Views are among secondary images, which, unlike primary ones (sensation and perception), arise in consciousness in the absence of direct stimuli, which brings them closer to images of memory, imagination and visual-figurative thinking.

Usually under presentation understand the mental process of reflecting objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality in the form of generalized visual images, and by imagination- a mental process consisting in the creation of new images by processing the material of perceptions and ideas obtained in previous experience.

The product (end result) of the representation is image-representation, or a secondary sensory-visual image of objects and phenomena, preserved and reproduced in consciousness without the direct impact of the objects themselves on the senses.

It is necessary to distinguish from the image-representation as a product performance as a process of deliberate and voluntary creation of an image and mental manipulation (operation) of it when solving various kinds of problems.

Representations are in a complex relationship with other mental processes.

With sensation and perception, representation is related by the figurative, visual form of their existence. But sensation and perception always precede representation, which cannot arise out of nowhere. The representation is precisely the result of generalization of a number of essential and sometimes unimportant features of an object.

Representations often act as standards. This circumstance brings them closer to the processes of identification. Identification presupposes the presence of at least two objects - real, perceived and reference. There is no such duality in ideas.

Representations are often called memory images, since in both cases a person’s past experience is reproduced. Both of them belong to secondary images that arise without relying on direct perception. But the representation lacks the processes of memorization and preservation. In the process of remembering, a person is always aware of the connection with the past, but in addition to the past, the present and the future can be reflected in the idea.

Images of the imagination are very close to ideas. Imagination, like representation, uses material previously received by perception and stored by memory. KD Ushinsky believed that the essence of imagination lies in the combination of images and representations. But still, imagination is a more creative process that develops over time, in which a storyline can often be traced. In representation, the object is more static: it is either motionless, or a limited number of manipulative operations are performed with it. Representation acts as a mechanism for recreating imagination. But besides him there is also various shapes creative imagination, which are not reducible to representation.

The degree of control a person has over the images of his imagination varies greatly. Therefore, they distinguish, imagination arbitrary(active) and involuntary(passive). The degree of arbitrariness of images varies smoothly from one form of imagination to another. Thus, the least degree of arbitrariness of imagination is found in dreams and hallucinations, and the greatest degree is found in creativity. According to the methods of creating images, they also distinguish recreating And creative imagination.

Images-representations serve as the basis for visual-figurative thinking. In thinking processes, the emphasis is on searching and discovering something new, but in imagining processes, such a task is not set.

“The interpenetration of the visual and the generalized” in representations (B. G. Ananyev) constitutes their distinctive feature and allows us to speak of representation as an independent mental process.

Depending on the characteristics of the subject of representation, there are two main types of representations: visual, behind which there is a specific image, and abstract-logical, behind which there are abstract concepts (A. Richardson). Each of these types can have varying degrees of brightness, clarity and controllability.

The most common is the classification of visual representations according to modality (B. G. Ananyev). It includes visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, gustatory And organic representation. The latter are the essence of ideas about the functional states of the body, individual organs and parts of the body. Here, the type of analyzer is taken as the basis for classification.

In accordance with the two main forms of existence of matter, two types of ideas are distinguished, such as ideas about space and ideas about time. Usually, both of them are multimodal, but it is possible to highlight the reflection of spatial and temporal characteristics separately at the level of visual and kinesthetic analyzers.

Based on the temporal relevance of ideas, a classification of images into reproductive and anti cipating(anticipating) (J. Piaget). In turn, each of them can be: a) static(idea of ​​a stationary object); b) kinetic(idea about different types of movement); V) transformative(reflection of transformations of objects known to man - from reflection of the final result to reflection of all stages of transformation of an object from the initial state to the final state).

IV.1.1. Characteristics of the presentation process. The process of representation is usually understood in two senses: as the creation of images and representations and as the operation of them. In both cases, representations acquire a dynamic character.

We can talk about changing perceptions in time And in space. As time passes, the presentation may become saturated with details, generalized, or, conversely, become more schematic; may become brighter and more distinct or, conversely, vague and undifferentiated. In space with image-representations, the following basic operations can be performed: mental rotation, large-scale transformations, various types of object movements, combining the components of the represented object, changes in spatial orientation, increment, grouping, splitting, etc.

A special group consists of information transcoding operations associated with changes in the dimensionality of an object. For example, when reading geographical map get an idea of ​​the terrain, and in a drawing lesson imagine and depict a three-dimensional object in the form of projections on a plane.

