Each state consistently and gradually moves from one type of regime to another.

State (political) regimes, depending on the set of methods and means of state power, are divided into democratic and anti-democratic.

Democratic regime - this is the way to implement state power, the characteristic features of which are: the formation of government bodies by election; political pluralism, guaranteed existence of political rights and freedoms of citizens.

The concept of “democracy” means, as is well known, democracy, the power of the people. However, the situation in which all the people would exercise political power, but has not yet been implemented anywhere. It is rather an ideal, something that everyone should strive for.

Signs of a democratic regime:

· recognition of the people as the main source of state power;

· freedom of enterprise and recognition of private property;

· real guarantee of human rights and freedoms;

· exercise of state power based on the principle of separation of powers;

· decentralization of state power;

· a real opportunity for citizens to participate in the formation of state bodies and control over their activities;

· absence of a generally binding official ideology, multi-party system, freedom of opinion and belief;

· presence of legal opposition.

The types of democratic regime are:

1. Liberal democratic regime.

Exists in those countries where market relations have developed. An example is the industrial the developed countries Europe and USA. This regime is now being established in Russia. A liberal state not only proclaims rights and freedoms, but also promotes their enjoyment. In a liberal state there are many parties of various political orientations, including opposition ones. Government bodies are formed on the basis of free elections, when each person is given the right to express his opinion regarding a particular candidate.

State power is exercised on the basis of the principle of separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial. This is what reduces the possibility of abuse of power.

2. Proper democratic regime.

This is a more developed and freer regime for people. The Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Finland, Norway) have come close to it. The main distinguishing features of such a regime are: the solution of many government issues by taking into account the opinion of the people expressed in referendums, during polls, with the help of popular initiatives; high level life, humanism and morality of people.

Anti-democratic regimes.

Among the anti-democratic regimes most often called totalitarian and authoritarian.

1. Totalitarian regime.

The term “totalitarian” translated from Latin means “whole”, “whole”, “complete” was introduced into political circulation by B. Mussolini in 1925 to characterize the fascist movement. Like a political regime totalitarianism represents comprehensive state control over the population, all forms and spheres of social life and is based on the systematic use of violence or the threat of its use.

The totalitarian regime existed in former USSR, now in Cuba, in North Korea, Iraq. The essence of a totalitarian regime is manifested in the control of power over all aspects of human life. Not only a person’s views on the social structure are controlled, but even his personal life. And if a person’s beliefs do not coincide with the guidelines of the authorities, then coercive measures are applied to him. Let us remember that, for example, Alexander Solzhenitsyn served a prison sentence in Stalin's camps only because he wrote a letter to a friend from the front, where he doubted the correctness of Stalin’s policies.

The center of a totalitarian system is the leader. His position is akin to divine. He is declared to be the wisest and most infallible, fair, constantly thinking about the good of the people.

In a totalitarian state, a person’s rights and freedoms are limited, although formally they can be proclaimed in the constitution.

Fascism is considered a type of totalitarianism. Its characteristic feature is the oppression of people on ethnic grounds.

Signs of a totalitarian regime:

· ideologization of all public life on the basis of the official ideology for the entire country;

· intolerance of dissent;

· monopoly on information;

· suppression of human individuality, mass terror against the population;

· merger of the state and party apparatus;

· centralization of power (often headed by a leader);

· denial of private life and private property, dominant position of state property.

Such a regime is considered more “democratic” compared to a totalitarian one. Its main specificity is that the state is led by a narrow circle - ruling elite, which is headed by a leader and enjoys great privileges and benefits. Such a regime existed in the USSR during the reign of L. Brezhnev and M. Gorbachev.

Under an authoritarian regime, the authorities do not so openly trample human rights and freedoms. For example, the authorities did not dare to imprison academician Andrei Sakharov for his views, in particular for his condemnation of the war in Afghanistan. A. Sakharov was exiled to the city of Gorky, where he lived in an ordinary city apartment, but under the constant control of the KGB, without the right to leave the city.

Under authoritarianism, a parliament may exist, but it does not play any role in the state. In reality, public life is directed by the party (religious) leadership. The decisions of the central government do not take into account the opinion of the people, and therefore coercion must be used to implement them. That is why in such a state the power of punitive agencies (police, security agencies) and the army is strong.

