Instead of preface. So, we all know from childhood that women will be pregnant from sperm getting into their body. Moreover, the carriers of men's genetic information are spermatozoa, which ripen in the testicles. It is known world biological science 300 years old. I must say that in the volume of spermatozoa in the ejaculate is not so much. When in laboratory conditions Cum is centrifuged and spermatozoa falls into the sediment, their volume is percentage of 5 from the entire volume of sperm. The rest is the secret of seed bubbles, prostatic gland, Bulgoboretral glands. There is a mass of highly and low molecular weight substances that provide spermatozoa normal conditions of existence, energy sources, protection against the acidic environment of the vagina and from the immunological attack of the female organism, substances for ripening and fitness to fertilization.
Part one. Sperm Life B. male organism.
Spermatozoa matures 72 - 74 days. The first stages are numerous divisions (initially mitosis, then 2 divisions of Maizo) in the tubers of the egg. Thus, the male sex cell, called at this stage of development of the sperm, is obtained by a half-set chromosome characteristic. And, in principle, suitable for fertilization, if someone (embryologist, for example) makes it penetrate the egg. To conceive what happened natural wayMen's sexal cell must have 3 properties. First, the ability to get to the egg, secondly, to penetrate the shells of the egg and, with all the fact that the invaluable father's genetic material is safely and preserved. All these properties of sperm are acquired when passing through the appendage of eggs. They grow the tail, the engine apparatus is formed, the head decreases, the head cap ripens - an acrosoma with a set of enzymes to corrupt the egg shells, the DNA for preservation in a foreign one women's body. Mature spermatozoa is obtained. However, in the appendage of eggs, they live quietly, like mice: almost do not move, breathe little, they protect themselves before entering a woman. If the spermatozoa is enhanced too long in the male body, they will be made up and will be unsuitable for fertilization.
Practical conclusions:
Spermatozoa ripens long - 2.5 months, so when planning pregnancy it is necessary to exclude harmful effects (antibiotics, cytostatics, anti-inflammatory drugs, production harm) in advance.
According to most scientists, the quantitative and qualitative composition of spermatozoa is optimal for conception, it turns out in sexual life every two days. Therefore, with the irregular sexual life of the spouses (because of traveling for 2 weeks and more, for example), the probability of conception decreases. However, in our experience and according to the literature, the variability of ejaculate indicators is very large. W. different men The number of spermatozoa differs in tens of times, in the same man concentration, mobility, sperm morphology may vary 2-3 times depending on the period of sexual abstinence, the intensity of the physical or emotional load.
Here I would also like to distract from the main narration on the problem of "deterioration" of sperm quality over the past 50 years. Such facts often lead both special and popular literature. I think that everything is not so bad. How do we know about the composition of sperm 50 years ago? From archives of sperm banks. However, 2 "but" arise here. The first: what was the period of sexual abstinence upon passing sperm. Often 4-5 days, it is these deadlines that reference books on andrology or laboratory diagnostics previous years. And now WHO recommends abstinence when laboratory study Cum 2-3 days. What is the difference between the ejaculats after abstaining in 2 or 5 days the author of these lines is observed under the microscope every day (with a larger period of sexual abstinence, the number of spermatozoa is growing, but their mobility and morphology deteriorates). The second "but". And who walks to give sperm to the sperm bank? Men are sexually liberated, with a strong sexual constitution (not everyone likes to masturbate into the bank) and besides selected medical Commission. That is, who, who has a lot of spermatozoa, was not quite enough according to the standards of those years, even with the presence of children, they simply did not fall into a sperm bank, and, accordingly, research on the study male fertility (fertility, it means) past years.
And actually why in ejaculate dozens and hundreds of millions of spermatozoa, if for fertilization of sufficient one - often ask us the question. See Part 2.
Part two. Survatozoa life in the female organism.
Sperm convened, proceed to active movement and, accordingly, metabolism from contact with a sperm plasma, which occurs at the time of ejaculation. To meet with an egg, the spermatozoa will go through the way through the cervical channel, the uterus cavity and most Pump tube. This advancement largely contributes to the reduction of the smooth muscles of the female genital tract. Moving deep into the female organism and less in contact with the sperm plasma, the spermatozoa is beginning to prepare for possible fertilization.