Understanding representation as a process of operating with image-representations presupposes the presence of separate mental operations in this process. All mental operations can be divided into three groups (I. S. Yakimanskaya): 1) change in the process of imagining the position of an object (objects) or its parts (mental rotation, grouping, change in spatial orientation, mental movement of objects, etc.); 2) changes in the process of representing the structure of an object (scale transformations, changes in the representation of the dimension of objects, grouping of objects, etc.); 3) simultaneous changes in position and structure (increment, split, combination, etc.).

Operating and synthesis of images in the processes of imagination is carried out thanks to operations agglutination- combinations of qualities, properties, parts of objects that are incompatible in reality; hyperbolization- exaggeration or understatement of objects, their parts and qualities; sharpening- emphasizing any features; schematization- smoothing out differences and identifying similarities; typification- highlighting the essential in homogeneous phenomena and embodying it in any specific image.

Imagination is a mental process that consists of creating new images based on data from past experience. Imagination is one of the highest cognitive processes. It arose in the process labor activity and is typical only for humans.

Imagination- one of the forms mental reflection peace. The most traditional point of view is to define imagination as a process.

According to M.V. Gamezo and I.A. Domashenko: “Imagination is psychological process“, which consists in creating new images (representations) by processing the material of perceptions and ideas obtained in previous experience"

Domestic authors also consider this phenomenon as an ability (V.T. Kudryavtsev, L.S. Vygotsky). According to L.S. Vygotsky, imagination is the ability of an individual “to create new combinations from known elements of experience under the influence of emotions.” The imagination does not repeat impressions that were accumulated before, but builds some new series from previously accumulated impressions. Thus, introducing something new into our impressions and changing these impressions so that as a result a new, previously non-existent image appears.

According to the Soviet teacher E.V. Ilyenkov, “The essence of imagination lies in the ability to “grasp” the whole before the part, in the ability to build a holistic image based on a separate hint.” .

L.D. Stolyarenko, B.M. Teplov consider imagination as a specific activity. “Imagination is a necessary element of human creative activity, which is expressed in the construction of images of the products of labor, and also ensures the creation of behavior programs in cases where the problem situation is characterized by uncertainty.” Imagination is always directed towards the practical activities of man. Before doing anything, a person imagines what needs to be done and how he will do it. Thus, he already creates in advance the image of a material thing that will be manufactured in the subsequent practical activity of man.” .

Imagination - special shape human psyche, standing apart from the rest mental processes and at the same time occupying an intermediate position between perception, thinking and memory. The specificity of this form of mental process is that imagination is probably characteristic only of humans and is strangely connected with the activities of the body, being at the same time the most “mental” of all mental processes and states. .

Imagination and thinking are intertwined in such a way that it can be difficult to separate them; both of these processes are involved in creative activity; creativity is always subordinated to the creation of something new, unknown. Operating with existing knowledge in the process of fantasy presupposes its mandatory inclusion in systems of new relationships, as a result of which new knowledge can arise. Cognition (thinking) stimulates the imagination (creating a model of transformation), which (the model) is then verified and refined by thinking,” writes psychologist A.D. Dudetsky.

Distinctive feature imagination is a kind of departure from reality when, based on a separate feature of reality, a new image is built, and not simply the existing ideas are reconstructed, which is typical for the functioning of the internal plan of action.

Imagination also plays great value for the development and improvement of man as a species. It takes a person beyond the limits of his momentary existence, reminds him of the past, and opens up the future.

Imagination is the ability to imagine an absent or truly non-existent object, holding it in consciousness and mentally manipulating it.

Possessing a rich imagination, a person can “live” in different time, which no other creature in the world can afford. The past is recorded in memory images, arbitrarily resurrected by an effort of will, the future is presented in dreams and fantasies.

Imagination is the main visual-figurative thinking, which allows a person to navigate a situation and solve problems without the direct intervention of practical actions. It helps him in many ways in those cases of life when practical actions are either impossible, or difficult, or simply impractical or undesirable.

Imagination differs from perception, which is the process of a person receiving and processing various information entering the brain through the senses, and which ends in the formation of an image, in that its images do not always correspond to reality; they contain elements of fantasy and fiction. If the imagination draws to consciousness such pictures that nothing or little corresponds in reality, then it is called fantasy. If, in addition, the imagination is aimed at the future, it is called a dream.

Types of imagination:

1. Active imagination(intentional) - characterized by the fact that, using it, a person at will, by an effort of will causes

corresponding images of yourself.

• 2. Passive imagination (unintentional) is that its images arise spontaneously, regardless of the will and desire of a person.
• 3. Productive imagination - differs in that in it reality is consciously constructed by a person, and not simply mechanically copied or recreated. At the same time, this reality is creatively transformed in the image.
• 4. Reproductive imagination - when used, the task is to reproduce reality as it is, and although there is also an element of fantasy here, such imagination is more reminiscent of perception or memory than creativity.