· the power of the elite is not limited by law;

· the people are removed from government and cannot control the activities of the ruling elite;

· V political life the existence of a multi-party system is allowed, but there are really no opposition parties;

· the presence of spheres free from political control - the economy and private life. The political sphere is mainly subject to control;

· priority of state interests over personal interests.

In addition to the above types of anti-democratic regimes, there are other types:

3. Despotic regime.

It existed, for example, in Egypt during the time of the pharaohs, in Babylon, in Assyria, in Russia under Ivan the Terrible.

In despotism, power is exercised exclusively by one person. The despot entrusts some administrative affairs to another person who enjoys special confidence in him (for example, a vizier in the East). The will of the despot is arbitrary, and sometimes autocracy borders on tyranny. The main thing in a despotic state is obedience, fulfillment of the will of the ruler.

Under despotism, any independence, discontent, indignation and disagreement of the ruled are brutally suppressed. The sanctions applied in this case shock the imagination with their severity (hanging in the square, stoning, burning, quartering, wheeling, etc.). The authorities strive for visibility in the application of punishment in order to sow fear and ensure obedience.

A despotic regime is characterized by complete lack of rights for its subjects.

4. Tyrannical regime.

Based on individual rule and characterized by the presence of a governor. Typically, tyranny was established in the process of territorial conquests (Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire, etc.), accompanied not only by physical and moral violence against people, but also violence against the religion and customs of the people. Thus, in the Ottoman Empire, a part of the population that opposed the spread of Islam was literally slaughtered.

The power of a tyrant is cruel. In an effort to suppress resistance and sow fear among the population, he executes not only for expressed disobedience, but also for discovered intent in this regard. Tyrannical power is perceived by the people as oppression, and the tyrant is perceived as an oppressor, a tormentor.

5.Military regime.

This is a political regime in which the head of the state is a military group (junta), which gained its power as a result of a coup d'etat.

Is its state-legal structure, which determines the structure and mechanisms of management, as well as relations ruling persons and the people. The types of political regimes are different according to different criteria, but the most important thing is the concentration of power in the hands of an individual or a collective. The classification of political regimes, their concept and characteristics are briefly discussed below in the article.

A political regime is a form of organization of the management system within a power, which determines the relationship between the people and governing bodies, the level of freedoms and rights, as well as life in general.

Knowing which way of life dominates in a country, one can draw conclusions regarding its political system in a certain historical period. At the same time, it is most important to know the interaction between the government and the people (rights, freedoms, management methods) rather than the structure of the state legal system.

State legal structures may be of the same type in different countries, due to the similarity of government structures. For example, you can consider Sweden and Iran: with a constitutional-monarchical structure in both, their systems are different. Sweden is democratic republic, and Iran is an authoritarian state with the same democratic structure.

It is often difficult to clearly define a political regime. For example, the USSR was a symbol of democratic human rights and freedoms for quite a long time, and only after the collapse the true essence of the totalitarianism of this country was revealed.

Signs

To determine the current system in the country, one should study in detail the principles of organization of government institutions, policy goals and ways to achieve them. Very often there are characteristic attitudes or slogans, for example, about love for the country or achieving a goal by any means.

In addition, you should explore:

• personality position;
• public participation in politics: is it free to join a party, the election process, etc.;
• development of management institutions: activities and number of governing bodies, nature of legislation;
• ways to influence people: force or word.

The system is formed under the influence of historical folk traditions, as well as the level of political culture. The usurper or ruling party usurps the government of the state for as long as the people and civil institutions allow. So in countries with traditional culture authoritarianism arises naturally, and with established democratic traditions this is almost impossible.

It is important to know! Anarchy is not a separate system, but its complete absence, i.e. anarchy. Such a state is possible only if the role of the current government is reduced or in the event of confrontation between different parties. In essence, anarchy is an intermediate state between state and legal structures.

Definition

The definition of a system today is possible using two different systems: institutional and sociological. Each of them has characteristics and representatives.

Let's look at them in more detail:

1. The institutional approach makes only the procedural and formal-legal characteristics of the entire management system significant. Using this approach, scientists almost erase the boundaries between the concept of system and form of government. Typically, this method of determination was characteristic of the French state, in which the way of life became part of constitutional law. Thanks to the institutional approach, three types of government were distinguished: presidential and parliamentary republic. Today, this typology has also begun to classify types of government structures. Among the supporters of this approach are the political scientist G. Lasswell and his followers.
2. Sociological approach. This method of definition is more aimed at studying the real, rather than the constitutional, relationship between government and society. IN in this case one should consider the way of life in a power as the relationship between its people and governing bodies, since everything is based on various connections in society, and this cannot be changed without destroying these social foundations. The sociological approach identifies the basic structures of countries: democratic, autocratic and totalitarian.

