And the morphologists of this structure are called organelum and equilibrium (Organum Vestibulo-Cochleare). It allocate three departments:
- outdoor ear (outdoor hearing pass, ears with muscles and ligaments);
- the middle ear (drum cavity, depudent appendages, hearing trumpet)
- (The membrane labyrinth located in the bone maze inside the bone pyramid).
1. The outer ear concentrates sound oscillations and directs them into the outer hearing aid.
2. In the auditory canal conducts sound oscillations for the eardrum
3. The eardrum is a membrane that vibrates under sound action.
4. The hammer is attached to the center with its handle drumpatch With the help of ligaments, and its head is connected to anvil (5), which, in turn, is attached to the stirrups (6).
Tiny muscles contribute to the transmission of sound, adjusting the movement of these bones.
7. Evstachiev (or auditory) pipe connects the middle ear with the nasopharynk. When the surrounding air pressure changes, the pressure on both sides of the eardrum aligns through the hearing tube.
The kortyov organ consists of a series of sensitive cells equipped with cells (12), which cover the basilar membrane (13). Sound waves Calculated by hair cells and are converted into electrical impulses. Next, these electrical impulses are transmitted by a rumor nerve (11) in the head. The auditory nerve consists of thousands of finest nerve fibers. Each fiber begins from a certain section of the snail and transmits a certain sound frequency. Low-frequency sounds are transmitted by fibers emanating from the top of the snail (14), and high-frequency - on fibers associated with its base. Thus, the function of the inner ear is the transformation of mechanical oscillations to electrical, since the brain can only perceive electrical signals.
Outdoor Ear He is a sounding apparatus. The outer hearing pass holds sound oscillations to the eardrum. The eardrum separating the outdoor ear from the drum cavity, or the middle ear, is a thin (0.1 mm) partition, having a shape directed inside the funnel. The membrane fluctuates in the action of sound oscillations that came to it through the outer hearing pass.
Sound oscillations are travded with ear sinks (animals can turn to the sound source) and are transmitted according to the outer auditory passage to the eardrum, which separates the outdoor ear from the average. Calming the sound and the whole process of hearing with two ears - the so-called binaural hearing - it matters to determine the direction of the sound. Sound oscillations running on the side reach the nearest ear for several ten-thousand fractions of a second (0.0006 c) earlier than to another. This insignificant difference in the time of arrival of sound to both ears is enough to determine his direction.
Middle ear It is a sound hardware. It is an air cavity, which through an auditory (Eustachiev) pipe is connected to the cavity of the nasopharynx. Outbursions from the eardrum through the middle ear transmitted with each other 3 auditory bones - hammer, anvil and stirred, and the last vibration of a liquid in the inner ear transmits these fluctuations in the inner ear, - perilimph.
Thanks to the peculiarities of geometry hearing bones The shirling is transmitted by oscillations of the eardrum of reduced amplitude, but increased force. In addition, the surface ispidden is 22 times less than the eardrum, which increases its pressure on the membrane of the oval window in the same time. As a result, even weak sound waves acting on the eardrum are capable of overcome the resistance of the membrane of the oval window of the runway and lead to fluctuations in the liquid in the snail.
With strong sounds, special muscles reduce the mobility of the eardrum and auditory bones, adapting the hearing apparatus to such changes in the stimulus and preventing interior Ear from destruction.
Due to the connection through the hearing tube of the middle ear with the cavity of the nasopharynx, the possibility of equalizing the pressure on both sides of the eardrum, which prevents its gap with significant changes in pressure in external environment - when diving under water, lins to height, shots, etc. This is the borofunction of the ear.
In the middle ear there are two muscles: a straining eardrum and dying. The first of them, shrinking, enhances the tension of the eardrum and thereby limits its oscillations to the amplitude at strong sounds, and the second fixes the swollenly and thereby limits its movement. The reflex reduction of these muscles occurs after 10 ms after the start of a strong sound and depends on its amplitude. This inner ear is automatically protected from overloads. At instantaneous strong irritation (strikes, explosions, etc.) this protective mechanism Do not have time to work, which can lead to hearing impairment (for example, explosives and artilleryrs).
