Cytidine diphosphate choline (cyticholine) is a nootropic that, after ingestion, is converted to both choline and cytidine, the latter of which is converted to uridine in the body. It has cognitive-promoting properties as a prodrug of these two compounds.

brief information

Cytidine diphosphate choline (CDP-choline) is a nootropic drug that is nothing more than a prodrug of choline and uridine, converted in the body into these two molecules after oral administration. More specifically, CDP-choline is broken down into choline and cytidine, and cytidine is then converted to uridine. CDP-choline is one of three choline-containing phospholipids that can be taken orally (the other two are alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine and phosphatidylcholine). This drug is aimed at preventing or treating memory impairment associated with aging due to the fact that both molecules into which it is converted are neuroprotective and potentially improve cognition. While it is more effective in this regard than phosphatidylcholine, partly due to the fact that it increases the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine in the brain, its potency is somewhat comparable to that of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine. CDP-choline has several other potential applications regarding cognitive activity. It has been primarily used to improve memory in the young, and although several rodent studies have confirmed that this is possible through oral administration of cytidine diphosphate choline, there are no human studies to date. One study found increased alertness with a low dose of CDP-choline (which needs to be replicated), and that CDP-choline may play a role as an anti-addiction agent for cocaine and (preliminary evidence) food addiction. Also Known As: Citicholine, Cytidine Diphosphocholine Not to be confused with: Choline (CDP-choline contains some choline, but not exclusively choline), Uridine (acts similar to CDP-choline) Combines well with:

Potentially, its action is enhanced by the same substances as the action of uridine

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (to increase acetylcholine levels)

Cytidine diphosphate choline: instructions for use

The standard dosage of CDP-choline is 500-2,000 mg in two separate doses (250-1,000 mg each), usually 8-12 hours apart, although a single daily dose is also used in some cases. A single dose of 4,000 mg did not produce greater effect than a dose of 2,000 mg, so there is no need to take such a high dose. There are some properties, such as increased alertness or improved bioenergetics, that are exclusively or more potent when taken in low doses. Other properties, such as appetite, are opposite, therefore the ideal dose depends to some extent on the goal.

Sources and structure

Sources

CDP-choline (Cytidine diphosphocholine or citicholine) is a molecule from which choline is released in the body and which can be converted into uridine, as a result of which it has a beneficial effect, to a certain extent associated with both molecules, and claims to promote the exchange of acetylcholine and phospholipids.

Structure and properties

In its structure, CDP-choline (cytidine diphosphocholine) is a cytidine molecule linked to a choline molecule through two phosphate groups (pyrophosphate); since cytidine is also a term used to refer to the combination of cytosine and ribose, CDP-choline in some cases purportedly represents cytosine, ribose, pyrophosphate and choline. CDP-choline is water soluble.

Biological significance

CDP-choline is a coenzyme in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine through the Kennedy cycle (also known as the CDP-choline pathway; phosphatidylethanolamine is also formed by this pathway). In this pathway, choline kinase catalyzes choline into phosphocholine, taking up an ATP molecule in the process, with little affinity (thus most cellular choline is immediately converted to phosphocholine), and although this is not the only possible way to produce phosphocholine (the breakdown of sphingomyelin also produces phosphocholine) it is the most advanced method and the first step in the synthesis of phosphocholine through the Kennedy cycle. In other zones, phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase converts cytidine triphosphate to CDP-choline plus pyrophosphate (using previously created phosphocholine as a source of choline). This enzyme is the slowest in the Kennedy cycle and is limited in speed, but its activity determines the entire synthesis of phosphocholine. Typically, in cell cultures there is an excess of phosphocholine and a lack of CDP-choline. Ultimately, choline phosphotransferase (not to be confused with carnitine palmitoyltransferase, which has a similar abbreviation) transports phosphocholine from CDP-choline to diacyglycerol. Also involved is an enzyme called choline-ethanolamine phosphotransferase, which has dual specificity for cytidine diphosphate choline and cytidine diphosphate ethanolamine (and especially the latter), donating phosphocholine to diacyglycerol ultimately creating phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine (other enzymes using cytidine diphosphate ethanolamine create phosphatidylethanolamine instead). The role of CDP-choline is to provide cytidine (which increases uridine levels) and choline, thus providing a breeding ground for the reaction. Although CDP-choline is formed in a rate-limited step in the above reaction, orally administered CDP-choline is broken down completely and is more of a prodrug for cytidine and choline than CDP-choline formed in the body. The Kennedy cycle uses CDP-choline as an intermediary in the synthesis of phospholipids, which are important for the functioning of all types of cells, but most importantly for neurons. CDP-choline is formed in a rate-limited step, but this is largely irrelevant for the supplement since ingestion of CDP-choline does not provide plasma concentrations of CDP-choline (instead it provides plasma levels of cytidine and choline).

Pharmacology

Absorption

Studies evaluating the absorption of CDP-choline have noted that it is close to absolute and is in the range of 97.55-100%.

Metabolism

There are several interspecies differences in the metabolism of CDP-choline. While it is consistently completely degraded, in rats two breakdown products, cytidine and choline, are found in the systemic circulation and brain, in humans the breakdown products are uridine and choline; Administration of CDP-choline (500-2000 mg) in humans increases plasma uridine concentrations (101-136%) without significantly increasing cytidine levels. This is evidenced by the rapid conversion of cytidine to uridine in humans. CDP-choline increases serum concentrations of pure choline at doses up to 500 mg, which occurs 2-3 hours after administration, while subsequent administration of 1000 mg CDP-choline was noted to achieve a Cmax value of 2.085+/-0.189 with a Tmax value of 3.292+ /-0.689 hours. In humans, CDP-choline acts as a prodrug for choline and uridine.

Removal

The half-life of the maximum amount of choline when taking CDP-choline (1000 mg) is quite long and amounts to 66,348+/-8,445 hours.

Condition of the cardiovascular system

Blood pressure

IN laboratory conditions, CDP-choline stimulates acetylcholine-induced internal relaxation (reducing EC50 from 120 ng/ml to 23 ng/ml due to 1 mg/ml CDP-choline), but not external, vascular bed of the carotid artery (the internal bed has excess cholinergic innervation colocalized with adrenergic receptors) and is blocked by choline reuptake inhibitors. Potential vascular relaxing properties are associated with cholinergic signaling, which explains why CDP-choline may have relaxing properties. blood vessels abilities. Although the concentration is quite high, CDP-choline (used in the laboratory experiment) was not detected in the blood in pure form In a state of shock (hemorrhagic shock), when rats were given CDP-choline (which rapidly produces cytidine monophosphate and phosphocholine), an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate, while it spread either somatically or intracerebrally; (Savci V, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intracerebroventricularly injected CDP-choline in normotensive and hypotensive animals: the involvement of the cholinergic system. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. (2002))] cardiac stimulation was achieved through the cholinergic as well as the histaminergic system (although H1 receptor antagonists block action, cholinergic antagonists do not). In rats suffering from hypotension (low blood pressure), administration of CDP-choline caused an increase in blood pressure and normalization of heart rate. This dual action was achieved through both the histaminergic and cholinergic systems. One study in healthy older adults examining memory structure using 500-1,000mg CDP-choline found a modest but significant reduction in systolic blood pressure. Limited studies of oral administration in humans have noted blood pressure-lowering properties, but no hypotensive crisis has been observed.

Neurology

Bioenergy

A study in older adults taking 500mg CDP-choline daily for 6 weeks found increases in phosphocreatine (7%) and beta-nucleotide phosphate (14% total, mostly ATP), with 2,000mg being ineffective.

Appetite

In a study of healthy subjects taking 500mg or 2,000mg of CDP-choline for six weeks, it was found that the highest dose was able to stimulate activity in the amygdala, insula, and transverse orbitofrontal cortex (in response to food intake), which underlies its appetite-suppressing effects. associated with the supplement (on a scale of 1 to 10, appetite decreased from 6.8 to 5.92; where 1 is the lowest value; a decrease of 27%), although no effect on weight was detected. May slightly suppress appetite in humans at the maximum dose (2,000 mg daily), although the reason for this has not been established to date.

Attention

U healthy women in 40-60 year olds taking CDP-choline 250-500mg for 28 days and then undergoing the Continuous Activity Test II, it was noted that both doses were able to reduce the number of omission and false positive errors, indicating increased focus and decreased inhibition. Both groups were generally equally effective, although 250mg was somewhat more effective. At least one study reported improved alertness with 250-500mg (250mg was superior to 500mg) CDP-choline.

Pain and analgesia

Choline itself has an analgesic effect that ceases either when choline is absorbed into the brain or when blocked by nicotinic receptors (namely the α7 subclass), of which choline is an agonist, while muscarine antagonists cannot reverse the effect (even though that the muscarinic system is related to pain). Activation of nicotinic receptors releases opioid peptides (internal painkillers) found in nicotine and applied to choline. Due to the increase in choline levels in the brain, CDP-choline also has an analgesic effect through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; administration of cytidine does not provide such an analgesic effect. This analgesic effect is dose-dependent and is blocked by naloxone (an inverse opioid agonist) and CGP-35348 (GABAB receptor antagonist), which are mediated by the nicotinic receptor associated with opioid release, but also involve GABAB receptors (serotonin and adrenergic signaling, which is also caused by activation of nicotinic receptors, is not related to the observed analgesic effect). Choline itself has an analgesic effect when it reaches the brain, as activation of choline receptors leads to the release of opioid painkillers. Supplementation with CDP-choline may also provide analgesic effects due to its choline content, but to date there are no studies of oral administration (instead, studies have used 1-5 micromolar injections).

Neuroprotection and damage

CDP-choline has been found to act as a membrane stabilizer after strokes and may have multiple effects, including preserving the activity of ATP synthase, acetylcholinesterase, as well as cardiolipin and sphingomyelin, preventing the release of fatty acids from damaged neurons and promoting glutathione activity, thereby reducing apoptosis. These processes followed the preservation of membrane plasticity during experimental stroke with 500 mg/kg CDP-choline (rats), as determined by high levels of biomarkers (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), synaptophysin, lineage-specific precursor). In rat studies, CDP-choline infusion given at the onset of experimental stroke appears to be protective, as evidenced by a reduction in infarct size, in a manner that is enhanced by growth factors and SIRT1 activators. Rats that had received experimental brain damage also showed retention of memory (usually impaired by brain damage) when administered intravenously with CDP-choline at the onset of injury. In people with traumatic brain injury (after admission to trauma centers) who received either placebo therapy or 2000 mg CDP-choline for 90 days, there were no significant changes in cognitive performance or in functional measures, while the measurements were carried out at the end of treatment or 90 years after stopping treatment.

Stroke

CDP-choline was found to be associated with improved recovery after stroke, with an open reduction rate of 1.33 (95% inclusion criterion 1.10–1.62), which was also noted in meta-analyses of other studies. As stated, a follow-up study using CDP-choline (1000mg twice daily for three days followed by 500mg twice daily for 6 weeks) in people with ischemic stroke did not find any significant effect compared with placebo. which led to premature termination of the study.

Cholinergic neurotransmission

Due to the fact that choline acts as a nutrient medium for the production of acetylcholine, CDP-choline increases the synthesis of acetylcholine due to the choline content in it, while uridine is also related to this process (since uridine alone has been shown to increase the concentration of acetylcholine in aging rats). Injections of CDP-choline (100 mg/kg) confirmed an increase in extracellular acetylcholine levels in the brain (hippocampus and neocortex) in freely moving rats subjected to traumatic brain injury. CDP-choline supplementation, due to both its constituents (choline and uridine), can increase acetylcholine release in live models. In the striatum and cortex, vesicular acetylcholine transporter protein content was increased by CDP-choline (325 mg/kg), which also extended to alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine when choline was controlled (although alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine affected more brain regions). This was observed in vivo when aging rats given 100-500mg/kg CDP-choline daily for 7 months showed a 6-17% increase in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor concentrations (while the control results were deviating), although receptor affinity was not affected. May increase levels of choline transporters in the brain when taken orally in high doses, with both choline itself and uridine being implicated in the observed changes.

Noradrenergic interaction

Choline (infusion) increases serum concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which also applies to CDP-choline, since choline itself acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to release catecholamines. While it is not effective under normal conditions in the hypothalamus, it can counteract the decrease in norepinephrine observed during hypoxia when given in high oral doses (1,000 mg/kg in rats). Administration of 325 mg/kg CDP-choline for seven days in rats did not cause changes in the concentrations of either norephedrine transporters or common vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT2).

Serotonergic interaction

Supplementation with 325 mg/kg CDP-choline for seven days did not cause changes in the concentration of serotonin transporters in the rat brain.

Dopaminergic interaction

CDP-choline has dopaminergic activity, which has been shown to be effective in animal models of Parkinson's disease, and this is likely due to the uridine moiety of CDP-choline, since an increase in potassium-induced dopamine release is observed with uridine as well as with CDP-choline (oral administration of 250 mg/kg causes a 59% increase in dopamine release), while one study noted that injections of CDP-choline (300 mg/kg) alone caused little sudden jump dopamine (23-29%, normalizes after 3 hours), less than with L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (74%). In studies that assessed baseline dopamine concentrations (at rest without stimulation), no long-term changes were found. A single injection of 900 mg/kg has an inhibitory effect, indicating an antagonistic effect. This may be due to increased dopamine release as a result of neural activation, as dopamine antagonists increase its synthesis (agonists decrease synthesis). In studies that used dopamine agonists, regular injections (300 mg/kg, but not 100 mg/kg) increased apomorphine-induced reversal (42%). This may be due to the dopamine transporter, the increase in levels of which is caused by regular administration of CDP-choline (cerebellum and frontal lobe), as observed in aging rats (11-18% with oral administration of 100-500mg/kg CDP-choline) after 7 months, or with the aforementioned increase in dopamine release due to stimulation. The increase in dopamine receptor concentrations may be related to the uridine moiety, since uridine is associated with improvements in membrane rheology. CDP-choline in its pure form has no effect on dopamine concentrations, but promotes dopaminergic signaling both by increasing the levels of dopamine transporters and by increasing the amount of dopamine released from stimulated neurons. This benefit extends to both dopamine agonists and dopamine itself. CDP-choline showed preservation of dopaminergic neurons in the presence of Parkinson's toxins MPP+ and 6-hydroxydopamine, which may be related to its general antiapoptotic effect. Although this is more reflective of the neuroprotective effect of the uridine moiety, preservation of dopaminergic neurons may prevent the decrease in dopamine observed with toxins or injury. The neuroprotective effects of CDP-choline on neurons that release dopamine suggest that CDP-choline may reduce the abnormalities in dopamine secretion observed in neurological damage. The dopaminergic effects of CDP-choline are related more to the uridine moiety than to the choline.

addictive

It is widely believed that the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic systems (as well as the serotonergic) play a role in addiction, and it forms the basis of pharmacological therapy today. A positive effect of CDP-choline on cocaine addiction is assumed due to its cytidine component and effect on dopamine metabolism. Administration of 500 mg CDP-choline twice daily for two weeks to people initially addicted to cocaine showed greater control over use, a reduction in the need for cocaine-induced euphoria, and a reduction in overall craving or need for cocaine, as measured by a self-administered study. In this study, in people with bipolar disorder who were also addicted to cocaine, taking CDP-choline was found to reduce the number of people with cocaine in their urine at the end of the 12-week study (no effect on bipolar disorder symptoms was found). In contrast, in drug-naive cocaine addicts who took 500 mg twice daily, CDP-choline failed to outperform placebo in reducing cocaine use or craving (although alcohol use was reduced). In people with a history of cocaine abuse (but not meeting DMS-IV dependence criteria), taking the same 500 mg twice daily for four days before cocaine did not produce significant changes in either cardiovascular or cognitive performance measures induced by self-administration cocaine. CDP-choline may have hypothetical anti-addiction properties when taken 500 mg twice daily, but is not potent. One of the studies that did not find any effect was a study in which participants not only did not intend to attempt to reduce their cocaine use, but also did not seek treatment.