Today science uses social approach to the definition and assessment of government. The classification of political regimes also depends on the chosen approach.

Classification of political regimes

Types of political regime

First, let's look at the types of political regimes and their characteristics, which are located below according to the main criteria.

Options	Democracy	Autocracy	Totalitarianism
Device	A state with established laws and separate authorities and administration	A traditional state that maintains order in society by controlling certain areas of social life	The state exercises complete control over the lives of citizens, both private and public.
Rights and freedoms of the people	Protected by law and constitution	The law protects the state, while individual rights and freedoms are significantly reduced	Human rights are written down in government documents, but in reality no one cares about them. If necessary, the board does not pay any attention to the prescribed freedoms and does everything to protect itself
Party system	The opposition is active on the board, while diversity of views is ensured, there are a lot of movements and parties whose activities are not limited in any way	The ruling party occupies a dominant position. The opposition occupies a “tame” place, all other movements have limited rights	One-party system. The opposition has been destroyed. The ruling party has merged with the state
System for resolving conflicts in society	Solution through agreement and negotiations	All collisions are resolved forcibly, using force	Terror and genocide
Media, ideology	The media is free to say what they want. There is no single ideology	Official ideology. The media operate only within the framework permitted by the state	Brutal censorship. Mandatory official ideology
The role of the army and police	Operate within the framework of the law and are aimed at protecting and ensuring the security of internal and external interests citizens	The army may be called upon to resolve conflicts with citizens and to quell public unrest.	They have great powers that go beyond the law. They also perform a punitive function.

Let us consider the definitions and characteristics of each structure separately, as well as their subtypes in more detail.

Democracy

Democracy, or democracy, is a position in the state in which government is only in the hands of the people and is carried out according to their will and interests, and this is possible only in a legal power.

Criteria political regime:

• the people are the sovereign power in the country;
• regular elections to local and state government bodies;
• accountability of leaders to voters;
• the rights of citizens are actually ensured;
• decisions are made by a majority vote, and the minority is subject to it;
• law enforcement agencies are used only for their intended purpose within the framework of the law.

Democracy can be divided according to the form of popular participation into:

• direct, when people participate in preparing and making all decisions;
• plebiscitary, when people, by voting, accept or reject decisions proposed to them;
• representative, when representatives from the people are elected to governing bodies and have the right to make decisions on behalf of voters.

Today, about 80 countries in the world are democracies or emerging democracies.

Democracy

Autocracy

Authoritarianism is a position in which control is concentrated in the hands of one individual or group. At the same time, citizens retain some economic and spiritual freedoms, but they are also significantly limited (both in politics and in the culture of public consciousness). In this situation, democracy is impossible in the country either in matters of free choice or in matters of management of state structures.

It is important to know! Autocracy has a high ability to ensure political stability and social order, while actively using public resources to achieve its goals.

• military-bureaucratic;
• corporate;
• pre-totalitarian;
• postcolonial;
• racial quasi-democracy;
• sultanistic.

In essence, autocracy is a method of government with limited pluralism and the easiest way to move from totalitarianism to a democratic system.

Autocracy

Totalitarianism

- This is complete control by the ruling party of all spheres of life of the people with the help of military resources.

Signs of a totalitarian system:

• obligatory ideology;
• clear centralized management of the entire economy;
• widespread militarization;
• monopoly on government;
• Cult of personality;
• persecution and destruction of the opposition;
• terror and genocide.

Useful video: totalitarianism and authoritarianism

Useful video: characteristic features of a democratic regime

Conclusion

As a ruling system, totalitarianism emerged in the 20th century as a new type of dictatorship by exalting the cult of the state with the help of rigid ideology. Totalitarianism is known for its types: fascism, socialism, national socialism.

According to experts, this government structure is doomed to failure and only leads to the impoverishment of the country and its decline.

In addition to the types listed above political systems, there are transitional as well as emergency systems that are characteristic only for a certain period of time under certain conditions.