Interior Ear He is a sound permissive device. It is located in the pyramid of the temporal bone and contains a snail, which in a person forms 2.5 spiral turns. The ulital channel is divided into two partitions of the main membrane and the vestibular membrane for 3 narrow moves: the top (vestibular staircase), the middle (membered channel) and the lower (drum staircase). On the top of the snail there is a hole connecting the upper and lower channels into a single, from the oval window to the top of the snail and then to the round window. The cavity is filled with a liquid - peri-lymona, and the cavity of the mid-connecting channel is filled with a liquid of another composition - endolymph. In the middle of the channel, there is a sound-visible apparatus-cortiyev organ in which there are mechanoreceptors of sound oscillations - hairs cells.
The main way to deliver sounds to the ear is air. The sound of the drum blade was rumped out, and then through a chain of hearing bones of oscillations are transmitted to oval window. At the same time, the fluctuations in the air of the drum cavity, which are transmitted to the membrane of the circular window.
Another way to deliver sounds to snail is tissue or bone conductivity . In this case, the sound directly acts on the surface of the skull, causing its oscillations. Bone Sound Transmission Path acquires great importanceIf the vibrating item (for example, the pedalone's leg) comes into contact with the skull, as well as with diseases of the middle ear system, when the transmission of sounds violates through the chain of the hearing bones. Besides airway, Sound waves exist fabric, or bone, path.
Under the influence of aerial sound oscillations, as well as in contact with the vibrators (for example, bone telephone or bone tune), with the cover of the bone of the skull come to oscillation (the bone maze begins to fluctuate). Based on the latest data (bekesy - bekesy, etc.), it can be assumed that the sounds spreading through the bones of the skull, only in the event excite the Cortis organ if they, similarly to air waves, cause the definite portion of the main membrane.
The ability of the bones of the skull to spend the sound explains why his person himself, recorded on the tape recorder, seems to be a record when playing a record, while others easily recognize. The fact is that the tape recorder reproduces your voice is not completely. Usually, talking, you hear not only those sounds that your interlocutors are heard (that is, those sounds that are perceived through air-fluid conductivity), but also those low-frequency sounds whose conductor is the bones of your skull. However, listening to the tape recorder of your own voice, you only hear what could be recorded - sounds, the conductor of which is air.
Binaural hearing . Man and animals have spatial hearing, i.e. the ability to determine the position of the sound source in space. This property is based on the presence of binaural hearing, or hearing with two ears. It is important for it and the presence of two symmetric half at all levels. The severity of binaural hearing in humans is very high: the position of the sound source is determined with an accuracy of 1 angular degree. The basis of this is the ability of neurons. hearing system Evaluate the interaural (intertpete) differences in the time of sound coming on the right and left ear And the intensity of the sound on each ear. If the sound source is located away from midline Heads, sound wave comes to one ear slightly earlier and has a greater force than on the other ear. Evaluation of the remoteness of the sound source from the body is associated with the weakening of the sound and the change in its timbre.
With a separate stimulation of the right and left ear through the headphones, the delay between the sounds is already in 11 μs or the difference in the intensity of two sounds of 1 dB lead to the seeming shift of the localization of the sound source from the midline towards an earlier or stronger sound. In the auditory centers there is with acute setting to a certain range of interaural differences in time and intensity. Also found cells that react only to a certain direction of the sound of the sound source in space.
The ear consists of three departments: outdoor, medium and internal. Outdoor and secondary ear conduct sound oscillations to the inner ear and are a sound-conducting device. The inner ear forms an organ of hearing and equilibrium.
Outdoor Ear It consists of ear shells, an outdoor auditory passage and eardrum, which are intended for trapping, conducting sound oscillations to the middle ear.
Auricle Consists of elastic chipper covered with skin. Crying is not only in the ear of the ear. The free edge of the shell is wrapped, and is called curls, and in parallel it is located the opposition. W. front edge The ear shells are distinguished by the ledge - the goselves, and the rear of it is the opposite.
External hearing aisle It is a short S-shaped curved channel with a length of 35-36 mm. It consists of a cartilage part (1/3 of length) and bone (remaining 2/3 of length). The cartilage part goes into the bone at an angle. Therefore, when examining an auditory passage, it must be straightened.
