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Types of the rainbow. What kind of rainbow is there?
A primary rainbow is a type of rainbow formed by a single reflection of light.
As we already know, a rainbow occurs as a result of repeated internal reflection of light in water droplets. The more reflections a ray of light experiences, the less energy it contains.
Therefore, the brightest rainbow is the one formed from rays that have experienced only one reflection. This is the so-called primary rainbow with a corner radius of 42°.
A polyrainbow is a type of rainbow formed by the repeated reflection of a ray of light in a drop of water.
Often above the first, or primary, rainbow we also observe a second, so-called side
or secondary rainbow
, with a corner radius of 52°. Together these rainbows form polyrainbow
or multiple rainbow
.
When the Sun reaches an altitude of 42°, the primary rainbow is no longer visible. And when the Sun reaches an altitude of 52°, the side one disappears.
A primary rainbow is formed as a result of a single reflection of a ray of light in a drop of water. A side rainbow is a product of double reflection. Each reflection in the drop “flips” the beam, so the colors in the secondary rainbow are located in reverse order, i.e. the outer stripe is purple and the inner stripe is red.
Sometimes you can observe a third rainbow (angular radius 60°), and even a fourth and fifth. But this is already an extremely rare optical phenomenon in the atmosphere.
Alexander's stripe is not a type of rainbow, but is studied when completing the topic "Types of Rainbows."
- this is the strip of sky located between the primary and secondary rainbow. It got its name from the philosopher Alexander of Aphrodisias, who first described it in 200 AD.
Alexander's stripe appears darker than the surrounding sky. To explain this phenomenon, let us recall the drawing depicting Descartes' ray. As we remember, the rays that have experienced a single reflection illuminate the sky under the primary rainbow, emerging from the drop at an angle to the sun of no more than 42.1°.
As a result of double reflection, the rays from the drop emerge at an angle greater than 50.9°, illuminating the sky above the secondary rainbow. That is, that area of the sky that lies between 42.1° and 50.9° is not illuminated during either the primary or secondary rainbow. So it turns out that the Alexander stripe, about 9° wide, is darker than the rest of the sky.
A lunar rainbow is a type of rainbow formed by lunar rays.
You can see a rainbow not only during the day, but also at night. In this case, it is not the sun’s rays that are refracted in the raindrops, but the lunar rays.
It is no different from the sun, except in brightness. To the human eye, due to the peculiarities of its structure, a lunar rainbow is most often visible as white. But long exposure photos can also produce colors.
Just like a solar rainbow, a lunar rainbow appears on the side opposite the Moon, and the night star should be as low as possible above the horizon. A lunar rainbow appears only on nights when the Moon is especially bright, namely on the full moon and nights close to it.
That is, for a lunar rainbow to appear, three conditions must be met:
Full moon;
Moonrise or sunset;
Rain on the opposite side of the sky from the Moon.
It is clear that all these conditions are rarely met at the same time, which is why a lunar rainbow is a very rare optical phenomenon in the atmosphere.
A red rainbow is a type of rainbow that forms at sunset.
If a rainbow appears at sunset, then a phenomenon such as red rainbow
. It is sometimes unusually bright and visible even after sunset.
Why is the sunset rainbow red? The sun's rays, passing through the thickness of the atmosphere, are scattered, and the intensity of the scattering of the rays is different color not the same. For example, shorter blue waves scatter 16 times more intensely than red ones, which is why the sky is blue during the day.
At sunset, the rays of the Sun travel a long way in the atmosphere and shorter rays are scattered along the way. Only long waves of yellow, red and orange hues reach us. They form an optical phenomenon in the atmosphere - a red rainbow.
A dew rainbow is a type of rainbow formed in dew drops.
Sometimes in the early morning, just after sunrise, you can see rainbow on the dew .
Its formation mechanism is the same as that of an ordinary rainbow.
However, the shape of a rainbow on dew is not circular, but hyperbolic, which is characteristic feature this unusual type of rainbow.