Table 1

Types of imagination	Its characteristics
According to the degree of activity and volitional efforts
Active imagination (intentional)	The creation by a person of his own free will of new images or ideas, accompanied by certain conditions(the poet writes a new artistic image to describe nature, the inventor sets the goal of creating a technical device, etc.)
Passive (not intentional)	At the same time, a person does not set himself the goal of transforming reality, and images spontaneously arise on their own (this type psychic phenomena, ranging from a dream to an idea, suddenly and unplannedly arising in the mind of the inventor)
According to the degree of transformation of reality
Productive (creative) imagination	Creation of fundamentally new ideas that do not have a direct model, when reality is creatively transformed, and not simply mechanically copied or recreated
Reproductive (recreative) imagination	Creating an image of objects or phenomena according to their description, when reality is reproduced from memory as it is

Besides generally accepted classification other types of imagination are distinguished. For example, according to the nature of the appearance of images, imagination can be divided into concrete, the regulator of which is concrete images and ideas, and abstract, expressed in the creation of symbols and diagrams. Depending on the type of activity during which the imagination functions, technical, musical, scientific, and artistic are distinguished.

The human mind cannot be in an inactive state, which is why people dream so much. The human brain continues to function even when it does not receive new information when it doesn't solve any problems. It is at this time that the imagination begins to work. It has been established that a person, at will, is not able to stop the flow of thoughts, stop the imagination.

In the process of human life, the imagination performs a number of specific functions(Scheme No. 1)

The first of which is to represent reality in images and be able to use them when solving problems. This function of imagination is connected with thinking and is organically included in it.

The second function of imagination is to regulate emotional states. With the help of his imagination, a person is able to at least partially satisfy many needs and relieve the tension generated by them.

This is vital important function is especially emphasized and developed in such a direction of psychology as psychoanalysis.

The third function of imagination is associated with its participation in the voluntary regulation of cognitive processes and human states.

With the help of skillfully created images, a person can pay attention to the necessary events; through images, he gains the opportunity to control perceptions, memories, and statements.

The fourth function of imagination is to form an internal plan of action, i.e. the ability to perform them in the mind, manipulating images.

The fifth function of imagination is planning and programming activities, drawing up such programs, assessing their correctness, and the implementation process.

With the help of imagination, a person can control many psychophysiological states of the body and tune it to upcoming activities. There are known facts indicating that with the help of imagination, through purely volitional means, a person can influence organic processes: change breathing rhythm, pulse rate, blood pressure, body temperature, etc. These facts underlie auto-training, which is widely used for self-regulation.

With help special exercises and techniques you can develop your imagination. IN creative types labor - science, literature, art, engineering, etc., the development of imagination naturally occurs in these types of activities. IN autogenic training the desired result is achieved by special system exercises that are aimed at learning to relax through willpower separate groups muscles, for example, muscles of the arms, legs, head, torso, arbitrarily increase or decrease pressure, body temperature, using exercises to imagine heat and cold.

Types and forms of imagination (Scheme No. 2)

Imagination is a psychological function aimed at creating new images.

• - Synthesis
• - Analogy

The creation of imaginary images is carried out using several methods. As a rule, they are used unconsciously.

Agglutination is the combination of various incompatible substances Everyday life properties (for example: centaur - man-beast, Phoenix bird - man-bird).

Hyperbolization is a paradoxical increase or decrease in an object or its individual parts (Lilliputians, Gulliver, Dwarf Nose).

Schematization - individual representations in in this case merge, differences are smoothed out (any schematic drawing).

Emphasis - any detail in the image is emphasized, stands out (for example, a friendly cartoon).

Sharpening is emphasizing any features.

The basis for creating any fantasy images is synthesis and analogy. An example of an analogy: an airplane resembles a bird.

The imagination of a schoolchild develops in such a way that the images created are more and more correlated with practice. If for a three- to four-year-old child 2-3 sticks are enough and the airplane model is ready, then for a seven- to eight-year-old schoolchild it is necessary that the model be “like the real one.” In a drawing, a preschooler often conveys only some character traits object, and a student in grades I-II tries to depict all the details of an object known to him.

The meaning of imagination in mental development great, it contributes to better knowledge of the world around us and the development of the child’s personality. But imagination should not develop into passive daydreaming.

In younger children school age imagination is already based on quite significant life experience and ever-increasing knowledge.