Memory and cognition

In young and healthy rats, CDP-choline failed to improve spatial memory formation (500mg/kg for 8 weeks) as assessed by the water maze, but in other studies 10-500mg/kg has been shown to improve performance in active and passive defensiveness tasks. after 10 days of use, subsequent studies found potency comparable to Piracetam and meclofenoxate (Centrophenoxine). Potency comparable to piracetam (100-500mg/kg) has been noted in other studies of CDP-choline in mice (25-500mg/kg), with both having mutually reinforcing effects on short-term memory formation in healthy individuals rodents In healthy young rodents, CDP-choline has some nootropic and memory stimulant effects, but it is not 100% reliable. In the case where it stimulates memory formation, the strength of its action is comparable to that of piracetam. The aging process is accompanied by a decrease in spatial memory formation in rats and humans, associated with cholinergic and membrane dysfunction in the hippocampus, compared to young experimental subjects. Because CDP-choline is involved in both membrane and acetylcholine metabolism, it has been implicated in cognitive decline (since uridine is effective in this regard, both molecules have been suggested to have beneficial effects). Administration of 500 mg/kg CDP-choline to rats for 8 weeks was able to restore spatial memory deficits observed in aging rats, while 10 mg/kg caused improvements in performance of active defensive tasks. In older adults without marasmus, 500-1,000 mg CDP-choline is associated with improvements in mnemonic recall and verbal memory (1,000 mg is only effective in this regard by a small margin; 2,000 mg is effective in all subjects), but not in object recognition. CDP-choline is effective in promoting memory formation and retrieval in elderly subjects at dosages ranging from 500 to 2,000 mg and produces dose-dependent benefits within this range. In studies examining memory after certain types of injury, CDP-choline (100-1,000 mg/kg) for seven days had a neuroprotective effect in rats with cerebrovascular dementia, as demonstrated by better performance on the maze test and reduced hippocampal cell necrosis. The effect was more significant at the highest dose (1,000 mg/kg). Due to its neuroprotective effect, it may have a memory-preserving effect in cases of cognitive impairment. However, to achieve this effect, high doses are required.

Interaction with glucose metabolism

Pancreatic hormones

Both insulin and glucagon levels increase following infusion of CDP-choline or choline alone, which is associated with an increase in the concentration of acetylcholine in the pancreas due to activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Choline may increase the concentration of both pancreatic hormones; the practical significance of this information is unknown.

Interaction with organ systems

Eyes

Injections of CDP-choline (50 mg/kg) into rabbits for seven days caused an increase in retinal dopamine concentrations (with a trend toward an increase in epinephrine and no significant changes in norepinephrine). Intramuscular injections of 1,000 mg CDP-choline daily to people with glaucoma for 60 days were able to increase induced visual potential and pattern electroretinogram parameters. After 180 days of washout, the benefit waned but was significantly greater than placebo, and this was replicated in other studies where a 1000mg injection had the same protective effect as an oral dose of 1600mg CDP-choline. When intraocular pressure was determined without taking into account whether the selected participants had intraocular pressure less than 18 mmHg or more than 21 mmHg, CDP-choline had no effect. May promote neural conduction parallel to the visual pathways, has no effect on intraocular pressure.

Interaction with hormones

A growth hormone

Intravenous administration of CDP-choline can increase clonidine-stimulated growth hormone release, an effect that is blocked by preventing the neuronal uptake of choline.

Thyroid hormones

Thyrotropin stimulation is enhanced by intravenous administration of CDP-choline to rats, an effect prevented by blocking the action of choline.

Luteinizing hormone

RFLH-stimulated release of luteinizing hormone is increased by intravenous administration CDP-choline in rats, the effect is terminated by preventing the uptake of choline into the brain.

Corticosteroids

CDP-choline increases the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the adrenal glands by acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Nutrient-nutrient interactions

Kholin

CDP-choline supplementation (500, 2000 and 4000 mg) can result in increases in serum choline in humans by 23, 32 and 43%, respectively, when measured 2-3 hours after oral administration, with increases occurring for up to 10 hours.

Uridine

Uridine is a nucleotide base that is also a commonly used dietary supplement. Uridine and cytidine are interchangeable in some cases, since although cytidine can be directly converted to cytidine triphosphate to enter the Kennedy cycle, uridine can also be converted to cytidine triphosphate (indirectly through the formation of uridine triphosphate). Oral administration of CDP-choline is able to increase plasma uridine concentrations, with 500 mg (101% higher than baseline) less effective than 2000 mg (136%), while 4000 mg was no more effective (134%), when measured after 90 minutes after administration, the values ​​last for 6 hours.

Resveratrol

In rats given 0.2-2g/kg CDP-choline intravenously immediately before experimental stroke, it was found that the infusion was able to increase the level of SIRT1 protein, which mediates the neuroprotective effect observed with CDP-choline. When combined with Resveratrol (2.5 mg/kg), a synergistic effect was found.

:Tags

List of used literature:

Bracken BK, et al. Eight weeks of citicoline treatment does not perturb sleep/wake cycles in cocaine-dependent adults. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. (2011)

Fagone P, Jackowski S. Phosphatidylcholine and the CDP-choline cycle. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2013)

Kent C. Regulatory enzymes of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis: a personal perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2005)

Horibata Y, Hirabayashi Y. Identification and characterization of human ethanolaminephosphotransferase1. J Lipid Res. (2007)

Inositols and choline supplements are usually packaged together for a very good reason. These important brain supplements work in harmony to promote better cognitive function and healthy brain cells.

Inositols were once known as the B-vitamin, specifically vitamin B8. Nowadays, this nutrient is no longer considered a vitamin. Choline, on the other hand, is considered a vitamin and is one of the few substances that can freely pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB).

Even though these two supplements are not known to be the most powerful brain mental boosters, both are needed to improve cognitive processes related to learning, memory, energy levels, and mood. What benefits inositol and choline provide, how they work together, and what is the proper way to use them, we will discuss below.

What is Inositol?

Inositol is considered to be especially good in women who suffer from anxiety or post menstrual syndrome (PMS). After it was discovered that the body has the ability to make its own inositol, this nutrient was removed from the vitamin category. Inositol is available as a natural supplement that can be as effective as some other prescribed medications in treating various mental illnesses, which we will discuss below and mention why.

What are the benefits of inositol?

• Treats Anxiety: Inositol may interfere with the action of the neurotransmitter serotonin, a compound present in blood platelets and serum, which constricts blood vessels. The occurrence of depression and anxiety is believed to be due to a decrease in serotonin levels in our body. The Ministry of Mental Health at Ben Gurion University published the “;Journal of Clinical Psychology"; the last one was 1995 after a double-blind study. Panic disorder has also been shown to be effectively treated with the use of inositol. Additionally, inositol plays a role in nerve transmission, cell formation, and fat transport.
• Depression Treats: As mentioned earlier, low serotonin levels are believed to be a major cause of depression. Inositol is a common supplement used to treat symptoms of depression as it helps in the production of serotonin. However, unlike choline, inositol is not considered an essential nutrient. There isn't enough research to support the effectiveness of inositol in treating depression.
• Reduces blood cholesterol levels: Having broken body fat, can prevent the accumulation of fats in the walls of the heart, arteries and brain. As a result, it lowers cholesterol levels and reduces fat in your arteries. A fun fact is, when taking inositol in combination with choline, lecithin can be produced in your body.
• Help for children with respiratory problems: In the late 90s, one study shows that inositol helps newborns with respiratory distress by reducing disability and death. This supplement has no side effects and helps in reducing the rate of death, brain bleeding, lung complications, and even vision problems. However, it is important that if you are pregnant, you should first consult your doctor before adding inositol prenatal vitamin stack.
• Helps those suffering from diabetes: Inositol cannot cure diabetes, however, with increased consumption, it can relieve symptoms. Inositol supplements may help treat diabetic neuropathy, a type of nerve damage that occurs in people who have diabetes. Inositol has a positive effect on the body's cells. Since most nerve functions are affected by a decrease in inositol in the cell, thus increasing inositol intake can help alleviate this condition.
• Helps fight cancer: Several test-tube studies suggest that inositol, when combined with phytic acid, helps fight cancer.
• Relieves constipation: Inositol stimulates muscle contraction and relieves the pain of constipation. Excessive relaxation of muscles in the intestines and gastrointestinal tract caused by a decrease in inositol in your system, which can lead to constipation. Inositol is also used in pregnant women during labor to stimulate muscle contraction.
• For sleep and insomnia: Inositol promotes peace and tranquility, which are necessary in order to get good sleep. Inositols are really beneficial for those who have trouble falling asleep, as it helps improve normal communication in the brain by releasing chemicals like serotonin.

What is Choline?

Choline is known as an essential nutrient, and is considered a member of the B vitamin family. It can be found naturally in our bodies, and in. This important nutrient is produced in the liver; However, this amount is somewhat small and not enough to encourage and maintain good health.

Foods that are rich in choline include yolks, liver, spinach, wheat germ, beans, nuts, and fish. Choline Bitartrate is a type of choline that can usually be purchased at supplement stores, but you can also purchase choline citrate as well.

Administration of an enhanced choline (citicoline) CDP or alpha-GPC has been observed to be effective in the treatment of anxiety, depression, liver dysfunction and disease, memory loss, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. Choline may also benefit athletes as it has the ability to effectively increase muscle mass and delay the onset of fatigue. It is also used as an additive in infant formula to prevent neural tube defects and may be associated with increased IQ scores.

In case you want to improve your brain power, Choline may be the best choice for you since it is a direct precursor to acetylcholine, which is one of the most important brain chemicals. This neurotransmitter plays an important role in numerous cognitive processes, including learning, memory formation, decision making, focus, and more.

Moreover, Inositol and Choline supplements help in the repair and development of worn and new cell membranes of neurons within the brain. These substances also function to transport fats throughout the body, thus preventing the occurrence of fatty liver disease and making it easier to lose weight.

Other benefits of choline?

• Asthma treats: Research shows that taking choline may reduce the symptoms and incidence of asthma in some people. Higher doses of choline, which is 3 grams per day, may be more effective than lower doses (1.5 grams per day).
• Treats liver disease secondary to exclusive feeding or parenteral nutrition: Administering choline via intravenous administration (via IV) has been shown by some studies to be effective in treating liver disease in people who have choline deficiency and are receiving parenteral nutrition.
• Reduces the risk of developing neural tube defects: Some evidence shows that women who have high intakes of choline in their diet at the time of conception appear to have a lower risk of having babies with nerve defects than those women who have low levels of choline in their diet.

Stackers Inositol and Choline

Stackers means adopting two complements that provide a synergistic effect, working in harmony with each other. Taking both inositol and choline appears to be more effective than taking it alone. Experts observe the additional effects of these two supplements in various areas, especially in the production of lecithin within the body. Lecithin is a type of lipid that plays an important role in the growth and maintenance of cell membranes throughout the body.

And not only can inositol prevent premature cell death and improve the health of cell membranes, they can also enhance the cells' ability to absorb nutrients. This leads to increased reactivity of brain cells, leading to improved cognitive function. Good comparison these two can be seen here: which can also help you find stacks that use these supplements, also if you go to the stacks page, you can enter both of these supplements and it will pull up a list of all the stacks that contain these two supplements.

What are the side effects of Choline Inositol?

Inositol Choline is non-toxic and may not produce any harmful side effects. However, doses beyond 500 mg per day may result in minimal side effects. These side effects include nausea, headaches, decreased appetite, body odor, dizziness, profuse sweating, and redness of the skin. In order to prevent these side effects from happening, it is advisable that you start with minimal effective dose then gradually increase it once you become familiar with its effects.

In case you have hypotension (low blood pressure) or any medical conditions, it is vital that you first consult a doctor before taking Choline Inositol.

The usual recommended dosage for those suffering from anxiety is 1 gram of inositol per day, divided into two equal doses taken in the morning and a few hours before bed. For those who want to improve their memory, a dose of 2 g of choline per day is recommended, divided into two equal administrations, taken in the morning and evening.

Taking high doses can cost you a lot of money, especially with the Inositol brand of choline sold at Walgreens, GNC, or Walmart. It is cheaper to purchase choline powder separately and then mix them together at whatever dosage you prefer.

1. http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-299-inositol.aspx?activeingredientid=299&activeingredientname=inositol
2. http://vitguide.com/inositol-benefits/

What are the most effective nootropics you can try? Nootropic supplements are also known as brain and cognitive boosters due to their ability to improve mental performance and produce various positive effects on the brain. This includes improved recall speed, increased mental energy, improved short-term and long-term memory, increased mental clarity, and improved concentration.

These supplements may also improve communication between neurons, thereby increasing their overall effectiveness and may promote a healthier brain. This results in better executive function, enhanced fluid intelligence, even more creative thought, and improved problem solving. This means not all nootropics are taken “;when you need a boost" ; but can be taken as a “ ;vitamin” ; for neuroprotective reasons, and also, I think about it If you can take supplements for your body, why not more so for your brain as well.

There are many clinical cases when some of these nootropics have helped, and they include: Parkinson's disease, dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and age-specific cognitive decline. These benefits are the reason nootropics are widely used by many people, for some, many times throughout the day. Below we present our top 10 supplements (& drugs) that may be beneficial for you. CONTACT YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER BEFORE STARTING A REGIMEN WITH THESE. Consider this article a guide for beginners to get know about what’;S there and what are their functions.

There are many types of supplements available and it can be overwhelming for those looking to get started. We wanted to make it easier by listing the top nootropic supplements in order of most potent and most effective nootropics to “;least" ; in our top 10. Least in quotes because different supplements provide different benefits and have different side effects. By no means is this list all-inclusive.

What is this? which increases energy levels and alertness - especially in people who typically don't get enough sleep. User reports indicate that it gives them what they want increase mental energy that they should do better than caffeine and other stimulants. Consequently, it has gotten to be well known for its intended use as a focus enhancer. Modafinil Clinical is prescribed for people who suffer from sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, among other sleep-related conditions.

What are the benefits of modafinil?