It is observed extremely rarely, but is an unforgettable sight.
A double rainbow is a type of rainbow formed in raindrops of different sizes.
- these are two rainbow arcs starting at the same point.
It may occur when it rains mixed type- from large and small drops. Large drops flatten under their own weight, small drops remain the same shape.
These two types of drops form two arcs intersecting at the starting point.
A wheel rainbow is a type of rainbow that forms when there is heavy rain.
- This is an intermittent rainbow. Dark areas occur when there is too much rain to prevent the rainbow's light from reaching the observer's eyes. Dark clouds may also be involved in the formation of ruptures.
The result is a rainbow, appearance similar to a cart wheel. And if the clouds are also moving quickly, then the illusion of a “wheel” moving appears.
A fog rainbow is a type of rainbow that forms in droplets of fog.
Misty rainbow
also called white rainbow
or a foggy arc
. It appears as a wide white arc, sometimes faintly colored at the edges. The outside can be painted purple and the inside orange. A white rainbow is formed in very small fog droplets with a radius of no more than 25 microns.
The nature of a white rainbow is different in that the drops that form this rainbow are much smaller than the drops that form an ordinary rainbow. The white color of the rainbow is due to the phenomenon of light diffraction in water droplets. The smaller the radius of the droplets, the stronger the effect of diffraction. Diffraction, speaking in simple words, this is the combination of light beams of different colors into one white one. That is, if in large drops the light is decomposed into components and forms an ordinary rainbow, then in small drops, on the contrary, it merges into one and forms a foggy rainbow.
In this article we looked at the Types of Rainbows and answered the question: What kind of rainbow is there? Read further:
Insafudinov Kirill Rinatovich
I learned how a rainbow is made. I conducted research and experiments, got a rainbow at home and admired its beauty.
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Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan
Department of Education of the Administration of the Municipal District Bizhbulyaksky District
municipal educational budgetary institution
average comprehensive school No. 2 p. Bizhbulyak
Research
on the topic of:
« How do you get a rainbow?
Completed: Insafudinov Kirill,
Student of grade 3b, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 2, Bizhbulyak village, Republic of Bashkortostan
Head: Nazmieva A.R.
Primary teacher
Classes MOBU secondary school No. 2 in the village of Bizhbulyak, Republic of Bashkortostan
Introduction ________________________________page 3
Literature review
What is a rainbow? _________________________________ page 4
Who colored the rainbow? _____________________ page 4
The emergence of a rainbow. ____________________ page 4
Who studied the rainbow? ________________________page 5
Rainbows come in different forms. _____________________ page 5
Experimental work________________page 6
Results ________________________________page 7
4. Conclusions ___________________________________page 7
5. Conclusion______________________________page 7
6. Literature___________________________ page 7
Introduction.
What natural phenomenon can be compared in beauty to a rainbow? The aurora is possible, but not many people have seen it. And everyone has seen the rainbow that appears immediately after the rain.Appearing in the sky, she attracts attention.
She is so beautiful that she is sung in many songs, described in literature, and legends are made about her. Many people, like me, look forward to the rain so they can admire the rainbow. What kind of multi-colored miracle of nature is this? How is a rainbow formed? Is it possible to observe this beauty at home? What other rainbows are there?
These questions interested me and many of my friends. This topic became interesting to me because not many people know how a rainbow is formed. To answer all the questions that arose, I decided to conduct research.
By exploring this mystery of nature, I can give an accurate answer to the questions I posed.
Target my work: find out the reason for the appearance of a rainbow, getting a rainbow at home.
Delivered by me tasks :
Find out who colored the rainbow.
Try the experience of getting a rainbow at home.
Learn the history of the study of rainbows.
The relevance of research:instilling interest in experimental work in primary school
Thanks to this work, activity in the cognitive sphere of activity increases.
Hypothesis: rainbow can be obtained in laboratory conditions, is it possible to get it at home? If possible, then in what way.