So, by imagination in this final qualifying work we understand a mental process that consists of creating new images based on data from past experience. Imagination is the basis of visual-figurative thinking, which allows a person to navigate a situation and solve a problem without the direct intervention of practical actions. The basis for creating any images of the imagination is synthesis and analogy. The main function of imagination is to represent reality in images and to solve problems. Imagination also plays a huge role in the development and improvement of man as a species. With its help, a person finds himself in situations and tries activities that are inaccessible to him in reality. This gives him additional experience and knowledge in the everyday and professional sphere, in the scientific and moral sphere, and determines for him the significance of this or that object of life.

general characteristics imagination

Topic 11

IMAGINATION

Types of imagination

Psychological mechanisms imagination

Forms of imagination

General characteristics of imagination

Imagination- it's mental cognitive process creating new ideas based on existing experience, i.e. the process of transformative reflection of reality.

Imagination, like thinking, belongs to the number of higher cognitive processes in which the specifically human nature of activity is clearly revealed. Thanks to imagination, a person sets goals, plans his activities, creates, and creates objects of material and spiritual culture.

Imagination is the basis of imaginative thinking. It allows a person to navigate and find solutions in situations where practical actions are simply impossible. Imagination allows a person to make decisions when there is a lack of initial information, and to form high-probability assumptions in problem situations. It is in this way that a person can subjectively go beyond the current life situation, move himself into the future or past, and find fundamentally new solutions.

Imagination plays an important role in self-regulation mental state. By subjectively immersing oneself with the help of specially created images in certain life situations, a person can free himself from internal tension, relax, tune in to solving assigned tasks, etc.

Imagination appears to be a critical tool for communication and interpersonal understanding. Without imagination, it is difficult to imagine how this or that person will behave in the context of certain life situations. A person’s ability to foresee and deeply experience imaginary ethical situations is the basis of his moral behavior.

Imagination is inextricably linked with individual-typological
what personality characteristics, with its needs, interests, abilities, type of memory and thinking, knowledge and experience.

Imagination as a unique form of reflection of reality: it provides a mental departure beyond the limits of what is directly perceived, helps to anticipate the future, and “revitalizes” what was before.

Imagination performs a number of functions (Fig. 1):

· cognitive. Thanks to imagination, concentration of attention, memory, thinking, the world is known more deeply;

· regulatory. It is expressed: in the organization of such forms of behavior that were not experienced (imagine the past, the future); in planning and regulation of activities, anticipation (anticipation) of the result of work and its beginning, “jumping” through the stage of thinking and decision-making in the absence of complete knowledge; in substitution of activities; in the regulation of cognitive processes;

· affective. Imagination is involved in the regulation of emotional states (increases emotional tone, improves mood, relieves tension).

By degree of awareness and activity

Recreating

Unintentional

Deliberate

Creative

Passive

Active

Rice. 3. Types of imagination

This division is partly relative, since each of these types of imagination contains elements of the other. The processes of imagination, like thinking, memory, and perception, are of an analytical-synthetic nature. The main tendency of the imagination is the transformation of memory representations, which ultimately ensures the creation of an obviously new, previously never encountered situation.

Active imagination – is the creation of new images through volitional efforts. It represents the deliberate construction of images in connection with a consciously set task in a particular type of activity.

Recreating Imagination unfolds on the basis of a description, story, drawing, diagram, symbol or sign. It occurs in cases where a person, based on one description, must imagine an object that he has never perceived before.

Creative imagination is based on the independent creation of images that do not currently exist, or the reproduction of an original modification of an existing object or phenomenon. This is a non-standard image of something previously described, read, perceived, an integral part of technical, artistic or other creativity. Images of the creative imagination are created through various techniques intelligent operations.

Passive imagination- this is the creation of new images without any external stimuli. It consists in the emergence and combination of ideas and their elements into new ideas without a specific intention on the part of a person, with a weakening of conscious control on his part over the course of his ideas.

Intentional imagination creates images (dreams) that are not associated with the will, which could contribute to their implementation. The unreal world created by a person is an attempt to replace unfulfilled hopes, make up for heavy losses, weaken mental trauma. The predominance of dreams in the processes of imagination indicates certain defects in personality development.

Unintentional imagination observed when the activity of consciousness weakens, with its disorders, in a half-asleep state, in a dream.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….2

General characteristics of imagination…………………………….3

Ways to create images of the imagination…………………………6

Types and forms of imagination……………………………………………………….9

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….12

List of references……………………………..13

INTRODUCTION

Man constantly comes into contact with his environment. Every second our senses are affected by dozens and hundreds of different stimuli, many of which remain in human memory for a long time. Moreover, one of the most curious phenomena of the human psyche is that the impressions received in previous practice from objects and phenomena of the real world are not only stored in memory for a long time, but are also subject to certain processing. The existence of this phenomenon has made it possible for humans to influence the environment and purposefully change it.

