What is pulmonary pleuropneumofibrosis? Pneumosclerosis of the lungs: causes, symptoms and treatment methods Focal pneumofibrosis ICD 10

Pathology can appear after pneumonia, syphilis or tuberculosis, and also develop with chronic respiratory diseases. The pathology belongs to the group of pneumosclerosis, which includes cirrhosis and pulmonary pneumosclerosis.

Symptoms of pathology

The disease has two main forms - local and diffuse. Local pneumofibrosis shows little effect at the external level.

Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis manifests itself in the form of chronic shortness of breath, which appears at an early stage during physical exertion. Later, it can also occur at rest: a painful cough appears with the release of thick sputum mixed with pus, manifestations of cyanosis due to pulmonary hypoxia become noticeable, aching chest pain is present, the person becomes weaker and loses weight.

Characteristic wheezing is heard in the lungs. In severe cases, blood appears in the sputum.

The cause may be pulmonary hypoxia, due to which the fibroblast that produces collagen is activated. The process is characterized by the replacement of lung cells with connective tissue. Provoking factors that create a favorable environment for the development of pathology are poor ventilation of the lungs and disturbances in the outflow of secretions from the circulatory and lymphatic system of the lungs and bronchi.

Normal lung function depends on their volume and tissue elasticity. The larger it is, the more for the body it takes strength to open them completely. At the same time, normal operating pressure is created inside them, required to open the pulmonary alveoli. When the lungs lose elasticity, the working pressure drops, and it is not enough for the alveoli to open. Oxygen starvation begins, the lungs are poorly ventilated, which provokes the disease.

Due to compression of the blood vessels of the lungs as a result of spasms or inflammation, normal blood supply is disrupted. In places of stagnation, healthy cells of the alveoli begin to be replaced by connective tissues, which leads to disease.

From here it is clear that for the development of pneumofibrosis, certain conditions are required, created by primary disorders associated with various disease processes And disposing factors. Children's pulmonary fibrosis has the same causes of development as adults, with the difference that it is much easier to get it, for example, through regular inhalation harmful substances, living in an extremely polluted area or with smoking parents.

Diagnostic measures

Conclusions are made based on symptoms and certain studies. These include radiography, which allows you to accurately diagnose various diseases. respiratory system and do not confuse one pathology with another. If necessary, computed tomography is used.

Pneumofibrosis of the lungs: treatment of pathology

Often no measures are taken if a diagnosis of pulmonary pneumofibrosis is revealed, the treatment of which is considered ineffective. This applies to cases where it is asymptomatic.

If in the background colds Pathology regularly makes itself felt, acquiring chronic forms, then intensive antibacterial therapy and physiological procedures are carried out to help better separation of sputum. The choice of appropriate treatment should be based on the diagnosis, and therefore it should be as accurate as possible.

If the disease appears due to inhalation of polluted air, then first of all the patient must change his place of residence or work, otherwise it will be useless to treat him. Pneumofibrosis, which is sometimes difficult to treat using standard conventional methods, can be cured by carrying out parallel therapy based on the experience of traditional healers.

Alternative medicine offers in the form of therapeutic therapy breathing and physical exercises. During the healing course, it is recommended to maintain a consistently positive emotional state. There are several effective folk recipes.

First of all, it is necessary to note the wonderful properties of aloe. Its leaves, previously kept for a couple of days in a cold place, for example in the refrigerator, are finely chopped and mixed with two large spoons of natural honey and half a liter of red homemade wine, everything is mixed thoroughly. Suitable for use immediately, stored for at least 14 days. Take a spoonful several times a day before meals.

A decoction of pine buds. The effect occurs due to the unique properties of essential oils contained in the resins of coniferous trees. They have an extremely beneficial effect on the health of the respiratory tract, facilitating the removal of mucus from the bronchi and relieving inflammation.

Preventive actions

Based on the fact that pathology develops against the background of various unfavorable factors, some of which are harmful working conditions and smoking, it is important to protect yourself as much as possible from these phenomena.

Most smokers have some kind of problem with the respiratory system. When you get sick, it is extremely important to get rid of this bad habit, especially if one of the symptoms is shortness of breath.

It is important to systematically perform dynamic exercises, especially running and swimming, where the lungs will work at full capacity, which will ensure normal ventilation of the lungs and the outflow of their waste products. It is necessary to move more so that the strength of the blood flow does not weaken and the blood reaches all organs in the proper volume.

When working in hazardous industries or inhaling polluted air, it is necessary to use special protective equipment. If the disease is severe, you should take a long vacation or even change your job to a less harmful one.

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What is pulmonary fibrosis, why it is dangerous, symptoms and treatment

Pneumofibrosis is actually the final stage (outcome) of a chronic disease lung tissue. The outcome of long-term pathology leads to the fact that even the appearance of the lungs deteriorates significantly. They become like an organ eaten away by ulcers. In medicine, this type of them is called “ cellular lung”.

Features of chronic diseases of the lung tissue (these diseases are called interstitial) are associated with inflammatory processes in the interstitial tissue (the so-called connective tissue of the lungs). Part of this tissue is called interstitium. Small blood vessels pass through this tissue, through which the function of gas exchange is carried out ( carbon dioxide- upon exhalation, oxygen is taken for transfer to the body cells).

IN healthy condition The interstitial tissue is very thin and practically invisible on x-ray examination. But in chronic diseases, due to inflammation, it begins to thicken, become covered with edema and scars (the same pleuropneumofibrosis develops). The simplest symptom of this transformation is shortness of breath.

What is pneumofibrosis

Pneumofibrosis is a consequence of inflammatory and/or dystrophic processes in the lungs, in which the lung tissue is replaced by connective tissue. In this case, the formation of a “honeycomb lung” is noted with the formation of cavities and cysts in the lung itself. Fibrosis is a “holey” lesion of the lung tissue.

Pneumofibrosis belongs to general group pneumosclerotic pulmonary pathology along with pneumosclerosis and cirrhosis of the lungs. Such conditions differ from each other in that of all, pneumofibrosis is characterized by the slowest growth rate connective tissue.

Pneumofibrosis of the lungs - what is it?

Currently, pneumofibrosis is, unfortunately, becoming more common. This is explained by the fact that:

The influence of harmful substances on the lungs is constantly increasing. The air we breathe is becoming dirtier every day and is slowly destroying lung tissue.

The basis of pneumofibrosis is a gradual change in the elasticity of the lungs and a deterioration in gas exchange processes.

Replacement of lung tissue by connective tissue occurs gradually. In general, the dynamics of this process can be characterized by several stages of development:

Progressive hypoxia in the lungs. Lack of oxygen activates fibroblasts - connective tissue cells, which, during hypoxia, begin to actively produce collagen. It is this constantly formed collagen that represents the connective tissue that replaces the pulmonary tissue.

Normally, the alveoli should straighten when inhaling, but since pneumofibrosis gradually covers the lung, many alveoli can no longer perform their functions, as they are damaged by connective tissue. In turn, the connective tissue does not have sufficient elastic properties and the alveoli, which lose their elasticity, cease to participate in respiratory movements.

This happens because weak alveoli require virtually no effort to stretch, the pressure in them decreases and they simply begin to collapse. Such areas are excluded from the breathing process, oxygen does not enter them, and the functional surface of the lungs decreases.

At the same time, the bronchi begin to become clogged, the intrapulmonary pressure changes, and the lobe or area of the lung with such affected bronchi begins to collapse without taking part in the process. breathing movements.

Causes of pneumofibrosis

The development of pneumofibrosis is a long process that can last several decades. There are a number of reasons for the development of this condition:

Pneumonia.
Syphilis.
Tuberculosis.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.
Heredity.
Constant inhalation of dust and harmful gases.
Diseases of the cardiopulmonary system with symptoms of stagnation.
Chest injuries.
Ionizing radiation.
Hypoxia.
The use of certain medicinal substances with a high toxicity profile.
Fungal, viral, bacterial infections of the lungs.
Pulmonary atelectasis.
Fibrosing alveolitis.
Silicosis and other occupational diseases of lung tissue.
Vasculitis.

Any of these reasons sooner or later becomes the direct cause of loss of pulmonary function due to the proliferation of connective tissue.

Pneumofibrosis of the lungs consequences

The consequences of pulmonary fibrosis are obvious - the steady progression of connective tissue proliferation leads to loss of vital lung capacity, loss of functionally active lung tissue, depletion of blood oxygen, hypoxia and the development of respiratory failure, which ultimately, in the vast majority of cases, causes death in patients.