Research methods:
Questionnaire
Independent practical experiments for confirmation
hypotheses:
experiment: with prism;
experience with a spray gun;
experience with soap bubbles;
experience with a mirror;
experience with a computer disk.
1.Literature review
1.1. What is a rainbow?
In order to find out the reason for the appearance of rainbows, I started by studying literature. The explanatory dictionary gives the concept of a rainbow. A rainbow is a multi-colored arc in the sky, formed as a result of the refraction of sunlight in raindrops.
I learned that rainbows can be seen near waterfalls, fountains, and sprinklers. At fountains and waterfalls it happened that two or more arcs were seen. You can create a curtain of drops yourself from a hand-held spray bottle and, standing with your back to the sun, see the rainbow created with my own hands. When watering plants in the garden on a bright sunny day, you can also see a small rainbow in the splashes of water.
1.2. Who colored the rainbow?
Where does the amazing colorful light that comes from the arcs of the rainbow come from?
I received the answer to this question from the encyclopedia for the curious. It seems to us that the light is white. But in fact it consists of several colors. It happens that when it rains, the sun comes out, and then the sunlight is refracted in water droplets and “breaks up” into several colors. There are always seven of these colors, and they are arranged in strict order. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. This creates a colorful rainbow. An object that can split a beam of light into its components is called a “prism.” The resulting colors create a stripe of colored lines called a “spectrum”. A rainbow is a large spectrum, or band of colored lines, formed as a result of the decay of a ray of light passing through raindrops. IN in this case raindrops act as a prism.
1.3. The emergence of a rainbow.
Rainbows always appear after rain, I think everyone knows that. But there is another trick here. The rainbow sparkles not after, but during the rain; the rain simply no longer falls on us, but not far from us. When the rain stops, it means that the wind has simply carried these rain clouds further.
And if the rain goes towards the sun, then we can admire the rainbow. After all, drops split the sunlight, white light, because they are small prisms and reflect these multi-colored rays in the sky. I think everyone has seen a drop falling from the hole in the sink faucet, so everyone will agree that it looks like a prism.Light enters a raindrop, reflects off the other side of the raindrop, and exits. And rain is millions of such droplets.That's the whole secret of this wonderful natural phenomenon. Rain dots the entire sky with small prisms, and sunlight, passing through them, is split into a spectrum. At the same time, we have a wonderful picture in the sky - a rainbow.
I have a question - is it possible to create a rainbow yourself? The answer to the question is described on page No. 7.
1.4. Who studied the rainbow?
Has anyone in the history of mankind tried to understand the nature of the rainbow?
My mother and I found the answer to this question on the Internet.
The first attempt to explain the rainbow was made in 1611 by Archbishop Antonio de Dominis. His explanation of the rainbow was contrary to the Bible, so he was excommunicated and sentenced to death.
The scientific explanation of the rainbow was first given by Rene Descartes in 1637. Descartes explained the rainbow based onlawsrefraction and reflection sunlight in the drops of falling rain. But he did not yet know about the decomposition of white light into a spectrum during refraction. That's why Descartes' rainbow was white.
30 years later, Isaac Newton explained how colored rays are refracted in raindrops. According to the figurative expression of the American scientist A. Fraser, who made a series interesting research rainbows already in our time, “Descartes hung a rainbow in in the right place in the sky, and Newton colored it with all the colors of the spectrum.”Although the multicolor spectrum of the rainbow is continuous, according to tradition, it is divided into 7 colors. It is believed that Isaac Newton was the first to choose the number 7, for whom the number 7 had a special symbolic meaning. Moreover, initially he distinguished only five colors - red, yellow, green, blue and violet. But, subsequently, trying to create a correspondence between the number of colors of the spectrum and the number of fundamental tones of the musical scale, Newton added two more to the five listed colors of the spectrum.
Even though the Descartes-Newton theory of the rainbow was created more than 300 years ago, it correctly explains the main features of the rainbow, including the arrangement of colors.