It should be noted that the effect of the animal on external environment and changes in the external environment by humans have fundamental differences. Unlike an animal, a person influences the environment systematically, directing his efforts towards a predetermined goal. This nature of the change in reality in the process of labor presupposes a preliminary representation in the mind of what a person wants to receive as a result of his activity. For example, a spider performs certain operations that resemble those of a weaver, and bees, in the construction of their wax cells, resemble human builders. However, any worst specialist differs from the best bee or the most skillful spider in that he acts according to a pre-planned plan. Any work involves the development of such a plan, and only then its implementation in practice.

Thus, considering the process of a person creating something new, we are faced with another phenomenon of the human psyche. His the essence is that a person creates an image in his mind that does not yet exist in reality, and the basis of creation similar image is our past experience that we gained by interacting with objective reality. It is this process - the process of creating new mental images - that is called imagination.

1. General characteristics of imagination.

Imagination is the process of transforming ideas that reflect reality, and creating new ideas on this basis. The process of imagination is peculiar only to man and is a necessary condition his work activity. Imagination is always directed towards the practical activities of man. Before doing anything, a person imagines what needs to be done and how he will do it. Thus, he already creates in advance the image of a material thing that will be manufactured in the subsequent practical activity of man. This ability of a person to imagine in advance the final result of his work, as well as the process of creating a material thing, sharply distinguishes human activity from the “activity” of animals, sometimes very skillful.

The physiological basis of imagination is the formation of new combinations from those temporary connections that have already been formed in past experience. At the same time, simple updating of existing temporary connections does not yet lead to the creation of a new one. The creation of a new one presupposes a combination that is formed from temporary connections that have not previously been combined with each other. In this case, the second one is important signaling system, word. The process of imagination is a joint work of both signaling systems. All visual images are inextricably linked with him. As a rule, the word serves as a source of the appearance of images of the imagination, controls the path of their formation, and is a means of retaining, consolidating, and changing them.

Imagination is always a certain departure from reality. But in any case, the source of imagination is objective reality. Imagination is the figurative construction of the content of a concept about an object (or the design of a scheme of actions with it) even before the concept itself is formed (and the scheme receives a clear, verifiable and implemented expression in specific material).

What is characteristic of imagination is that knowledge has not yet formed into a logical category, while a peculiar correlation of the universal and the individual at the sensory level has already been made. Thanks to this, in the very act of contemplation, a separate fact is revealed in its universal perspective, revealing its integral meaning in relation to a certain situation. Therefore, in terms of imagination, a holistic image of the situation is built before a dismembered and detailed picture of what is contemplated.

It is generally accepted that imagination arose in the process of labor - a specifically human activity, due to the existence of a need to transform objects of the real world. For example, having before his eyes a tool of labor that was not entirely perfect in its characteristics and properties, a person could imagine another tool that corresponds to his idea of ​​what is necessary to perform a particular labor operation. But then, in the course of the historical development of man, the activity of the imagination began to manifest itself not only in work, but also in man’s fantasies and dreams, that is, in images that could not be created in practice at all in this moment. Extremely complex forms of imagination have appeared, necessary in scientific, technical and artistic creativity. However, even in these cases, imagination appears as the result of the transformation of our ideas obtained from reality.

It should be noted that imaginary images are created only by processing individual aspects of a person’s existing images of reality. For example, while reading science fiction novels, you probably noticed that fictional characters (aliens, monsters, non-existent animals, etc.) are still completely or partially similar in appearance to objects known to us, i.e. they were transformed by the writer’s imagination from real reality.

The activity of imagination is closely related to thinking.

By orienting a person in the process of activity, imagination creates a psychological model of the final and intermediate results of work and thereby ensures the embodiment of the ideal image into a material or ideal product.

The value of imagination lies in the fact that it helps a person navigate problem situations, make the right decisions, and foresee the results of his actions in conditions where knowledge is not enough to directly implement a cognitive need. Imagination makes it possible effective behavior and human activity under conditions of incomplete information.

2. Ways to create images of the imagination.

Images recreated in the process of imagination cannot arise out of nothing. They are formed on the basis of our previous experience, on the basis of ideas about objects and phenomena of objective reality. The process of creating imaginary images from impressions received by a person from reality can occur in various forms.

The creation of imaginary images goes through two main stages. At the first stage, a kind of division of impressions, or existing ideas, into their component parts occurs. In other words, the first stage of the formation of imaginary images is characterized analysis impressions received from reality or ideas formed as a result of previous experience. During this analysis, there is abstraction object, i.e. it seems to us isolated from other objects, while abstraction of parts of the object also occurs.

