.
Independent living involves being in control of one's own affairs, participating in the daily life of the community, performing a range of social roles, and making decisions that lead to self-determination and less psychological or physical dependence on others. Independence is a relative concept, which each person defines in his own way.
Independent living - involves the removal of dependence on the manifestations of the disease, the weakening of the restrictions generated by it, the formation and development of the child’s independence, the formation of skills and abilities necessary in everyday life, which should enable integration, and then active participation in social practice, full-fledged life activities in society.
Independent living means the right and opportunity to choose how to live. This means living like others, being able to decide for yourself what to do, who to meet and where to go, being limited only to the extent that other people without disabilities are limited. This includes the right to make mistakes just like any other person [1].
To become truly independent, people with disabilities must confront and overcome many obstacles. Explicit (physical environment), as well as hidden (attitudes of people). If you overcome them, you can achieve many benefits for yourself. This is the first step towards living a fulfilling life as employees, employers, spouses, parents, athletes, politicians and taxpayers - in other words, to fully participate and be active members of society.
The following declaration of independence was created by a disabled person and expresses the position of an active person, a subject of his own life and social change.
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF A DISABLED PERSON
Don't see my disability as a problem.
Don't feel sorry for me, I'm not as weak as I think.
Do not treat me as a patient, as I am simply your fellow countryman.
Don't try to change me. You don't have the right to do this.
Don't try to lead me. I have the right to my own life, like any person.
Don't teach me to be submissive, humble and polite. Don't do me a favor.
Recognize that the real problem that people with disabilities face is their social devaluation and oppression, and prejudice against them.
Please support me so that I can contribute to society to the best of my ability.
Help me know what I want.
Be someone who cares, takes the time, and who doesn't fight to do better.
Be with me even when we fight each other.
Don't help me when I don't need it, even if it gives you pleasure.
Don't admire me. The desire to live a fulfilling life is not admirable.
Get to know me better. We can be friends.
1.2 History of the development of the social and medical model
Regardless of the degree of development of society, there have always been people in it who are especially vulnerable due to the limitations of their physical or mental capabilities. Historians note that in the ancient world, discussions about anomalies and diseases were not separated from general philosophical views, intertwined with thoughts about other natural phenomena, including human life.
In Plato's dialogue "The Republic" the problem of anomaly is illuminated in a social sense. On the one hand, in the spirit of the traditions of “Spartan mercy”, a person suffering from a serious illness throughout his life is useless both for himself and for society. This position is expressed by Aristotle in his work “Politics”: “Let this law be in force that no crippled child should be fed.” Spartan doctors - gerousii and ephors - belonged to the highest government officials; they were the ones who made the decision: to keep alive this or that patient, a newborn (when a weak, premature child was born), his parents, a frail old man, or “help” them die. In Sparta, death was always preferred to illness or infirmity, regardless of the social status of the patient, even if he was a king. This is precisely what “mercy in the Spartan way” consisted of.
During the Middle Ages, the strengthening of religious dictate, primarily of the Roman Catholic Church, was associated with the formation of a special interpretation of any developmental disorder and any disease as “possession by the devil,” a manifestation evil spirit. The demonological interpretation of the disease determined, firstly, the passivity of the patient, and secondly, the need for emergency intervention of the Holy Inquisition. During this period, all seizures, epileptics, and hysterics were subjected to rituals of “exorcism.” A special category of specialists appeared in the monasteries, to whom the above-mentioned patients were brought for “cure.”
During the Renaissance, humanistic trends emerged in medicine; doctors began to visit monasteries and prisons, monitor patients, and try to evaluate and comprehend their condition. The restoration of Greco-Roman medicine and the discovery of a number of manuscripts date back to this time. The development of medical and philosophical knowledge helped to understand the spiritual and physical life of the anomalous.
In pre-Petrine Rus', diseases were seen as the result of God's punishment, as well as as a consequence of witchcraft, evil eye, slander.
The first Russian state act dates back to the reign of Ivan the Terrible and is included in the Stoglavy Code of Laws as a separate article. The article asserts the need to care for the poor and sick, including those “who are demon-possessed and devoid of reason, so that they do not become a hindrance and a scarecrow for the healthy and to give them the opportunity to receive admonition or bring them to the truth.”
A change in attitude towards persons with developmental problems has been noted since the second half of the 18th century. - a consequence of the influence of the ideas of humanism, reformation, the development of universities, the acquisition of personal freedoms by certain classes, the emergence of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (Article I of the Declaration proclaimed that “people are born and remain free and equal in rights”). From this period, in many states, first private and then private government agencies, whose functions included providing medical and pedagogical assistance disabled people
Since the second half of the 20th century, the world community has been building its life in accordance with international legal acts of a humanistic nature. This was largely facilitated by two factors: colossal human sacrifices and the violation of human rights and freedoms during the Second World War, which showed humanity the abyss in which it could find itself if it did not accept for itself as the highest value, as the goal and meaning of existence of society itself. a person – his life and well-being.