Political Science [Answers to exam papers] Fortunatov Vladimir Valentinovich

16. Political regime

16. Political regime

In real political life, terms that are close in meaning are used. From French and Latin languages the word "mode" is translated as "control". “Political regime” means the state system, the set of means and methods by which power is exercised in a given country.

In Western and Russian political science, it is customary to distinguish several political regimes in accordance with a certain set of characteristics and the main operating principle.

At totalitarian regime the principle applies "Everything that is not permitted is prohibited".

For liberal regime typical approach “Everything is allowed that does not lead to a change of power”.

In conditions democratic regime “Everything that is not prohibited by law is permitted”.

Table 43. Characteristics of types of political power

In political science, three triads are used to characterize political regimes:

Liberal - moderate - repressive;

Ochlocracy - oligarchy - tyranny.

In Russia, from the Muscovite kingdom until 1917, a dictatorial autocratic regime prevailed with elements of representative democracy in various historical periods ( Zemsky Sobors, elected local government, parliamentarism, multi-party system). The monarch relied not only on tradition, but also on harsh legislation, direct violence using troops against his own people (suppression of popular riots, peasant wars, “Bloody Sunday”).

The Bolsheviks used words about the “dictatorship of the proletariat” to cover up the real "dictatorship of the party", or rather the political regime of the party nomenclature. The Soviet regime also relied on the traditional habit of the population to obey strong authorities, on repressive legislation, on punitive bodies and, if necessary (peasant uprisings, mass deportations) on troops. “Perestroika” led to the replacement of the political regime.

In post-Soviet Russia, in the fall of 1993, the system of Soviets, which formally constituted the legal basis for the functioning of power in the country, was forcibly abolished with the use of troops.

Table 44. Options for classifying the Soviet political regime

Tsygankov P. Modern political regimes: structure, typology, dynamics. M., 1995. P. 152.

The political regime of B. N. Yeltsin is usually defined as democratic in form and authoritarian in content. The features of the political regime that existed in 1992–1999 are:

Hypertrophy of the presidential prerogatives by limiting the powers of other institutions, the nominal separation of powers;

The ineffectiveness of the state as the main social institution that directly governs society; failure to ensure consensus in society and a decent standard of living for the majority of citizens;

The government is actually controlled only by the president and depends on the political situation;

Concentration of power in the hands of the president’s “entourage”, “family”, favoritism, lack of control ruling group, wide scale of lobbying activities;

Weakness of political parties, underdevelopment of civil society, lack of a unifying system of values, norms and guidelines;

Underdevelopment of the system local government, its dependence on regional elites.

The political regime of V.V. Putin (2000–2008) in political science circles was more often called bureaucratic-authoritarian. Ideologists close to the presidential administration began to use the term “managed democracy” or “sovereign democracy.” The following features have become characteristic of this political regime:

Sharp weakening political influence regional elites, big business, “taming” and replacement of some former favorites;

Establishment of direct or indirect state control over the main television channels of the country, the actual revival of censorship of media mass media(disappearance of sensitive, controversial, and generally unpleasant materials for the authorities from open discussion);

Active use of “administrative resources” in elections at the regional and federal levels;

The actual elimination of the system of separation of powers.

All power was virtually in the same hands. And this country has already gone through this.

Table 45. Signs and “technologies” of implementing a political regime

(In this table there is no strict connection between the elements of the left and right parts. Different “technologies” can be used to achieve different goals of a given regime of power).

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author

16. Political regime In real political life, terms are used that are close in meaning. From French and Latin, the word “regime” is translated as “control”. By “political regime” we mean the state system, the totality

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From the book Autocrat of the Desert [2010 Edition] author Yuzefovich Leonid

Mode 1Once Aleshin watched as Ungern's associate, Prince Meren Dugarchzhab (Dugar-Meren), punished his offending rider: “The door of the yurt was opened by someone’s invisible hand, and we saw a small group of people outside. Dugar-Meren was still calmly sitting on

From the book Stalin. Red "Tsar" (collection) author Trotsky Lev Davidovich

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From the book History of Ukraine from ancient times to the present day author Semenenko Valery Ivanovich

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From the book The People of Muhammad. Anthology of spiritual treasures of Islamic civilization by Eric Schroeder

Comparison lines	Mode Types
Democratic	totalitarian	Authoritarian
Legal principle
Rights and freedoms
Type economic system
Ideology
Examples