Modafinil was created to help people stay alert and focused, and also clear their minds if they are experiencing sleep deprivation or drowsiness. Researchers have effectively demonstrated the relationship between the use of this medication and the retention of intellectual potential healthy by variables such as lack of sleep. Be that as it may, not all of them can link Modafinil to a change in psychomotor capacity in human test subjects.

Regardless of its beneficial results in improving concentration, focus and short-term memory, it hasn’t demonstrated huge improvements in those affecting healthy adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (or ADHD). Then again, the same condition occurring in children benefited from the use of modafinil to the same or greater extent as methylphenidate, the prescribed drug of choice for this purpose.

What is this?

Noopept is primarily used to enhance learning ability, memory, and concentration. Known to have one of the most powerful cognitive functions and is considered much more effective than most other synthetic nootropics, especially when compared to other racetams.

What are the benefits of Noopept?

This application provides many benefits related to the synaptic activity of the brain. It works by stimulating AMPK, nicotinic, and NMDA receptor sites in the brain. This leads to an increase in the activity of certain neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, glutamate, serotonin, and dopamine. These synergies are thought to be responsible for a wide range of cognitive benefits.

The most well-known benefit of this drug is it’;s ability significantly increase working memory and memory consolidation. Other benefits of Noopept include improved reflexes, enhanced learning capabilities, better mood, increased sensory perception, reduced anxiety, overall improvement in mental performance, and logic processing.

Adrafinil

What is this?

Adrafinil is a drug that works very similarly to modafinil. It works by increasing a person's energy and promoting mental alertness. As a matter of fact, many people use Adrafinil if their country does not legally approve the use of modafinil. While Modafinil is a controlled substance, Adrafinil is not; it is metabolized in the liver to form modafinil. It may be a little harsh on the liver for this reason, so it is not recommended to supplement this drug frequently and if you do so, your liver enzyme levels should be closely monitored.

What are they?

It contains most of the benefits that modafinil has and is primarily used as an energy-boosting and off-label nootropic. It also has the ability to enhance cognitive function and memory. Experts recommend using Adrafinil on an irregular basis in order to avoid the occurrence of side effects that may result from long-term use.

What is this?

Pramiracetam is an “ ;advanced version” ; Piracetam's mechanisms of action are also very similar, it involves binding to receptor sites in the brain and inhibiting their desensitization to increase the action potential of neurons. Pramiracetam is one of the most powerful nootropic supplements available. It has very high bioavailability and is a fat-soluble racetam and is known to have a long half-life.

What are the benefits of Pramiracet?

Pramiracet is known to be one of the “Pure” nootropics. Some of its known benefits include increased learning ability, increased memory, focus, attention span and concentration, and increased overall brain energy. Taking Pramiracet powder produces very little effect on anxiety and affective levels.

What is this?

Like Pramiracet, phenylpiracetam is also an “;advanced and stronger" ; version of piracetam. It contains a Phenyl group molecule attached to the original Piracetam and is known to be more concentrated 60x. Therefore, phenylpiracetam provides best benefits could be a smart move away from piracetam.

What are the benefits of phenylpiracetol?

Phenylpiracetam is known for its ability to help increase overall resistance to stress and cold. According to its user reviews, Phenylpiracetam can increase a person's memory, focus, learning ability, concentration, attention span, as well as mental energy. Additionally, it helps enhance physical performance, promote intense focus, and improve workout recovery time.

What is this?

Sulbutiamine was originally synthesized in Japan, it is a synthetic version of thiamine (or vitamin B1) and is primarily used to increase overall brain energy levels. Sulbutiamine is not actually considered a "true" Nootropic; However, it seems to go very well with other supplements, which is why it is usually stacked as part of a larger nootropic regimen.

What are the benefits of sulbutiamine?

Sulbutiamine helps a person relax and promotes a sense of overall well-being. It improves the ability to concentrate and focus, as well as increased focus.

What is this?

Aniracetam belongs to the ampakine family and is considered a racetam. It has the ability to provide a mood enhancing effect and reduce anxiety and stress levels and thus, it is known as a powerful tranquilizer. Those who suffer from depression, social anxiety, and other mood disorders may greatly benefit from Aniracetam.

What are they?

Some of the benefits of Aniracetam include improved focus, memory, and attention span. Aniracetam is not considered a CNS stimulant. However, as a user it’s common to experience an initial boost of energy followed by a feeling of relaxation. This nootropic is said to also increase memory input and output (Input/Output Link: Dave Asprey), meaning it helps memory recall and speech fluency, however consider this anecdotal.

Huperzine

What is it and what are its benefits?

Huperzine A is that is widely used by people for it’;s ability to help inhibit an enzyme that degrades neurotransmitter learning, . It is derived from a plant called Huperzia serrata, which is abundant in China. Acetylcholine is one of the most important neurotransmitters in our body as it helps improve numerous cognitive functions and processes and improves memory.

What is it and how does it work?

5-HTP is a chemical that is synthesized in the human body with the help of L-tryptophan and converted into serotonin inside the brain. Like acetylcholine, serotonin is also one of the most important neurotransmitters, as it is also responsible for promoting normal sleep and regulating mood. It can also prevent your brain from becoming over-stimulated and helps you concentrate better.

What is this?

Choline is a substance that can be found in small quantities in various forms food products that we consume every day. This is one of the main components for any nootropic/. Choline sources, such as Choline Bitartrate, or function as an immediate precursor for the production of acetylcholine, so it is important to supplement or consume it through food to ensure you have adequate levels.

What are the benefits of choline?

Some studies suggest that choline may better potentiate the effectiveness of various nootropic drugs. Headache is considered a common side effect after taking racetams; choline depletion may be the culprit. While this really depends on your own biology, as it could be many other factors. Many will have you believe that you must supplement choline with any racetams, and this is simply not the case. It should be consumed “;as needed”;, with a little trial and error you will determine the correct dose while still staying within the suggested dose on the label.

Based on TrackMyStack users

Our users take the following nootropic supplements for cognitive enhancement, this report is updated live and can be viewed in real time version.

Gender breakdown of the above report:

1. http://www.drugs.com/cdi/modafinil.html
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrafinil
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpiracetam
4. https://examine.com/supplements/sulbutiamine/
5. https://www.smartdrugsforthought.com/what-is-aniracetam/
6. HTTP://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-764-huperzine a.aspx?activeingredientid=764&activeingredientname = huperzine% 20a
7. http://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/5-htp-5-hydroxytryptophan
8. HTTP://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-436-choline.aspx?activeingredientid=436& ;

With many choline supplements readily available today to choose from, how do you determine which one to take or should you naturally get your daily choline intake? In the nootropic world, different types of choline supplements can be chosen from. But the question is, how are they different from each other? And what is the best source of choline among them all?

Before naming the different types of choline sources, let's discuss what choline actually is. Choline is a water-soluble nutrient that was first discovered by Adolph Strecker 1864. During the year 1998, choline was classified as an essential nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the US Institute of Medicine. Our bodies are capable of producing choline, however, this is not sufficient for our body's daily needs. Because of this, choline can be obtained from dietary supplements and various food sources.

Choline is closely related to the vitamin B-complex family. It plays a role in the structure and integrity of our cell membranes, as well as in the process of methylation. Moreover, choline is considered the basis of acetylcholine and is an important neurotransmitter in the brain. Acetylcholine, or ACh, is vital for the proper functioning of our neurons and is closely linked to our memory and cognitive functions (1). For this reason, Choline is one of the essential supplements in the nootropic world and is even used with other supplements for more powerful cognitive benefits. Apart from this, Choline can also prevent and reduce some of the negative side effects associated with racetam use.

What are the natural sources of choline?

Before choline supplements arrive, how do people get their daily dose? Various food sources contain significant amounts of choline in them. It can be found in many plant and animal products, as well as some processed foods. And, he found that the food with the highest levels of choline was eggs. Yes, those eggs you ate for your daily breakfast are not just your regular breakfast food. Below are the top 10 food sources that have the highest levels of choline with their corresponding specific portion.

Top 10 Sources of Choline

1. eggs
1 whole egg = 146.90 mg 35% DRI/DV

Eggs are considered one of the healthiest foods on earth and have many essential compounds in it. In addition to their high choline levels, eggs have been recognized as a source of high-quality protein. It also contains high amounts of vitamin B3, vitamin B2, manganese, selenium, omega-3 fatty acids, amino acids, and more. These nutrients each play a vital role in the proper functioning of our body and the promotion of a healthy body.

2. Shrimp
4 oz = 153.54 mg 36% DRI/DV

In addition to being an excellent source of choline, shrimp contain significantly high levels of various important nutrients necessary for the normal functioning of the body. To name a few, they are Selenium, Vitamin B12, Protein, Phosphorus, and Copper. Shrimp also play a role as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, as well as with omega-3 fatty acids.

3. scallops
4 oz = 125.53 mg 30% DRI/DV

Scallops are known to have high levels of choline, Vitamin B12, iodine, phosphorus, protein, and other essential compounds. It serves to promote a healthier cardiovascular system, as well as in the prevention of cancer and age-related cognitive decline.

4. cod
4 oz = 90.38 mg 21% DRI/DV

Besides its choline content, Cod provides high levels of other essential compounds such as vitamin B12, iodine, selenium, phosphorus, protein, and among many others. It serves to promote a healthier cardiovascular system as well as cancer prevention.

5. Collar Greens
1 cup = 72.96 mg 17% DRI/DV

In addition to being an excellent source of choline, greens contain significantly high levels of vitamin K, vitamin A, manganese, vitamin C, and other essential compounds. Like mustard, collard greens also play a role in cancer prevention by acting in the body's detoxification, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory systems.

6. Brussels sprouts
1 cup = 63.34 mg 15% DRI/DV

Brussels sprouts are known for their high levels of choline, Vitamin K content, Vitamin C, and folic acid levels. Additionally, it has been shown to play a role in cancer prevention by affecting the body's detoxification, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory systems.

7. Broccoli
1 cup = 62.56 mg 15% DRI/DV

Broccoli is known to be an excellent source of choline, vitamin K, vitamin C, chromium, and many other important compounds. Its health benefits include addressing the development of cancer and its relationship to three metabolic problems: chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and inadequate detoxification.

8. Swiss chard
1 cup = 50.23 mg 12% DRI/DV

Chard is not only one of the most famous vegetables in the Mediterranean, but it is also one of the most nutritious vegetables. It belongs to the chenopod family along with spinach, beets, and quinoa. It is an excellent source of choline, vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin C, and many other important compounds.

9. Cauliflower
1 cup = 48.48 mg 11% DRI/DV

Cauliflower contains significantly higher amounts of choline, vitamin C, vitamin K, folate, and among many other important nutrients. It provides benefits to the human body as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and supports a healthy cardiovascular system.

10. Asparagus
1 cup = 46.98 mg 11% DRI/DV

Asparagus contains many essential nutrients such as choline, vitamin K, folate, copper, among many others. It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and also supports the cardiovascular system. (1)

And, So, What is alpha GPC?

Also sometimes called Choline Alfoscerate, it is one of the many variations of choline supplement available today. Many people consider Alpha GPC to be the best choline supplement available since it has a slightly different pathway for increasing acetylcholine levels in the brain. One of its unique features is that it is able to pass through the blood-brain barrier easily, thus delivering results faster. In addition to the improved cognitive function it provides through its effect on the cholinergic system, Alpha GPC also improves mood through the dopaminergic system and increases strength and muscle mass through its effect on the pituitary gland. Alpha-GPC also has neuroprotective properties. It serves to maintain the health of our neurons and the communication neurons in the brain. It also helps form new brain cells without causing damage. With this mechanism of action that Alpha GPC possesses, it keeps our brain young, healthy, and functioning at its peak performance.

Alpha GPC is more concentrated and more effective (per weight) than other choline supplements. Although Alpha GPC tends to be more expensive, it is almost twice the strength and potency of choline, another good source of choline. Keeping in mind, Alpha GPC requires a much lower dose to produce the same effects as other choline supplements. Let's say for example, the recommended daily dose of Alpha GPC is 250 mg to 500 mg. This dose is already enough to provide you with cognitive and health benefits. meanwhile, other sources of choline may require doubling this dose to see results. In this case, you will pay less for your money, but with higher quality choline.

What are other sources of choline?

Besides Alpha GPC, some other good sources of choline available today are (Acefene), and citicoline. Centrophenoxine is a synthetic variant that is derived from . From phospholipid transformation, this can lead to a significant increase in acetylcholine levels in the brain. It has anti-aging and detoxifying properties and provides increased brain energy levels.

Choline Bitartrate on the other hand, is another source of choline that is fairly cheap to buy and use. Although it has a high concentration of choline, it cannot effectively cross the blood-brain barrier. In this case, a lot of potential impact is put on the waste.

Another source of choline is citicoline, also referred to as CDP choline. One unique characteristic of which is that it undergoes a double conversion –; it breaks down into choline and cytidine, both of which produce cognitive benefits. Citicoline improves mood and energy, and promotes a healthier brain.

The choice of supplement, such as a choline source, largely depends on your choice and preference. It would be best to try different sources of choline and see for yourself which one is most effective for you. You can see which nootropic supplier we recommend and trust.

Video review of this add-on:

1. HTTP://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient& ;DBID = 50

Selecting the right source of choline for a nootropic regimen is an important and complex task, causing difficulty for beginners. In this article, we will analyze in detail specific cases of using choline drugs and help you choose the most suitable drug, or their combination.

1. Choline bitartrate

The simplest and cheapest form of choline. The problem is the almost complete lack of subjective sensation from taking it, especially when not combined with racetams. There are literally 4 cases in which taking choline bitartrate is justified. Let's sort them all out.

• Pramiracetam. Due to the strong activation of choline uptake by neurons, ordinary choline bitartrate fully reveals itself only with pramiracetam. But even in this case, taking choline bitartrate alone is not entirely justified; the ideal combination for a pramiracetam course is: choline bitartrate + dmae bitartrate in a 1:1 ratio, since they are not completely interchangeable, and will complement each other as much as possible in this particular combination.
• Oxiracetam. Due to the mechanism of action of oxiracetam (increasing the release of acetylcholine by cholinergic neurons), additional intake of choline bitartrate in such a course is justified. But the combination of choline bitartrate + dmae bitartrate is more advantageous, which will be justified below.
• Inducing lucid dreams. To provoke lucid dreams, in addition to following the appropriate practices, additional intake of choline over long courses, up to several months, is essential. But even in this case, additional intake of DMAE is extremely desirable, due to their synergy.
• Liver protection. Since choline is a substance necessary for the synthesis of cell membranes, taking choline bitartrate is very, very reasonable, especially in combination with DMAE. Since only phosphatidylcholine is synthesized from choline, and phosphatidylethanolamine is also synthesized from DMAE. This combination can comprehensively help restore liver cell membranes.

2. DMAE

DMAE or dimethylaminoethanol - a choline molecule lacking a methyl group. This gives it greater ability to penetrate the brain, through the blood-brain barrier, and also gives it antioxidant abilities. DMAE enters our body in three ways. A membrane molecule, phosphatidylethanolamine, is directly synthesized from it, improving the so-called. membrane fluidity. For example, receptor complexes across the membrane are able to move at higher speeds, which also affects the functioning of the brain as a whole.