With these images, transformations of two main types can then be carried out. Firstly, these images can be put into new combinations and connections. Secondly, these images can be given a completely new meaning. In any case, operations are performed with abstracted images that can be characterized as synthesis. These operations, which constitute the essence of the synthesizing activity of the imagination, are the second stage in the formation of imaginative images. Moreover, the forms in which the synthesizing activity of the imagination is carried out are extremely diverse.

The simplest form of synthesis in the process of imagination is agglutination, that is, the creation of a new image by attaching in the imagination parts or properties of one object to another. Examples of agglutination include: the image of a centaur, the image of a winged man in the drawings of North American Indians, the image of an ancient Egyptian deity (a man with a tail and an animal head), etc.

Agglutination is widely used in art and technical creativity. For example, everyone knows the advice that Leonardo da Vinci gave to young artists: “If you want to make a fictional animal seem natural - let it be, say, a snake - then take for its head the head of a shepherd or a gun dog, adding to it cat's eyes, the ears of an eagle owl, the nose of a greyhound, the eyebrows of a lion, the temples of an old rooster and the neck of a water turtle.” In technology, as a result of the use of agglutination, for example, an amphibious vehicle and a hovercraft were created.

One of the most common ways of processing images of perception into images of imagination is increase or reduction of an object or its parts. Various literary characters have been created using this method.

Agglutination can also be carried out using incorporating already known images into a new context. In this case, new connections are established between ideas, thanks to which the entire set of images receives a new meaning. Typically, when introducing ideas into a new context, the process is preceded by a specific idea or goal. This process is completely controllable, unless it is a dream, when control of consciousness is impossible. When incorporating already known images into a new context, a person achieves correspondence between individual ideas and the holistic context. Therefore, the entire process is subordinated to certain meaningful connections from the very beginning.

The most significant ways of processing ideas into images of the imagination, following the path of generalization of essential features, are schematization And accent.

Schematization can take place when different conditions. Firstly, schematization can arise as a result of an incomplete, superficial perception of an object. In this case, the representations are schematized randomly, and they sometimes highlight minor details that were accidentally discovered during the perception of the object. As a result, distortions arise that lead to the creation of imaginary images that distort reality. A similar phenomenon often occurs in children.

Secondly, the reason for schematization in the case of a sufficiently complete perception of the object may be the forgetting of any unimportant details or parts. In this case, significant details and features come to the fore in the presentation. At the same time, the representation loses some individuality and becomes more generalized.

And finally, thirdly, the reason for schematization may be a conscious distraction from unimportant, or secondary, aspects of the object. A person consciously directs his attention to the essential, in his opinion, features and properties of an object and, as a result, reduces ideas to a certain scheme.

Emphasis is to emphasize the most significant, typical features of the image. Typically, this method is used when creating artistic images. The main feature of this processing of images of perception into images of imagination is that, reflecting real reality and typifying it, an artistic image always gives a broad generalization, but this generalization is always reflected in a specific image. Moreover, the processing of ideas when creating a typical image is not accomplished by mechanical addition or subtraction of any features. The process of creating a typical image is a complex creative process and reflects certain individual characteristics of the person creating this image.

3. Types and forms of imagination.

The activity of the imagination can be characterized in terms of participation in this process volitional regulation, depending on the nature of the activity and the content of the images created.

Depending on the participation of will and activity, imagination is divided into arbitrary And involuntary.

Involuntary is an imagination when the creation of new images is not based on a special goal. The involuntary emergence of ideas is closely related to a person’s feelings. An extreme case of involuntary imagination is dreams, in which images are born unintentionally and in the most unexpected and bizarre combinations.

The process of imagination can be arbitrary when it is directed with the special purpose of creating an image of a certain object, a possible situation, imagining or foreseeing a scenario for the development of events. The arbitrary creation of images takes place mainly in human creative activity.

Depending on the nature of a person’s activity, his imagination is divided into creative And reproductive.

The imagination that comes into play creative activity and helps a person create new original images, called creative.

Imagination, which is included in the process of mastering what other people have already created or described, is called reproducing or reproductive.

Thus, a designer-inventor who creates a new machine has a creative imagination, while an engineer who creates an image of a machine from verbal descriptions or a drawing has a reproductive imagination.

An important role in creative imagination is played by language, which is a way of understanding the creative concept and a tool of analytical and synthetic activity.

Reproductive imagination is the process of a person creating images of new objects based on their verbal description or graphic image.