We should not forget about the development of pulmonary heart failure due to pneumofibrosis. The consequences of this process are accompanied by loss of consciousness, edema syndrome and the development of right ventricular hypertrophy.

Symptoms of pneumofibrosis

Leading clinical sign Pneumofibrosis is shortness of breath. At the beginning of the disease, it occurs during severe physical exertion, and later - at rest.

In general, the symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis depend on its type, but there are general signs which are observed in all patients:

Development of cough with the release of viscous sputum, which contains blood and pus.
Chest pain, worse when coughing.
Blue discoloration of the skin, which first begins with acrocyanosis and then spreads to the entire surface of the skin. This phenomenon is associated with increasing hypoxia.
Weakness, fatigue.
Loss of body weight.
Frequent alternation of low and high body temperature.
Later, wheezing appears in the lungs.
Protrusion of the neck veins.
Increased symptoms of the underlying disease, which became the cause of pulmonary fibrosis.

The progression of the disease is accompanied by the appearance of characteristic signs:

Changing fingers upper limbs(“Hippocrates’ fingers”) - in this case, the phalanges thicken, the nails can take on the appearance of watch glasses.
The development of hemoptysis as a sign of insufficiency in the pulmonary circulation.

Pneumofibrosis varies in its forms depending on the cause, extent of the lesion and speed of spread.

Classification of pneumofibrosis

Prikornevoy

Most often, hilar pulmonary fibrosis develops after pneumonia or bronchitis. In such cases, it is not necessary to develop pneumofibrosis immediately; it can begin to form later long time after the underlying illness.

The main symptom of hilar pneumofibrosis is the formation of areas of compaction in the lungs.

Diffuse

Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis speaks for itself - it affects the entire lung tissue. This type of pulmonary fibrosis leads to the development of respiratory failure in a short time faster than others. Is the most dangerous species all pulmonary fibrosis, since it can simultaneously affect both lungs. Very often complicated by the occurrence of pleuropneumofibrosis, involving the pleura in the pathological process.

Local

A more benign form of pneumofibrosis is considered local. In this case, a certain area of the lung is replaced by connective tissue.

Focal

Focal pneumofibrosis is similar to local one, since it also does not involve the entire lung in the pathological process. The difference is that with focal pneumofibrosis, several pathological foci are formed.

Basal

Basal pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the fact that the main affected areas are the base of the lungs. In this form, treatment is prescribed in the presence of inflammation or secondary infection. If such signs are absent, then breathing exercises are recommended.

Limited

Limited pulmonary fibrosis is similar to local one. It is also characterized by long and slow progression. With this process, small foci of pneumofibrosis practically do not suppress respiratory function and do not disrupt gas exchange.

Linear

This type occurs against the background of frequent pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis and other inflammatory lung diseases.

Interstitial

For interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, one of the hallmarks is the early onset of shortness of breath. The leading cause of interstitial damage is vasculitis - inflammation of blood vessels of different sizes.

Postpneumonic

In postpneumonic pneumofibrosis, large focal areas of fibrosis begin to form after inflammation. Most often, such pulmonary fibrosis develops simultaneously with pneumonia and other inflammatory processes in the lungs.

Heavy

Severe pulmonary fibrosis is the lot of heavy smokers. Constant inhalation of nicotine leads to dysfunction of the bronchi and retention of phlegm in them. Also, severe pneumosclerosis can develop when chronic pathology bronchopulmonary system.

Post-inflammatory

This type of pulmonary fibrosis can result from absolutely any inflammation in the lungs.

Moderate

Moderate pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by minor damage to lung tissue.

Pneumofibrosis in children

Pneumofibrosis does not spare children either. Development of pneumofibrosis in childhood has the same reasons as adults. That is why it is necessary to pay close attention to diseases of the respiratory system in children, not to neglect them, to carry out prevention, hardening, and to limit the child as much as possible from contact with harmful substances.

Diagnostics

The most important method for diagnosing pulmonary fibrosis is an x-ray of the lungs. With its help, it is possible to determine the first symptoms of the disease, pathological changes, and concomitant diseases.

Also, using X-ray diagnostics, pneumofibrosis is differentiated from lung cancer.

The main radiological signs of pulmonary fibrosis will be:

Strengthening the pattern of the lungs.
Deformation of the pulmonary pattern.
Expansion of vascular shadows.
“Pulmonary shadows” with sharp, uneven contours, which are lesions.
Shadows similar to lines with a random direction, the formation of cells, which indicates the neglect of the process.

The next mandatory diagnostic method will be assessment of function external respiration, lung vital capacity and functional vital capacity.

The third necessary study will be a bronchoscopy to recognize the form of the disease and exclude an oncological process.

As additional measures diagnostics can be prescribed magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography.

To diagnose lung diseases, you need to look for a qualified pulmonologist. Of course general recommendations a doctor can do it too general practice or therapist. However, a specialist in lung diseases, such as a pulmonologist, is preferable in complex cases.

Treatment of pneumofibrosis

Upon completion of all necessary diagnostic procedures, treatment must begin.

It is important that for pulmonary fibrosis, treatment should only be comprehensive using all of the indicated therapeutic measures.

The main therapeutic measures aimed at improving the health status of patients are:

Treatment of the underlying disease that caused the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
The use of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs for signs of infection (the choice of antibiotics depends only on the patient’s condition and his concomitant pathologies.
Prescription of expectorants on chemical and plant based(ACC, Lazolvan, Bromhexine, licorice root, anise, rosemary).
Taking glucocorticosteroids to enhance anti-inflammatory therapy (Prednisolone, Dexamethasone).
Cardiac glycosides for concomitant heart failure (Korglikon, Strophanthin).
Vitamin therapy.
Physiotherapeutic treatment methods depending on the condition and indications.
Oxygen therapy.
Breathing exercises.
Diet.

Unfortunately, a complete cure for pulmonary fibrosis is currently impossible. The goal of treatment is to stop the pathological process, preserve the activity of respiratory functions as much as possible and delay the development of respiratory failure.

Moreover, there is no need to hope that pulmonary fibrosis can be cured at home, at home. This approach can only worsen the course of the disease and its prognosis.

All patients with a confirmed diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis must be registered with a dispensary for at least a year.

Prevention

The main method of preventing pulmonary fibrosis is timely diagnosis, proper treatment of the underlying disease and pulmonary fibrosis itself, as well as following all doctor’s recommendations.

Smokers, naturally, will have to give up their bad habit.

Prognosis of pneumofibrosis

Since pulmonary fibrosis is not an independent disease, but is a consequence of the underlying pathology, the prognosis will primarily be determined by the severity of the cause of pulmonary fibrosis.

With the development of severe pulmonary failure, especially complicated by the addition of a secondary infection, deaths are common.

In general, for most forms of pulmonary fibrosis, the prognosis is considered relatively unfavorable due to the impossibility of a complete cure for the disease.

Pneumofibrosis

Pneumofibrosis is the proliferation of connective tissue in the lungs that occurs under the influence of a dystrophic or inflammatory process. Pneumofibrosis of the lungs leads to a violation of their elasticity and insufficiency of gas exchange functions in the affected areas.

Types and causes of pneumofibrosis

Based on prevalence, the disease is divided into diffuse pneumofibrosis and local (limited).

Local pulmonary fibrosis is a dense area of lung tissue. At the same time, the volume of the affected lung is reduced. With diffuse pulmonary fibrosis, the lungs are reduced in volume and dense. The normal structure of the lungs is lost.

Limited pneumofibrosis does not greatly affect the mechanical properties of the lungs and their gas exchange functions. But with a diffuse disease, normal ventilation of the lungs is significantly reduced.

As a rule, pulmonary fibrosis is a consequence various diseases lungs, namely:

chronic obstructive diseases;
invasive and infectious diseases(pneumonia, including those arising after syphilis, tuberculosis, mycoses, etc.);
diseases resulting from exposure to the body of gases of industrial origin and aggressive dust, inhalation of various toxic substances;
hereditary pulmonary diseases.

Often, pulmonary fibrosis is a consequence of exposure to toxic drugs or ionizing radiation.

Symptoms of pneumofibrosis

Local pneumofibrosis can be asymptomatic.

The main symptom of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis is shortness of breath, which tends to progress over time. Often shortness of breath is accompanied by a strong dry cough, which gets worse with intense breathing. Other symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis include general weakness body, aching pain in the sternum, weight loss, constant feeling fatigue. If the patient's basal parts of the lungs are affected, this leads to the formation of the so-called Hippocratic fingers.