Changes are occur on the surfaces of their head, the tails are beginning to be overcome, which contributes to the further recognition of the egg and penetration into it - the so-called café (from the English. SAP - cap). Capacation is only the first step of readiness of spermatozoa. The second step of readiness for fertilization will include further ultrastructural and biochemical changes either the surface of the sperm head (fusion of the plasma membrane with an outer acrosomal membrane, the formation of hybrid membrane bubbles, loss of an acrosomal cap). These changes are called acrosomous reaction. After it passes, the spermatozoa is fully suitable for fertilization, hemotaxis is shown to the egg (learned by smell) and are able to destroy her shell. The absence of the ability to pass the acrose -omous reaction of sperm, even with all other normal parameters of the spermogram is a factor in infertility. The classical example is infertility due to the intake of antigendenzive drugs of the nifedipine group. Acting on the mechanism of blockers calcium canalsThese drugs prevent the passage of acrosomous reaction with sperm, making their consumers temporarily fruitless.
However, if Capacitating spermatozoa can be compared with a semi-finished product, quite a long time suitable for use, then after passing the acrosomous sperm reaction of the act of all 2 to 3 hours. And if during this time they do not meet an egg (which, by the way, lives 2 days after leaving the ovary) then they disappear irretrievably. Fortunately for the preservation of the human race, the second stage of the spermatozoa ripening occurs not with all the cells immediately, but it is spontaneously with one, then with others (as atoms of radioactive elements are not disintegrated immediately). Ripened egg cell is an acrosomal reaction inductor.
The egg is surrounded by a set of spermatozoa and together lying her shells with their acrosomal enzymes: hyaluronidase, acrosin, etc. (by the way, the drug lidase, used for Lysis scars made from the bulls seed ...). As soon as one spermatozoa penetrates the egg, the polyspermia block is formed - we do not need children with a triple and more chromosomes. The most fast barrier to the penetration of additional spermatozoa is ensured electrical changes In the membrane of the egg cell, a little later - chemical and structural.
The core of the spermatozoa and egg cells, are now called male and female priducleus, respectively, bringing closer, drained and begin to crush. The push to the crushing of the zygotes gives some protein spermatozoids on the surface.
Dreaming zygota for 7-8 days descends into the uterine cavity and attached to it (implantation, conception, conception). From this point on, tests for pregnancy are used effectively.
Practical conclusions:
So, spermatozoids need a lot, because: not all of them reach the uterine tube, not everyone ripen immediately a large number of Spermatozoa is involved in the lysis of egg shells.
Sperm cells can live in a female body and keep fertilizing ability for several days. Therefore, the day of conception and the day of fertilization may not coincide.
In some cases, with a laboratory examination of sperm, all indicators may be close to normal, and the man is still fruitless due to invisible fine biochemical disorders.
Sperm in seminal fluid moves independently. However, it is not known how they behave, hitting the women's genital paths: whether movement is constantly or sometimes stopped; Whether substances needed to restore the energy-saved energy from the medium products in which they live, or together with seed fluid are obtained. But since we know that the inkubator is kept in the body temperature and the sperm-protected spermatozoa remain alive for more than 8 days and during this period are in constant movement, it can be assumed that they retain their mobility for the entire time of presence in the female sex paths .
The life expectancy of spermatozoa in the body is determined by researchers in different ways. Some authors believe that it is 24-36 hours, others - 8-14 days.
Under the microscope, the speed of movement of the sperm is approximately 3 mm per minute, i.e., in a second, it moves to the length of his body. When moving, a lot of energy is consumed, as the spermatozoid is forced to overcome obstacles and move against the flow. And since flickering cilia women uterine pipes Specify the direction of this flow, the spermatozoa is always moved towards the ovary. The capillary nature of this flow, naturally, reduces their speed. It is believed that in the spermatozoa uterus in 3 minutes pass 1-1.5 cm, i.e., in order to get out of the seed mass, to get into the uterine zev and from there to climb the uterine cavity, the spermatozoa must be approximately 1.5-3 hours. A few hours later, they can be found in the side of the fallopian tube, where they are connected to the egg. Only one spermatozoa penetrates into the egg, his head is merged with the core, and this is a merger, in essence, and there is fertilization.