Comparison lines	Mode Types
Democratic	totalitarian	Authoritarian
Social base (the regime is based on ....)	Relying on the majority	Reliance on mass underclass movements	Reliance on traditional social institutions
State structure (degree of mutual control between government and society)	Constitutional state	Complete state control over society	Reliance on traditions, strict control of certain sectors
Party system (presence and number of parties in the country)	Multi-party system	One party system	The ruling party has been nationalized
Presence (absence) of opposition	Operates legally	Denied	Activities are strictly limited
Legal principle	Everything that is not prohibited is permitted	Everything that is not permitted is prohibited	Everything is allowed except politics
Rights and freedoms	Guarantee of rights and freedoms.	The law protects the individual	The law protects the state.
Declaration of rights and freedoms	Restriction of rights and freedoms. The law protects the state	Participation of citizens in the formation of government bodies	Participation of citizens in the formation of government
Ostentatious merger of power and society	Alienation from the power of citizens	Type of economic system	Mixed
Ideology	Centralized, militarized, strict production discipline	State the sector coexists with the market	Pluralism
The only one	The official one dominates. other ideologies are possible	Powers of punitive authorities	Subject to the law Permeate all spheres, political investigation, repression
Examples	Important element	state apparatus	Direct, plebiscitary, representative democracy (Sweden)

Italian fascism, German national socialism, Soviet socialism, Chinese Maoism, Kampuchean “pure” communism of Pol Pot

Democracy Bourgeois, socialist, military regimes (Pinochet in Chile, Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran, etc.

Democracy.

– a political regime in which democracy, the rights and freedoms of citizens are established and implemented, and public control over the state is exercised.

Signs of democracy:

The people are the source of power - Election of government bodies

Rights and freedoms of citizens - Subordination of the minority to the majority

Weakness of democracy:

The people cannot always directly influence the government, but only through representatives.

Democracy can degenerate into anarchy and dictatorship.

Types of democracy:

Liberal democracy - Parliamentary democracy

Features of liberal democracy:

Human rights are superior to state rights - Respect for minority rights

Totalitarianism Multi-party system - Separation of powers - Rule of law - Pluralism

Totalitarianism.

- a political regime in which the state exercises complete control over the individual.

Signs of totalitarianism: One-party system - Single ideology Leaderism - Suppression

civil rights

and freedoms

Subordination of the legislative power to the executive power - The leading role of law enforcement agencies the political regime of a military dictatorship established as a result of a coup d'etat, and not necessarily in a Spanish-speaking country - the Greek military junta ("black colonels") or the Myanmar junta.

Historical forms of political regimes:

- Asian despotism- a form of autocratic unlimited power

- Tyranny- a form of state power established by force and based on individual rule

1. Despotic regime(from Greek despotea- unlimited power). This mode is typical for absolute monarchy. In despotism, power is exercised exclusively by one person. But since in fact a despot cannot rule alone, he is forced

delegate some managerial affairs to another person who enjoys special trust (in Russia these were Malyuta Skuratov, Menshikov, Arakcheev). In the East it is

the face was called vizier The despot certainly left behind him punitive And tax functions. The will of the despot is arbitrary and sometimes manifests itself not only as autocracy, but also how tyranny. The main thing in a despotic state is obedience, execution of the will of the ruler. But there is a force capable of resisting the will of a despot, this is religion,

it is also binding on the sovereign.

Characteristic of despotism brutal suppression of any independence, discontent, indignation and even disagreement of those in power. The sanctions applied in this case are shocking in their severity, and they, as a rule, do not correspond to what was done, and are determined arbitrarily. The main sanction most often used is the death penalty. At

In this case, the authorities strive for its visibility in order to sow fear among the people and ensure their obedience. The despotic regime is characterized complete lack of rights

subjects. The lack of basic rights and freedoms reduces them to the status of cattle. It can only be a matter of satisfaction physiological needs, and even then not to the fullest extent.

2. Tyrannical regime(from Greek - tormentor) is installed usually, in territory subject to military conquest. It is based on individual rule, but is characterized by the presence institute of governor, and not a trusted institution

person (vizier). The power of a tyrant is cruel. In an effort to suppress resistance, he executes not only for expressed disobedience, but also for discovered intent in this regard, i.e. preventively, to spread fear among the population. Mastery of the territory and population of another country is usually associated with physical and moral violence not only against people, but also against the customs of the people. When new rulers introduce orders that are contrary to the way of life and thoughts of people, especially if they impose other religious norms, the people

experiences tyrannical power very hard (Ottoman Empire). Laws do not work because tyrannical authorities, as a rule, do not have time to create them.