Depending on the content of the activity, imagination is divided into technical, scientific, artistic and other types related to the nature of a person’s work.

The artistic imagination has predominantly sensual images, extremely vivid and detailed.

Technical imagination is characterized by the creation of images of spatial relationships in the form of geometric figures and structures, their easy dissociation and combination into new connections, and their mental transfer to different situations.

Images of technical imagination are most often combined in drawings and diagrams, on the basis of which new machines and new objects are then created.

Scientific imagination finds its expression in constructing hypotheses, conducting experiments, and developing generalizations carried out in the creation of concepts. Imagination plays an important role in planning scientific research, in the construction of the experimental situation, in anticipation during the experiment.

A special form of imagination is a dream.

A dream is the process of a person creating images of a desirable future.

Dreams can be real, effective and unreal, fruitless. The effectiveness of a dream is a necessary condition for the implementation of a person’s creative plans aimed at truly transforming reality. Such dreams, in a certain understanding, are the driving force behind a person’s actions and deeds, helping him set goals, deal with difficulties, and resist adverse influences.

Dreams can be empty and fruitless. Then they disorient a person, deprive him of a vision of real life prospects, and make him unable to withstand the difficulties of real life.

Only an active, creative dream has a positive impact on a person’s life; it enriches a person’s life, makes it bright and interesting.

CONCLUSION

It should be noted that along with perception, memory and thinking, imagination plays an important role in human activity. The process of imagination is unique to man and is a necessary condition for his work activity.

Imagination significantly expands and deepens the process of cognition. It also plays a huge role in transforming the objective world. Before changing something practically, a person changes it mentally.

Images of the imagination do not always correspond to reality; they contain elements of fantasy and fiction. If the imagination draws pictures to the consciousness that nothing or little corresponds in reality, then it is called fantasy. If the imagination is directed to the future, it is called a dream. The process of imagination always occurs in inextricable connection with two other mental processes - memory and thinking.

The formation of a number of moral and psychological qualities of a person is associated with the activity of imagination - humanity, sensitivity, sense of duty, etc.

Functions of imagination: creating new images - a leading reflection of reality.

Mechanisms of imagination: dissociation of impressions and elements into new combinations.

Bibliography:

1. Maklakov A. G. General psychology. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - 592 pp.: ill. - (Series “Textbook of the New Century”)

2. Maksimenko S.D. General psychology. – M.: 2004, ed. "Refl-book".

3. General psychology: Textbook. for pedagogical students Institute / Ed. A.V. Petrovsky. 2nd ed., add. and processed M., 1976. 479 p.

4. Rubinshtein S.L. Basics general psychology. T.1. -M.: 1989.

NOU "MURMANSK HUMANITIES INSTITUTE"

PSYCHOLOGY FACULTY

EXTRAMURAL

TEST

IN GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

TOPIC: PRESENTATION. IMAGINATION.

Completed by: STUDENT

2 COURSES, FTA PSYCHOLOGY

CORRESPONDENCE BRANCH

BORODKINA I.N.

Checked by: TEACHER

SEMENOVA M.A.

Murmansk 2009

Introduction

The concept of representation, mechanisms for the emergence of representations

Main characteristics of views

View Functions

Classification and types of representations

View Operations

The concept of imagination, mechanisms of the imagination process

Physiological basis of imagination

The role of imagination in human life

Types of imagination

Operations of the imagination

Imagination and creativity

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

We receive primary information about the world around us through sensation and perception. The excitement that arises in our senses does not disappear without a trace at the very moment when the effect of stimuli on them ceases. After this, so-called sequential images appear and persist for some time. However, the role of these images for mental life person is relatively small. Much more important is the fact that even after long time after we have perceived an object, the image of this object can be again - accidentally or intentionally - evoked by us. This phenomenon is called "performance".

The concept of representation, mechanisms for the emergence of representations

Representation is the mental process of reflecting objects or phenomena that are not currently perceived, but are recreated on the basis of our previous experience.

The basis of representation is the perception of objects that took place in the past. Several types of representations can be distinguished. Firstly, these are representations of memory, i.e. representations that arose on the basis of our direct perception in the past of any object or phenomenon. Secondly, these are ideas of the imagination. At first glance, this type of representation does not correspond to the definition of the concept of “representation”, because in the imagination we display something that we have never seen, but this is only at first glance. Representations of the imagination are formed on the basis of information received in past perceptions and its more or less creative processing. The richer the past experience, the brighter and more complete the corresponding idea can be.

Ideas do not arise on their own, but as a result of our practical activity. Moreover, ideas are of great importance not only for the processes of memory or imagination, but they are extremely important for all mental processes that provide cognitive activity person. Processes of perception, thinking, writing are always associated with ideas, just like memory, which stores information and thanks to which ideas are formed.