If these calculations are considered correct, the fertilization occurs no earlier than 8 hours after sexual intercourse. The question arises: after what period of time, fertilization cannot occur if, of course, there was no re-copulation? The answer is not a lung. But the results of observations give reason to believe that this gap can be very long. It is possible that the sperm can fertilize the egg even 8-10 days after the copulation. Some researchers believe that in case the sexual act took place before menstruation, spermatozoa can survive in the pipe and fertilize the egg already in after menstrual period. Unconditionally discarding this hypothesis can not, especially if we are talking about early ovulation. Currently, it is believed that spermatozoa can remain movable in the cervical mucus or a pipe of 7-8 days, but their fertilizing ability remains approximately 24 hours.
What is happening with sperm, which did not get into the egg? After all, the egg cell can take only one spermatozoa and then closes for everyone else. And since each collapsed in the vagina receives 200-5 million spermatozoa, it is clear that the inconspicuous number of them dies. Part of the spermatozoa leaves the vagina along with the sperm, which flows out of it. The remaining, also significant, part quickly dies into the vagina under the influence of high acidity vaginal discharge. Sperm cells can only live with moderate acidity, which happens to the vagina at certain moments, as well as in a weak alkaline medium of sperm, uterine mucus, pipe fluid.
The dead spermatozoa decompose. Their remnants flow from the vagina or removed by washing. On the other hand, their decay products, as well as other substances contained in sperm, are absorbed by the vaginal wall and enter the body.
The insignificant part of sperm enters the uterus and moves to the pipes, but most of them dies along the way. Since the susceptibility of the mucous membrane of the uterus to the spree products of sperm is greater than that of vaginal walls, some spermatozoa penetrate directly into this shell. They were found there between the cells at all decay stages, and it is clear that in such a state they are even better absorbed and the juices of the body are replenished.
Ultimately, a very small number of spermatozoa gets to uterine pipes. And there they are all except for one, which, fertilizes the egg, die. However, no one noted their presence in the mucous membrane of pipes. Probably, the remnants of dead spermatozoa are made by the capillary stream in the uterus.
Some spermatozoa capable of resisting longer and possess the greatest mobility, sometimes reach the abdominal cavity.
As shown experiments with sperm in abdominal cavity, there spermatozoids are devouring phagocytes (white blood tales), providing the body's protection, digested and disappear about twenty-twenties.
How many spermatozoa live? Sperm - important viability medical indicator Along with the concentration, total number and mobility of men's genital cells. Such data such as the life expectancy of spermatozoa is interested in the first place many couples of different ages that are planning to replenish the family. In addition, sperm analysis, aimed at identifying this indicator, will help identify infertility in men, is shown in unsuccessful attempts to conceive for more than six months, pregnancy planning, or before artificial fertilization.
- 1. The birth and life of the sperm in the body of a man.
- 2. Existence in the external environment.
- type of external environment;
- temperature;
- light contact;
- the impact of synthetic compounds;
- acid Alkaline Balance;
- chromosomal set of concrete spermatozoa;
- quality, quantity and activity of men's genital cells.
- do not wear too narrow pants and uncomfortable underwear;
- give preference to free, harsh shorts in the form of shorts (boxers or so-called family panties);
- prevent long-term supercooling of men's genital organs;
- avoid exposure high temperatures (A few weeks before the planned conception, it is not recommended to visit the baths and saunas).
Show all
Mechanism of fertilization
Sperm - this is a men's sexal cell, which, if you get into a female organism in favorable time and for suitable conditions Fertilizes the egg, as a result of which pregnancy occurs. With a good coherent circumstance, fertilization occurs on average within 1.5-2 hours after completing the sexual intercourse and only if the spermatozoa fell into the vagina, i.e. When the sexual contact occurred without the use of means of barrier or hormonal contraception. Sometimes conception can occur even in a few hours or days after sexual intercourse.