The outer hearing pass is lined with leather containing saline and sulfur glands that distinguish between sulfur. The passage ends with a drumpoint.
Drumpatch -this is a thin translucent oval plate, which is located on the border of the outdoor and middle ear. It stands as a space in relation to the axis of the external auditory passage. Outside, the drum blade is covered with skin, and inside with a mucous membrane.
Middle ear Includes drum cavity and auditory (Eustachiev) pipe.
Drum cavity Located in the thickness of the pyramid of the temporal bone and is a small space of a cuboid form, about 1 cm 3.
From the inside the drum cavity is lined with mucous membrane and filled with air. It has 3 auditory bones; Hammer, anvil and rapidly, ligaments and muscles. All bones are interconnected by means of joint and covered with mucous membrane.
The hammer is combed with a drumpoint with their handle, and the head is connected to the anvil, which, in turn, is movably connected to the sidewall.
The value of the auditory seeds is to transmit sound waves from the drum membrane to the inner ear.
The drum cavity has 6 walls:
1. Upper The coat wall separates the drum cavity from the skull cavity;
2. Nizhny The jugular wall separates the cavity from the outer base of the skull;
3. Front Sleepy separated the cavity OT. sleepy Canal;
4. Rear bedside wall separates the drum cavity from the maternity process
5. Lateral wall - This is the drum membrane
6. Medial wall Separate the middle ear from the inner ear. It has 2 holes:
- oval - The running window is covered with a sword.
- Round - Snail window, covered with a secondary eardrum.
The drum cavity with the help of the hearing tube is communicated with the nasooplot.
Hearing trumpet - This is a narrow channel with a length of about 35 mm, 2 mm width. Consists of cartilage and bone pieces.
The auditory tube is lined with fiscal epithelium. It serves to enter the air from the pharynx in the drum cavity and maintains pressure in the cavity, the same with external, which is very important for normal work Suitable apparatus. Through the hearing tube can be transferred from the nasal cavity in the middle ear.
The inflammation of the hearing pipe is called evstachitis.
Interior Earlocated in the thickness of the pyramid of the temporal bone and separated from the drum cavity by its medial wall. It includes a bone labyrinth and an interflowed labyrinth inserted into it.
Bone labyrinth It is a system of cavities and consists of 3 departments: the run-up, snails and semicircular channels.
Spell- This is the cavity of small size and irregular shape, which occupies the central position. It communicates with the drum cavity with the help of an oval and round hole. In addition, there are 5 fine holes on the eve of which it communicates with snail and semicircular channels.
Snail It is an emergency spiral channel that forms 2.5 turns around the snail axis and ends blindly. Snail axis lies horizontally and called the bone rod snail. A bone spiral plate is wrapped around the rod.
Semicircular canals - represented by 3 arcuate tubes lying in three mutually perpendicular planes: sagittal, frontal, horizontal.
Meat Labyrinth - It is located inside the bone, in shape resembles it, but has a smaller size. The wall of the connecting labyrinth consists of a thin connective tissue plate covered flat epithelium. Between the bone and connecting labyrinth there is a space filled with liquid - perilimfoy. The membrane maze itself is filled endolimfoy And it is a closed system of cavities and channels.
Inverting the labyrinth, elliptical and spherical bags, three semicircular ducts and snail ducts are isolated.
Elliptical bag five holes are reported to a semicircular duct, and spherical - With a snellest duct.
On the internal surface spherical and elliptic bags (Match) and semicircular ducts have hairs (sensitive) cells coated with a jelly-like substance. These cells perceive the oscillations of endolymph while driving, turning, head slopes. Irritation of these cells is transmitted to the final part of the VIII pair of CHMN, and then to the kernels oblong brain and cerebellum, then in the cortex department, i.e. in temporal share Big brain.
On a surface sensitive cells located a large number of Crystal formations consisting of calcium carbonate (Ca). These formations are called otoliths. They are involved in the excitation of hairsdown cells. When changing the position of the head, the pressure of the ololytes on receptor cells changes, which causes their excitement. Hair sensitive cells (vestibular vegetables), spherical, elliptical bags (or amateur) and three semicircular ducts make up vestibular (Otolyte) apparatus.