DMAE is methylated to choline and subsequently acetylcholine is synthesized from it - a memory molecule so necessary for all people who want to increase their cognitive abilities, but also phosphatidylcholine - a membrane phospholipid, a necessary molecule, like phosphatidylethanolamine for absolutely all cells.

But the trimethylglycine (betaine) molecule is also synthesized from DMAE, which is actively used in sports nutrition and is responsible for cell hydration and endurance. The stimulating effect of DMAE on the psyche is associated with an increase in the synthesis of this molecule.

3. Alpha GPC

Alpha GPC or choline alfoscerate has been used successfully (more than 20 years) in neurology. The drug increases acetylcholine levels, so it is used for two purposes:

• To combat dementia and Alzheimer's disease and to "repair" cell membranes that are damaged in various neurological conditions.
• Therapy of post-stroke conditions and traumatic brain injuries.

What stands out is the almost complete absence of side effects, except for the extremely rare one - nausea (associated with an increase in dopamine levels). In practice, choline alfoscerate is used in severe conditions in courses of up to 2-3 years, and is quite successful.

The main feature of Alpha GPC is the noticeable subjective effect even when used without other drugs. Alpha GPC is the most bioavailable form of choline, and also the most studied. Subjectively, alfoscerate provides a noticeable increase in attention, memory and motivation, which is associated with the ability of this substance to increase the synthesis of dopamine in the frontal lobes (other forms of choline are not capable of this). There is also information about the ability to inhibit the enzyme that destroys acetylcholine, which additionally helps to increase the level of acetylcholine in the brain.

There are many methods for using the drug as a nootropic. It can be taken alone to improve concentration and memory. Can be taken together with aniracetam, as well as as part of courses based on herbal nootropic agents. If you have a budget, it is highly recommended to replace regular choline with Alpha GPC during a pramiracetam or oxiracetam cycle. In no case should you replace DMAE with it, but use both drugs at the same time, since their synergistic effect is great and they well reveal the capabilities of each other together.

4. Citicoline (CDP - choline)

As a source of choline, citicoline is the most questionable solution. It was developed exclusively for intravenous administration; its large molecule is directly and instantly included in the so-called. Kennedy cycle (synthesis of neuronal membranes). It is designed to dramatically repair neuronal membranes in severe and acute conditions. But when taken orally, its large molecule disintegrates in the gastrointestinal tract and no longer has such a serious healing effect on neuronal membranes. In addition, the mass fraction of choline itself in citicoline is the smallest, and taking into account the cost of this drug, it is absolutely not suitable for inclusion in nootropic courses.

The main conclusion: the combination of either choline bitartrate or Alpha GPC with DMAE, due to their synergistic action, is highly desirable.

It is not recommended to begin your acquaintance with nootropics with choline bitartrate, due to the almost complete absence of subjectively significant effects from this form of choline, so as not to be disappointed in the effectiveness of nootropics.

And I wanted to end with an unobvious, but important thing. To increase the synthesis of trimethylglycine from choline and dmae, it is necessary to increase the body's ability to methylate molecules, since the synthesis of trimethylglycine requires many methyl groups. And our body spends half of the methyl groups on the synthesis of creatine, and the conclusion suggests itself. Taking sources of choline will be very synergistic with taking creatine 2.5-5g per day, which will also provide nootropic and neuroprotective effects. And the increased synthesis of trimethylglycine will provide an additional stimulating and generally beneficial effect for the body, taking the effects of choline preparations to a fundamentally new level.

Citicoline [stabilized cytidine 5-diphosphocholine] is a naturally occurring mediator involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a major component of gray matter in brain tissue (30%). Consumption of citicoline accelerates metabolism in the brain, increasing the synthesis of acetylcholine and restoring the level of phospholipids, which has a positive effect on memory and other brain activity.

Application: Take 1 capsule no more than 2 times daily with meals or as directed by your healthcare professional.

Other Ingredients

Silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate (vegetable source) and cellulose. The capsule consists of gelatin.

Wheat Free, Gluten Free, Soy Bean Free, Dairy Free, Egg Free, Fish/Shellfish Free, Peanut/Tree Tree Free

Warnings

Note: Before taking this product, seek the advice of a physician if you have a medical condition, are under 18 years of age, are taking medications, are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding.

Keep out of the reach of children.

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iHerb makes every effort to ensure that product images and information are provided in a timely and accurate manner. However, sometimes there may be a delay in updating data. Even in cases where the labeling of the products you receive differs from those presented on the website, we guarantee the freshness of the goods. We recommend that you read the instructions for use on the product before using it and not solely rely on the description provided on the iHerb website.

* Reviews are automatically translated into Russian; the translation may contain speech errors.

For several months I was more forgetful, with a lack of focus and focus, poor retention of new information, a foggy, fuzzy sensation between my ears – as if someone had replaced my gray matter with cotton wool. It was terrible, and a little scary (with early onset Alzheimer's? Brain tumor...?) My sister works at a health food co-op, and when she asked a store herbalist about these symptoms he suggested I might be experiencing "menopause brain" and told her so I should try Citicoline. I've been taking this every day for several months (two 250 mg capsules) and I feel like myself again. The information I found on Citicoline is still hooray: it is “a safe substance that acts in multiple ways to improve brain health and support cognitive function, including increased antioxidant protection body, promoting anti-inflammatory activity and promoting neurotransmitter function.” I don't know how it works, but (for me at least) it sure does.

I should have written a review a long time ago, I have been taking this product for years. I had a brain stem stroke in '08 that completely devastated me physically. About a year later I discovered citicoline. I found this “miracle” drug on the Internet. I looked at the ingredients and it was 2000 mg. citicoline and it was really expensive so I was looking for other vitamins and I found this, I take 4 in the morning and 4 in the evening. When I don't take them I am very shaky and after a couple of days of taking them I feel more stable. I can't stand on my own, but I think they help my very small stabilizer muscles. I can stand up holding the handrail. Even sitting I can control myself better. It doesn't sound like a lot, but it does for me. Each turn the survivor must do this. The faster the better! There are tons of studies on how this could be a future saving stroke. I want to add that it is twice the price of $60! in the shop. THEM. I'm not kidding. IF YOU HAVE A STROKE YOU NEED THIS. 1 gram in the morning 1 at night. Look at all the research.

I am 60 years old and have had some pretty terrible experiences with stimulant medications in the past. My son turned my attention to citicoline it gave me the ability to focus without my mind ramdomly changing channels on me. I feel great. My son says it's not a big deal, it's just normal. I'm telling you it works for me and there are no debilitating side effects.

I'm not sure what the other reviewer is talking about, but Choline CDP has been shown to have positive effects and this is the best price for it that I have found. Take with omega-3 to enhance these effects. Unlike many compounds, CDP-choline can cross the blood-brain barrier, where it acts to increase membrane formation, leading to the formation of synapses. In short, it's very good for your brain, and may help protect against degenerative diseases. This is what I would recommend whether you are a risk taker or not. See the links below to peer-reviewed articles for more details. [..]

I don't know what or why, but after trying several other products, this is the only one that cleared my brain and made me feel good again. I'm almost 50 and over the last couple of years I have noticed that it is very difficult to complete the thought processes, remembering things or even being able to stay on task and complete anything. I noticed that I was becoming very ADD and didn't like it one bit. There were so many times I just wanted to cry because I couldn't remember things being said to me from one minute to the next. Like I said, I tried other supplements and nothing worked, a couple gave me really bad headaches, but this product was a God send for me and I am now able to finish what I started and remember! It's as if a veil has been lifted from my brain and I'm starting to see things more clearly now that I haven't been able to do for several years. I stand by this product and take 2 capsules (Together) per day, and will continue to do so as long as I can! Thank you, thank you!! =D

I have been taking 250 mg CDP choline along with 1500 mg piracetam every morning for the past three months, and no longer feel the need to drink coffee to feel sane and alert. I believe this is directly related to my nootropic use and I encourage everyone to try it for themselves at least once - it has seriously changed my life in a pleasant yet subtle way. When I first started experimenting with nootropics, I stacked them with choline bitartrate, which always seemed to leave me feeling foggy and irritable (basically the exact opposite of what nootropics are supposed to feel...). I made some additional research and switched to Choline CDP and since then, I have never looked back!

I have found Jarrow Formulas CDP Choline 250mg to be helpful in being able to concentrate better and focus on what I am doing at the moment. While I'm trying to complete one project or task, my mind isn't interested, looking for something else for me to be distracted by. These mental breaks are what else could I be doing, so I end up doing a bunch of stuff and doing very little of anything. It's amazing what can be done when they stick to each individual task until it is completed, and running around works on one thing then thought... I have to do this... oh, I need to get that done... ahhhhhhh. Yes. I can stick to everyday tasks, such as getting all the dishes out or our dishwasher and countertops cleaned, and also calm down to focus on reading a book for long periods of time. It doesn't matter what your IQ is, your stamina level isn't if you don't stick to every task from start to finish, and you'll come off as Dietz or lazy. Are we getting old? Is there too much information going on around us to process? Either way, it helps me focus.

I'm in my early to mid forties and have battled depression for some time in the past. During this period, I was given a variety of pills and prescriptions that helped for a while, caused side effects, would stop working then I would try something else... it was depressing just trying to treat depression. Also, I'm not a fan of drugs...too many side effects and I feel like our bodies are meant to heal themselves. I eventually got the traction and moved on, but I'll never forget the impact he had on me. So when recently I realized that I might be feeling a little bluesy again, I decided to go looking for something to help. Of course, I forced myself to get out and exercise, to interact, to do all those things that fight depression before you end up in bed with no motivation to move. But in addition to this, I have read on some supplements that may help. Citicoline was one that really interested me. So I was really excited to have the chance to try it. I've been using it for several weeks. No, I don't wake up one morning and do cartwheels out of bed. However, I noticed that everything that the dark cloud was trying to move into had already seemed to have settled down. It wasn't an ah-ha moment... just a gradual realization that I was feeling better. Is this product? I'm going to say that, in particular, I think it's this. I sleep better and feel a little more alert. This might just be a little leg up to help me come out of the darkness on my own. I haven't done a scientific double-blind study, so I can only go from my own experience. I find this application to be useful. I trust Yarrow products and will continue to use it. There are many studies regarding citicoline and mental disorders. I come from the school of thought that if given the means, our bodies can survive naturally. We are inherently “smarter” than science, which would pour chemical compounds down our throats in pursuit of big pharma money. Next came some interest from the Internet. It includes patients with depression who also have drug addiction problems... but often people who turn to street drugs do so as a result of depression. The bottom line of the study was what I found most interesting: Sherwood Brown and colleagues at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center completed a successful placebo-controlled trial of citicoline for bipolar and unipolar depression with accompanying addiction methamphetamine. Forty-eight participants with methamphetamine dependence and either unipolar or bipolar depression were randomized to citicoline (2000 mg/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. Individuals receiving citicoline had significantly greater improvement in scores on the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms compared to those receiving placebo, and patients receiving citicoline remained in the study significantly longer, with a completion rate of 41% in the citicoline group and 15% in the placebo group. In 2007, the same team of researchers reported in the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology that citicoline had positive effects in bipolar patients with cocaine addiction, who experienced a significant reduction in cocaine use and fewer cocaine-positive urine tests while taking citicoline.

Google latest research , if you need hard facts. Citicoline has proven positive effects in preventing the cascade of brain cells dying after strokes and stabilizing and helping to restore strength after a stroke. I can personally testify that, as I have had four subsequent instances, admittedly minor strokes (over four weeks - not simple ischemic attacks, but full strokes with long-term effects such as partial paralysis, lasting memory loss and experiencing a psychological nightmare and deep despair). I did the research and found several substances being studied that I would not want to get prescribed by doctors. There was Citicoline, Piracetam and Distraneurine (good luck finding the latter and a doctor willing to prescribe it for this condition - no relevant research known - but it was a big help, not only for the psychological trauma that followed along the way, but also in helping to keep brain damage from progressing). Which of these three was the main benefactor I cannot say, but they certainly helped. I don't think it was mainly the piracetam, although it may have contributed. But, without a doubt, Citicoline helped a lot, the effect of which could be felt almost immediately. Thanks to all this, now, two years after the events, most of the noticeable effects (with the possible exception of some memory defects) are gone, or at least below the level I cannot perceive (no more paralysis or muscle weakness, for example ). The nervous system's ability to self-regulate and make other parts take over from damaged parts can do no more, of course there is something to do with improvement, but without Citicoline and perhaps Distraneurine, I don't believe I would be anywhere like close to normal like I am today. But the earlier those taken after ischemic strokes, the better. Some countries have Citicoline in pharmaceutical form, and you could try a consultant to prescribe it if you live in one of these places. Anyone (or their friends and relatives) living in areas of the “modern” world where this is not an option, secure a good amount of Citicoline as quickly as possible from other sources. Let the unfortunate victim eat 1 g twice a day (best intravenously for the first few days, but this may not be an option). Higher or lower doses are presumably also beneficial, but to a lesser extent. So bigger is not better in this case. I put my personal improvement entirely down to Citicoline (mostly). then Distraneurine as well as other personal efforts in getting better I could luckily still work on (as do some of the necessary studies to find out about these medications). I definitely don't think any medical care I received (or rather didn't do) didn't do anything to help (one prescription, in fact, was pretty much by the book and didn't pay attention to my specific causation at all. It was Simvastatin. cholesterol lowering agent. High cholesterol has never been a problem in my long vegetarian life and these pills made me sick as hell. Couldn't take them more than twice because of the side effects and how they made me feel sicker than nothing. I stuck to low dose aspirin to prevent relapses though, but it was something I didn't need a doctor to tell me to do. Maybe you can sense your disappointment with the official help I received but. I am so glad and there is a heartfelt gratitude I learned about Citicoline. I have no doubt that it has saved a lot of my remaining quality of life, and I feel deeply grateful for it – as if one could be indebted to the substance, but anyway . Apart from the application for stroke, where Citicoline may be more than a lifestyle drug, it is also very useful for poor memory, some types of depression and many other conditions. Don't let someone tell you to use alpha GPC instead. Alpha GPC may be a similar product and certainly has its benefits, but the two are not equivalent (at least not for stroke and many other conditions). I am writing this review for one reason, in the hope that others can be saved from unnecessary aggravation after a stroke in a similar way to how I was saved. I don't care where you get it and I'm not trying to endorse any product. I got mine from a bulk supplier, by the way, and it worked fine. But buying a brand may be safer in an emergency. Best of luck and hope you never need it for this guidance.

I really like Jarrow Formulas because they are based on good research and well made. CDP Citicholine is a useful nootropic that typically costs much more. This helps ensure clear thinking. I recommend it for clients with brain fog, post-stroke, or Parkinson's disease.

