The study of the will includes, first of all, the collection of an anamnesis from the words of the patient, as well as his relatives and friends. Observation of the patient brings a lot of data - the expressiveness and accuracy of movements, the degree of his activity.
The doctor, examining volitional processes, must form an idea of the patient's ability to perform decision, the presence or absence of special one-sided interests in certain areas (religion, art, technology, external honor), his ability to independent work(productivity, creativity), the ability to obey (subordination, discipline), about the predisposition to stubbornly maintain views, habits and inclinations (conservatism) or quickly adapt to new and unusual requirements, the ability to steadily follow judgments and comments (consistency, perseverance, determination) , as well as the ability to defend one's conviction and to convey one's will to others.
Indecisiveness and increased suggestibility can indicate a weakening of the will. The revealed psychopathological symptoms associated with the functions of the will and voluntary activity are subjected to a thorough analysis: obsessive, violent, impulsive actions, freezing in postures, mutism, negativism, the predominance of automated and instinctive actions over volitional ones.
Excessive activity the patient can occur sporadically not only with psychoses, but also in somatic patients - at the height of febrile conditions and with asthenia. It may be accompanied by hyperkinesia - revival motor activity. Hyperbulic phenomena in somatic patients are quickly replaced by hypobulia - fatigue, weakening of the desire for activity. Hypobulia is usually accompanied by hypokinesia - inhibition of movements, lethargy of facial expressions.
Pregnant women often have various taste whims - "peak of pregnant women" (from the French piquant - sharp, exciting), which can be considered as a kind of "physiological" parabulia. Women eat chalk, eggshells, coal. The peak of pregnant women is explained by various deep changes in the metabolism in the body of the expectant mother and disappears on its own after childbirth.
Experimental psychological methods for studying the will are the least developed in psychology, because there are great difficulties in objectifying volitional manifestations personality. Since volitional properties are manifested in activity, back in 1930 V.N. Myasshtsev proposed a neurophysiological technique that makes it possible to quantitatively measure muscle willpower. More psychological methods of study volitional sphere personalities relate to the study of motivation (motives as reasons that determine the choice of direction of behavior), moral regulation of behavior, the locus of control of the will, perseverance and spontaneous activity, as well as the study of voluntary movements and actions.
The most famous of the questionnaires of motives is the "List of personal preferences" developed by A. Edwards (Edwars A., 1954), which consists of 15 scales (210 pairs of statements) and is designed to measure the "strength" of needs from the list proposed by G. Murray ( Murray H., 1938): needs for success, respect, leadership, and others. The "strength" of each need is expressed not in absolute terms, but relative to the "strength" of other needs.
The original theoretical and experimental approach to the study of the will was proposed by K. Levin (Lewin K., 1935). In particular, he considers conflict resolution as volitional behavior, distinguishing three types of conflicts. The first type of conflict arises when choosing one of two equally attractive but incompatible goals (for example, going to the cinema or going to the conservatory for a concert). Usually, when resolving this conflict, other reasons are involved and indecision does not last long. The second type of conflict occurs when choosing from two negative goals or actions. The third type of conflict arises in the case of choosing, when combining in one object or action, both attractive and negative features.
To study deep motivational formations, especially unconscious motives, projective methods are widely used (TAT - G. Murray's thematic apperceptive test, Rosenzweig's frustration test, incomplete sentences, etc.). All of them are based on the analysis of products of imagination (fantasy) of patients.
1. Psychology is:
. the science of the subjective patterns of evolution and functioning of the psyche, mental processes as specific forms animal or human activity
. the science of the subjective patterns of evolution and functioning of the psyche, mental processes as specific forms of human life
. the science of the general patterns of evolution and functioning of the psyche, mental processes as specific forms of human life
. the science of the general patterns of evolution and functioning of the psyche, mental processes as specific forms of animal and human life
2. According to the idealistic direction in psychology, when studying the will of a person, it is necessary to build on the following provisions:
. will is a limitless spiritual force capable of overcoming any obstacles
. the will depends on the material conditions of life
. will arises and develops according to social, and not according to biological laws
. a person is absolutely free and his actions and deeds are not limited by anyone or anything
3. The correct and effective transfer of skills (to similar tasks) is called:
. skill interference
. allocation of skills
. diffusion of skills
. skill induction
4. What is the name of the property of living highly organized matter, which consists in the ability to reflect the surrounding objective world with its states in its connections and relations, necessary for man or an animal for vigorous activity in it and control of its behavior?