On late stages Patients with the disease experience a so-called squeaking sound in the lungs, similar in sound to the friction of a cork. This becomes especially noticeable during inspiration and above the area of the anterior surface of the chest.

Diagnosis of pneumofibrosis

The main diagnostic method of this disease is X-ray examination lungs. Only this study allows you to obtain the most objective picture of changes in the lung tissue of a sclerotic nature and differentiate the diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis from tumor lesions of the lungs.

To determine pneumofibrosis, the patient is prescribed a chest x-ray. Tomography and radiography may be prescribed as accompanying studies. Great importance Recently, computed tomography has become increasingly useful in determining the condition of lung tissue.

Treatment of pneumofibrosis

At the moment effective techniques There is no cure for pulmonary fibrosis. In case of local pulmonary fibrosis without symptoms, as a rule, no treatment is used at all. therapeutic effect. If local pneumofibrosis develops as a result of previous destructive-inflammatory diseases and occurs with periodic outbreaks of the infectious process, the patient is prescribed anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs, as well as measures aimed at improving bronchial drainage.

Bronchological examination allows you to determine whether surgical intervention is advisable for the disease.

If the disease is widespread and caused by external factors, then treatment of pulmonary fibrosis should first of all be aimed at eliminating the causes. If necessary, respiratory failure is also treated.

The prognosis of pulmonary fibrosis depends on various factors, including the complexity of the disease. A decrease in lung size significantly worsens respiratory failure, and in some cases can cause increased pressure in the system pulmonary artery and development of the pulmonary heart. A fatal outcome is possible if pulmonary fibrosis is complicated by a secondary infection or the development of tuberculosis.

Prevention of pulmonary fibrosis

The main method of preventing pulmonary fibrosis is the timely detection and adequate treatment of those diseases that contribute to its development. When working with pneumotoxic substances, it is necessary to strictly adhere to safety rules and carry out regular monitoring aimed at identifying the pneumotoxic effects of various drugs. If any pathological changes are observed in the lungs, it is necessary to urgently take measures aimed at eliminating them.

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The information is generalized and is provided for informational purposes. At the first signs of illness, consult a doctor. Self-medication is dangerous to health!

This means what is written there - signs of sarcoidosis and accompanying pathological changes in the lungs. You need to make an appointment with a pulmonologist.

Unfortunately, this cannot be done remotely; only a doctor who has the opportunity to examine your uncle will be able to prescribe treatment.

Diaskintest is done if tuberculosis is suspected.

It is strictly not recommended to take antibiotics without a doctor's prescription.

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Pneumofibrosis of the lungs - what is it and why is it dangerous?

Pneumofibrosis is a lung disease in which there is an overgrowth of connective tissue.

This pathology disrupts the structure of organs, reduces their ventilating function, leads to a decrease in lung volume, and also causes deformation of the bronchi. Complications or the presence of infection in the body can lead to death.

The ICD 10 code is included in section J80-J84.

Causes

The development of the disease is facilitated by certain conditions that lead to disruption of the pulmonary system. Therefore, the causes of the disease are very diverse.

Pneumofibrosis can be caused by:

Tuberculosis;
Pneumonia;
Living in environmentally polluted areas;
Obstructive bronchitis;
Hereditary predisposition;
Mechanical damage to the respiratory system;
Stagnant processes in the respiratory system;
Toxic effects of certain medications;
Infectious diseases;
Fungal diseases;
Smoking;
Mycoses;
Sarcoidosis.

All these factors cause pneumofibrotic changes in the lungs.

Symptoms

Many patients do not suspect they have the disease because they do not know its symptoms. Therefore, it is important to know what consequences can occur in advanced stages of pulmonary fibrosis, and why it is dangerous. The patient experiences an overgrowth of connective tissue and respiratory failure.

It is important to consult a pulmonologist in a timely manner, since in the later stages of the disease it is quite difficult to correct or stop this process. The occurrence of complications can lead to death. Therefore, the patient must understand whether it is dangerous to neglect even minor symptoms and how to understand that medical attention is needed.

The main symptom is shortness of breath. At the initial stage, it appears only after physical exertion. Over time, shortness of breath is observed even at rest.

Symptoms of the disease also include:

Cough with sputum and pus;
When coughing, there is pain in the chest;
Blue skin tone;
There is increased fatigue;
Body temperature may fluctuate throughout the day;
When exhaling, wheezing is heard;
Body weight drops sharply;
The neck veins swell during coughing.

Classification

The disease is characterized by alternation of normal areas of lung tissue with connective tissue.

In this regard, the disease is divided into types:

Radical. The basal appearance is expressed in the presence of light compactions on the tissue, which can begin to develop if a person has had bronchitis or pneumonia. This pathology can develop even years after past diseases.
Diffuse. The doctor diagnoses a diffuse type in a patient in the presence of multiple lesions, in which there are practically no healthy areas on the organs. If the disease has an advanced stage, there is a risk of abscesses. Relapses of such pulmonary fibrosis can occur throughout a person’s life. The diffuse type is also dangerous because, due to a decrease in lung volume, the respiratory function begins to quickly weaken.
Local. With this type, replacement with connective tissue is observed only in certain places. Therefore, in general, normal tissue remains firm and elastic, allowing a person to lead a quality life without much limitation.
Focal. Focal pneumofibrosis affects small parts in the form of separate areas.
Basal. This type can only be identified after an x-ray examination. The lesion is observed only at the base of the lungs. Most often, treatment is prescribed with folk remedies. Positive results are obtained from breathing exercises for this type of pulmonary fibrosis.
Limited. The limited appearance does not affect gas exchange processes and does not disrupt organ functions.
Linear. The linear appearance occurs due to the presence of inflammatory processes. The disease is provoked by pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis and other diseases of the respiratory system.
Interstitial. The disease is provoked by inflammatory processes in the capillaries and blood vessels. This type of pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by severe shortness of breath.
Postpneumonic. Postpneumonic fibrosis appears if a person has suffered from infectious diseases or pneumonia. As a result of inflammatory processes, fibrous tissue grows.
Heavy. Due to chronic processes that occur in the lungs, severe fibrosis is diagnosed. Inflammatory phenomena provoke the proliferation of connective tissue.
Moderate. Moderate indicates the presence of minor damage to lung tissue.
Apical. Apical fibrosis is localized at the top of the lung.

Post-radiation fibrosis is dangerous. He requires serious therapy. Therefore, it is important to diagnose the disease in time and begin treatment immediately.

Hyperpneumatosis occupies a special group. It's complicated pathological disease with pathogenetic syndrome.

Diagnostics

Before determining how to treat the disease, the pulmonologist conducts a conversation with the patient, directs tests, and examines the chest, assessing its shape.

Using a phonendoscope, he listens to the work of the lungs to identify noises or wheezing.

Instrumental procedures will allow the doctor to determine whether the patient has pneumosclerosis or pneumoneurosis.

Radiography;
Computed tomography;
Ventilation scintigraphy;
Spirometry;
Transbronchial biopsy;
Bronchoscopy;
Plethysmography.

The procedures will also make it possible to identify whether pleurofibrosis is located on the right or left, to determine whether there are sclerotic changes or tumors in the tissues, to determine lung disease and what type of pneumofibrosis it is.

If diagnostics show that lung fields are pneumatized, which means it is necessary to carry out several procedures and select the appropriate drugs. Using diagnostics, pleuropneumofibrosis can be identified.

Diagnostic measures will help identify pneumatosis in the patient, which is characterized by the presence of cysts. To do this, pneumatization is carried out, which will help decipher the data from an x-ray or tomogram in order to identify the amount of air in the lung fields.

If one or more cavities with fibrotic changes or capsules are identified in the patient’s lungs, the patient is diagnosed with post-tuberculous fibrosis.

After diagnosis, the doctor prescribes complex treatment which will reduce the risk of relapse in the future. It is impossible to completely cure the disease.

Treatment

The doctor’s task is to select drugs that will eliminate the cause of the disease. Treatment is carried out until full recovery, and not just when the symptoms disappear.

To restore bronchial patency the following is prescribed:

Bromhexine;
Salbutomol.

To improve microcirculation - Trental.
Patients are advised to take antioxidants.
Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and hormonal drugs are prescribed in courses.

Give up bad habits;
Take a course of oxygen therapy;
Normalize sleep and rest patterns;
Do breathing exercises regularly.