3. Totalitarian regime(from Late Lat. - complete, whole, comprehensive) otherwise it can be called all-encompassing power. The economic basis of totalitarianism is large

own: feudal, monopolistic, state. A totalitarian state is characterized by the presence one official ideology. A set of ideas about social life set by the ruling elite. Among such representations stands out main “historical” idea: religious (in Iraq, Iran), communist (in the former USSR: the current generation will live under communism), economic (in China: to catch up and overtake the West through a great leap), patriotic or sovereign, etc. Moreover, the idea is formulated so popularly, simply, that she can be understood and accepted for leadership by all segments of society, even the most uneducated. Sincere support of the authorities by the population contributes to state monopoly on the media. Exists one ruling party which declares itself to be the leading force in society. Since this batch gives ≪the most correct settings≫, the reins of government are given into her hands: what happens merging of the party and state apparatuses. Totalitarianism is characterized extreme centrism. The center of a totalitarian system is leader. His position

akin to the divine. He is declared to be the wisest, infallible, fair, tirelessly thinking about the good of the people. Any critical attitude towards him is brutally persecuted. Against the backdrop of this is happening strengthening the power of executive bodies. Among government bodies, the “power fist” stands out (police, state security agencies, prosecutor’s office, etc.). Punitive authorities are constantly growing, since they are the ones who have to use violence in the nature of terror- physical and mental. Installed control over all spheres of society: political, economic, personal, etc., and therefore life in such a state becomes like behind a glass partition. The individual is limited in rights and freedoms, although formally they can even be proclaimed. One of the main characteristics of totalitarianism

One of the main characteristics of totalitarianism is militarization. The idea of ​​military danger, of a “besieged fortress” is necessary to unite society according to the principle of a military camp. A totalitarian regime is aggressive in its essence and does not mind profiting at the expense of other countries and peoples (Iraq, the former USSR). Aggression helps to achieve several goals at once: to distract people from thoughts about their plight, to get rich,

satisfy the leader's vanity. Western Europe experienced the totalitarian regime in

Middle Ages (religious totalitarianism). Currently, it exists in many Asian countries, in the recent past - in the USSR and Eastern European countries.

4. Fascist(racist) regime (from Latin - bundle, bundle, association) differs from totalitarianism in that it is involved in nationalist (racist, chauvinistic) ideology, which elevated to the rank of state. The main premise of fascist ideology is this: people are by no means equal before the law, their rights and responsibilities depend on their nationality. One nation is declared leading in the state or even in the world

community, and therefore worthy of better living conditions. The existence of other nations is allowed, but in auxiliary roles. Fascism, being “concerned” with the fate of the world community, proposes a chosen nation as a leader not only in its own state. Chauvinistic (racist) circles first express only the desire to “ennoble” the whole world with this nation, and then often begin to put their plans into practice: they begin aggression against other countries. Militarization, search for an external enemy, tendency to start wars and, finally, military expansion differ significantly

fascism from totalitarianism, which seeks enemies within the state and turns the full power of the punitive apparatus on them. These are the main features fascism. In other respects, it is similar to totalitarianism, and therefore many consider fascism to be a kind of totalitarianism. The similarity between these two types of political regime is also evident in genocide.

5. Authoritarian regime(from Latin - imperious), although in comparison with the types of regime discussed above it is softer, it still cannot be classified as a regime in which people can breathe freely. In an authoritarian regime, power not formed And not controlled by the people. Despite the fact that there are representative bodies, in reality they do not play any role in the state, but exist only for decoration, to give the government a certain civility; elections are held, but formally. In reality, life in the country is guided by will the ruling elite, which does not limit itself by law, but lives by its own rules. Stands out within the ruling elite leader. His influence is very significant, but unlike the leader, he is not inclined to make decisions alone. A strong personality usually becomes a leader. In an authoritarian state management is overly centralized. Local initiatives are not allowed unless permission is received from the center. This is why an authoritarian state relies on the police and military apparatus(Spain during the reign of Franco, Chile during the reign of Pinochet). The court in such a state is an auxiliary instrument. Also widely used extrajudicial

methods of reprisal(mental hospitals, deportation abroad).