A significant impetus for the development of the "social model of disability" was the essay "The Critical Condition", which was written by the British disabled person Paul Hunt and was published in 1966. Hunt, in his work, argued that people with disabilities posed a direct challenge to conventional Western values, since they were perceived as “miserable, useless, different, oppressed and sick.” Hunt's analysis showed that people with disabilities were perceived as:
"unfortunate" - because they cannot use material and social benefits modern society;
"useless" - because they are seen as people who are unable to contribute to the economic well-being of society;
members of an “oppressed minority” – because, like blacks and homosexuals, they are perceived as “deviant” and “different.”
This analysis led Hunt to conclude that people with disabilities face "prejudice that results in discrimination and oppression." He identified the relationship between economic and cultural relations and persons with disabilities, which is a very important part of understanding the experience of living with impairments and disabilities in Western society. Ten years later, in 1976, an organization called the Handicap Alliance Against Isolation took Paul Hunt's ideas a little further. UPIAS nominated own definition disability. Namely:
“Disability is an impediment or restriction in activity caused by the modern social order which pays little or no attention to people who have physical defects and thus excludes them from participation in the main social activities of society.”
The fact that the UPIAS definition was relevant only to people with only physical defects then caused many criticisms and complaints about such a presentation of the problem. While UPIAS was understandable, the organization acted within its purview: by definition, UPIAS membership consisted only of people with physical disabilities, so UPIAS could make statements on behalf of only this group of disabled people.
This stage of development of the social model can be characterized by the fact that for the first time disability was described as restrictions imposed on disabled people by the social structure of society.
It was not until 1983 that disability scholar Mike Oliver defined the ideas expressed in Hunt's work and the UPIAS definition as the "social model of disability." The social model was expanded and refined by scientists from Britain such as Vic Finkelstein, Mike Oliver and Colin Barnes, from the USA such as Gerben DiJong, as well as other scientists. A significant contribution to refining the idea to include all disabled people in the new model, regardless of the type of their defects, was made by the Disabled Peoples International organization.
The social model was developed as an attempt to present a paradigm that would be an alternative to the dominant medical perception of disability. The semantic center of the new view was to consider the problem of disability as a result of society’s attitude to their special needs. According to the social model, disability is social problem. At the same time, limited capabilities are not “part of a person”, not his fault. A person may try to reduce the consequences of his illness, but his feeling of limited opportunities is caused not by the illness itself, but by the presence of physical, legal, and relational barriers created by society. According to the social model, a person with a disability should be an equal subject of social relations, to whom society should provide equal rights, equal opportunities, equal responsibility and free choice taking into account his special needs. At the same time, a person with a disability should have the opportunity to integrate into society on his own terms, and not be forced to adapt to the rules of the world " healthy people».
Attitudes towards people with disabilities have changed throughout history, determined as humanity socially and morally “matured”, public views and sentiments regarding who people with disabilities are, what place they should occupy in social life and how society can and should build your system of relationships with them.
The main reasons for this genesis of social thought and public sentiment are:
Increasing the level of social maturity of society and improving and developing its material, technical and economic capabilities;
Increasing intensity of development of human civilization and the use of human resources, which, in turn, leads to a sharp increase in the social “price” of many disorders in human life.
He has the opportunity to fully realize his spiritual and intellectual potential. Despite the current situation, social work with the elderly is being improved and this is greatly facilitated by professional training frames. 3.2 Algorithm of actions for a social worker to solve communication problems in older people Social worker must be well versed in therapy techniques...
And as it were, it is included in broader previous definitions. On the other hand, the “compensatory” understanding makes social policy and social work “marginal” sociological disciplines of populations, or “at-risk populations.” It remains unclear what science or theory is involved in the development of “normal” populations. In the spirit of a restorative-normalization approach, which is clearly...
Social support, but also as a benefit, life value, fulfillment of life. The task-oriented and crisis-oriented models of the theoretical substantiation of social work are very indicative in this regard. The two named and also quite close to each other models of substantiation of social work for the domestic tradition are quite new. By...
The purpose of using these techniques is to correct individual neurotic manifestations and prevent mental disorders. The proposed consulting methodology is suitable for practical use in the system of social work with the population. Thus, as a result of the work done, the organization and methodology of individual psychological counseling of clients has been substantiated...
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