. genetics
. psychotype
. psyche
. psychology
5. The system of principles and methods of organizing and constructing theoretical activities, as well as teachings scientific knowledge- This:
. research basis
. research methodology
. research project
. study plan
6. What section of psychology studies psychological phenomena and processes caused by a person's belonging to specific communities?
. zoopsychology
. social Psychology
. age-related psychology
. pedagogical psychology
7. Sensations that reflect the properties of objects and phenomena external environment are called:
. external
. interoreceptive
. exteroceptive
. proprioceptive
8. Specify the characteristics of scientific psychology:
. generality
. intuitiveness
. rationalism
. unlimitedness
9. Mark the tasks of psychology:
. qualitative study of psychological phenomena
. development analysis mental phenomena
. study of certain physiological mechanisms psychological phenomena
. assistance in the systematic introduction of psychological knowledge into practice
10. Arrange the stages of the observational research procedure: A) the purpose of the observation is determined B) the received information is processed and interpreted C) the object and subject of observation are identified D) the method of observation and data recording is selected
. A, D, B, C
. A B C D
. C, A, D, B
. A, C, D, B
11. What does pathopsychology study?
. violations and disorders mental activity at various diseases contributing to the development of rational methods of their treatment
. abnormal individual and socio-psychological phenomena
. features of mental disorders due to certain deficiencies in the structure and functions of the body
. features of mental processes occurring in the human body during space flights, including the impact on his psyche of large physical overloads
12. Interaction of sensations that have different modality, which is manifested by sensations that are not characteristic of of this type irritant is:
. positive adaptation
. synesthesia
. sensitization
. negative adaptation
13. What is the name of the incorrect transfer of a skill, which worsens the performance of an activity, interferes with the formation of a new skill?
. skill differentiation
. skills induction
. skill interference
. diffusion of skills
14. What is the name of the science of the patterns of mental search?
. psychodiagnostics
. heuristic
. psychoanalysis
. psychoanalysis
15. What temperament is characterized by high neuropsychic activity, variety and richness of facial expressions, emotionality, impressionability and lability?
. choleric
. melancholy
. phlegmatic
. sanguine
16. What branch of psychology aims to study the problems of correlation between the requirements of technology and the mental capabilities of a person?
. space psychology
. engineering psychology
. social Psychology
. pathopsychology
17. What types of tests are distinguished by content?
. personality tests
. intelligence tests
. ability tests
. questionnaire tests
18. What philosophical position corresponds to the following provisions: a person is absolutely free and his actions and deeds are not limited by anyone or anything, while the will is an unlimited spiritual force that can overcome any obstacles?
. indeterminism
. determinism
. positivism
. nihilism
19. Indicate what type of methodology provides the most correct and accurate ideas about the general laws of development of the objective world, its originality and constituent components:
. honest methodology
. general methodology
. special methodology
. private methodology
20. What is the collection method called primary information by asking questions to interviewees?
. testing
. vote
. questioning
. interview
21. What is the name of this type of research in which the researcher does not measure and does not observe the actual behavior of the subject, but analyzes the most diverse products of his creativity?
. testing
. projective technique
. questioning
. product analysis
22. Creating new images without any external stimuli is:
. dream
. active imagination
. dreams
. passive imagination
23. Specify the features of everyday psychology:
. limitation
. intuitiveness
. concreteness
. unlimited in materials
24. Specify the advantages of the experimental method:
. time uncertainty
. the ability to manage the research process
. conducting a procedure with a small number of subjects
. natural behavior of the subject
25. What type of experiment is distinguished by the greatest artificiality of conditions and is mainly applicable only in the study of elementary mental functions?