My wife and I decided to start Regiment, a brain-stimulating supplement. We noticed a seriously huge difference once we started supplementing. Of all the things we take, Choline has been the most difficult to determine effectiveness. But we're going to stick with it because it's the cheapest supplement on our shelf, Jarrow has one of the best prices, and even if it only helps a little, it can't hurt! Thus, our regiment includes: choline, Magmind, and a lot of oil. We read from several sources that the majority of Americans are seriously deficient essential oils(possibly related to the low fat craze) so we take Coromega daily (and our kids love it too!) as well as 2 linseed oil supplements and 2 organic Cod Liver oil supplements. The last thing we take is the Cortisol manager. Holy cow, do that pack a punch! And it's so strange, but it seems like it has a built-in timer. I understand it's before bed and it knocks me into a deep sleep at night and I wake up at exactly 7 o'clock. Wide awake instantly, no drowsiness, and wake up with clarity. Then it increases brain function & balances mood throughout the day. Some people only need 1/2 tablet, and the bottle says some people need 2 tablets. Hope this helps!

My husband has been battling brain fog for the past year and it has been very difficult for both of us. He tried various supplements and products in hopes of getting his sharp mind back into focus. Looks like it's going to take some time, a lot of money and some tweaking to get there. After 30 days of taking Yarrow CDP Choline we have noticed that it is not getting worse like it was before. We take this to be a good sign and he will continue with this for another two months to see how things go. He also takes Sam-E and Omega supplements so there is also a chance that it is a synergistic effect of the three. We hope that we will find the magic bullet and keep Alzheimer's at bay for many years to come.

This vitamin Citicoline according to Jarrow Formula is great. This promotes brain function better. Avoid taking at night. Take it in the morning as it can keep you awake. Because it works on the brain and everyone is different it may cause a headache for some like my mom, but it's well worth a try. Always use under the advice of a person's health care provider. I take it on during a busy day and it helps me focus and work much better.

I've been using this product for about two weeks and I already feel sharper and more targeted. I'll see how it goes in a month or two. I used phosphatidylserine for a year and found that it would increase my dose from 300 mgs to 600 mg per day (maximum) to become necessary. Initially, it was the only product on the market that helped my memory. Then I read about Citicholine and the research looked reliable. I have to say, I highly recommend this formula over all others.

This is one of the best buys for CDP choline you can find. If you're stacking it with nootropics, this is the best deal you're going to find on the Internet. Even without using additional nootropics, I see an increase in cognition after using this product.

This one took me by surprise (!); Usually Jarrow Formula takes at least 4 days a week for me to start gradually taking effect, but the formula is relatively simple; The necessary ingredients not only for your brain but also for your body are relatively simple. At only 250mg, I only took 1 tablet a day and I already noticed a huge difference after day 2 after about 6 hours, then day 3 was a huge step forward! Keep it up Jarrow Formula! Just great for me; as I have several diseases which also includes stroke, MVP, TBI, epilepsy, and other neurological medical nature caused by Mitochondrial DNA/Genetic diseases.

I have been taking this for several months and have not been able to fully see its results. My memory is somewhat better.

This is my first experience taking a choline supplement and I wasn't sure I would notice any difference at all. Started taking it in combination with the rest of my SAM-e and noticed a difference immediately. After SAM-e was gone, I continued to take it and it continues to work well. Very noticeable benefits in terms of attention, creativity and speed. While none will make you smarter or more creative, the right supplement can increase your potential by making almost everything you already have. To be honest, I was a little skeptical of nootropics and I'm surprised that this works as well as it does. I recommend this product. I'm 45 and starting to have more and more memory problems. I have been taking Citicoline for a while now and it is definitely helping me. I feel less foggy, plus I have fewer “why did I come here” or “where did I just put my car keys?” Of course, most of us who go through this start to worry about old age, so I'm very glad that I found something that clearly improves my memory and brain function. Sheri Gill - Writer, Mom, Magician!

The instructions don't say maximum dosage, but suggest taking 2,250 mg capsules per day makes for half a gram in divided doses per day. I started doing just that, but didn't notice any changes in how I felt. On a whim, I doubled the dose to 2 capsules twice daily or 1 gram per 2,500 gram dose morning and evening. The good news is that within a day and a half, I feel more mentally alert. The bad news is that I then suffered some major stomach upset including killer acid re-flow. Discontinuation of the supplement is entirely aimed at eliminating symptoms. Resuming at a higher dose a little later resumed both the beneficial and negative effects of this supplement. The theory behind this supplement is sound and Jarrow is a reputable company, but this form of choline is not for me apparently. I took liquid choline chloride which tasted terrible, but worked well for me with no digestive distress. Supply of this supplement seems to have disappeared in retail quantities anyway. I was hoping that duplicate benefits would be added here, but finding the benefits to be out of reach – although there certainly are. Note - my 'testing' is not exhaustive. To be so, I would have to stop taking all other supplements long enough to clear the system and then start it as a solo. Perhaps if I did this, I would get the benefits from them, but without the side effects. As far as I know, the dyspepsia I have experienced is unique to my chemistry, diet, or due to conflicts with other supplements I take. I can not tell. I recommend this product for personal evaluation if you feel like you want to get a mental boost. After all, if I were able to have that without an upset stomach, then I would be a regular customer. How it succeeded, this experiment alone showed promise, but not without consequences.

It could just be a placebo effect, but I have to say that I have noticed that my memory hasn't been like “Swiss cheese” lately. I've been using it for about two months now, and the number of notes I often write to myself to remember various things has dropped noticeably. Preliminary research has indicated this supplement may help improve mental focus and mental energy and may even possibly be useful in treating ADD. How this seemed to help me was something I checked with my family doctor, who was unaware of any reason not to, although she did ask me to carefully double-check against my current medications (which I did) to make sure it will not have any harmful interactions. The birth control pill is in a gel capsule, so it is fairly easy to swallow and does not seem to cause any heartburn or upset like other supplements can. Check with your doctor, it may be worth trying.

After two days of taking these supplements my wife and I had heartburn so bad we thought we were getting an ulcer. The pain stops as soon as we stop Citicoline.

I have a daughter diagnosed with ADHD since childhood, which does not do well with prescription medications. And I don't like pharmaceutical answers to body questions when there might be an alternative. I took it for her, and also took it myself. Wow! Any city for a few days having this on my system it was as if someone had clicked the “focus and organize” switch! Neither party is affected. My daughter also saw improvements in her ability to concentrate and perform. Recommend. It's not easy to find in health stores and the price here is fair.

My elderly mother has been having some memory problems recently and tried this product for memory loss. I think that Jarrow Kholin has helped ensure that she is charged and performing at a much higher level than she had previously experienced. Choline may be beneficial for stroke victims and those with some of the effects of memory loss due to aging. There is a dopamine-like effect on the brain when using choline, it helps to relax and energize neurons and stabilize thought processes. In addition to Jarrow Choline, I give Mom Mag Mind, which I find promotes a better sense of well-being and helps you sleep. Chloline is said to help reverse some of the negative effects of aging on the brain. Although aging is natural process It is beneficial to find foods that can help with the decline of brain function and memory. Jarrow's formulas are high quality and this company is always at the forefront of supplements that can help the body with the effects of aging on the brain and body. If you have an aging primary, do some research into the effects of choline or check with your doctor to see if they think this supplement will help. Jarrow Choline is inexpensive and if it can help, it is well worth every penny. Jarrow Choline must be taken with food, and it is recommended to use twice daily with food.

To be honest, my memory doesn't need much help. I'm one of those quirky memories that allows me to not remember the craziest, little detail about things, no matter how long ago it was. However, I would like to see if these CDP Choline capsules from Jarrow will help it even more. It's amazing what they did! I can't quite explain it, but the capsules helped me remember to do things earlier than usual. An example is if I need to get back into the zone at work for something, I will remember what I need to do before I do when I don't pick it up. It has been said that Choline also helps with anxiety, depression, kidney problems and more. I can only vouch for depression - it didn't help mine at all. It's still there! I don't hold that against the product though. So I give it 4 stars because of the same thing I always say with things like this. I can't tell if it really works or if it's a placebo effect happening. The capsules are small, easy to swallow, and free of gluten, wheat, soy, fish, nuts, eggs, dairy... the big stuff! And they don't leave weird tastes in my mouth after I take one. No complaints here.

I recently started taking CDP Choline 250mg from Yarrow. I decided to try it to see if it would help me concentrate better at work. I didn't really notice an “immediate” improvement, but after taking it for a few days, it really seemed to help me, particularly with the “afternoon” fog I used to have. The tablets are easy to take without a “bad taste.”

I'm trying this instead of or with Magtein. I can use all the brain and eye support I can get. I take 2+ sho boxees of supplements daily and people think I'm younger. I'm 58 with some health problems and Jarrow has offered a lot of help with my condition. I charge more than one copay for bones, eyes, brain, cardiovascular, and joints. I will update you with my findings. So far I am functioning much better with memory and other health problems. Big test if she still does. I'll keep yu updated when I get my blood test done next month. The compound is extensively tested in clinical trials in areas such as memory, verbal memory, recognition, recall, and cognitive abilities. * In all of these areas in which membrane permeability, choline and other neurotransmitters are known to be important. Cholinergic compounds and the brain neurons that use them play a particularly significant role in learning and memory. Recent studies have shown improved visual acuity as well. * I'll let you know,; so far so good.

I like it. It looks like a white powder in a clear capsule. The capsules aren't even as big as a Tylenol capsule and are very easy to swallow with no bad aftertaste - in fact I can't taste them at all. I took them for about a week - along with some other "brain" supplements, like Mag-Mind, and Vinpocetine. I was especially interested in Yarrow's supplements because I had a head injury some time ago that left me with some nasty headaches. I really don't know if it was just time or the supplements, but the headaches are completely gone. I can tell if, when I take this one. It acts a bit like a mild stimulant for me - it's not very pleasant caffiene - I don't feel at all nervous or jittery or anything, I just feel an increased focus and interest in things. This product seemed to do what it was advertised to do, but after about a month of taking 1 tablet/day I developed a sore throat, feeling like a lump that was swollen on the lower right side of my throat under my jaw. I quit this app and was symptom free for a week. I later decided to go back again to make sure it was really the supplement that was causing this side effect and not something else - the symptom returned. So this app is useless for me considering the side effect. Also, there are generics available (which are much more affordable) like Choline Bitartrate and it works the same way for me (albeit with a side effect as well). So I'm guessing that the choline simply doesn't get metabolized in my body as it would under ideal conditions and perhaps I'm only one of the very few people who have experienced this side effect, given that I haven't read any reviews. who mentioned a sore throat symptom. By the way, the good side effects were: Improved mood, improved concentration and improved memory.

I purchased this primarily to combat headaches associated with taking the Anaracetam stack. This works very well and I don't experience the headaches usually associated with the stack.

This is a product with good researched evidence of effectiveness. The Yarrow brand is excellent and reliable for quality. Anyone reaching “middle age” may wish to take this supplement on a daily basis.

It's expensive, but has the most dramatic effects of any choline on the market. If you try another form of choline, like bitartate, and have success with it, give this one a try next.

I am a 57 year old “nanny”, I have asbergers and have battled CFS for about 6 years, I am always looking for healthy ways to try to feel “normal” and stay active. I read about Choline CDP and decided to give it a try. This is the only day, No. 3, I took 1 cap before breakfast and 1 before lunch every day. For me the results feel dramatic, the brain fog is gone, and the more positive attitude, and about more energy than I know what to do with, I don't have to push myself just to make life. I certainly hope it lasts!

I participated in several weeks clinical trials this a few years ago, after finding myself searching for words and forgetting why I was walking into the room. I felt it helped, so after the test I asked if I was taking a placebo, and if not, what it was and at what dose. I've been taking 2 of them a day since then... I know it may be the power of suggestion, but when I miss a few days, I find myself having those old problems again. I'm 74 and you want to hang on to everything I can. There appear to be no side effects or drug interactions of Ginko biloba. I'm a fan.

I started taking this for brain function thinking it would help me mentally. But what I have found is that it has noticeably eased my fatigue associated with the clinical depression that I suffer from. I take two tablets in the morning as soon as I wake up. And within 20-30 minutes, I feel like a new person. It gives you the energy that you feel with a cup of coffee without anyh side effects. It also seems like the last thing all day for me. I took it to my doctor and he said it was safe for me to take in combination with prescription medications that I was already taking. I've done a little research and there is a bit of data out there that this may help for thoses whose depression may be at least partially caused by dopaminergic deficiency.

1 or 2 of these capsules with meals per day. This product is designed to strengthen and support brain function. Yarrow products are, in my experience, quite good, but as Amazon Vine insists now that items have been reviewed within 30 days of receipt, I cannot honestly vouch for the effectiveness or lack of effectiveness of this product.

As I mentioned in my review of Jarrow Formula Vinpocetine, 100 Capsules, any type of brain enhancing supplement would have an uphill battle in resolving my chronic migraines and all the goodies it brought with it. I had high hopes for citicoline, but unfortunately I don't think it does me any good. Directions recommend taking one capsule up to 2 times daily with meals or as directed by your qualified healthcare advisor. I went with a full dose of one capsule 2 times a day - one in the morning and one in the evening. I expected to feel some difference within a week. (My system quickly acclimates to what I put into it, which is both good and bad.) Well, I did, but it took another week for me to point out what I was experiencing. What I've noticed is that when I'm working on a specific task, my thoughts are clear and, frankly, eloquent - I'm definitely able to “use my words.” On the other hand, I find myself “stretching” more often, and I also forget simple words quite often. Unfortunately, these are things that happen to me on a regular basis, and this is why I sought out and took brain enhancing supplements, so it was disappointing that citicoline somehow missed these problems. What's ever worse is that, for the first time, I experience some side effects. I've never had any problems with adverse effects from the supplement, but since I started citicoline I've experienced... let's just say the problem revolves around the bathroom. Thus, due to the lack of any definitive beneficial effects and one of the possible very negative effects, I will not be how to continue citicoline. It's just how my personal body chemistry reacted to it, so maybe someone else will have better luck.

I read a lot about citicoline before I ordered it, including all the flowery stuff about how it helps with memory, focus, and appetite. And even sleep. It wasn't that I was skeptical at first, but I figured, “Hey, why not give it a chance? What do I have to lose? “There are not any side effects and it is not that expensive. So I bought it and started taking it... And it turns out that all the flower stuff was true. Placebos don't work for me. I'm honest with myself. If something doesn't work, I admit it and move on. But it does little things. My memory is improving, I'm able to concentrate better, my moods are generally better and I've been sleeping very well. My appetite has decreased, which, let me tell you, is pretty amazing. I inhale food (and I have to exercise a lot to avoid getting fat). But with this material, my appetite is even greater. I don't constantly crave food. I can skip a snack or meal without going crazy. Having control over your appetite is quite an interesting thing. I can fully recommend it for that alone. There are other things it helps with, as some studies have shown (and you can just Google it to confirm). This appears to help reduce beta-amyloid deposits. These are the things that cause Alzheimer's disease and can cause TIAs and/or full-blown strokes. It also seems to act as a precursor to the material that repairs damage from those things as well. I can't confirm this of course, but Google can show that it has a lot of promising results. And for a zero side effect, cheap supplement, that's pretty great. The first few days I took this I must say I slept better. But not only that, when I woke up, I actually remembered to do things that I tend to forget about. Although it is just an antidote, this product really made a good first impression on me.