1.5. Rainbows come in different forms.
Rainbows come with one or two arcs.Few people know, but there is also a night rainbow. At night, when the rain stops, a rainbow can also appear as a result of the action of rays reflected by the moon. Undoubtedly, it is not as bright as during the day, but it is clearly visible. IN winter time A rainbow occurs very rarely, but in its colorfulness and picturesqueness it differs from all others.
1.Questionnaire
My classmates and I conducted a survey.
To the first question, “Have you seen a rainbow?” all 14 students answered “Yes.”
To the second question, “Do you know when a rainbow appears?” 12 people answered “Yes”, two “No”.
To the third question, “Do you know how a rainbow appears?” 5 people answered “Yes”, 9 - “No”.
To the fourth question, “Do you know in what order the colors of the rainbow are located?” 6 students answered “Yes”, 8 - “No”.
To the fifth question, “Is it possible to get a rainbow at home?” three answered “Yes”, 11 people answered “No”.
2. Experimental work
I experimented with producing a rainbow at home.
Experience 1.
Equipment: mirror, glass prism.
Description: the teacher caught a “sunny bunny” with her mirror and pointed it at the glass prism that I was holding in my hand. A rainbow appeared on the ceiling.
Experience 2.
Equipment: spray bottle filled with water, sun light source.
Description: create a cloud of drops falling in the air and observe a rainbow on them.
The conditions of such an experiment are quite consistent with nature, however, obtaining the required cloud is not at all easy.
Experience3
Equipment: a jar of soapy water, a device for blowing bubbles.
Description: take the device, dip it in a jar of soap foam and blow out bubbles. You can see a rainbow on the bubbles flying in the air.
Experience 4.
Equipment: mirror, bowl of water.
Description: I placed the mirror in a shallow bowl of water. Place the bowl so that a ray of light from the sun is reflected from the mirror onto the wall or ceiling.
I saw a rainbow on the ceiling. The experiment was a success.
Experience 5.
Equipment: computer disk, light source - sun.
Description: On a sunny day, point the computer disk at an angle of 25°. If the disk “catch” a ray of light, then as a result of the refraction of the ray a rainbow will appear on the wall or ceiling.
Results.
After studying the literature, I learned that a rainbow can be one arc, or it can be double.There is a night rainbow (lunar) and a winter one, but it is very rare and not as colorful as the summer one.
Sunlight is refracted in water droplets and “breaks up” into several colors. These colors are called the spectrum. And the drops are small prisms that reflect these multi-colored rays in the sky. This is how I learned how a rainbow appears and why it is colored.
From the history of the study of rainbows, I found out that many tried to explain the nature of this phenomenon, but this phenomenon was fully discovered by Isaac Newton more than 300 years ago.
I managed to get a rainbow at home. The experiment was successful and I could admire this beauty at home.
Conclusions.
Based on the results obtained, I came to the conclusion that:
1. The cause of a rainbow is the refraction and “disintegration” of sunlight in drops of water and the reflection of this light in the sky.
2. Obtaining and observing rainbows at home is possible.
Conclusion
Having completed this work, I became convinced that rainbows are a well-known optical phenomenon in the atmosphere; observed when the sun illuminates a sheet of falling rain and the observer is between the sun and the rain. Rainbows are seen not only in the veil of rain. On a smaller scale it can be seen on drops of water near waterfalls, fountains and in sea surf. In this case, not only the Sun and the Moon, but also a spotlight can serve as a light source.
The arrangement of colors in the rainbow is interesting. It is always constant. The red color of the main rainbow is located on its upper edge, violet - on the lower edge. Between these extreme colors, the remaining colors follow each other in the same sequence as in the solar spectrum. In principle, a rainbow never contains all the colors of the spectrum. Most often, blue, dark blue and rich pure red colors are absent or weakly expressed. As the size of raindrops increases, the color stripes of the rainbow narrow, and the colors themselves become more saturated.
At the same time, I learned how, thanks to Newton, centuries-old ideas about the origin of flowers were destroyed.
Obtaining a rainbow by an experimental method (artificial rainbow) allows us to study this rainbow. The results obtained during the study may be of interest to schoolchildren.