One egg cell can be fertilized only by one spermatozoa, but for successful conception It is necessary that at least 10 million men genital cells penetrate into the uterus. The fact is that conception is a very difficult process. Spermatozoa, firstly, should after sex get into the vagina of a woman, where most of them dies because of increased aciditySecondly, men's cells overcome the neck of the uterus and phallopyes pipes, the last frontier - the protective shells of the egg. The success of conception at this stage largely depends on such a factor as the viability and the amount of spermatozoa.
Egg after fertilization is moving along Fallopiev (uterine) pipes and is fixed in the uterus, implantation occurs. At this stage, the principle of "all or nothing", i.e. There is a kind of natural selection. If the woman's body is affected by certain negative factors at this time, then the embryo may not have enough reserves to cope with them. But in the event that the fertilized egg is successfully secured in the uterine cavity and overcomes negative factorsThe pregnancy will develop further. Doctors argue that every second woman planning the conception of a child loses pregnancy at this stage, not even knowing that successful fertilization occurred.
Life cycle of cells
Conditional life cycle Male genital cells can be divided into 2 stages:
Spermatogenesis, i.e. The formation of men's genital cells, begins in the process of puberty. The full life cycle of the spermatozoa on average lasts about 3 months. If there is no ejaculation during this time, the sex cells die. At the same time, the sperm loses the ability to fertilize the female eggs after 20-30 days after their final ripening in the male body.
In the body of a man, sex cells originate and finally ripen for 2 months. Sperm production is regulated by hormone progesterone, and the process of spermatogenesis occurs in special male sex glasses (testicles). An important factoraffecting the formation of viable genital cells in sufficient quantity is the temperature in the testicles. The most active and healthy spermatogenesis occurs at 32 ° C, optimal option - A few degrees below the body temperature.
After the origin and until the spermatozoa seeds are located inside the male body - in the appendage, and when ejaculation is mixed with a liquid sperm fraction. After that, the final stage of the life of the genital cells begins: they either die after some time outdoors, or fall into the vagina of the woman and have a chance to fertilize the egg at other suitable conditions.
How many spermatozoa live in the external environment? The vitality of male genital cells depends on the large number of factors and conditions. Very generalizable experts call a temporary gap when the sperm is capable of fertilization and active outside the male body, a period of 15 minutes to 1 week, or even 14 days.
What factors affect the viability?
The fundamental condition affecting the viability of spermatozoa in the external environment is the health of male and female organisms, their readiness for conception. In addition, not only physical readiness for pregnancy (i.e., the offensive of ovulation in the near future, development sufficient number Sperm, etc.), but also a positive psychological attitude. Scientifically proven that emotional condition has a significant impact not only on the success of the process of conception, but also, for example, on effective treatment various diseasesflowing into acute or chronic form, Warning and elimination inflammatory processes different internal organs and systems.
Lifetime of sex cells is a purely individual factor for each particular man. This indicator, and in general, the ability to conceive will help accurately determine the analysis of sperm - spermogram.
Among other factors that have an impact on the life of spermatozoa, the following can be allocated:
Lifetime of life in sperm, carriers of Y- and X chromosomes. According to the common conviction, the boy becomes pregnant more complicated than the girl. The fact is that the germ cells carrying the Y-chromosoma (with a successful fertilization and preservation of pregnancy, a boy will be born), they live only about 24 hours, while spermatozoa containing X-chromosoma (girl is born) is able to maintain sufficient activity within 3 days .
So make a boy is truly jewelry for a man, because it is necessary that the sexual act without using contraception occurred on the day of ovulation. Although on this moment There are no accurate panel planning schemes for the future child if unprotected Contact There was a maximum of a day before the alleged ovulation, really quite high likely to know the son.
How do the conditions of the external environment affect?
An important factor that affects the viability of men's genital cells is the temperature ambient. The most favorable temperature mode For the activity of seed outside the male organism, this is the normal body temperature of the human body, i.e. 36-37 ° C. The temperature exceeding this indicator negatively affects the activity of male genital cells - spermatozoa at high temperatures perhaps over a much smaller period of time than in normal conditions.
At low temperatures, male sex cells are immobilized, despite this, they retain the ability to successfully fertilize the egg. This feature is used for long-term storage of sperm in special storage facilities. Cum banks allow you to freeze seed in liquid nitrogen for subsequent artificial fertilization of at least 6 months after the material arrives in the storage.