. formative experiment
. laboratory experiment
. ascertaining experiment
. natural experiment
26. An increase in the sensitivity of analyzers due to an increase in the excitability of the cerebral cortex under the influence of the simultaneous activity of other analyzers is:
. sensitization
. positive adaptation
. synesthesia
. negative adaptation
27. Sensations reflecting the movement of the body are called:
. bodily
. exteroceptive
. interoreceptive
. proprioceptive
28. What scientific direction explores the psychology of offenders and criminals, as well as issues reflected in judicial practice?
. legal psychology
. military psychology
. criminal psychology
. medical psychology
29. What temperament are characteristic high level neuropsychic activity and energy of actions, sharpness and swiftness of movements, as well as strength, impulsiveness and vivid expression of emotional experiences?
. sanguine
. melancholy
. choleric
. phlegmatic
30. Mark the statements that correspond to the basic principles and provisions of modern domestic psychology:
. Mental processes are objective images of reality.
. The most important aspects of the human psyche are socially determined
. Human psyche - top product development of matter, is the result of the functioning of the brain
. The functions of the psyche are provided by the brain, but the content of the psyche is not provided by the brain itself, its source is the outside world.
31. Specify the main provisions of the theory of reflection:
. The incoming information is subjected to specific processing in connection with the need and needs
. Psychic reflection is a mirror, mechanical, passive copying of the world, it is associated with a choice, search
. Mental reflection is objective, as it depends on objective conditions.
. Personality and activity are in unity
32. Actions aimed at changing the states or properties of objects in the external world are called:
. subjective actions
. substantive actions
. active actions
. passive actions
Introduction
Will, ability to choose activities and internal efforts necessary for its implementation. A specific act, irreducible to consciousness and activity as such. Carrying out a volitional action, a person opposes the power of directly experienced needs, impulsive desires: a volitional act is characterized not by the experience of “I want”, but by the experience of “I must”, “I must”, awareness of the value characteristics of the purpose of the action. Volitional behavior includes decision-making, often accompanied by a struggle of motives (the act of choice), and its implementation.
In psychology, the concepts of will are divided into heterogeneous and autogenetic.
The relevance of research
The confusion in the concepts associated with the definition of the will is clearly visible in a number of authors: on the one hand, the will is not reduced only to a volitional effort, and on the other hand, it does not coincide with an arbitrary action. Nevertheless, the study of the volitional processes of the individual seems to be a rather urgent task. After all, a person with a strong will is able to overcome any difficulties encountered on his way to achieving his goal, while revealing such strong-willed qualities as determination, perseverance, endurance and self-control, independence, purposefulness, discipline, courage and courage.
Objective
Consider the mental processes of a person's personality.
Work tasks
Define will, its characteristics
Evaluate the elaboration of a problem in works on psychology
Analyze modern performance about volitional processes of personality
Consider the will in the structure of the human personality
Consider the education of the will of man
Draw conclusions
The object of the study is the volitional processes of a person's personality
The subject of the research is the psychological foundations of the formation of the volitional processes of the personality and the volitional regulation of consciousness
Definition of will, its characteristics and development of the problem in psychology
Views on the phenomenon of will in the works of domestic psychologists
Will is one of essential qualities person's personality. There is hardly a parent or teacher who would not strive to bring up this quality in their children. It is this quality that makes a person a free and conscious subject of his own life activity. It is the will that allows you to set goals and achieve your own. We can say that the formation of the will is the main line of development of the personality of the child.
In this, almost all the classics of Russian psychology are in solidarity. So, according to L.S. Vygotsky, the personality embraces the unity of behavior, which is distinguished by the sign of mastery, and, accordingly, the development of the personality is the formation of the ability to control oneself and one's mental processes. D.B. Elkonin repeatedly pointed out that the formation of personal behavior is the emergence of arbitrary actions and deeds. A.N. Leontiev believed that the formation of will and arbitrariness is of cardinal, decisive importance for the development of a child's personality. L.I. Bozovic also emphasized that the problem of will and arbitrariness is central to the psychology of personality and its formation.