In advanced cases, there may be a question about surgical intervention.

ethnoscience

Infusion of birch leaves. Pour 50 g of leaves with water and cook for 10 minutes. Then infuse the composition and drink 70 grams per day.
Thyme decoction. Pour 500 g of boiling water over a spoonful of the plant and leave the broth in a thermos for 6-7 hours. Drink 100 grams per day for no more than 4 weeks.
Flax decoction. Pour a glass of boiling water over a spoonful of seeds and leave covered for 20 minutes. Drink 100 grams of decoction before bed.

Adequate selection of medications, compliance preventive measures and the use of alternative treatment methods will help stop the development of pathological processes. The patient’s task is to strictly follow all the doctor’s recommendations.

Pneumofibrosis is a lung disease in which there is an overgrowth of connective tissue.

Code

The ICD 10 code is included in section J80-J84.

Causes

The development of the disease is facilitated by certain conditions that lead to disruption of the pulmonary system. Therefore, the causes of the disease are very diverse.

Pneumofibrosis can be caused by:

All these factors cause pneumofibrotic changes in the lungs.

Symptoms

It is important to consult a pulmonologist in a timely manner, since in the later stages of the disease it is quite difficult to correct or stop this process. Complications may result in death . Therefore, the patient must understand whether it is dangerous to neglect even minor symptoms and how to understand that medical attention is needed.

The main symptom is shortness of breath. At the initial stage, it appears only after physical exertion. Over time, shortness of breath is observed even at rest.

Symptoms of the disease also include:

Cough with sputum and pus;
When coughing, there is pain in the chest;
Blue skin tone;
There is increased fatigue;
Body temperature may fluctuate throughout the day;
When exhaling, wheezing is heard;
Body weight drops sharply;
The neck veins swell during coughing.

Classification

The disease is characterized by alternation of normal areas of lung tissue with connective tissue.

In this regard, the disease is divided into types:

Post-radiation fibrosis is dangerous. He requires serious therapy. Therefore, it is important to diagnose the disease in time and begin treatment immediately.

Hyperpneumatosis occupies a special group. This is a complex pathological disease with a pathogenetic syndrome.

Diagnostics

Before determining how to treat the disease, the pulmonologist conducts a conversation with the patient, directs tests, and examines the chest, assessing its shape.

Using a phonendoscope, he listens to the work of the lungs to identify noises or wheezing.

Instrumental procedures will allow the doctor to determine whether the patient has pneumosclerosis or pneumoneurosis.

For this purpose they prescribe:

Radiography;
Computed tomography;
Ventilation scintigraphy;
Spirometry;
Transbronchial biopsy;
Bronchoscopy;
Plethysmography.

If diagnostics show that the lung fields are pneumatized, then it is necessary to carry out several procedures and select the appropriate medications. Using diagnostics, pleuropneumofibrosis can be identified.

If one or more cavities with fibrotic changes or capsules are identified in the patient’s lungs, the patient is diagnosed with post-tuberculous fibrosis.

After diagnosis, the doctor prescribes comprehensive treatment that will reduce the risk of relapse in the future. It is impossible to completely cure the disease.

Treatment

The doctor’s task is to select drugs that will eliminate the cause of the disease. Treatment is carried out until complete recovery, and not only when symptoms disappear.

To restore bronchial patency the following is prescribed:

Bromhexine;
Salbutomol.

To improve microcirculation- Trental.
Patients are advised to take antioxidants.
Courses are prescribed anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and hormonal drugs.

During treatment it is important:

Give up bad habits;
Take a course of oxygen therapy;
Normalize sleep and rest patterns;
Do breathing exercises regularly.

In advanced cases, there may be a question about surgical intervention.

ethnoscience

Adequate selection of medications, adherence to preventive measures and the use of alternative treatment methods will help stop the development of pathological processes. The patient’s task is to strictly follow all the doctor’s recommendations.

Video:

This disease occurs when fibrous tissue begins to grow in normal lung tissue. The process is irreversible and drug treatment Pulmonary fibrosis is aimed mainly at maintaining the body's respiratory system and preserving healthy tissues.

By using numerous folk remedies, the patient can stop further growth of fibrous tissue and significantly improve the function of the healthy part of the lungs. In this case, a person’s breathing normalizes, unpleasant symptoms disappear, and the risk of concomitant diseases is significantly reduced. If you add to this healthy image life and proper nutrition, your condition will return to normal, and you will be able to breathe deeply again.

Causes of the disease

Fibrous tissue often begins to grow after poorly treated pneumonia. It is caused by a bacterium called streptococcus. During infection, fibrinous exudate accumulates in the lungs. After a few weeks, so-called phagocytes appear in the alveoli - substances that remove excess fibrin and bring the lungs back to normal. In case of complications, fibrinous exudate is not removed, but hardens. This causes significant growth of connective tissue.

Other causes of pulmonary fibrosis:

tuberculosis;
sarcoidosis;
beryllium disease;
mycosis;
smoking;
interstitial pulmonary edema;
gastrointestinal reflux;
taking certain antibiotics and antitumor drugs (nitrofurantoin, bleomycin, tetotrexate);
herbicide poisoning;
contact with harmful vapors and dust

Symptoms

This disease, as a rule, goes latent at first. The patient is only concerned about shortness of breath and a dry cough. Sometimes this is accompanied by weight loss and weakness. The patient's breathing is shallow and rapid. In the later stages, the patient's fingers acquire a characteristic shape - they look like a club, with thickened phalanges. Next, hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart develops, which manifests itself:

If pulmonary fibrosis is preceded by pneumonia, the disease proceeds with acute symptoms flu-like:

muscle pain;
headache;
a sore throat;
elevated temperature;
general malaise

Once diagnosed, patients should begin treatment immediately. To do this, you can use proven folk remedies.

Treatment

Before starting therapy, you must completely stop smoking, otherwise no medications will help. Our website has a special article on how to get rid of this habit using folk remedies. After just a few days of living without tobacco, your lungs will become much easier to breathe. And after completing a course of herbal medicine, you will forget about everyone unpleasant symptoms. First, cleanse the respiratory system, and then drink herbs that restore the lungs.

Medieval method of clearing the respiratory tract

Although this recipe is old, it has proven its validity and effectiveness. After the cleansing course, it will become much easier for you to breathe and perform physical exercises. Here is the prescription.

Grind the oman roots and rose hips in separate containers.
Pour 1 large spoonful of chopped oman and rose hips into an enamel pan. Add water in the ratio of 1 tablespoon of herb per 300 ml of water, that is, in total we need 600 ml of water. Bring the medicine to a boil and cook for minutes.
Pour it all into a thermos and leave for 2-3 hours.
The decoction should be drunk instead of tea in an amount of 3 times a day for 1-2 months (it is forbidden to take breaks in treatment!). If you have low acidity of gastric juice, then drink the product 15 minutes before meals, and if it is high, then drink it 30 minutes after meals.

If necessary, add honey to the drink (in any amount) and cool the broth for several hours before drinking. The drink contains a lot of energy, so it will help you during sports training. Oman and rose hips promote the regeneration of lung tissue, remove mucus and phlegm from the lungs ( causing cough), protects the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract from inflammation and infections. This is your first step to help defeat pulmonary fibrosis. Next, treat with other folk remedies that restore the lungs.

Anise for lung restoration

If you are diagnosed with pulmonary fibrosis, treatment with anise seeds will bring you significant relief. They restore healthy tissue and prevent fibrous tissue from growing. We will share several folk remedies based on this plant.

Take a tablespoon of seeds, add a glass of water, bring to a boil and immediately remove from heat. Drink half a glass of infusion 2 times a day.

Add a pinch of anise seeds and cayenne pepper to hot milk (you can also add honey for sweetness) and drink in small sips before bed.

You can make a liqueur based on this plant: mix 50 g of seeds with 500 ml of fortified white wine or high-quality cognac, after 10 days the product will infuse, and you can drink it in a small glass after meals.

Rosemary for clean breath

Rosemary plant and essential oils from it, have a warming effect that helps clear the lungs of mucus and toxins. This is a powerful antioxidant that prevents the development of lung cancer - but advanced pulmonary fibrosis, if not adequately treated, can lead to a malignant tumor. Rosemary increases air circulation in the lungs and relaxes the bronchial passages, which improves general state respiratory tract. We recommend that you definitely use folk remedies based on rosemary - you will notice the effect within a few days.

Finely chop small sprigs of rosemary, add the same amount of water and honey. All this needs to be simmered in the oven for at least 2 hours, then stored in the refrigerator. Take a tablespoon every morning after waking up and in the evening before bed.