The death of spermatozoa contributes to bright light, especially natural (i.e. direct sun rays). It has an influence of the acid-alkaline balance of the environment: in an acidic medium, the activity of spermatozoa is reduced, and the life expectancy decreases, in alkaline, on the contrary, sex cells are activated. Important condition It is the effect of various synthetic compounds contained in artificial lubricant or condoms - in this case, the spermatozoa is dying much faster than under normal conditions.
Life life outside the body?
The life of male genital cells in the external environment may be different. The main factor that affects this indicator in this case is the type of surrounding spermatozoa medium. Sex cells are active throughout a different temporary gap in the outdoors, in water, in a condom or in the body.
On the air, male sex cells are able to live quite short. The factors that affect them outside human organism (i.e. in an unfavorable environment), are far from positive influence. Almost immediately (for 15-20 minutes) spermatozoa bright light, high or low temperature Environment. But for room temperature And without the impact of direct sunlight, the sperm can keep the ability to fertilize during even several hours. When male sex cells hit under linen, napkin or similar materials, the life expectancy of spermatozoa increases slightly.
When the sperm outdoors dries out, the activity of the genital cells, which means their ability to fertilize the egg, is significantly reduced. At the same time, the chance of the occurrence of pregnancy, after drying the ejaculate, some time is still preserved. Fertilization is possible, for example, with a mechanical enhancing sperm from napkins, hands or linen on female genitals.
On the body surface, as a rule, spermatozoa is also active for several hours and retain the ability to fertilize the egg cell some time after drying (on average no more than half an hour). On a member or female genital organs, the condition for maintaining the activity of male sex cells is better than on any other surface (for example, a napkin, fabric, etc.). Suitable humidity and temperature allow longer to dry the liquid fraction of sperm, which means that the spermatozoa is capable of fertilizing the egg for a longer period.
What happens in the woman's body?
In the body of women, men's sexal cells capable of maintaining the ability to fertilize egg cells in different times, depending on the state of the health of women, the quality of sperm, as well as phases menstrual cycle.
A week before ovulation or a few days after the spermatozoa can survive in the sex paths of a woman not more than 2 hours. On the quality and viability of sperm in this case negatively affects aclest medium Vagina, which is necessary for the female body for disinfection of the genital organs and maintaining normal microflora.
If the unprotected sexual intercourse ended with ejaculation occurred in the appropriate period, i.e. shortly before or during ovulation, then spermatozoa retain the activity is enough for a long time. Sometimes a seed that fell into the genital paths of a woman can expect the ripening of an egg to several days.
As a rule, in the first half of the Menstrual Cycle of the Vagina Microflora less sour, than after an ovulation occurred, so that the sperm, which managed to be in the uterus and phallopy tubes, in the first 2 weeks from the last critical days Completely can fertilize the egg in the middle of the cycle (i.e. after ripening).
Finding in water
How long can male sex cells live when entering the water? In the water, spermatozoa dramatically lose activity and ability to fertilize. When inserted into the aqueous medium, the sperm is maintained in suitable for the possibility of a pregnancy of no more than a few minutes.
In this case, there is difference in the survivability of spermatozoa in the composition of the seed fluid and in the form of a separate sexual cell. As a rule, male sex cells, connecting with a liquid fraction of sperm, are active and viable for longer times than if they are for some reason it is separate from the seed fluid. So, the sperm lives in an aqueous medium to 5-10 minutes, and a separate sperm will die almost immediately (within a few seconds).
Pure hypothetically, of course, the possibility of the occurrence of pregnancy from spermatozoa in the water, exists. But experts reasonably argue that in practice in normal conditions it is absolutely impossible. To fertilize from sperm that fell into aquatic environment, for example, during the bathing, there should be at least several liters of seed fluid in water. So be afraid unplanned pregnancy When visiting the public pool, it certainly is not worth it.
How to improve sperm health?
Sperm quality, its number and activity of spermatozoa directly affect the probability of conception.
Find out whether these indicators are normal, if you make a spermogram in medical clinic At a qualified specialist.