Despite all the research in this area, the scientific underdevelopment of this problem is obvious, which is reflected in the practice of raising children. Most currently available guidelines are limited only to advice: to cultivate will and purposefulness, to teach self-control, to restrain immediate desires, to form the ability to overcome obstacles, etc. But these tips do not give specific methods for shaping the will of the child. As a result educational work, aimed at developing the will, comes down to the same calls or even demands addressed to children: not to be afraid of difficulties, to bring things to the end, to restrain one's desires, etc. It is obvious that even with the most good intentions educators, but without understanding psychological foundations the formation of will, the consistent implementation of these requirements not only does not educate, but also suppresses the will of the child. Because of this, the development of scientifically based methods and techniques for the formation of will, starting from early childhood, is extremely important.
To date, several scientific directions have been formed that interpret the concept of "will" in different ways: will as voluntarism, will as freedom of choice, will as arbitrary control of behavior, will as motivation, will as volitional regulation. True, as a rule, the attribution of one or another author to one or another direction becomes purely conditional, since in the position he expounds one can meet moments related to different directions.
I believe that the development of volitional qualities is laid back in preschool age, and it is at this age that their development is especially important, as a kind of foundation, which will be very important in the development of volitional qualities at later ages. Also, I believe that it is necessary to develop the volitional qualities of a person with the connection of their consciousness, i.e. so that they know what they are doing.
The study of will in the historical aspect can be divided into several stages.
The first stage is connected with the understanding of the will as a mechanism for carrying out actions prompted by the human mind in addition to or even contrary to his desires.
The second is connected with the emergence of voluntarism as an idealistic trend in philosophy.
At the third stage, the will began to be associated with the problem of choice and the struggle of motives.
On the fourth - the will began to be considered as a mechanism for overcoming obstacles and difficulties encountered by a person on the way to achieving the goal.
AT given time there are two opposing currents about the question and the nature of the will.
One of them replaces will with motives and motivation. In accordance with the views of representatives of this trend, to say "against the will" means to say "against the will." Desire comes in different strengths. Respectively. In this case, desire power becomes a substitute for "will power". There is, thus, a substitution of ideas about mental and physical volitional tension with ideas about the strength of experiencing a need. Desires. Will acts here rather as a conscious (motivational) way of regulating human behavior and activity.
Another current connects the will only with overcoming difficulties and obstacles, i.e., in essence, makes the concept of "will" synonymous with the concept of "will power". Such an identification of these two concepts in everyday consciousness probably occurs as follows. It is believed that a person who knows how to overcome difficulties has a strong will, and such a person is usually called strong-willed. Imperceptibly, "willpower" turned into simply "will", and now the will is understood only as an instrument for overcoming difficulties, and volitional behavior is seen primarily as behavior aimed at achieving the goal, despite the existing difficulties. In this regard, ideas arise about volitional and non-volitional subjects, i.e. having or not having a will. Will here acts as a characteristic of personality, character.
But if volitional regulation and volitional behavior are associated only with overcoming difficulties, then how to call conscious regulation and conscious behavior that are not associated with mandatory difficulties? Why then is this regulation also called volitional, arbitrary?
The confusion in the concepts associated with the definition of will is clearly visible in a number of authors: on the one hand, will is not reduced only to volitional effort, and on the other hand, it does not coincide with arbitrary action.
The confusion in the use of the terms "arbitrary" and "volitional" is also visible in the naming of the so-called secondary species attention. So, speaking of post-voluntary attention, bearing in mind that when interest arises in an activity (for example, in reading), that tension of attention is no longer required, which was necessary at the beginning, until the activity aroused interest. But does the conscious, deliberate nature of drawing attention to this activity disappear in this case? Obviously, it would be better to talk about post-volitional, but still voluntary attention.
The first (motivational) direction in understanding the issue of will neglects the study of volitional qualities (here willpower is replaced by the strength of motive, need), the second practically excludes motivation from human volitional activity (since all will is reduced to a manifestation of volitional effort).