Treatment with rosemary liqueur gives a good effect. Pour 50 g of crushed plant into 500 ml of red wine, add a little sugar, bring to a boil and immediately turn off the heat. Infuse the product for 2 days, then strain and store in a glass bottle in the refrigerator. Drink one spoon an hour after meals.

Treatment with other folk remedies

Ginger warms the lungs, thins mucus and stimulates secretion, which speeds up the cleansing of this organ. If you have pulmonary fibrosis, add fresh minced ginger to your tea or milk.
Thyme has an antiseptic and expectorant effect. It contains the substance thymol, which helps remove harmful substances from the lungs. To carry out the treatment, mix a few drops of thyme oil with a spoon of olive oil and rub it into your chest at night.
Use folk remedies based on horseradish. It makes breathing much easier and increases the amount of healthy tissue in the lungs. The easiest way is to grate horseradish, mix it with the same amount of honey and take a teaspoon twice a day after meals.
Flax seed infusion is a very popular recipe for many diseases. If you have reflux against the background of pulmonary fibrosis, you should drink a glass of this medicine every evening (a tablespoon of seeds per 200 ml hot water). Linen softly envelops Airways, relieving symptoms such as cough and shortness of breath.

Write in the comments about your experience in treating diseases, help other readers of the site!

Pneumofibrosis

Types and causes of pneumofibrosis

Based on prevalence, the disease is divided into diffuse pneumofibrosis and local (limited).

As a rule, pulmonary fibrosis is a consequence of various lung diseases, namely:

chronic obstructive diseases;
invasive and infectious diseases (pneumonia, including those arising after syphilis, tuberculosis, mycoses, etc.);
diseases resulting from exposure to the body of gases of industrial origin and aggressive dust, inhalation of various toxic substances;
hereditary pulmonary diseases.

Often, pulmonary fibrosis is a consequence of exposure to toxic drugs or ionizing radiation.

Symptoms of pneumofibrosis

Local pneumofibrosis can be asymptomatic.

The main symptom of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis is shortness of breath, which tends to progress over time. Often shortness of breath is accompanied by a strong dry cough, which gets worse with intense breathing. Other symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis include general weakness of the body, aching pain in the sternum, weight loss, and a constant feeling of fatigue. If the patient's basal parts of the lungs are affected, this leads to the formation of the so-called Hippocratic fingers.

In the later stages of the disease, patients experience a so-called squeaking sound in the lungs, similar in sound to the rubbing of a cork. This becomes especially noticeable during inspiration and above the area of the anterior surface of the chest.

Diagnosis of pneumofibrosis

The main method of diagnosing this disease is an X-ray examination of the lungs. Only this study allows us to obtain the most objective picture of sclerotic changes in lung tissue and differentiate the diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis from tumor lesions of the lungs.

To determine pneumofibrosis, the patient is prescribed a chest x-ray. Tomography and radiography may be prescribed as accompanying studies. Computed tomography has recently become of great importance in determining the condition of lung tissue.

Treatment of pneumofibrosis

At the moment, there are no effective treatments for pulmonary fibrosis. In case of local pulmonary fibrosis without symptoms, as a rule, no therapeutic effect is applied at all. If local pneumofibrosis develops as a result of previous destructive-inflammatory diseases and occurs with periodic outbreaks of the infectious process, the patient is prescribed anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs, as well as measures aimed at improving bronchial drainage.

Bronchological examination allows you to determine whether surgical intervention is advisable for the disease.

If the disease is extensive and caused by external factors, then treatment of pneumofibrosis should first of all be aimed at eliminating the causes. If necessary, respiratory failure is also treated.

The prognosis of pulmonary fibrosis depends on various factors, including the complexity of the disease. A decrease in lung size significantly worsens respiratory failure, and in some cases can cause increased pressure in the pulmonary artery system and the development of cor pulmonale. A fatal outcome is possible if pulmonary fibrosis is complicated by a secondary infection or the development of tuberculosis.

Prevention of pulmonary fibrosis

Video from YouTube on the topic of the article:

The information is generalized and is provided for informational purposes. At the first signs of illness, consult a doctor. Self-medication is dangerous to health!

Any operation is associated with risk, but in this case, if you leave everything as is, there is a risk of getting serious problems with health disproportionately greater. The attending physician will definitely tell you how to behave after the operation - much depends on the results of the intervention, which method of operation will be chosen (open or thoracoscopic) and other individual factors.

There is no reason to panic. Pneumofibrosis is a consequence of a previously suffered inflammatory process, which at the time of discovery of the area of pneumofibrosis had long ceased. To be on the safe side, you can see a pulmonologist.

This means what is written there - signs of sarcoidosis and accompanying pathological changes in the lungs. You need to make an appointment with a pulmonologist.

Unfortunately, this cannot be done remotely; only a doctor who has the opportunity to examine your uncle will be able to prescribe treatment.

Diaskintest is done if tuberculosis is suspected.

It is strictly not recommended to take antibiotics without a doctor's prescription.

The human stomach copes well with foreign objects without medical intervention. It is known that gastric juice can even dissolve coins.

Human blood “runs” through the vessels under enormous pressure and, if their integrity is violated, it can shoot at a distance of up to 10 meters.

In an effort to get the patient out, doctors often go too far. For example, a certain Charles Jensen in the period from 1954 to 1994. survived more than 900 operations to remove tumors.

According to WHO research, a daily half-hour conversation on mobile phone increases the likelihood of developing a brain tumor by 40%.

When we sneeze, our body stops working completely. Even the heart stops.

Our kidneys are capable of purifying three liters of blood in one minute.

Human bones are four times stronger than concrete.

A job that a person does not like is much more harmful to his psyche than no work at all.

Research shows that women who drink several glasses of beer or wine per week have an increased risk of developing breast cancer.

You are more likely to break your neck if you fall off a donkey than if you fall off a horse. Just don't try to refute this statement.

In 5% of patients, the antidepressant Clomipramine causes orgasm.

Four pieces of dark chocolate contain about two hundred calories. So if you don’t want to gain weight, it’s better not to eat more than two slices a day.

The most heat The body was recorded in Willie Jones (USA), who was admitted to the hospital with a temperature of 46.5°C.

Every time a child has a fever, a sore throat, a runny nose and a cough, parents are worried about the question - is it a common cold or the flu? In this

What is pulmonary fibrosis and how to get rid of it

The lungs play a very important role in the normal functioning of the body. Any changes in this organ or its disease should attract Special attention. And even a completely healthy person needs to know what pneumofibrosis is. Anyone can face this problem. And if a person is previously warned about this, then it is not difficult to actively resist the disease and carry out the necessary treatment.

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

Pneumofibrosis is a disease in which connective tissue grows in the lungs after inflammatory or degenerative processes. This is a condition that is not a completely separate disease. These are rather the consequences of some damage to the pulmonary system.

There are two main types of pneumofibrosis:

local is a compacted segment of lung tissue, while the pathology is not very pronounced;
diffuse pulmonary fibrosis is a more severe form in which the normal structure of the lungs is disrupted, they are reduced in volume and compacted.

Local pulmonary fibrosis does not greatly affect the gas exchange function of the lungs and the mechanical properties of their tissues. Diffuse disease significantly reduces adequate ventilation.

There are other variations of the disease:

With a linear form, scars appear. Basal damages more the lower part of the lungs. And the basal one is located on the roots of the lungs.

Manifestations of pneumofibrosis

In the local form of this disease, disturbances in the respiratory system may not manifest themselves in any way. To determine pulmonary fibrosis, a thorough examination is necessary. To do this, you need to consult a pulmonologist if the following signs are noticed:

dyspnea;
dry strong cough;
increased fatigue;
weakness, general malaise;
rapid weight loss;
painful sensations in the chest;
whistling sounds when inhaling.

The type of pneumofibrosis is most reliably determined using radiography thoracic. Such an examination reveals even very small changes in the lungs and allows them to be distinguished from tumors. To prevent possible errors, many doctors use computer studies and tomography. This makes it possible to prescribe the correct treatment.

Treatment of pneumofibrosis

Treatment of this disease is primarily the elimination of the causes and therapy of the previous disease.

If there was pneumonia, antibacterial treatment is prescribed. Drug therapy and physical therapy are often used in combination. Treatment of pulmonary fibrosis can be completed only after complete radiological and clinical recovery. After this, such patients remain on active registration for 1 year.

Patients are often prescribed an expectorant and a special “drainage” position in bed, in which sputum is more easily expelled.