After feeling pretty good using Yarrow MagMind, I switched to this. It's rare that a supplement smacks you in the face; the effectiveness isn't always seen except in subtle ways. I do notice a subtle difference, enough to switch back.

To be completely honest, I can't tell the difference between taking these supplements and not taking it. Perhaps due to the fact that I was already feeling the benefits of Magtein supplementation, the additional help from CDP choline is less noticeable than it would otherwise be...or perhaps it takes much longer than just a couple of weeks to know I'm sure there is a positive effect. The types of positive effects people often report with this supplement will include all kinds of improvements in mental abilities, such as better long and short-term memory, improved spatial and verbal skills, and even clarity in certain senses such as vision. I have had wonderful experiences with all of the Yarrow supplements I have tried, and this one does not contain coatings or ingredients that will upset digestion. I would give five stars if I could know for sure I feel much improved taking it.

I definitely feel the need for something to boost my brain activity, and after taking these capsules for a short time, I make a sense of improvement. I have to say that I feel my senses heightened. That sums up what seems to be happening now. I'm definitely sold on this Yarrow product.

I'm just a basic human (later model) hoping to improve my health primarily through improved nutrition and secondarily through supplements. Choline is one of those extras you can get in abundance through food. It's not that there's anything wrong with taking supplements, I just don't want to rely on them. I have noticed that body builders and strength trainers consider 250 mg a very small dose, and they tend to stack choline with other supplements. I wanted to try Jarrow Formulas CDP Citicholine 250mg because I had read that choline can help with asthma* and can also improve “brain function”. After a month I don't see any difference. Luckily, I also don't see any negative side effects such as “sweating, fishy body odor” that choline can produce. (And there are worse which I won't detail here.*) Higher dosages may be more effective, but I won't try that, nor buy more of the 250S after this bottle is finished. I found these clear capsules quite easy to swallow. They are not big at all for me (about ¾ by ¼ inch), but then I can swallow two monster fish oil capsules at a time. The capsules break very easily, allowing the contents to be mixed with food or liquid. As I said, my personal goal is to get better supplements through better nutrition. Some of the most important sources of choline are eggs, meat, cauliflower, liver, bacon, Brussels sprouts, fish, legumes, peanut butter, and some cereals and grain products. You can view/download the food list online for more free information, just search USDA plus “common foods” plus choline. * (Sources: WebMD, for Asthma Dosing and Side Effects; Department Agriculture US National Agricultural Library, for food sources)

If I run out – I notice it in terms of my short-term memory. Tiny little capsule, has a big wallop when it comes to memory. I've been using it for over 10 years. This brand. I take the amount recommended on the bottle of Absoultely without any consequences.

Helps my sleep tremendously. I would like to get frequent nightmares to effect my sleep quality, but 1 of these tablets an hour before bed completely solves my nightmares and allows me to get a restful night's sleep again.

This item arrived well packaged and in a timely manner... I took it within 2 weeks - a student going after my master's degree, I noticed a better ability to focus and concentrate...

Been taking this for about two weeks, and I have noticed one observation so far - that is, when I wake up, I am not as groggy and slow as I normally feel. My mind actually “boots up” faster when I wake up. It's hard to tell if the pills have anything to do with it. I'm not a scientist and so this is all strictly empirical... I have yet to notice any negative reactions from taking these supplements. Since now, so far so good! I will continue to use the update this time the review passes or if anything changes.

Very simple, time will tell with extended use. No problem taking the supplement, no side effects. Believe me, there is a positive effect, but due to the subtlety of the benefits in the early stages of use, it is difficult to establish. Will continue to use. As always, I started taking this pill one day just to make sure there weren't any weird side effects. I did this for 1-2 weeks and then I bumped it up to two a day. I know I didn't feel worse taking them, so that's a positive. Do my memory, verbal memory, recognition, recall, and cognitive abilities improve? Maybe a little... I didn't notice any significant improvement. The timing is perfect though. I started a new job and am doing a lot of studying right now. I still have moments when I'm not very focused though while working. Maybe my expectations are too high when it comes to these supplements. I'm going to get off these pills so we'll see if I'm starting to get reduced brain function when they run out. If so, I will be sure to change this review with an update.

I have used this for several weeks without any side effects. Unfortunately, I didn't notice any beneficial effects either. This stuff is supposed to boost brain metabolism and have a positive effect on memory and brain activity, but I didn't notice any changes at all in my memory or concentration. I still enter the room and ask “why came here again?” I think my senior moments will... wait, what am I talking about?

Over the past couple of months, I've been taking various Yarrow supplements that are supposed to help with memory and energy. Choline was the last one I added to the group. After that, I started reading a book at night! I also started remembering many dreams every night. Now, in the spring, especially March and April, I tend to remember dreams more often, according to my old dream journal. So I have to wait until after this month to see if my dream recall continues during the month when it tends to slow down. Noticing increased dream awareness, I went online to see if choline was associated with a strong dream recall. Of course, this is recommended as one way to increase your chances of lucid dreaming. (One is supposed to take both choline and galantamine.) The fact is that I rarely have lucid dreams, although I have read various books on the topic, and tried various methods to have lucid dreams. (A good book on the topic would explore the world of lucid dreaming.) Maybe since I'm taking choline now I should bring out some of my old lucid dream books and read them again. I could read one night! Update 11/1/14: I still take one of these from time to time, and they definitely help with the dream tip. They also seem to make dreams more of a focus. By this I mean that I notice things in dreams when I pick one up that I wouldn't normally notice - like someone's hair. In the past, I would notice someone's hair color in a dream, but now I notice how the hair is cut and the texture of it!

Citicoline is used as a medicine in some European countries where it is prescribed to think of problems related to problems with blood circulation in the brain (source: WebMD page for citicoline). The first time I took it was in the evening. If I had read on it before doing that I would have known that one of the possible side effects of citicoline is insomnia, which I did experience that evening. So now I only take it in the morning instead of every day. Although I have not experienced any other unwanted side effects, I want to err on the side of caution because citicoline may affect blood pressure and I suspect that it might liquid blood, and I am already taking low dose aspirin daily (for blood thinning purposes) on the recommendation of my cardiologist. I find that I feel sharper mentally when I take citicoline. I have taken several courses from free Courseara universities, which I find quite demanding, and on the days that I take citicoline I seem to have better concentration and attention abilities. Based on my experience I plan to purchase and continue to take citicoline beyond the bottle I received for review purposes no. I would say that the cognitive effects of taking citicoline are a little stronger than what I experienced with ginkgo biloba. The dose for each cap is 250 mg, and Jarrow recommends taking up to two caps per day; I only take it per day (and as I said, usually only every other day). According to WebMD, 1000-2000 mg per day is recommended for decreased thinking skills due to age. I would be afraid that taking that much would undoubtedly give me insomnia, even if I took it in AM. When you buy Yarrow Citicoline you are getting the Cognizin brand of citicoline, and if you are thinking about trying this supplement I highly recommend in addition to visiting WebMD to see what they have to say about citicoline, you visit Cognizin dot com. Jarrow Formulas is held with great respect in the natural food industry. Jarrow has received numerous awards from a number of magazines and magazines focused on the natural food, nutrition and vitamin industry. Based on my experience in the industry (I operated supplement co-ops and non-profit stores from the mid-70s to early 90s), and my familiarity with the Jarrow brand of supplements (I have used and continue to use quite a lot), I rate Jarrow highly among complementing brands in terms of quality and fair pricing.

Research shows that Citicoline supplements increase dopamine receptor density, increase brain glucose metabolism and cerebral blood flow, help prevent memory decline, improve attention, may help with ADD, Alzheimer's disease, improve vision function for some problems, and increase dopamine levels and thereby reduce cocaine cravings. His little one swallowed the pills easily. The recommended dosage according to Wikipedia is between 500 and 2000 mg. The capsule is 250 mg and they suggest you take 1-2. No noticeable effect on some people, may have to be done with a small dose? Stomach pain and diarrhea are possible side effects, but I hear itching and heartburn complained about in other reviews.

I've had terrible concentration since I had my daughter, and I chalked it up to the point of lack of sleep. It got to the point where I was worried about my performance at work. Since I started taking these supplements, I have definitely noticed the fog releasing a bit. I can't be sure if it's not the power of suggestion, but either way, I'm definitely going to keep taking it. Chalked up another person as having a positive experience. This is the kind of thing where you can interrogate one person or several, as if potentially under the influence of a placebo effect. But if a lot of people think it works, maybe it really does. To me it feels like he does.

Research shows that choline has been found to have a positive effect on learning and memory functioning, as well as many other conditions of brain function. My annoying forgetfulness got me here. I gladly decided to try this formulation and did further research. It lists 425 to 550 milligrams of choline per day for adults as adequate intake, while this formulation's recommended dosage is 1 to 2 capsules per day. Additionally, choline is used by athletes and bodybuilders to delay the onset of fatigue in endurance sports. It is not associated with any harmful side effects. Like most of its B-Vitamin relatives it is recommended that it be taken earlier in the day so as not to affect sleep. It's too early in my review process to say it's wonderful, but I'll keep you posted.

I find citicholine to be a real brain booster. I don't have any memory problems (thankfully), but I do use my brain A LOT. And choline makes it easier to think. Thoughts come faster, work is easier, and I can get a lot more done when I take it compared to when I don't. It's not as dramatic a “lift” as something like Jarrow Formula Vinpocetine 100 Capsules gives, but more foundational support. It may take a week or two to notice you are “thinking simpler,” but I think you will notice. I like to take mine with 1000 mg of vitamin C. Personally, I double the label dosage. One of Yarrow's is my favorite brands (affordability and excellent quality control) and I am definitely influenced by this supplement. Highly recommended for over 40's!

I haven't been at this long enough to make any grand claims about newly developed photographic memory, or even slightly improved short-term memory. But I can say that I feel a little “cleaner” for a few days. Can I attribute this to these pills? May be. But this could just as easily be due to the onset of another beautiful spring. There's really no way to know. But I will say that Jarrow seems to be doing good quality supplements, even if they are often overpriced, and under medicinal for the serving size. But I'm happy to continue using it and see if there are any meaningful benefits to justify the ongoing expense. I have my doubts, but I'll give him a chance. Keep in mind that it is a huge leap of faith on the part of the customer to take supplements that rarely show real world effectiveness. It takes time and consistency to do this; like a year of non-stop use, and the fact that it is difficult to highlight any benefits for any specific supplement. They just don't usually work that way, and the results are rarely dramatic enough to attribute the benefits of any particular supplement. At least one of this kind anyway. If I stop forgetting where I put my keys, I'll let you know. But more likely, I'll use a bottle and forget to buy more. But if I still remember why I should take this stuff a month, then maybe it will prove that it's worth it in the end. Time will show.

I have seen Choline supplements in health food stores and my local pharmacy. But I wasn't sure what it was. Citicoline is stabilized by CDP choline. Citicoline is a natural intermediate involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine; the main component of the gray matter of brain tissue (30%), according to Yarrow's information. It is a choline donor for use in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain. Citicoline is a molecule that consists of cytidine and choline joined together. What does this mean to you? CDP-choline supplements are believed to help prevent memory decline resulting from poor conditions environment. It may help improve focus and mental energy and may be useful in treating attention deficit disorder. It improves visual function in individuals with certain conditions. Citicoline has a very low toxicity profile in animals and humans. Jarrow provides a good source of CDP-choline at a fair price. For overall brain nutrition, learning and memory improvement, it's worth a try. I use citicholine supplements along with phosphatidylserine and others to “stay sharp.” I have been taking this supplement for about 20 days and I am noticing improved recall, improved focus and overall quicker response times. I recommend this product for those looking for the “edge”. Choline, lecithin, and EFAs are so important for brain and nerve health! I find this product gives me an edge, without any point in being on the edge. This is a well-formulated supplement with benefits for multiple body systems. Jarrow has a well-deserved reputation for staying at the forefront of supplementation and for being unwavering high standards. My own experience with this company over the years confirms this. I recommend this without reservation.

There are many known ways CDP Choline helps the brain. This increases the availability of neurotransmitters. It is preventative against inflammation in the brain. This helps regulate glutamate and ATP levels. And much more. My brain needs all the help it can get. This fact, combined with the proven effects of CDP Choline and the lack of side effects thus far, gives me the incentive to continue taking this supplement.

So I've been trying out a few of these memory and brain product features from Yarrow over the past few months. This is one of my two favorites and I have noticed an improvement in my overall memory and "thinking". I took one tablet a day for the entire bottle and I'm happy with the only positive effects (improved memory) that I experienced. The tablets are small and easy to swallow. Some of the most standardized fish oil also add more skin component, but i would rotate or maybe even try combining with this next product. Additionally, in my experience, Jarrow is one of the best quality supplement brands.

This supplement is used as prescribed in Europe for people who have had a stroke, or have Alzheimer's disease or age-related memory problems. It is also useful for people withdrawing from cocaine addiction, as it replaces dopamine in the brain to reduce cocaine cravings. If you have brain fog or memory problems, you can try this yourself and see if it helps. It changes brain chemistry. According to my research, it may be conterproductive for those with major depressive disorder. Your answer to CDP choline may differ from mine. It seems that what works or doesn't work is on an individual basis. I felt sharper and more aware while I took it. I felt my dopamine receptors spring into action. It also increases the production of TSH and other hormones and chemicals in the body, so if you are hypothyroid you may want to use this with caution or have your TSH levels checked while using it. Jarrow Formulas is a brand I have known and trusted for many years, so I can recommend this brand.

I was afraid that I was having an allergic reaction because I started itching all over after I took this. Luckily, I checked the reviews and found out that some people have that reaction. It was unpleasant enough that I decided not to take it anymore. However, I really liked the Jarrows products and if you know that you can tolerate CDP Choline without side effects it is probably worth a try. The tablets are easy to take. The coating is not sticky.

Jarrow Formulas CDP Choline 250 mg, 60 capsules appears to be another quality Jarrow supplement. It claims it has the potential to help brain function and focus. It is more economical than other Choline supplements I have seen. Like many Yarrow products, this comes in gelatin capsules, although they are smaller capsules than other supplements I take. While I do experience some stomach discomfort while taking these, the noticeable benefits far outweigh that side effect. The RDA is one capsule at a time up to 2 times daily, to be taken with meals. With 60 capsules in a smaller size bottle, this is a 1 to 2 month supply of product. I am in my 2nd week of using the product in one capsule per day. CDP Choline is an intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, which is an essential component of the gray matter of the brain. It is unclear how the form of citicoline provided by this supplement differs from what occurs naturally in the body. It is also not proven that if swallowed this substance will, according to the manufacturer, help in “restoring the content of phospholipids in the brain, which has a positive effect on memory and other brain activity.” But my personal experience was that taken along with Jarrow Formula Magmind Dietary Supplement, 90 Count, this product seemed to have more immediate benefits than other supplements I recently tried. My focus and mental alertness were noticeably improved. I cannot verify the exact claims for improved brain function. But I can say that my results seem to support the application. I can't be sure if this is due to the actual consequences of taking this product or other factor(s). As far as side effects go, I did experience some stomach discomfort and gas after taking these. As I've been taking a lot of supplements lately, I've tried to isolate the effects by taking them separately. Perhaps I'll get used to them, but it still seems like a source of discomfort. CONCLUSION This is a quality product. While I can't say for sure that it will have all the potential positive effects that have been advertised, I have personally had positive experiences while taking it. Enjoy.