The reduction of will to volitional regulation, the separation of volitional regulation from motivation, even terminologically, is not very clear. After all, will is not called will because it manifests itself only in volitional qualities, but on the contrary, volitional qualities are called so because they realize the will, because they are arbitrarily, consciously manifested, i.e. according to the will (at will) of the person himself. Consequently, the concept of "volitional qualities" is derived from the word "will", and not vice versa.
Reduction of the will as a single holistic psychological mechanism only to volitional regulation, i.e. to the regulation to overcome obstacles, unlawfully and on the merits. For example, A.Ts. Puni (1973) speaks of the multifunctionality of the will, meaning not just the performance of various tasks by the wills on different stages arbitrary action, but rather. Diverse volitional qualities, the specific manifestations of which correspond to various functions performed by the will in the process of self-regulation by a person of his behavior, his actions.
In addition, I.M. Sechenov noted that the will (as a mechanism for overcoming obstacles) just like that, without an idea, without any meaning, will not manifest itself. Volitional regulation and the volitional qualities associated with it require guidance, for which the basis of action, deed, i.e. motive. The presence of a motive reflects the conscious and deliberate nature of regulation, called arbitrary. It follows from this that it is impossible to separate volitional regulation from arbitrary regulation.
You can understand what will is only if you manage to bring together extreme points of view, each of which absolutizes one of the mentioned sides of the will: motivation, taken for will, in one case, or volitional effort aimed at overcoming difficulties, to which will is reduced, in another case. The above approaches to understanding the essence of will reflect its various aspects, display its various functions and do not contradict each other at all. Indeed, the will, on the one hand, is connected with the conscious purposefulness of a person, with the objectivity of his actions and actions, i.e. with motivation. On the other hand, the most striking manifestation of the will is observed when overcoming difficulties, hence the opinion arises that the will is needed only for these cases. In reality, volitional (or, in other words, arbitrary) control includes both.
Therefore, understanding the phenomenon of will is possible only on the basis of a synthesis of various theories, on the basis of taking into account the multifunctionality of will as a psychological mechanism that allows a person to consciously control his behavior.
The study of will and volitional actions in psychology, as well as the creation of psychological theories will was preceded by a long stage of consideration of this issue within the framework of philosophical knowledge. Philosophical basis solutions psychological problem will is the answer to one of the most significant and fundamental questions throughout the development of human knowledge - the question of freedom and necessity.
The concept of will as a determinant of human behavior originated in Ancient Greece and was first formulated by Aristotle. He considered the connection of the will with ethics, making a person responsible for his own destiny and well-being. "It depends on us to be good or bad." Voluntariness for Aristotle is, firstly, freedom of choice, and secondly, orientation towards reasonable goals. The embodiment of the will is courage, which is not shown "under the compulsion of the boss."
The Dutch philosopher B. Spinoza defined will as a conscious necessity, which is subjectively perceived as one's own voluntary decision, inner freedom. "People are mistaken, considering themselves free. This opinion is based on the fact that they are aware of their actions, but they do not know the reasons by which they are determined."
I. Kant recognized equally provable both the thesis about free will and the antithesis that the will is not free. Solving the problem of human freedom, Kant subjected critical analysis and the Christian doctrine of free will, and the concepts of mechanistic determinism. Kant saw the inconsistency of the Christian doctrine of the will in the fact that in it the ultimate cause of human actions is not man himself, but God. And since this reason is beyond the power of man, he ultimately remains a weak-willed plaything of supernatural forces.
But mechanistic determinism, according to Kant, is a fatalistic doctrine, which, interpreting man only as a natural being, turns people's behavior into a game of puppets. In reality, Kant wrote, man is not a passive-mechanical, but an active-volitional being, since he is able to set certain goals for himself and build his actions in accordance with them. The mistake of the materialists, Kant believed, is that in place of God's omnipotence they put the power of nature, before which man turned out to be just as helpless as before God. In both cases, external, alien forces stand above the person.