If complications in the form of inflammatory processes are observed, then antibacterial therapy is also prescribed. In this case, drugs from cephalosporins and macrolides will be most suitable. It should be taken into account that pneumofibrosis is accompanied by the presence in the lungs of a large number (sometimes more than several dozen) of infectious agents. In this regard, broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs are used. In addition to antibiotics, glucocorticoids are prescribed.

You also need to remember about physiotherapy and vitamin therapy. If there is no pulmonary insufficiency, then a good effect can be achieved using ultrasound procedures with drugs and iontophoresis.

They may also prescribe oxygen therapy. At the same time, the lungs are saturated with oxygen, since after being affected by the disease they lack air. Oxygen is usually supplied in the same amount as in the atmosphere.

And another important point in treatment is the use of special breathing exercises. They help improve respiratory functions and serve as support for the body, in addition, they supply weakened areas of the lungs with oxygen.

Folk remedies for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis

Treatment with folk remedies can enhance the effectiveness traditional ways, speed up recovery and provide support to the body in the future. You just need to take into account that improper use, incorrect dosage and untested recipes may not give the desired effect and even cause harm.

To avoid mistakes when treating with folk remedies, you should follow simple rules.

Consult your doctor before using folk remedies.
Use only proven healing recipes using folk remedies.
Use decoctions and infusions from plants sold in pharmacies. These herbs are dried using technology and collected in environmentally friendly places.
Follow the recommended dosage.
Remain under the supervision of your doctor, and after treatment, undergo periodic examinations when using folk remedies.
Give up bad habits, especially smoking.
Use folk remedies as an auxiliary method in combination with traditional ones.

Nutrition is also important. It should be aimed at cleansing the body of all poisons and toxins. Avoid inhalation of dust, toxic and poisonous fumes.

Among the methods of treatment with folk remedies, there are those that are good at helping to cope with pulmonary fibrosis. The patient is advised to exercise regularly, race walking on fresh air, jog and do breathing exercises. All this enriches the blood with oxygen and helps improve the patient’s condition.

Pneumofibrosis of the lungs: symptoms and consequences of the disease, treatment with folk remedies

Pneumofibrosis of the lungs is a disease characterized by the proliferation of connective tissue in the respiratory organs. The occurrence factors are diseases that the patient has not completely cured (pneumonia, tuberculosis), family history, as well as smoking and poor environmental conditions. Exist various ways therapy of the disease. It is recommended to implement preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of the disease.

Pneumofibrosis of the lungs: what is it?

Pneumofibrosis of the lungs is a disease of the respiratory system, which is characterized by the proliferation of connective tissue. The emergence and development of pathology is caused by diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, chest injuries, and tissue hypoxia. The causes of the disease are heredity, taking medications and harmful working conditions, smoking.

Pneumofibrosis occurs in people of any age. The disease is more common among men. This pathology leads to impaired breathing and ventilation of the lungs.

Main symptoms and forms of the disease

Pneumofibrosis can be asymptomatic. The main sign of the pathology is shortness of breath, which is progressive. It is accompanied by a cough. Patients complain of general malaise and asthenia.

The disease is characterized by weight loss and shallow breathing. The cough is accompanied by sputum production. There is pain in the chest area and swelling of the veins in the neck. There are several varieties of this disease, which are characterized by certain symptoms:

Local pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the fact that with this form of the disease, individual areas of the lung are affected. The diffuse type of the disease consists of tissue compaction and organ reduction. This variety has a progressive course.

The basal form is characterized by damage upper zones lungs, and with basal pneumofibrosis, deformation of the base of the organ occurs. Radical inflammation begins due to previous diseases (bronchitis, pneumonia), the disease can develop after several years. With apical pulmonary fibrosis, deformation of the joints of the fingers and nails, shortness of breath, and tachycardia are noted. Patients complain of swelling of the lower extremities (legs), dilation of the veins of the neck, pain in the chest, malaise and increased fatigue.

Linear pneumofibrosis develops against the background of tuberculosis, pneumonia or bronchitis. Basal pneumofibrosis is diagnosed by x-ray. The interstitial form occurs due to inflammatory processes in the blood vessels and capillaries.

The consequence of pulmonary fibrosis is insufficient gas exchange in the affected areas of the lungs. This pathology is dangerous because it can lead to difficulty breathing. After this disease, there may be a disruption in the supply of oxygen to other organs of the respiratory system, which causes the entire human body to suffer.

Treatment

Pneumofibrosis causes irreversible changes in lung tissue, so it cannot be completely cured. To maintain a stable state of the body, it is recommended to strictly follow the instructions of a pulmonologist.

There are no effective treatments for the disease. If pulmonary fibrosis develops against the background of infection, the patient is prescribed antibacterial drugs(Amoxicillin, Okacin, Ospen, Amoxiclav, Cefaclor) and anti-inflammatory drugs. It is recommended to take vitamin and mineral complexes.

Chest massage is also prescribed. Patients should undergo breathing exercises. If the disease is asymptomatic, drug therapy is not prescribed. In severe forms of the pathology, surgical intervention is required.

Therapy of pneumosclerosis is carried out with the help of gymnastics and exercise therapy ( physical therapy). Classes are conducted exclusively in the presence of an instructor. In order not to harm the body, it is recommended to increase physical activity gradually.

At elevated temperature body exercises cannot be performed, as this contributes to further deterioration of the condition. You can go ice skating and skiing.

Therapy at home

Pneumofibrosis can be treated with folk remedies. This type of therapy should be used simultaneously with medication to increase effectiveness.

Honey massage is suitable for treating this disease. It is recommended to do it every other day. It is necessary to use honey without sugar grains. It is rubbed for several minutes until the palms begin to stick to the skin. Before starting the massage, you must make sure that the person is not allergic to this product.

Recipes for folk remedies

You should use aloe vera tincture. To do this, you need to chop a few leaves, add honey and pour red wine. It is recommended to drink the medicine immediately after preparation. The product should be taken 30 minutes before eating food, 1 spoon per day.

You can use eucalyptus tincture. To do this, the leaves of the plant need to be crushed and poured with 50 ml of hot water. The product should be infused for 20 minutes.

Pneumofibrosis can be treated with onion decoction. To do this, cut the onion into small pieces and boil it in sugar syrup. The medicine must be prepared until it changes color. Next, the broth should be filtered and taken up to 8 times a day. You can drink a mixture of thyme, pikulnik, eucalyptus and oats. The ingredients need to be mixed and poured hot water, insist overnight. You can use inhalations from pine and birch buds, chamomile, yarrow, sage, thyme, mint and licorice.

To treat this pathology, you should take a tincture of tangerine peel. To prepare this product, you need to grind 50 g of dry tangerine zest and add hot water. Then bring the mixture to a boil, add another 50 g of peel and leave for 2 hours. The solution must be filtered. You should drink 5 spoons on an empty stomach, then every hour it is recommended to consume one spoon less than the previous time. After this, you should take the tincture in the reverse order - from 1 to 5 spoons.

An effective remedy is a decoction of sage in milk. The plant needs to be filled with 1 liter of milk and brought to a boil. Then you need to reduce the heat and cook for 15 minutes. The medicine must be infused. Then you should strain it through cheesecloth and add honey to the mixture, mix thoroughly. You need to take 1/2 cup every 60 minutes.

It is recommended to use a mixture of aloe, olive oil, birch buds, linden flowers and honey. First, the honey should be melted and the aloe leaves crushed. The components must be mixed and steamed. Linden flowers need to be combined with birch buds and pour 500 ml of warm boiled water, then leave for 60 minutes. Both mixtures should be mixed. After cooling, add olive oil. It is recommended to take this remedy three times a day, one tablespoon.

You can mix 1 spoon of alcohol or vodka, 2 tablespoons of lamb fat, 1 teaspoon of dry mustard powder and 4 cloves of garlic. Rub the prepared mixture onto the skin of your back and wrap it in a blanket. It is recommended to make a compress no more than once a week. You can take 200 g of mistletoe and elecampane, 100 g of hawthorn, rose hips and blue cyanosis roots, and ephedra. All components should be crushed and mixed. This mixture must be poured with a glass of water, boiled over low heat for 7 minutes and left for 60 minutes. You need to drink 1/25 cup of the product throughout the day.

An effective method is a decoction of oat grains. To prepare it, you need to pour 1 glass of cereal with water overnight, and before breakfast, heat the solution to a boil and continue heating until the water is reduced by half. You can drink the strained broth warm.