Jarrow has come up with another great supplement that helps improve brain function. As I get older, I find it sometimes difficult to focus and concentrate. This formula will help with this. Research also shows it will be beneficial for stroke victims without the terrible side effects associated with prescription drugs.

First, my status is Middle Aged, but I don't know that I have any brain or other major health problems other than the typical creeping "forgetfulness" common to aging. Of course, I would like to keep this degeneration at bay for as long as possible. I would like to be able to report that the Jarrow Formula Citicoline supplement has miraculously made me smarter, but so far (a couple of weeks of use) there has been no significant acute improvement in my cognitive function. And I don't expect any. However. . . This supplement formula does contain a 250 mg dose of Cognizin (citicoline brand) in each capsule. There is quite a bit of clinical support indicating that citicoline enhances the brain membrane and the development of nerve synapses. There is a good, reasonable argument for cognitive and central nervous system (including vision) benefits from taking this supplement. Recommended dosage: 1 capsule up to 2 times a day. Physically, each clear capsule contains a fine white powder. The label has a standard “Consult your doctor” warning for people who are pregnant, nursing, trying to become pregnant, or on medications. This is a relevant caution given that another reviewer suggested that the fetus may benefit from the mother taking this supplement. I don't know the answer to this question, but the warning is on the label. My wife has moderate-progressive MS and I was interested in my neurologist's opinion about starting her on a citicoline supplement. The label says it does not contain wheat, gluten, soy, dairy, eggs, fish, shellfish, peanuts, or tree nuts. I have not experienced any negative effects after taking these.

Citicoline is a major component of gray matter in the brain. Now, instead of eating the brains of your fallen enemies to gain their wisdom, you can simply down a few of them every day. Honestly not sure if they had much of an impact, but didn't notice any negative effects at least. My mind seemed a little sharper while taking them, but there may have been a placebo effect. Supposedly Cognizin will increase the energy available to your brain, ATP and all that.

I was eager to try this product. Citicholine originated in Japan, where it was used to treat strokes. It is a widely prescribed substance in Europe, where it is popularly used in the fight against circulation-related cognitive problems. The substance itself can be administered intravenously, subcutaneously or orally. This substance is believed to offer hope for Alzheimer's, glaucoma, Parkinson's and head injuries, although more study is needed. My mother had a stroke and my brother has a noticeable lack of attention span. My mother refused to take them because she simply didn't want to swallow any more pills. My brother and I took them. I can't say I noticed a significant difference, but there may be some improvement in focus when I meditate. My brother, however, experienced a noticeable change. His brain fog has cleared and he is significantly more focused. I think this is a useful substance and will continue to take them. I have not experienced any side effects. Jarrow is a reliable compoany and my experience with them has been positive. If vascular problems runs in your family or you are experiencing age-related cognitive decline, then this could be the answer. We recommend. I have to be honest: I had very little anticipation with Jarrow Formula CDP Choline, suggesting any benefit I perceived would likely be due to a placebo effect. And this has nothing to do with Jarrow Formulas as they have excellent products; nor is it an aversion to supplements, as my current supplement regimen reads like a doctor's Desk Reference. My low expectations were simply because knowing the effects of cognitive formulas is difficult to measure, since you don't necessarily "feel" the added labor. But after a few weeks of taking Yarrow's CDP Choline, I have become a believer. First, the capsules are easy to swallow and digest, unlike many horse pills I swallow every morning. And only one or two capsules per day are needed for adequate dosing, so you won't be popping pills all day long. Secondly, the quality is top-notch. Jarrow uses the Cognizin® brand Citicholine, which is considered by many to be the benchmark in choline supplements. Who am I to argue? Third, after just a few days of use, I began to notice a much more focused focus, and a sense of being more "real" in my mental patterns. To be sure I wasn't a victim of the placebo effect, I stopped taking the capsules for a few days, only to be plagued, once again, by mental fog. As soon as I started back up, mental sharpness returned, and my short-term memory seemed to be newly awakened. Now, the effects are not dramatic in the way that caffeine or Provigil (so I've heard) have an immediate effect, but given the time, they are noticeable nonetheless. To compound the effectiveness of CDP Choline, I also started taking L-Tyrosine and DMAE supplements, which essentially re-wired my gray matter, and increased my IQ by 23 points. Okay, slight exaggeration, but cognitive improvement to be sure. All in all, if you are looking for a cost-effective way to increase your mental power and restore cognitive function that declines over time, Jarrow CDP Choline Formulas should definitely be in your medicine cabinet.

Bottom line: I have been using CDP Choline regularly for some time and would classify the effects as “subtle but beneficial” (for a nominally healthy aging person anyway). I usually combine CDP choline with B-5/pantothenic acid and some other so-called "smart nutrients" (for a synergistic effect) such as DMAE, L-Arginine pyroglutamate (memory), as well as acetyl L-carnitine ($) and , sometimes, Phosphatidyl Serine ($$). This circuit seems quite useful for the intense concentration required for coding/debugging (but I haven't found it to be “Limitless” or have started calling themselves “Buddy Love”). If you do decide to give it a try, just don't expect immediate results.

Improvement and maintenance general health The brain has become a hot topic in recent years, especially for those entering or what we call middle age. It's rare late at night when one wakes up from falling asleep in front of the TV screen not to find yet another commercial that doesn't promise by some miracle the rejuvenation of the mind, along with other parts of our body. But do any of these miraculous healings actually work? Jarrow Formulas CDP Choline 250 mg, 60 capsules is an interesting formulation, as it is one of those that seems to be freed from exaggerated claims. Citicoline was originally developed in Japan to treat stroke victims. Cognizin (see product description) is a proprietary form of Citicoline, a natural chemical found in every cell of the body and also provides an important nutrient for cells, particularly brain cells. To clarify, Citicoline is also known as cytidine deaminase diphosphate-choline (CDP-choline), and this substance is naturally present in all living things. My particular mental stimulant of choice has long been caffeine. Doing a little online research, many online resources have noted that replenishing brain cells with Citicoline offers few of the negative side effects of stimulants like caffeine, but many of the benefits. How effective is this supplement as a “brain booster” if you decide to call it that? ◆ Brain Booster Experiment: I decided to give it a try with a very unscientific test: I went off my normal 4 to 5 twelve ounce cups of caffeinated coffee, a daily habit for years, and I am one of those who does not suffer any negative effects from coffee. I did this for a 48-hour period, and the results were interesting: I went into caffeine withdrawal for the first day, feeling irritable and unable to focus less clearly. I was reading a book that ended up being put aside. Watched a couple of TV programs, including some movies on cable, but I ended up falling asleep in the middle of them. The second day was very similar to the first, except that I had some mild difficulties editing some photos, which is usually a procedural task. After this two-day experience, I entered the second stage and took the recommended dosage of one 250-mg. capsule per day. This was done first thing in the morning and right after breakfast. Noticed that my “brain fog” seemed to lift towards the end of the morning, and this continued into the second and third days. You can't honestly say that I was completely back to my “caffeinated levels”, but it was much better than without. Since then, I've returned to my old coffee habit, although not as many cups as before. I also take the recommended dosage of CDP-choline one capsule per day, and I must admit that I notice a slight improvement in general functions memory, especially in terms of recall and responsiveness. As noted earlier, this was a very unscientific test, but one report for those considering trying this product is worthwhile, especially as a preventative measure. As a side note, when I made my own simple research On this subject, several sites have suggested that the brain, like other parts of the body, needs to be exercised, which makes sense. If you challenge your mind with memory games and puzzles, it's good for your overall mental health. There are several free smartphone apps out there where you can test your cognitive function, and I have done this personally during my own tests. ◆ Are there any security issues? I did some digging on the 'Net for several hours, and although I found a good amount of information about using CDP Choline with age-related memory problems (especially those aged 50 to 85) and with stroke recovery, there was nothing that I found discovered that there were some common problems security. Some sites indicated that there was insufficient evidence for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia. Most seemed to agree that this drug can improve learning, memory, and information processing (cognitive function) in many people. I can only suggest that those interested do their own search as mine was aimed at preventive memory retention. On a personal basis, as with all newly introduced medications, I can only strongly recommend that you discuss this with your doctor or healthcare professional first, as your results may vary. ◆ Summary: Jarrow Formulas CDP Choline is an interesting dietary supplement that appears to have a number of applications. Check out some reviews here, do some internet research, and see how it could help you and if it applies to your personal needs. From a subjective point of view, I will be repurposing this CDP choline as a preventative medicine. 6/11/2013

This product is intended to be used to “enhance acetylcholine synthesis” and this may be a problem. According to the research report “Gut Microbial Phosphatidylcholine Metabolism and Cardiovascular Risk” in the May 25,2013 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, dietary phosphatidylcholine (any possible dietary choline) increases TMOA production by bacteria in the gut. People with higher TMOA levels were at greater risk of “major adverse cardiovascular events.” For more information on this subject, you can also look for problems with lecithin, which contains choline. I would also like to point out that eggs contain choline if you're looking for an alternative source.

Every time I tried to take it I got insomnia – waking up in the middle of the night sort of. I took Bacopa to try and improve my focus and concentration. On Bacopa I slept so well and had many interesting dreams. I gave it to try citicoline but both times I started taking two a day (one for breakfast and one for lunch - not even before bed) I had insomnia at night. So I have to admit not to keep going until the whole bottle is gone because I want to get a good night's sleep. didn't notice any improvement in my focus or memory, but it may need to be taken for a longer period to have this effect. I'm going back on Bacopa and will see if it helps in other ways than sleeping better.

CDP-choline (aka citicoline) is a promising supplement for treating neuronal damage. Much of the research with this compound has shown that it may be effective in treating stroke and for neuronal repair. It appears to be involved in neural plasticity, so it has the potential to help with learning and memory as well (but research on this topic is largely limited to rodent models). Citicoline has also been shown to modulate the monoamine system (ie dopamine, serotonin, etc.). therefore, it may be an effective treatment for drug addiction and mood disorders. However, there should be more research done in this area to do final statement about the effectiveness of citicoline. Some links: Neurol version Dis. 2008 Fall; 5(4):167-77. Citicoline: an update on a promising and widely available agent for neuroprotection and neurorepair. Saver J.L. UCLA Hod Center and Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA. Choline precursors promote the repair and growth of cell membranes and are promising in various neurological diseases, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Citicoline, the best studied choline precursor agent, is widely prescribed throughout the world and recently became available in the United States as a dietary supplement. In experimental models of stroke, citicoline has been conferred with acute neuroprotection and increased neuroplasticity and neurorepair during the period of subsidence of the acute process. Although individual studies of human stroke have been inconclusive, a meta-analysis of 10 studies involving 2,279 patients suggests patients treated with citicoline had a significantly reduced incidence of death and disability. Re-investigation of citicoline with modern neuroimaging and clinical trial methods is underway and will provide more definitive information about the mechanistic and clinical effects of this promising neurotherapeutic agent. ————————————————– —————————————– J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Oct; 27(5):498-502. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of citicoline adjunctive therapy in outpatients with bipolar disorder and cocaine addiction. Brown S, Gorman AR, Hynan LS. Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8849, USA. Sherwood.Brown @ UTSouthwestern.edu INTRODUCTION: Bipolar disorder is associated with the highest rates of substance abuse of any mental disorder. Cocaine use is especially common in patients with bipolar disorder. Both cocaine use and bipolar disorder are associated with symptoms of mood and cognitive impairment. Thus, treatments that stabilize mood, improve cognition, and reduce cocaine use would be beneficial. Citicoline modulates phospholipid metabolism and neurotransmitter levels and appears to improve cognition in certain central nervous system disorders. In a 12-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study, a proof-of-concept trial of citicoline was conducted in 44 outpatients with a history of mania or hypomania and cocaine dependence. The primary goal was to study memory, but mood and cocaine use were also assessed. METHOD: Participants were assessed with a structured diagnostic interview; Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Self-Report, Young Mania Rating Scale, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Cocaine use was assessed with urine drug screens. Data were analyzed using mixed model analysis of covariance, generalized equation estimation, and logistic regression analyzes that used all available data. RESULTS: A significant group effect (p = 0.006) in favor of citicoline was observed on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test alternative word list. No significant differences between groups were found on the Depressive Symptoms Inventory-Self-Report or the Young's Mania Scale scores. The citicoline group had a significantly lower likelihood of cocaine-positive urine at exit (P = 0.026). The estimated odds-adjusted covariate ratio was 6.41, indicating that those who took placebo had 6.41 times the odds of positive result cocaine exit test than those taking citicoline. Citicoline is not well tolerated, with non-participants in our study experiencing interruptions in knowledge due to treatment side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Citicoline use was associated with improvements relative to placebo in some aspects of declarative memory and cocaine use, but not mood. The results are promising and suggest that larger trials of citicoline are warranted.

I'm one of those freaks that is super sensitive to supplements... If I can take it anyone can. I found some adjustment was necessary as in the first 2 days I had perhaps a little too much cognitive energy, but I seemed to adapt quickly and just love how I never get tired during highly demanding days...physical energy This is also my experience. Good quality supplement, try it... You might make it a favorite too! I'm not getting paid to say this and I wasn't asked to comment... just hoped that some people might know how good he is!

I am on my 3rd bottle and have started taking this for cognitive function improvement. At 61 years old, I have already noticed a decline in short-term memory. I haven't noticed a significant improvement in my memory, but my depression has lifted significantly, probably because it raises dopamine levels. Just like in pharmaceuticals, what works for one person may not work for another. This has been a wonderful product for treating my depression and I am very grateful.

These tablets are great. I think they work for me. I take them along with Neuro Optimizer by Yarrow too, and the combination seems to work well for me. My 4 year old boy has had a mild effect on him, he is more calm and awake, but has more insomnia and needs to adjust the dose. I gave three stars

This stuff really helps my focus. I see this as an alternative to stimulants I was prescribed to treat ADHD which after 3 years of regular use caused so much stress I had an emotional breakdown. I was completely off of them for about a year, and I noticed myself going back to how I was before taking them, which meant my attention, but it was all gone. I recently discovered citicoline and thought I'd give it a try. The first thing I noticed was that while it helps me focus, it is not the *strength* I like strong stimulants to do. I still feel in DU, as I understand it, which is a definite advantage. It's obviously not as effective as, say, amphetamines, but the lack of side effects makes it well worth it. The only downside I see is that when I take this in the morning, about halfway through the day I'm “gummy” and feel more out of it than usual unless I re-dose, which is to say I *have* taken it twice a day if I want to make it through work.