Main characteristics of views

Representations have their own characteristics. First of all, representations are characterized by clarity . Representations are sensory-visual images of reality, and this is their closeness to images of perception. But perceptual images are a reflection of those objects of the material world that are perceived at the moment, while representations are reproduced and processed images of objects that were perceived in the past.

The next characteristic of representations is fragmentation. The representations are full of gaps, some parts and features are presented vividly, others are very vague, and still others are completely absent. For example, when we imagine someone's face, we clearly and distinctly reproduce only individual features, those on which, as a rule, we fixed our attention.

No less significant characteristic ideas is their instability and impermanence. Thus, any evoked image, be it an object or someone’s image, will disappear from the field of your consciousness, no matter how hard you try to hold it. And you will have to make another effort to evoke it again. In addition, representations are very fluid and changeable. First one and then another detail of the reproduced image comes to the foreground.

It should be noted that ideas are not just visual images of reality, but are always, to a certain extent, generalized images. This is their proximity to concepts. Generalization occurs not only in those representations that relate to a whole group of similar objects (the idea of ​​a chair in general, the idea of ​​a cat in general, etc.), but also in the representations of specific objects. We see every object familiar to us more than once, and each time we form some new image of this object, but when we evoke in our consciousness an idea of ​​this object, the image that arises is always of a generalized nature.

Our ideas are always the result of a generalization of individual images of perception. The degree of generalization contained in a presentation may vary. Representations characterized by a high degree of generalization are called general representations.

View Functions

Representation, like any other cognitive process, performs a number of functions in the mental regulation of human behavior. Most researchers identify three main functions: signaling, regulating and tuning.

The essence of the signaling function of ideas is to reflect in each specific case not only the image of an object that previously influenced our senses, but also diverse information about this object, which, under the influence of specific influences, is transformed into a system of signals that control behavior.

The regulatory function of ideas is closely related to their signaling function and consists in the selection of the necessary information about an object or phenomenon that previously influenced our senses. Moreover, this choice is not made abstractly, but taking into account real conditions upcoming activities.

The next function of views is customization. It manifests itself in the orientation of human activity depending on the nature of the influences environment. So, studying physiological mechanisms voluntary movements, I.P. Pavlov showed that the emerging motor image ensures the adjustment of the motor apparatus to perform the appropriate movements. The tuning function of representations provides a certain training effect of motor representations, which contributes to the formation of an algorithm of our activity. Thus, ideas play a very significant role in the mental regulation of human activity.

Classification and types of representations

Since ideas are based on past perceptual experience, the main classification of ideas is based on the classification of types of sensation and perception. Therefore, it is customary to highlight the following types representations: visual, auditory, motor (kinesthetic), tactile, olfactory, gustatory, temperature and organic.

Representations can be classified according to the following signs: 1) according to their content; from this point of view, we can talk about mathematical, geographical, technical, musical, etc. ideas; 2) by the degree of generalization; from this point of view we can talk about private and general ideas. In addition, the classification of ideas can be carried out based on the degree of manifestation of volitional efforts.

Most of the ideas we have are related to visual perception. Characteristic feature visual representations is that in some cases they are extremely specific and convey all the visible qualities of objects: color, shape, volume.

In the field of auditory representations, speech and musical representations are of utmost importance. In turn, speech representations can also be divided into several subtypes: phonetic representations and timbre-intonation speech representations. The essence musical performances mainly lies in the idea of ​​the relationship between sounds in pitch and duration, since a musical melody is determined precisely by pitch and rhythmic relationships.

Another class of representations is motor representations. By the nature of their occurrence, they differ from visual and auditory ones, since they are never a simple reproduction of past sensations, but are always associated with current sensations. Every time we imagine the movement of any part of our body, a weak contraction of the corresponding muscles occurs. It has been experimentally proven that whenever we motorically imagine pronouncing a word, instruments record a contraction in the muscles of the tongue, lips, larynx, etc. Consequently, without motor ideas we would hardly be able to use speech and communicate with each other it would be impossible.

It is necessary to dwell on one more, very important, type of representation - spatial representations. The term "spatial representations" is applied to those cases in which the spatial form and placement of objects are clearly represented, but the objects themselves may be represented very vaguely. As a rule, these representations are so schematic and colorless that at first glance the term “visual image” does not apply to them. However, they still remain images - images of space, since they convey one side of reality - the spatial arrangement of things - with complete clarity. Spatial representations are mainly visuomotor representations, and sometimes the visual component comes to the fore, sometimes the motor component.