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Pneumofibrosis

Pneumofibrosis is a disease characterized by the appearance and subsequent proliferation of connective tissue in the lungs. This condition is not a completely independent disease. Rather, it is the outcome (consequence) of certain lesions of the pulmonary system.

Pneumofibrosis belongs to the general group of pneumosclerotic diseases. In addition to this, pneumosclerosis and cirrhosis of the lung also exist in this group. These subspecies differ in the intensity of growth of connective tissue in the lungs. Among them, pneumofibrosis is distinguished by the slowest growth rate of connective tissue, and sclerosis and cirrhosis are faster.

Pneumofibrosis is usually divided into local and diffuse pneumofibrosis. Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the appearance of large areas of replacement of lung tissue with connective tissue. In a local variant of pulmonary fibrosis (focal pulmonary fibrosis), all processes will be concentrated in one particular focus (locus) and will rarely go beyond its boundaries.

Now pneumofibrosis has begun to appear much more often. This can be explained by the increased exposure of lung tissue to harmful substances that enter the body through the respiratory route. Also, recently the process of chronicization of pulmonary diseases (such as pneumonia), which very often turn into pulmonary fibrosis, has increased significantly.

Pneumofibrosis causes

Pneumofibrosis is a disease consisting of various causes. As mentioned above, pulmonary fibrosis will never occur on its own. In order for it to appear, the presence of so-called primary diseases and conditions that will lead to the development of pulmonary fibrosis must be required. The most basic of them are:

Various infectious agents and pneumonia

Exposure to toxic substances, dust

Chest injuries affecting the lungs

Results of the development of diseases affecting connective tissue

Consequences of left ventricular failure and subsequent stagnation of blood in the pulmonary vessels

As has already become clear, the main pathological mechanism that will occur in the lungs during pulmonary fibrosis will be the replacement of lung tissue with connective tissue. The reasons for its appearance in pulmonary fibrosis are different and depend on the primary disease that caused pulmonary fibrosis. For example, connective tissue in the lungs may appear as a result of the organization of inflammatory effusion ( shining example- pneumofibrosis as a result of inflammation of the pleura). Also, it can appear due to direct toxic effects on lung cells of inhaled substances. As a result of this, they will die and then be replaced by connective tissue.

But the most common reason the appearance of connective tissue replacement in the lungs during pulmonary fibrosis is undoubtedly hypoxia of the lung tissue. The fact is that hypoxia of the lung tissue will cause activation of cells, fibroblasts. These fibroblasts, responding to hypoxia, will begin quickly and large quantities produce collagen. It is collagen that will become a subtype of connective tissue that will replace pulmonary tissue.

In addition to the main “connective tissue” mechanism of pneumofibrosis, there are also about three main “key” reasons for the development of this disease. This is a violation of pulmonary ventilation, bronchial drainage and damage to adequate blood and lymph circulation.

Impaired ventilation of the lungs directly follows from the main mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis, and it can be explained as follows. Normally, lung tissue is quite elastic and it is its elasticity that plays an important role in the breathing process. The higher the elasticity of the lung tissue, the greater the body's efforts will be needed to stretch this tissue as much as possible. Therefore, high levels of intrapulmonary pressure are built up. In its turn high level intrapulmonary pressure presses the wall of the alveoli from the inside and, thus, straightens it during inspiration.

But with pulmonary fibrosis, many alveoli are already damaged by connective tissue. Unlike lung tissue, this type of tissue has practically no elastic properties. The less elastic the alveolar tissue is, the easier it will be to stretch it. This means that the body will not need to use much force to stretch. Therefore, the level of intrapulmonary pressure decreases. But such low level pressure will not be able to open the alveoli, and their walls will collapse. As a result, part of the lung tissue will simply be switched off from the general system of enriching the body with oxygen: the unopened alveoli will not be able to fill with oxygen and transfer it through their capillaries to the body.

Violation of the drainage function of the bronchi occurs due to inflammatory conditions of the bronchial wall as a result of its inflammatory swelling. As a result, the outflow of secretions is disrupted and it accumulates. These deposits of bronchial secretions become favorable for the development of infection in them, which will cause secondary inflammatory outbreaks throughout the lung.

In turn, blockage of the bronchus will lead to disruption of the contact of a certain lobe of the lung with the inhaled air. This will again lead to disruption of intrapulmonary pressure processes and this lung lobe it will just fall off.

In addition to an inflammatory disorder of normal bronchial drainage, pneumofibrosis can be caused by impaired motility of bronchial secretion. Typically, they occur when the neuromuscular component of the bronchi is disrupted.

Lymph and blood circulation may be impaired due to compression of blood vessels in the lungs. Blood circulation can also be disrupted and cause pneumofibrosis if blood stagnation begins in the vessels surrounding the lung. Most often, these congestions can appear due to vascular spasm, or inflammation, which narrows the lumen. As a result of a long static stay in the vessels, the stagnant fluid gradually begins to pass through its wall (sweat), forming a protein effusion. This protein effusion gradually grows into connective tissue, which then gradually replaces individual alveoli (most often those located next to the site of stagnation). And again pneumofibrosis develops.

Thus, it is possible to identify a certain chain of main changes in pulmonary fibrosis. First, the lung tissue is affected by the primary disease, and the lung is affected by its main pathological factor. This factor is divided into the following types: impaired pulmonary ventilation, problems in the drainage function of the bronchi, or disorders in the lymphatic and circulatory network of the lungs. Each of these factors will be accompanied by the replacement of normal lung tissue with pathological, connective tissue.

For each factor, the processes of the appearance of connective tissue develop differently: for some they will become the root cause (as with impaired pulmonary ventilation), for others they will become a consequence. But all three reasons will definitely have them. Next, individual loss of lung tissue from the breathing mechanism will appear, and a certain subtype of respiratory failure and disturbances in the exchange of gases between the alveoli, vessels and tissues will develop in the body.

Signs of pneumofibrosis

Pneumofibrosis has local and diffuse forms of manifestation. Basically, most often the clinical picture of pulmonary fibrosis manifests itself precisely in patients with the second form, since with focal pulmonary fibrosis the clinical picture of the disease may not manifest itself at all (due to less systemic damage).

The most striking sign indicating damage to the lung tissue will be shortness of breath. At first it will occur during physical overload, and then it will appear at rest. Often it will be accompanied by a strong cough and the discharge of viscous, purulent sputum. Visually, patients will be able to detect the presence of widespread cyanosis (it will arise due to severe hypoxia in the lungs).

Possible chest pain aching character, fast fatiguability, sudden weight loss, general weakness. At predominant defeat basal parts of the lungs, “Hippocrates’ fingers” (the so-called drumsticks) are often formed.

Patients may complain of quite severe pain in the chest that occurs when coughing. You can listen to wheezing in the lower parts of the lungs, as well as the characteristic “rubbing sound of a plug,” which is a sign of advanced stages of pulmonary fibrosis.

If there are complications, signs of insufficiency of the small circulatory system may begin to appear: hemoptysis, sputum streaked with blood, etc.

In addition to the above signs, which are characteristic specifically for pulmonary fibrosis, there will also be signs of primary diseases: for example, manifestations of pneumonia or bronchitis.

Diagnosis of pneumofibrosis

The most important diagnostic criterion for pulmonary fibrosis is, of course, an X-ray examination of the lungs. It allows you to find the first signs of the disease, as well as identify the presence of concomitant pathologies. In addition, this study will help distinguish between pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer with similar symptoms.

The main sign of pulmonary fibrosis will be an increase in the pulmonary pattern and its deformation. The shadows of the vessels expand, and in the affected area you can even see individual shadows of small branches of the vessels with their disturbed direction. You can also find so-called “pulmonary shadows” with uneven and sharp contours. These shadows are areas of the damaged lung.

In advanced stages x-ray You can find signs of the complete connective tissue structure of the lung: shadow lines in various, chaotic directions, dense and cavitary areas (like a “honeycomb”) and pulmonary roots deformed by scars (hilar pneumofibrosis).

The second important study will be studies on the function of external respiration. A special value is evaluated - the Tiffno index. Its decrease (usually less than 70%) will be a sign of impaired external respiration. Lung volume indicators are examined for this index: vital capacity ( vital capacity lungs) and FVC (functional vital capacity). Pneumofibrosis will be characterized by their decrease. Such a change in the above parameters is called restrictive and is characteristic of diseases with lesions of the lung tissue.

The third point of the research plan will be a bronchological examination. Usually it helps to separate focal pulmonary fibrosis from diffuse one. With a diffuse version of the disease, no changes will be observed in the bronchial cavity, while with a focal variant, dilation of the bronchi (bronchiectasis) can be found.