Literature:
1. Ozhegov S.I. and Shvedova N.Yu. Dictionary Russian language. 4th edition, expanded. - M.: LLC “A TEMP”, 2008.
2. Travina I.V. 365 stories about planet Earth / Popular science publication for children. - M.: JSC "ROSMAN-PRESS", 2007.
3. Encyclopedia for the curious “Where, what and when?” CJSC Company "Makhaon" - M.: 2007.
Rainbow is one of the most beautiful natural phenomena. Since time immemorial, man has thought about its nature and associated the appearance of a multi-colored arc in the sky with many beliefs and legends. People compared the rainbow either to a heavenly bridge from which gods or angels descended to earth, or to a road between heaven and earth, or to a gate to another other world.What is a rainbow
A rainbow is an atmospheric optical phenomenon that occurs when the sun illuminates many water droplets during rain or fog, or after rain. As a result of the refraction of sunlight in drops of water during rain, a multi-colored arc appears in the sky.
Rainbows also appear in reflected rays The sun from the water surface of sea bays, lakes, waterfalls or large rivers. Such a rainbow appears on the shores of reservoirs and looks unusually beautiful.
Why is the rainbow colorful?
The arcs of the rainbow are multi-colored, but for them to appear, sunlight is needed. Sunlight appears white to us, but is actually made up of the colors of the spectrum. We are accustomed to distinguishing seven colors in the rainbow - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, but since the spectrum is continuous, the colors smoothly transform into each other through many shades.
The multi-colored arc appears because a ray of light is refracted in water droplets, and then, returning to the observer at an angle of 42 degrees, is split into components ranging from red to violet.
The brightness of the colors and the width of the rainbow depend on the size of the raindrops. The larger the drops, the narrower and brighter the rainbow, the more rich red color it contains. If there is light rain, the rainbow turns out to be wide, but with faded orange and yellow edges.
What kind of rainbow is there?
We most often see a rainbow in the form of an arc, but the arc is only part of the rainbow. The rainbow has the shape of a circle, but we see only half of the arc because its center is on the same line with our eyes and the Sun. The entire rainbow can only be seen at high altitude, from an airplane or from high mountain.
Double Rainbow
We already know that a rainbow in the sky appears because the rays of the sun penetrate through raindrops, are refracted and reflected on the other side of the sky in a multi-colored arc. And sometimes a ray of sunshine can create two, three, or even four rainbows in the sky at once. A double rainbow is created when a ray of light is reflected from inner surface raindrops twice.
The first rainbow, the inner one, is always brighter than the second, the outer one, and the colors of the arcs on the second rainbow are located in a mirror image and are less bright. The sky between rainbows is always darker than other parts of the sky. The area of sky between two rainbows is called Alexander's stripe. Seeing a double rainbow is a good omen - it means good luck, the fulfillment of desires. So if you are lucky enough to see a double rainbow, hurry up and make a wish and it will definitely come true.
Inverted Rainbow
An inverted rainbow is a rather rare phenomenon. She appears when certain conditions, when at an altitude of 7-8 kilometers a thin curtain of cirrus clouds consisting of ice crystals is located. Sunlight, falling at a certain angle on these crystals, is decomposed into a spectrum and reflected into the atmosphere. The colors in an inverted rainbow are in reverse order, with purple at the top and red at the bottom.
Misty Rainbow
A hazy rainbow or white appears when the sun's rays illuminate a faint fog consisting of very small droplets of water. Such a rainbow is an arc colored very pale colors, and if the droplets are very small, then the rainbow is colored White color. A foggy rainbow can also appear at night during fog, when there is a bright moon in the sky. Misty Rainbow is quite rare atmospheric phenomenon.
Moon Rainbow
A lunar rainbow or night rainbow appears at night and is generated by the Moon. A lunar rainbow is observed during rain that falls opposite the Moon; a lunar rainbow is especially clearly visible during a full moon, when the bright Moon is low in the dark sky. You can also observe a lunar rainbow in areas where there are waterfalls.