Snail Dash It has triangular shape and is formed by vestibular and basic (basilar) membrane.
On the walls of the snail duct, namely, on the basilar membrane, there are receptor hazel cells (hearing cells with cilias), whose oscillations are transmitted to the snippered part of the VIII pair of CHMN, and then on this nerve, the impulses reach a hearing center in the temporal share.
In addition to the hair cells on the walls of the snelled duct are sensory (receptor) and support (support) cells that perceive perilimph oscillations. Cells on the wall of the snellest duct form a hearing spiral body (Cortis organ).
There are quite a lot of diseases that sign about their development in the ears. To determine which particular disease struck the hearing body, you need to understand how a person's ear is arranged.
Scheme of auditory body
First of all, let's see what the ear is. This is a huumow-test pair body, performing only 2 functions: the perception of sound impulses and responsibility for the position human body In space, as well as for holding equilibrium. If you inside a person's ear, the structure implies the presence of 3 parts:
- outdoor (external);
- average;
- internal.
Each of them has its own equally intricate device. Connecting, they are a long tube penetrating into the depths of the head. Consider the structure and functions of the ear in more detail (it is best to demonstrate the human ear diagram).
What is an outdoor ear
The structure of the human ear (external part) is represented by 2 components:
- sink ear;
- external ear passage.
The sink is elastic cartilage, which entirely covers the skin. It has a complex shape. In the lower segment there is a mole - this is a small skin fold, filled in a fatty layer. By the way, it is the outer part that has the highest sensitivity to various kinds of injury. For example, at the fighters in the ring, it often has a very far from the primordial form.
The ear sink serves as a peculiar receiver for the waves of sound, which, falling into it, penetrate into the hearing body. Since it has a folded structure, the sound enters the passage with insignificant distortions. The degree of error depends, in particular, from where the sound comes from. Its location is horizontal or vertical.
It turns out that more accurate information data on where the sound source is located in the brain. So, it can be argued that the main feature of the sink is to catch the sounds that should come in human Ear.
If you look a little deeper, you can see that the sink prolongs the cartilage of an external aisle. Its length is 25-30 mm. Next, the zone of cartilage is replaced by bone. The outside ear fully widespread skin coveringwhich contains glands 2 types:
- sulfur
- shan.
The external ear, the device of which we have already described, is separated from the middle part of the hearing body by means of the membrane (it is also called the eardrum).
How is the middle ear
If we consider the middle ear, the anatomy is lies in:
- cavity drum;
- pipe Eustachieva;
- culture cottage.
All of them are interrelated. The drum cavity is an outlined space of the membrane and the area of \u200b\u200bthe inner ear. The place of its location is temporal bone. The ear structure here looks like this: in the front part there is an union of the cavity of the rolling with a nasopharynk (the function of the connector is performed by the pipe of Evstachiev), and in its rear part - with a depository process by entering its cavity. In the drum cavity there is air, which in the Eustachius pipe falls there.
The anatomy of human ear (child) up to 3 years has a significant difference from how an adult ear is arranged. The kids have no bone passage, and it did not grow up the back-shaped process. Children's secondary ear is represented by only one bone ring. Its inner region has the shape of a groove. It is just a drum membrane. IN upper zones The middle ear (where there is no one rings) the membrane is connected to the lower edge of the scales of the beam.
When the kid reaches 3 years of age, the formation of its ear passage is completed - the structure of the ear becomes the same as in adults.
Anatomical Features of the Interior Department
The inner ear is the most difficult department. Anatomy in this part is very complicated, so she was given the second name - "Meat Labyrinth of Ear." It is located in the stony zone of temporal bone. To the middle ear implies windows - round and oval. Comprises:
- thread;
- snails with a Cortium Organ;
- semicircular channels (filled with liquid).
In addition, the inner ear, the structure of which involves the presence of a vestibular system (apparatus), is responsible for the permanent holding of the body in a state of equilibrium, as well as for the possibility of accelerating in space. Fluctuations arising in oval windoware transmitted to that fluid that fills the semicircular channels. The latter serves as an irritant for receptors located in the snail, and this is already the reason for the launch of nerve impulses.