To improve the quality of sperm and the viability of spermatozoa, doctors give the following recommendations to men:
Undesirable to use during intercourse of artificial lubrication or different gelsSince they significantly reduce the life of spermatozoa and oppress their activity.
A woman is not recommended to draw douching, the procedure disrupts the acid-alkaline balance of the vagina and flushes a special lubricant, which helps spermatozoa to move faster to the uterus. In addition, the fact of orgasm the woman increases the chances of becoming pregnant, because The natural contraction of the muscles of the vagina contributes to the promotion of male genital cells towards the uterus and phallopy tubes.
The ability to reproduce offspring scientists call the Latin word "fertility" (FERTILIS means "fertile, fruitful"). Some conditions are required to implement this process. If at least one link in this chain falls out, pregnancy or does not occur, or arises congenital pathology fetal. Required conditions For the occurrence of pregnancy are:
1) the ripening of the follicle in the ovary, the breaking of it, the yield of the egg (ovulation) and the formation of the follicle of the yellow body 1;
2) the ability of spermatozoa to penetrate the uterus, the uterine pipes and fertilize the egg;
3) the free passage of the egg and embryo in the uterine tube into the uterine cavity;
4) the readiness of the uterus implant (lift) the embryo.
The favorable set of the above circumstances with full health of spouses, with regular sex life in one menstrual cycle, contributes to the occurrence of pregnancy approximately 20% of cases.
And now - more details about the "conception mechanism" at different stages.
Egg. The "stock" of the eggs is determined already at the birth of the girl; It is about 400 thousand. During one menstrual cycle (from the first day of one menstruation until the first day of the next day) in one of the ovaries, as a rule, one egg-cell ripens.
After the exit of the egg from the ovary (ovulation), which occurs in about the 14th day of the menstrual cycle, in the ovary it is formed yellow body. It highlights hormones (gestagens), preparing the uterus to receive the embryo, and in the case of pregnancy, prestigious pregnancy. The role of Gestagennes in the first trimester of pregnancy is especially great. From the ovary, the egg cell falls into the abdominal cavity. Next to each ovary is the ovage - Fallopiev (uterine) pipe, to the funnel of which should get the egg thanks to the movements of the uterine tube cilia, which "capture" the egg (it does not have the ability to move). For 6-7 days, the egg cell due to the cuts of the fallopian tube should overcome the distance from the funnel to the uterine at 30-35 cm. In ideal conditions, fertilization occurs while the egg is located in the upper third of the egg.
After ovulation, the eggs retains vitality about 24 hours.
Spermatozoa. Food and spermatozoa in the seed tubules of the male gerbal gland are formed - the seeds. The process of their maturation lasts an average of 74 days. Mature normal human spermatozoa consists of a head, cervical, body and tail, or a flavor, which ends with a thin end thread. The total length of the sperm is about 50-60 microns (head - 5-6 microns, cervical and body - 6-7 microns and tail - 40-50 microns). Thanks to the "biotes", the sperm tail is capable of moving. Interestingly, the size of the egg is much larger than the size of the spermatozoa: it is 0.1 mm. Ripe spermatozoa exit from the seed tubules into the seed-winning ducts of men's sex glands, where they can save fertilizing ability for a long time. At this time, they are stationary - the ability to promote them is acquired only during ejaculation.
In the sex paths of a woman, the spermatozoa retain the ability to move within 3-4 days, but they can only fertilize the egg cell during the day. There is an assumption that the spermatozoa "recognize" the egg in the smell - so, on the surface of the male genital cells, receptors were found similar to the receptors in the nose.
Fertilization - The merger of the male genital cell (spermatozoa) with a female (egg cell), leading to the formation of the zygota (new unicellular organism). Biological meaning Fertilization consists in the association of paternal and maternal genes. Sex cells contain so-called haploid (half) chromosome set; When they are connected, the zygota with diploid (full) set of chromosomes is formed.