Fire Rainbow
A fire rainbow is a rare optical atmospheric phenomenon. A fire rainbow appears when sunlight passes through cirrus clouds at an angle of 58 degrees above the horizon. One more a necessary condition For a fiery rainbow to appear, there are hexagonal ice crystals that are leaf-shaped and their edges must be parallel to the ground. The sun's rays, passing through the vertical edges of an ice crystal, are refracted and ignite a fiery rainbow or a rounded horizontal arc, as science calls a fiery rainbow.
winter rainbow
A winter rainbow is a very amazing phenomenon. Such a rainbow can only be observed in winter, during severe frost when the cold Sun shines in the pale blue sky and the air is filled with small ice crystals. The sun's rays are refracted when passing through these crystals, as if through a prism, and are reflected in the cold sky in a multi-colored arc.
Can there be a rainbow without rain?
A rainbow can also be observed on a sunny, clear day near waterfalls, fountains, or in the garden when watering flowers from a hose, holding the hole of the hose with your fingers, creating a water mist and pointing the hose towards the Sun.
How to remember the colors of the rainbow
If you cannot remember how the colors are located in the rainbow, a phrase known to everyone from childhood will help you: “ TO every ABOUT hunter AND wants Z nat G de WITH goes F adhan."
Near-horizontal arc.
Known as the “fire rainbow”. Color stripes appear directly in the sky as a result of light passing through ice crystals in cirrus clouds, covering the sky with a “rainbow film”. This natural phenomenon is very difficult to see, as both the ice crystals and sunlight must be at a certain angle to each other to create the “fire rainbow” effect.
Ghost of Brocken.
In some areas of the Earth you can observe an amazing phenomenon: a person standing on a hill or mountain, behind whom the sun rises or sets, discovers that his shadow falling on the clouds becomes incredibly huge. This happens because tiny drops of fog refract and reflect sunlight in a special way. The phenomenon got its name from the Brocken peak in Germany, where, due to frequent fogs, this effect can be regularly observed.
Near-zenith arc.
A near-zenith arc is an arc centered at the zenith point, located approximately 46 degrees above the Sun. It is rarely visible and only for a few minutes, has bright colors, clear outlines and is always parallel to the horizon. To an outside observer, it will resemble the smile of the Cheshire Cat or an inverted rainbow.
Misty rainbow.
The hazy halo looks like a colorless rainbow. Like a regular rainbow, this halo is formed by the refraction of light through water crystals. However, unlike the clouds that form an ordinary rainbow, the fog that creates this halo consists of smaller particles of water, and the light, refracted in tiny droplets, does not color it.
Gloria.
When light undergoes backscattering (the diffraction of light previously reflected in the water crystals of a cloud), it returns from the cloud in the same direction in which it fell, creating an effect called “Gloria”. This effect can only be observed on clouds that are directly in front of the viewer or below him, at a point that is on the opposite side to the light source. Thus, Gloria can only be seen from a mountain or from an airplane, and the light sources (Sun or Moon) must be directly behind the observer. Gloria's rainbow circles are also called Buddha Light in China. In this photo there is a beautiful rainbow halo surrounded by shadow. hot air balloon, which fell on the cloud below it.
Halo at 22 degrees.
White circles of light around the Sun or Moon that result from the refraction or reflection of light by ice or snow crystals in the atmosphere are called halos. There are small water crystals in the atmosphere, and when their faces form a right angle with the plane passing through the Sun, the one observing the effect and the crystals will see a characteristic white halo surrounding the Sun in the sky. So the edges reflect light rays with a deviation of 22 degrees, forming a halo. During the cold season, halos formed by ice and snow crystals on the surface of the earth reflect sunlight and scatter it in different directions, creating an effect called “diamond dust”.
Rainbow clouds.
When the Sun is positioned at a certain angle to the water droplets that make up the cloud, these droplets refract sunlight and create an unusual “rainbow cloud” effect, coloring it in all the colors of the rainbow. Clouds, like rainbows, owe their colors to different wavelengths of light.