It should be noted that the vestibular apparatus has receptors in the form of hairs (stereocilium and cocylony), which are on special elevations - Makulach. These hairs are alone opposite others. Looking, stereociles provoke the occurrence of excitement, and the cinema helps braking.
Let's summarize
In order to more accurately imagine the structure of the human ear, the diagram of the hearing body should be before the eyes. It is usually depicted a detailed device of human ear.
Obviously, the human ear is a rather complex system consisting of many different formations, and each of them performs a number of the most important and indeed indispensable functions. Ear scheme demonstrates it clearly.
Regarding the device of the outer part of the ear, it should be noted that each person has individual, due to genetics, features that in no way affect the main function of the hearing body.
Ears need regular hygienic care. If you neglect this necessity, you can partially or completely lose the ear. Also, the lack of hygiene is able to lead to the development of diseases affecting all parts of the ear.
The ear is a complex man and animal organ, thanks to which the perception of sound oscillations and the transfer of them to the main nerve center brain. Also, the ear fulfills the equilibrium holding function.
As everyone knows, the human ear is a pair body located in the thickness of the temple bone of the skull. Outside the ear is limited to the ear shell. It is a direct receiver and conductor of all sounds.
The auditory apparatus of a person can perceive sound oscillations whose frequency exceeds 16 hertz. The maximum threshold of the ear sensitivity is 20,000 Hz.
The structure of the ear of man
Part humorcraft The person includes:
- Outdoor
- middle part
- Interior
In order to figure out the functions performed by those or other component parts, It is necessary to know the structure of each of them. Enough complex mechanisms Transmission of sounds allow a person to hear sounds in the form in which they come from outside.
- Inner ear. It is the most difficult part of Humorcraft. The anatomy of the inner ear is quite complicated, so it is often called a refilled labyrinth. It is also located in the temporal bone, or rather, in its stony part.
The inner ear is connected with an average of oval and round windows. The composition of the web-changing labyrinth includes the run-up, snail as well as semicircular channels filled with two types of liquid: endolymph and perilimph. Also in the inner ear is the vestibular system responsible for the balance of man, and its ability to accelerate in space. The oscillations that occur in the oval window are moving to the liquid. With the help of it, the receptors are irritated in the snail, which leads to the formation of nerve impulses.
The vestibular device contains receptors that are located on Crysta channels. They are two types: in the form of a cylinder and flasks. The hairs are opposite each other. Stereocilence during the displacement cause excitement, and cinema, on the contrary, contribute to braking.
For a more accurate understanding of the topic, we bring to your attention a photo of the structure of the structure of the human ear, which presents a complete anatomy of the human ear:
As you see, the auditory apparatus of a person is enough complex system All sorts of formations that perform a number of important, indispensable functions. As for the structure of the external part of the ear, each person may have individual characteristics that do not harm the main function.
Caring for the auditory is an integral part of human hygiene, since as a result functional disorders It is possible to loss of hearing, as well as other diseases associated with outdoor, middle or inner ear.
On studies of scientists, a person is more difficult to transfer loss of vision, rather than hearing loss, because it loses the possibility of communication with environmental, that is, becomes isolated.
The structure of the human ear has several departments, each of which performs its functions. The quality of perception of the ears of external sound oscillations depends on the coordinated work of all components. Hearing its characteristics of the structure of the most famous composers, singers and dancers.
Part of my talent they are obliged to exactly this organ, ear. And any violations of the work of the ear cause diseases that heavy cases lead to loss of hearing. Therefore, elementary knowledge in the structure of the ear, ear cavity, ear channels should have everything to know what consequences can be if carelessly treat your health.
Features of the structure of the outdoor ear
The complex vestibular hearing body - the human ear - not only can capture all sorts of sound oscillations (from twenty meters and up to two centimeters), but also holds the body in a state of equilibrium.
Sound getting in ear shell, passes a kind of ear canal, eliminated sulfur and silent glaresand encounter on the eardrum. She begins to vibrate and transmit a sound wave further into the middle ear.