One of the most powerful brain nutritional supplements. You should have knowledge about why brain health is so important and how this supplement promotes it. So do yourself a favor and read on brain health in the books of Metu Neter 5. and book UA Ab Ra Un Nefera Amen. You will never be brain sluggish again.

I love this product! I've tried all kinds of supplements for different reasons. Among all the add-ons I've tried so far, only 3 have met or exceeded my expectations. Jarrow Formulas Citicoline is one of them. I used to be absent-minded and forgetful. This product has greatly improved my memory! I'm 57 years old and I have a much better memory than my younger colleagues!

Good for hair. My beautician is amazed at home mu h. more my hair is becoming I think. I feel better about myself.

I trust Jarrow and all products from their factory. I have only used this product for 2 weeks and cannot back up (with data, blood test) personal experience with Jarrow Formulas CDP Choline 250 mg, 60 capsules. I can tell you that it works for me in such a short period of time. Choline is used and proven to act as a kind of 'Brain Food'. “Choline was discovered by Adolf Strecker in 1864 and chemically synthesized in 1866. In 1998, choline was classified as an essential nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine.” “The importance of choline as a nutrient was first appreciated early in research into the functions of insulin, when choline was found to be an essential nutrient for the prevention of fatty liver. In 1975, scientists discovered that choline administration increased the synthesis and release of acetylcholine by neurons. These discoveries are leading to increased interest in dietary choline and brain function.” I recommend Jarrow Formulas CDP Choline 250 mg, 60 capsules for anyone who has been researched 'Choline'. If you are one that can benefit from using choline, then I highly recommend you try Yarrow CDP Choline.

With my wife Sarah: My sister was on phosophatidylcholine IV for several months for Parkinson's and it made a big difference. I wanted to take an IV too various problems with health, but cannot arise for the right IV, now. I bought some Absorbot Liposomal Phosphatidylcholine to take orally and then I saw this product, which is a predecessor. I plan to use both products to help with detoxification and brain health. I'm a big Jarrow fan. They make their products clean and I find them to be very tolerant and I am on the sensitive side. This product has: No wheat, no gluten, no soy, no dairy, no eggs, no fish/shellfish, no peanuts/tree nuts. There is a product warning: If you have a medical condition, are pregnant, nursing, trying to become pregnant, or taking medication, consult your physician before using this product.

I followed the directions to the letter (1-2 capsules per day with meals) while my bottle was empty, and, while I didn't experience any noticeable miracles, I'm still happy with the supplements, as I've read a lot of very positive things o choline from many sources. Like most of Yarrow's supplements, the capsules seemed to be of high quality, were very easy to swallow, and I did not experience any unusual discomfort after taking the tablets. You will find many studies that suggest choline may help with the following conditions – Memory loss – Anxiety – Bi-polar disorder – Liver problems – Kidney problems – Skin problems – Fatigue While I think a lot of those are probably optimistic, it sounds like Choline has many benefits as taking B-complex, but works better for some people. Although I haven't noticed any miracles, I also don't particularly suffer from any of these ailments. The price is a little expensive, but I think Choline might be worth a try if you haven't already.

3 weeks is too little time to fully review the effects of this product, but it does seem to improve mental clarity, especially at doses around 1000 mg.

Echoing the review I was simply in charge of Jarrow Vinpocetine Formulas, I have been taking these two products together for about a week. Since it is not possible for me to separate their effects, this is essentially a repost. I was worried about finding any decent content to review, so good... I wasn't really expecting anything to happen. Does it increase my focus or my ability to stay on task? No, but I am a heavy consumer of caffeine, and I have noticed that when using these products, most of the fatigue I feel during the day is noticeably reduced. Overall I'm more alert than I remember being beforehand. My dreams haven't changed. My diet hasn't changed. Has she improved her base judgment? So much so that I don't feel like I'm tired, I would say yes. The biggest negative I can find right now is that both products' capsules look the same: Clear capsule, powder white. Almost the same size. Take precautions so that you do not accidentally mismatch. This product is supposed to help with brain power and memory. I have taken other types of memory boosters before and followed the instructions exactly. I noticed some improvement with my memory. I probably got a 30% increase in memory power and that's generous.. I notice the same improvement when I take my vitamins, so these are not miracle pills. It does work to a certain extent, but don't expect to see results overnight.

If only I had a brain….. So, first things first. That CDP Choline is not. This is not some miracle drug that completely reverses Alzheimer's or anything like that. However, CDP Choline is very beneficial for your brain function. It has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier so it can “feed” its brain. Taken regularly, studies have shown it to help counteract memory degeneration. What is CDP-choline? Simply, or not so simply put, CDP-choline is cytidine 5-diphosphocholine. This is attributed to helping brain function after ischemic stroke, brain injury, or “just” aging. It is also believed to help vision in patients with glaucoma. I can't speak to any of these claims. Like everything else, you should ask your doctor, do your own research, and draw your own conclusions. I mean, I think it's a great supplement for your brain, for age-related memory loss. I'm in my 50s and not very forgetful, so I'm basing this on research and available medical information. I think it helps me stay sharp though. As far as the quality of the product itself, Jarrow Formulas top level. Their products never contain any filler – no wheat, no gluten, no soy, no dairy, no egg, no fish/shellfish, and no peanuts, or tree nuts. Price wise they are sometimes more expensive than some other brands similar to Twin Lab. But, you get what you pay for.....

Big brain healthy vitamin/ supplement that supports brain function and metabolism. I definitely feel a better sense of clarity when taking these, as opposed to not, and the boost of energy mentally and physically that can come from simply being in a better frame of mind! Highly recommended!

Counseling compared to conventional choline supplementation added benefits by increasing neural connections in the pre-frontal cortex. Trusted manufacturer with a good reputation

They don't seem to have any influence. I take two capsules a day with lunch every day without fail. My wife does the same. We're each currently on our second bottle, but unless there is a noticeable improvement at the end of this bottle, I see no reason to continue.

I bought this product to take along with piracetam. I must have needed this because it gave me terrible brain fog, and a very bad tension headache. I thought it was piracetam at first, but I decided to scale back from the amount of piracetam, and leave out the choline. It worked like a charm. I think maybe I'm just very sensitive to substances of any kind and this was just "too much" for me even in small amounts, and not at all necessary. I can't comment as to how it works for older people or people who have some kind of damage to their brains, or perhaps even a vegan who wants to use piracetam, but I would recommend trying a regular OL of choline bitartrate first if you're going to use this with the Tams race, and see how it goes before plunking down extra money. Rookie mistake. It went straight into my head, and not in a good way. It's really too strong for a young healthy person.

Due to the fact that I take a number of additions, this is not a truly scientific report, but it seems that it helps my clarity and focus. As I am in my mid sixties and have a family history of Alzheimer's disease, this worries me. Also, I just ordered the Radiac device, Edgar Cayce's treatment to prevent Alzheimer's disease from CayceConcepts.com. I have heard wonderful things about it too. Will update on progress after I've used them together for a while. I've noticed some slippage in my memory in recent months, and my mom died of Alzheimer's, so naturally I'm concerned. I love the quality of Yarrow products.

I did a lot of research on nootropics after accidentally stumbling across them on Amazon one day. I am a 24 year old male and it has been said since early age I am ADD/ADHD. I've tried everything from Ritalin to Vyvance and everything in between and this stuff is worth every penny. I took 2 tablets 2 times a day for a month and noticed a significant improvement in my overall mood, my energy levels and motivation. I have achieved so many things! I usually treat myself with metric a – a load of coffee! I would have a pot of coffee and then some energy drinks just to stay pumped and motivated about work, but I never got much of it done. With this material, I clearly headed out and completely cut coffee out of my life. I just started taking Jarrow Formula Neuro Optimizer which has 300mg of citicoline per 4 capsules in the form of Cognizin and so far I am loving it. I recommend this highly to anyone looking to sharpen their own mental clarity, and perhaps help their brain too.

The product works great, however, this was for my husband who had Parkinson's dementia. Unfortunately he passed on 6/22/13 from complications with Parkinson's disease.

I'm an adult with some ADD tendencies and have discovered in research that Cicicoline is a brain gray matter driver. It promotes brain metabolism by enhancing acetylcholine synthesis. I find myself more alert, more able to focus, and less fuzzy at certain times of the day. I understand that it is also a brain/blood barrier that helps reduce the likelihood of stroke and some degenerative brain diseases. This supplement is supposed to boost brain function and after taking it for a few weeks, I noticed positive changes. At work, I'm more able to remember the functions I need to perform without having to go back to check the diagrams. I also notice that during the day I have more clarity of thought while I'm driving or just doing some routine shopping. Generally no negative side effects. A good product.

I have read about this supplement online and also heard people boasting about this product having the ability to lift brain fog and help them concentrate, maintain mental energy and focus. I took protein cocktail and omitting some Lethicin in it everyday anyway, so I decided I'd give this a try. In case you don't know, Lethicin is supposed to be a step below choline. So with all the good reports I've heard and knowing the quality of products Jarrow puts out, I figured I'd give it a try. The product works great. What's funny is my first experience with the application. I took it and went outside on a nice summer day and was a little shocked. The colors were really vibrant and vibrant. I was taking the Jarrow Lutein eye supplement and wondered what was the reason for the brightness of the color. What I have learned is a “side effect” of taking this supplement is that colors tend to be brighter and brighter. Its like watching on a regular TV and then the difference 1080p HD has in purity and color.

In these turbulent times (pun intended), more brain power is needed. This product gave me an initial boost and then a lasting memory balance.

CDP Choline has a ton of benefits for brain and cognitive health. Personally, I would use it in my pre-workout nutrition in combination with other brain boosters and stimulants. I notice a huge difference in mental clarity and performance by adding choline to my stack. The Jarrow product comes in at great value and is of high quality, and the tablets are easy to swallow and convenient to take on the go.

இ Fuzzy Main WuZZy in: ѾѾѾѾ Recommended in warm fuzzies. This CDP Choline is touted to help improve brain and nerve function. Trying to objectively and accurately review this supplement based on possible improvements in brain and nerve function can be overly obscured by the “if you think it can really work, it really works” placebo effect. The placebo effect is a very powerful phenomenon that can often affect everything from clinical trials of pharmacological substances to faith healing. Basically, if you have an expectation of thought duration and conditioning that makes you think that something will work, then that perception can become 100% of your subjectively observed reality and treatment outcome. And since trying to evaluate one's own brain function lies at the very core of one's subjective consciousness, trying to avoid this placebo effect on the brain/nerve of a supplement is much more difficult than if one were trying to evaluate the effectiveness of a dietary supplement that promised to remove facial wrinkles , grow more hair on your head, or cure your erectile dysfunction, all of which can be more objectively and visually assessed than trying to decide if you have better memory and mental performance due to this supplement. And, depending on your body and health, I do think that getting a good night's sleep can help with your brain function more, and drinking a cup of coffee can also help you focus. Research has shown that during sleep, your brain consolidates information you previously acquired while you were awake and strengthens the neural connections that form your memory. Having a good night's sleep also improves your focus and concentration the next day. And if you have poor eating and exercise habits, taking these supplements may also not help your brain much, since regular exercise has been shown to actually improve brain function. After trying this supplement for several months, I really don't feel any difference. But I also didn't feel any bad side effects either.

I decided to take this along with Jarrow Formula Vinpocetine 5mg as they both enhance brain metabolism in different but synergistic ways. To see if this would help with my lack of attention, concentration, forgetfulness and energy. Skeptical but open-minded, I only took 1 friend once a day instead of twice a day, and I noticed a difference immediately. Being skeptical and thinking it might be all in my head (pun intended) I stopped taking them after a few days to see. I immediately noticed that I didn't feel as good mentally the next day as well. So I went back on them once a day and felt much better. I honestly didn't think it would work and thought it was just another unnecessary “supplement”, but now I find myself adding it to my daily regimen. Glad I tried it!

I wish I could rate this 4.5 stars because it's certainly worth more than 4, but not quite 5. Excellent source of choline, very effective at low doses, (1-2 caps per day). Negates headaches caused by racetams and improves cognitive function. It is also very well supported in the scientific literature, with a simple search on PubMed or Google Scholar showing that in controlled studies it is effective in promoting cognitive function. The only problem I have with it is that it significantly lowered my caffeine tolerance and made me feel more anxious prone.

I was going through some stressful times with interviews and packing for a cross-country move. Since I started taking these supplements, a month to go, I feel like I'm more focused and my ADD is under control... I take it once a day, with my breakfast and having excellent results. Less stress, more calm.. My brain feels focused and at ease. Very happy with my results so far

“Snake oil” and “too good to be true” were my first gut reactions when I came across this product. However, my research shows that citicoline—known variously as CDP-choline, cytidine deaminase 5′diphosphocholine, and cytidine deaminase diphosphate-choline—is truly a nootropic (nootropic, pronounced “Noah-troh-PEEK,” is a brain enhancer). Citicoline has been shown to improve memory and other cognitive functions. Its effectiveness has been confirmed by extensive body of scientific research (such as those conducted at the Utah Brain Institute) and is well documented in leading medical journals like the New England Journal of Medicine, the British Journal of Pharmacology, the Journal of Neurochemistry, and the Journal of Neuroscience. For a non-scientific audience, Livestrong and Wikipedia also have articles on citicoline that explain the function of citicoline in slightly more digestible terms. I took citicoline for three weeks and I feel a definite improvement in my memory and mental alertness. I used to often get lost in items (like my car keys) and find myself stopping on my way to the kitchen or bedroom as I struggled to remember what it was I originally intended to do. Not more. Citicoline has been nothing short of a miracle cure for me. If you suffer from some form of mental decline, I would *strongly* recommend that you try taking citicoline. There is plenty of evidence (both anecdotal and scientific) that shows that Citicoline works. If you're skeptical like I was at the beginning, at least give it a try. What do you have to lose? Just be sure to read the directions and follow the dosage instructions!

I've always been interested in the family of supplements known as nootropics, or substances that purport to improve cognition, attention, memory, intelligence and other brain functions. Choline is supposedly very good for brain health. I've been taking this for several weeks. So far I haven't had any negative side effects reported by other users, but neither have I noticed any benefit, either. These are very small white gel capsules and are very easy to swallow. Choline is an essential water-soluble nutrient. The most common signs of choline deficiency are fatty liver and hemorrhagic kidney necrosis. The “fix” is very simple – consuming a choline-rich diet makes the deficiency symptoms disappear. However, vegetarians, vegans, endurance athletes and individuals who consume large amounts of alcohol tend to be deficient in choline and therefore need to supplement. On the other hand, science research also shows that all other deficiencies in choline are too. Typically, a sign of choline deficiency is a smelly body odor (think fishy odor). Taking these vitamins will relieve all symptoms and deficiencies and restore/improve brain function. These are your “insurance” vitamins – take them for “what if” scenarios. As in “what if” I am not getting enough and can increase my choline intake with vitamins from this reputable brand. The taste of these vitamins is acceptable.