Lunar arc.
Dark night skies and the bright light of the Moon often produce a phenomenon called a “lunarbow,” a rainbow that appears in the light of the Moon. Such rainbows are located on the opposite side of the sky from the Moon and most often appear completely white. However, sometimes they can be seen in all their glory.
Parhelion.
“Parhelium” translated from Greek means “false sun”. This is one of the forms of a halo (see point 6): one or more additional images of the Sun are observed in the sky, located at the same height above the horizon as the real Sun. Millions of ice crystals with a vertical surface, reflecting the Sun, form this beautiful phenomenon.
Rainbow.
Rainbow is the most beautiful atmospheric phenomenon. Rainbows can take various shapes, common to them is the rule of color arrangement - in the sequence of the spectrum (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). Rainbows can be observed when the Sun illuminates part of the sky and the air is saturated with droplets of moisture, for example, during or immediately after rain. In ancient times, the appearance of a rainbow in the sky was given a mystical meaning. Seeing a rainbow was considered a good omen; driving or walking under it promised happiness and success. The double rainbow was said to bring good luck and fulfill wishes. The ancient Greeks believed that the rainbow was a bridge to heaven, and the Irish believed that at the other end of the rainbow was the legendary gold of leprechauns.
Northern lights.
The glow observed in the sky in the polar regions is called the northern, or aurora, as well as the southern - in Southern Hemisphere). It is assumed that this phenomenon also exists in the atmospheres of other planets, such as Venus. The nature and origin of auroras is the subject of intense research, and numerous theories have been developed in this regard.” Auroras, according to scientists, arise from the bombardment of the upper layers of the atmosphere by charged particles moving towards the Earth along geomagnetic field lines from a region of near-Earth space called the plasma layer. Projection of the plasma layer along geomagnetic field lines on earth's atmosphere has the shape of rings surrounding the northern and southern magnetic poles(auroral ovals).”
Condensation trail.
Condensation trails are white streaks left in the sky by airplanes. By their nature they are condensed fog, consisting of moisture found in the atmosphere and engine exhaust gases. Most often, these traces are short-lived - under the influence high temperatures they simply evaporate. However, some of them descend into the lower layers of the atmosphere, forming cirrus clouds. Environmentalists believe that the condensation trails of airplanes transformed in this way have Negative influence on the planet's climate. Thin high-altitude cirrus clouds, which are obtained from modified aircraft trails, prevent the passage of sunlight and, as a result, lower the temperature of the planet, unlike ordinary cirrus clouds, which are able to retain the heat of the earth.
Rocket exhaust trail.
Air currents in high layers of the atmosphere deform the contrails of space rockets, and particles of exhaust gases refract sunlight and paint the contrails in all the colors of the rainbow. Huge multi-colored curls stretch for several kilometers across the sky before evaporating.
Polarization.
Polarization is orientation electromagnetic vibrations light wave in space. Light polarization occurs when light strikes a surface at a certain angle, is reflected, and becomes polarized. Polarized light also travels freely in space, like ordinary sunlight, but human eye, as a rule, is not able to capture the change in color shades as a result of the increased polarization effect. This image, taken with a wide-angle lens and a polarizing filter, shows the intense blue color the electromagnetic charge gives to the sky. We can only see such a sky through a camera filter.
Star trail.
The “star trail”, invisible to the naked eye, can be captured on a camera. This photo was taken at night, using the camera mounted on a tripod, with the lens aperture wide open and a shutter speed of over an hour. The photograph shows the “movement” of the starry sky - the natural change in the position of the Earth as a result of rotation causes the stars to “move”. The only fixed star is Polaris, which points to the astronomical North Pole.
Twilight rays.
Crepuscular rays are diverging beams of sunlight that become visible due to their illumination of dust in the high layers of the atmosphere. The shadows of the clouds form dark stripes, and rays spread between them. This effect occurs when the Sun is low on the horizon before sunset or after dawn.