It can be concluded that the sound is first carried out through the ear, and then perceived. These processes are engaged in all major functional composite hearing organs.
The outdoor ear is an ear shell and a hearing pass. This body ends with a drumpot. It overlaps the canal and catches sound waves. Nature has provided a special form of the body, which first captures the sound, and made it in the form of a funnel. Inside the channel, according to which the sound is promoted, have special glands. They perform the function of the synthesis of sulfur and skin saline. They were so called - sulfur and greasy.
Often, the surplus of sulfur accumulates in the web-shit-cartilage department and it closes the passage, bringing discomfort. But no sulfur in the human ear can get water, dirt, pathogenic bacteria, fungus. therefore acosite reaction And the fat of these glands is simply necessary as antiseptics.
Elevated serovka and a very narrow hearing pass can lead to the formation of clusters, which sometimes have to be removed in the medical institution to resume sound perception. After all, this product, closely approaching the eardrum, can cause inflammation of the middle ear.
Functions of the middle ear
In the thickness of the temporal bone there are aircraft cavities. There is a hearing tube, a drum cavity, a mastoid process and bone cells. These organs contribute to the capture of height and voice timbre. Even the most minor oscillations are perceived and acode in the middle ear.
In the cavity between the drummeal and the beginning of the inner ear, the space filled with air is located. It reminds the form of a prism. It has three main bones, as the scheme shows:
- hammer;
- okovanyanka;
- stapes.
They are moving due to the joints and the smallest muscles in the body, which are interconnected. The main function is the amplification of the sound wave, which is running on the resistance of the membrane, and the transfer of oscillations to the inner ear whose cavity is filled with liquid. To hold sound in the drum cavity, a certain air pressure is necessary. Such a function is performed by the Eustachius pipe, which is connected by one end with a nasopharynk.
At the bottom of this authority there are mobile cilia. They move towards the nasophaling. When a person swallows food or yawns, the air falls precisely into this cavity, while creating the necessary pressure.
The acoustic property of the middle ear is improving due to the maternity process.
Labyrinths of the inner ear
No wonder this department of a human auditory apparatus has such a name. After all, in the form, it is very similar to the twisted labyrinth or snail house, the length of which is about 32 centimeters. This is the only cavity in the ear filled with lymphatic liquid.
The main role from all components of the inner ear (intense, snail and semicircular channels) in the perception of sound waves is the snail. Vibration from the eardrum, which captures and transfers rapidly, falls on the membrane being in anticipation. At the same time, the liquid inside the evidence begins to make fluctuations. They go towards the actual hearing body. It is called a cortiyev or spiral department.
Here, the vibration of the lymphatic fluid turns into an electrical pulse. Then this nerves signal is transferred to the brain. Sound waves must pass pressure through the liquid. And this is not so easy. Therefore, the disfiguration window membrane has a flexible form. She protrudes, creating returns.
The snail labyrinth is wrapped not only outside, but also with inner It has the same form. It turns out a labyrinth in the maze. Between the walls of the outdoor is perilimph, and in inner layer - Endolimf. The composition of fluid data ions has a difference. This feature is also at the heart of the formation of potential difference. It is 0.16 W. Low pulses are forced nerve cells Get excited and transmit a sound wave.
Nervous or hair cortis organs obtained their name due to multiple hair, which are about twenty thousand. They are different from them. Those who are closer to the base are short and have a resonant frequency of about 20 Hz. And the longest are on the top of the spiral with a frequency of 16 Hz. Here and lies the secret of perception different people A variety of frequencies. These hairs can die, like everyone else, then a person stops perceiving certain frequencies.
Hair cells from which the nerve fibers (about ten thousand) are consisting, woven and form a hearing nerve. On it, the impulses are transmitted to temple Department cortex brain. Low frequency sounds penetrate from the top of the snail, and high - from the base.
It can be concluded that the main function internal ear performs by transferring mechanical oscillation into electric. After all, only this species Impulses will perceive the brain bark.
The correctness and quality of sound information directly depends on anatomical features The structure of the hearing body.
Each person, carefully related to his health, can for a long time to extend the excellent perception of sounds and paints of the surrounding world.
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