In an effort to compromise between materialism and idealism, I. Kant put forward the thesis of the duality of man: he is an empirical and intelligible being. As the first, man is subject to the causal connections of the sensory world and does not have freedom. But as an intelligible being with a moral will, he is absolutely free. In contrast to the will, which is determined by sensual impulses, I. Kant called the will that comes from the mind free will. He believed that the will becomes free when it is subject to the moral law.
G. Hegel tried to overcome the dualism of the Kantian concept, according to which a person is divided into a thinker, on the one hand, and a driver, on the other. According to his figurative expression, the will of a person, according to I. Kant, is, as it were, in one pocket, and thinking is in another.
Hegel considered free will to be freedom in general, including freedom of speech, religious freedom, etc., transferring consideration of this issue from the personal aspect to the socio-political one. Freedom, according to Hegel, is will itself; they are essentially identical concepts.
Hegel considered free will as a necessary prerequisite for the practical activity of man. Content components of human consciousness - goals, aspirations, etc. - by themselves exist only in the form of possibility; it is only the intention of man. And only the will translates them from possibility into reality. The antipode of the concept of free will in the teachings of Hegel is the concept of arbitrariness. Arbitrariness, according to Hegel, is the lowest stage of development of the will, "negative freedom". At this stage, we are dealing with the natural will, the content of which is made up of passions, inclinations, inclinations, and so on. A conscious, free person must suppress subjectivist tendencies in himself and cultivate a "feeling of the insignificance of selfishness."
In attempts to explain the mechanisms of human behavior within the framework of the problem of will, a direction arose that received in 1883, with light hand German sociologist F. Tennis, the name "voluntarism" and recognizing the will as a special, supranatural force. According to the doctrine of voluntarism, volitional acts are not determined by anything, but they themselves determine the course of mental processes. The German philosophers A. Schopenhauer and E. Hartmann declared the will to be a cosmic force, an unconscious first principle from which everything originates. mental manifestations person. Consciousness and intellect are, according to Schopenhauer, secondary manifestations of the will.
Voluntarism was opposed by physiologists, who considered volitional (voluntary) behavior not only as deterministic, but also as reflex. For the first time this position was substantiated by I. M. Sechenov in the classic work "Reflexes of the brain". Sechenov categorically disagreed with the fact that "since a person is free to act according to his thoughts and desires, and contrary to them, it means that between him and his actions there must be a special free force, which is called will."
Other philosophical outlook, having roots in the doctrine of free will, was existentialism, the most prominent representatives of which are M. Heidegger, K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre, A. Camus. Existentialism views freedom as an absolutely free will, not conditioned by any external social circumstances. A person is not bound to society by moral obligations or responsibility. Therefore, he is self-willed and irresponsible. Any norm is for him the suppression of his personality.
At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. in connection with the formation of psychology as an independent science, numerous attempts have been made pilot study will. The most famous are the works of H. Axa, L. Lange and O. Külpe, A. Mischot and N. Prüm, later - studies carried out at the scientific school of K. Levin. However, despite the value of the results and conclusions of these studies, due interest in them has not been shown. And to date, experimental and theoretical studies wills are not very popular in psychology.
A special place was occupied by the study of will in Soviet psychology, in which will was considered from the point of view and in the context of the activity approach. In this regard, it is worth noting the special contribution of S. L. Rubinshtein, L. S. Vygotsky, A. N. Leontiev, A. R. Luria, D. N. Uznadze, A. V. Zaporozhets, V. A. Ivannikov.
According to A.N. Leontiev, a volitional act is a process of struggle between competing motives, which unfolds in the direction of actualizing a motive that is social in origin and ideal in form, to the detriment of the biological and visual.
main mechanism volitional behavior, according to the assumption of V. A. Ivannikov, is "the change and creation of an additional meaning of the action." Volitional regulation in its developed forms, it is the connection of an action that is not directly significant, but obligatory for execution, to the value-semantic sphere of the personality, the transformation of a given action into a personal one, the combination of the required behavior with moral motives and values.
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