Pneumofibrosis treatment

In the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, the main thing is to eliminate the cause or treat the primary disease.

In the presence of pneumonia, good antibacterial therapy should be prescribed. A frequently used combination drug therapy and therapeutic physical culture. In case of pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, it is necessary to treat until complete clinical and radiological recovery. After treatment, such patients are placed on active registration, which lasts about 1 year.

Also, patients with pulmonary fibrosis are prescribed expectorants (Bromhexine) and a special “drainage” position in bed, which will help the sputum to drain.

If pulmonary fibrosis is complicated by inflammatory processes, then, as with pneumonia, certain antibacterial regimens are prescribed: drugs from a number of macrolides and cephalosporins are best suited for them. It is important to know that with pulmonary fibrosis, the number of infectious agents in the lungs can exceed several dozen, so it is advisable to use antibacterial drugs that have a wide spectrum of action. Glucocorticoids are prescribed along with antibiotics.

In case of a cardiac underlying cause of the disease or in case of insufficiency of cardiac function, which has already developed as a result of pulmonary fibrosis, cardiac glycoside preparations are prescribed. The most commonly used are Strophanthin or Korglykon.

Also, we must not forget about vitamin therapy and physiotherapy. In the stages of pulmonary fibrosis without pulmonary insufficiency good effect have procedures of iontophoresis and ultrasound with medicinal substances.

Even with pulmonary fibrosis, oxygen therapy is prescribed. It saturates the lungs with oxygen, which the diseased lungs lack. Typically, oxygen is supplied in the amount in which it is present in the surrounding atmosphere.

And one more important point of treatment should not be missed - the appointment of special breathing movements. They improve respiratory function and support the body, and also help supply oxygen to collapsed areas of the lungs.

Prevention of pulmonary fibrosis consists of proper treatment of primary diseases that cause pulmonary fibrosis. It is necessary to identify and treat diseases such as bronchitis and pneumonia in time, before they progress to the stage of complications. It is also important to give up bad habits, especially smoking.

In addition, you must strictly adhere to safety precautions when working with substances that are toxic to lung cells: if necessary, use masks and respirators. If an employee of such production is diagnosed with pneumofibrosis, then it is necessary to immediately transfer him to another job.

ICD-10

J43. Emphysema.

Abbreviation: E. - emphysema.

Epidemiology.

Pulmonary emphysema is detected in 4% of patients, and it occurs 2 times more often in men than in women. The risk of developing pulmonary emphysema is higher in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma), especially after 60 years.

Primary diffuse E. l. develops mainly in mature men, sometimes in young men (genetically determined form). Complaints of shortness of breath usually appear before the age of 45 years. Patients usually have an asthenic physique and underweight.

Secondary diffuse E. l. observed more often in elderly and senile men suffering from obstructive chronic bronchitis. They are often overweight.

Postmortem examinations reveal signs of pulmonary emphysema in ¼ of people 80 years of age and older.

Classification and etiology.

E. lungs are distinguished due to their occurrence:

primary (congenital, can develop in unaffected lungs);
secondary (arising against the background of various pulmonary diseases, the most common of which are chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma).

By degree of damage:

diffuse - can affect the entire lung tissue;
localized - develops in a limited area.

Etiology:

1. primary – the effect of toxic aerosols, tobacco smoke to unaffected lungs),

2. secondary – complication chronic diseases bronchi (chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma).

3. involutive (senile) – the result of age-related changes.

With a long, decompensated course of EL, bullae develop in the area of the terminal segments of the bronchioles. Bullae are air-filled thin-walled bubbles ranging in size from 1 to 10-15 cm or more, located under the pleura. Pulmonary bulla most often localized in the upper parts of the lungs.

Clinical picture.

The main complaint is shortness of breath with prolonged exhalation; patients exhale with their lips closed, puffing out their cheeks (“puffing”);
Barrel-shaped chest, expansion of the upper and lower boundaries of the lungs.
Prolapse of the lower borders of the lungs.
Percussion box sound.
Auscultation - weakened (“cotton”) breathing.
Cyanosis, puffiness of the face.

Complications:

pulmonary hypertension,
spontaneous pneumothorax.

Differential diagnosis E. l. carried out with other diseases that are accompanied by shortness of breath, for example with pulmonary embolism, primary pulmonary hypertension, diffuse pneumosclerosis.

Order of the Ministry of Health of Social Development of the Russian Federation No. 551 of July 21, 2006 “On approval of the standard of medical care for patients with pulmonary emphysema” (specialized inpatient care).

Collection of medical history and complaints.
Visual research.
Palpation.
Percussion.
Auscultation.
Respiration rate measurement.
Chest circumference measurement.
CBC: determination of leukocytes, leukocyte formula, ESR, hemoglobin, platelets.
X-ray of the lungs.
FVD study.
Ultrasonography lungs.
CT organs chest cavity.
Lung scintigraphy.

UAC: erythrocytosis, increased hemoglobin.
X-ray of the lungs: increased transparency of the lung fields.
Spirography: decrease in VC, FVC.
ECG: deviation of the electrical axis of the heart to the right.

Pneumosclerosis – pathological replacement of pulmonary connective tissue, as a consequence of inflammatory or dystrophic processes in the lungs, accompanied by impaired elasticity and gas exchange in the affected areas.

Epidemiology.

Pneumosclerosis can develop at any age; this lung pathology is more often observed in men.

Classification of pneumosclerosis.

Based on the severity of replacement of the pulmonary parenchyma with connective tissue, the following are distinguished:

fibrosis - severe limited changes in the lung parenchyma, alternating with airy lung tissue;
sclerosis (actually pneumosclerosis) – compaction and replacement of the lung parenchyma with connective tissue;
cirrhosis – extreme case pneumosclerosis, characterized by complete replacement of the alveoli.

According to the prevalence in the lungs, pneumosclerosis can be:

limited (local, focal);
diffuse.

Etiology.

Typically, pneumosclerosis accompanies or serves as an outcome of certain lung diseases:

infectious, viral and aspiration pneumonia, tuberculosis, mycoses;
COPD, chronic bronchitis;
atelectasis of the lung, prolonged massive pleurisy;
pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of industrial gases and dust, radiation injuries;
alveolitis (fibrosing, allergic);
pulmonary sarcoidosis;
bronchial foreign bodies;
injuries and wounds of the chest and pulmonary parenchyma;
hereditary lung diseases.

The development of pneumosclerosis can be caused by insufficient volume and effectiveness of anti-inflammatory therapy for these diseases.

Also, pneumosclerosis can develop as a result of hemodynamic disturbances in the pulmonary circulation system(as a consequence of mitral stenosis, left ventricular heart failure, pulmonary embolism), as a result of ionizing radiation, taking toxic pneumotropic drugs, in patients with reduced immune reactivity.

Pathogenesis and pathological anatomy.

The mechanisms of development and forms of pneumosclerosis are determined by its causes. However, common to all etiological forms of pneumosclerosis is the proliferation of connective tissue in the lungs, causing deformation of the bronchi, sharp compaction and wrinkling of the lung tissue. The lungs become airless and decrease in size.

Clinical picture.

Limited pneumosclerosis usually does not bother patients, sometimes noted slight cough with scant sputum . When examined on the affected side, it may be detected retraction of the chest.

Diffuse pneumosclerosis symptomatic shortness of breath - at first during physical activity, and later at rest. Skin with cyanotic shade. A characteristic feature respiratory failure in pneumosclerosis serves Hippocratic finger sign (shaped like drumsticks). Signs of lung cirrhosis: gross deformation of the chest, atrophy of the intercostal muscles.

Sharply weakened breathing, wet and dry rales are heard over the affected area or diffusely, percussion sound- blunt.

Complications of pneumosclerosis.

pulmonary heart,
chronic respiratory failure,
the addition of inflammatory lung diseases;
emphysema.

Differential diagnosis.

Differential diagnosis of pneumosclerosis and collagenosis, sarcoidosis, metastases of malignant tumors in the lungs, bronchitis, tuberculosis.

Diagnostic value additional methods research .

X-ray of the lungs: a decrease in the size of the affected part of the lung, strengthening, reticulation and looping of the pulmonary pattern, the pulmonary fields of the lower sections take on the appearance of a porous sponge (“honeycomb lung”).
To detail the condition of areas affected by pneumosclerosis, bronchography, bronchoscopy, CT scan of the lungs and MRI.