Mirage.
The optical effect caused by the refraction of light when passing through layers of air of different densities is expressed in the appearance of a deceptive image - a mirage. Mirages can be observed in hot climates, especially in deserts. The smooth surface of the sand in the distance looks like an open source of water, especially when viewed in the distance from a dune or hill. A similar illusion occurs in the city on a hot day, on the asphalt heated by the rays of the sun. In fact, the “water surface” is nothing more than a reflection of the sky. Sometimes mirages show entire objects located at a great distance from the observer.
Pillars of light.
Flat ice crystals reflect light upper layers atmosphere and form vertical columns of light, as if emerging from the earth's surface. Light sources can be the Moon, the Sun or artificial lights.
And this is a phenomenon that the inhabitants of the island of Madeira, which Atlantic Ocean, observed once, defies any classification.
When you look at a rainbow, it enchants with its amazing, mysterious appearance. A multi-colored bridge along the sky seems fantastic, unreal, making you believe in a fairy tale. Looking at this miracle of nature, which always appears suddenly, we freeze in silent admiration.
This is interesting a natural phenomenon not very often seen in the sky. It occurs when it rains and the sun shines at the same time. In this case, you need to stand with your back to the sun and your face to the rain.
A rainbow can also be seen in a drop of water when the sun shines on it at a certain angle. This beautiful phenomenon can be recreated. The easiest way to get a rainbow is with sunlight. To carry out the experiment you will need the following items: a container of water, a sheet of white paper, a mirror, a flashlight. The refraction of light in water breaks it up into colors and reflects them on a white sheet. As a result, we observe a spectrum - bands of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. There are only seven of them and they are called the main ones. In reality, they are replaced by thousands of shades, they are continuous and smoothly transition from one to another.
You can make a rainbow without using sunlight, that is, in the dark. But then the color spectrum looks less bright. To demonstrate the appearance of a rainbow, it is enough to limit yourself to one object - a CD. In this case, even water is not required. If you change the angle of the CD, very beautiful effects arise. You can get either a rainbow stripe or a whole circle.
Essay-reasoning about a rainbow
It is loving and fun to look at a rainbow. When gloomy, stormy weather gives way to sunny weather, and a bright multi-colored bridge appears before your eyes, both young and old rejoice. It’s not for nothing that in Ukrainian the rainbow is called “veselka”. Sometimes you can notice two or more multi-colored arcs that are observed against the background of a cloud if it is located opposite the sun. At the same time, we see red color with outside rainbow, and purple - from the inner.
The image of the rainbow is widely reflected in oral folk art, literature, poetry and painting. Many songs, poems, riddles and proverbs are dedicated to this delightful optical phenomenon. And how much is connected with him folk signs and superstitions! Here are just a few of them, the most favorable and promising. Whoever passes under the rainbow, his life will renew its colors, become brighter, more saturated. A rainbow resting its ends on the ground indicates places where there will be a good harvest or hidden treasures - a “pot of gold.” The water from which the multi-colored semicircle “grows” has healing properties. She will give a long-awaited child to a woman who was considered infertile, and recovery to a seriously ill person. A person who sees a rainbow in winter will certainly be very happy, since luck will accompany him in all his endeavors.
Not only in Ancient Egypt, but also among the ancient Aryans-Proto-Slavs the sun god was called Ra. According to legend, he carried the sun to the vault of heaven on his chariot. Perhaps this is where the name of the rainbow came from - the arc of the god Ra. In many cultures, this phenomenon serves as a symbol of transfiguration, heavenly glory, the throne of God, the border between worlds. According to the Bible, this bridge between heaven and earth was created by God as a sign of God's promise to never again send a flood to people, as well as a symbol of forgiveness for humanity.
In a modern city, it is quite rare to encounter a seven-colored celestial path on your way. So let's believe in the joy and beauty given by nature itself - in the rainbow! If you are lucky enough to witness this amazing spectacle, rejoice at it with all your heart and admire it to your heart's content.
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