Opposition is not allowed under an authoritarian regime. Several parties can participate in political life, but they must follow the line developed by the ruling party, otherwise they will be dispersed. The individual does not enjoy constitutional rights and freedoms, even if they are proclaimed on paper. It is also deprived of security guarantees in relations with the authorities. Full priority of state interests over personal ones. Against the background of the absolute control of the authoritarian state in the political sphere, there is relative freedom in

other spheres, especially in the spiritual. Thus, an authoritarian state, unlike a totalitarian one, no longer strives for an all-encompassing regulation of social life.

6. Liberal regime(from Latin - free) exists in those countries where market relations have developed. Historically, it arose as a reaction to excessive regulation of public life and is based on liberal ideology,

the basis of which is the requirement limiting state interference in the private lives of citizens to a minimum. Market relations, characteristic of a developed bourgeois state, can only exist between equal and independent subjects. The liberal state precisely proclaims formal equality of all citizens. Actual equality in conditions of non-intervention by the state social sphere not yet and cannot be. Proclaimed freedom of speech. Pluralism of opinions often looks like freethinking and even connivance (attitude

to sexual minorities, to the role of women in society). Economic basis

is private property. The state exempts producers from guardianship,

does not interfere with economic activity people, but only establishes the general framework of free competition among commodity producers. It also acts as an arbiter in

resolving disputes between them. The liberal regime allows for the existence opposition.

Moreover, with sustainable liberalism, measures are taken to cultivate it and even provide financial support (for example, shadow cabinets in parliaments). Multi-party system- a necessary attribute of a liberal society. State bodies are formed by elections, the outcome of which depends not only from the opinion of the people, but also from financial

opportunities certain parties or individual candidates. Public administration carried out on the basis the principle of separation of powers. System of checks and balances

reduces the possibility of abuse of power. Government decisions are made mainly by majority vote. Public administration and legal regulation are carried out on the basis decentralization: The central government takes upon itself to resolve only those issues that the local government, the organizations themselves and citizens cannot resolve. A liberal regime exists in developed countries of Europe, the USA and Japan and others, characterized by a high level of economic, political and social development. Russia is just beginning to enter the era of liberalism.

7. Democratic regime(from the Greek - democracy) is in many ways the regime of the future. Some developed countries (Sweden, Finland, Norway) have come close to it. He

provides citizens broad rights and freedoms, and also provides the socio-economic basis for their implementation by all citizens. In a democratic state the source of power is the people. Representative bodies and officials in the state are also elected here, but the criterion for election is not political, but their professional quality. Wide development of associative connections at all levels of public life (movements, associations, unions, sections, clubs, societies, etc.) contributes to the transformation of a nation-state into a civilization-state. Referendums, plebiscites, popular initiatives, discussions become the norm of life. Along with

created with government system of bodies for direct participation of citizens in managing the affairs of the society (councils, public committees, etc.) - When making decisions The interests of the minority are also taken into account. Regulatory regulation is acquiring a qualitatively new character: along with law as the main social regulator

In the life of a liberal society, morality is becoming increasingly important. Humanism and morality are distinctive features democratic state. Democracy is the phenomenon of a highly organized civil society. To establish it, the following prerequisites are necessary: ​​high economic development and a high level of well-being of people, most of whom are owners; high level of development of representative institutions and political consciousness of people, their significant

cultural level, readiness for cooperation, compromise and agreement.

Functions of the state- these are the main directions of its activities, expressing the essence and purpose of the state in society.

State machine(state mechanism) is a hierarchical

system of government bodies implementing practical work for the implementation of state functions.

The cell, the unit of the state apparatus is government agency. It differs very significantly, for example, from political parties, economic organizations, and socio-cultural institutions.

Firstly, the government body is called upon carry out management activities, meeting the interests of, if not all, then many citizens.

Secondly, he is endowed competence, i.e., a range of goals and objectives.

Thirdly, it has authority in a certain area of ​​public life. Authority is the right to give instructions (specific, or individual, or normative) that are binding.

Fourthly, for violations of the orders of the competent state bodies, sanctions, i.e. adverse consequences (fine, deprivation

freedom, confiscation of property, etc.).

Fifthly, each state body has: a) state, government property,

which is under its operational management; b) financial resources(your bank account), the main source of which is the state budget; c) established for him

organizational structure, related to it system of official subordination and official discipline.