The seed fluid falling into the vagina usually contains from 60 to 150 million spermatozoa. Sperm speed - 2-3 mm per minute. Thus, after 1-2 minutes after sexual intercourse, the sperm reaches the uterus, and in 2-3 hours in the female body they can pass 25-35 cm and reach the end departments of the uterine pipes. After ejaculation (ejaculation), spermatozoa quickly rise in sexual tracks due to the contractions of the uterus and uterine pipes; These are the so-called peristaltic movements that are similar to the intestinal cuts. The own mobility of spermatozoa becomes important at later stages. Sperm, which consists of a biologically active liquid part and spermatozoa, has a weakly alkaline reaction: spermatozoa is capable of active movement only in such an environment. If the medium in the vagina is acidic, then seed liquid may reduce its acidity to the desired level. No more than a few hundred spermatozoa is getting to the egg: at all stages of their movement, the least viable dying and removed. This is due to the mechanisms natural selection, That is, the goals (egg cells) most often achieve the most common (without defects of the structure) sperm.
During the movement of spermatozoa by fallopyeye tuber Capacitution occurs - a number of changes due to which spermatozoids acquire fertilizing ability. When calivated from the surface of spermatozoa, special substances that prevent fertilization are removed. (Before the process of the Capitu, these substances perform protective function.) Changes, it becomes much faster than the beating of flavors, which causes the superactic mobility of sponmyoids. When the cracination ended, and the spermatozoa reached the place where fertilization should occur, they undergo the activation process of acrosoma. With the help of acrosoma, which is located on the sperm head and contains the enzymes necessary for penetration into women's semi-cageThey destroy the egg shell on the plot located in front of the spermatozoa, due to which the merger of the male and female sex cells occurs. As soon as the first spermatozoa begins to merge with the egg, its properties immediately change: it becomes immune to other spermatozoa.
After the embryo on the 6-7th day of development falls into the uterus cavity, he "hatches" from the shell, and then the process of implantation begins - the semi-flyrimeter embryo is attached to the wall of the uterus and less than two days is immersed in it entirely.
So begins the long way of "life before birth" long in 9 months.
How much time spermatozoa can live in a female body and save fertilizing ability? What happens with spermatozoa, which did not get into the egg?
Sperm in seminal fluid moves independently. However, it is not known how they behave, hitting the women's genital paths: whether movement is constantly or sometimes stopped; Whether substances needed to restore the energy-saved energy from the medium products in which they live, or together with seed fluid are obtained. But since we know that the inkubator is kept in the body temperature and the sperm-protected spermatozoa remain alive for more than 8 days and during this period are in constant movement, it can be assumed that they retain their mobility for the entire time of presence in the female sex paths .
The life expectancy of spermatozoa in the body is determined by researchers in different ways. Some authors believe that it is 24-36 hours, others - 8-14 days.
Under the microscope, the speed of movement of the sperm is approximately 3 mm per minute, i.e., in a second, it moves to the length of his body. When moving, a lot of energy is consumed, as the spermatozoid is forced to overcome
obstacles and move against the current. And since the flicker cilia of women's uterine pipes set the direction of this flow, the spermatozoa is always moved towards the ovary. The capillary nature of this flow, naturally, reduces their speed. It is believed that in the spermatozoa uterus in 3 minutes pass 1-1.5 cm, i.e., in order to get out of the seed mass, to get into the uterine zev and from there to climb the uterine cavity, the spermatozoa must be approximately 1.5-3 hours. A few hours later, they can be found in the side of the fallopian tube, where they are connected to the egg. Only one spermatozoa penetrates into the egg, his head is merged with the core, and this is a merger, in essence, and there is fertilization.
If these calculations are considered correct, the fertilization occurs no earlier than 8 hours after sexual intercourse. The question arises: after what period of time, fertilization cannot occur if, of course, there was no re-copulation? The answer is not a lung. But the results of observations give reason to believe that this gap can be very long. It is possible that the sperm can fertilize the egg even 8-10 days after the copulation. Some researchers believe that if the sexual intercourse took place before menstruation, spermatozoa can survive in the pipe and fertilize the egg already in after the menstrual period. It is impossible to discard this hypothesis unconditionally, especially if we are talking about early ovulation. Currently, it is believed that spermatozoa can remain movable in the cervical mucus or a pipe of 7-8 days, but their fertilizing ability remains approximately 24 hours.
What is happening with sperm, which did not get into the egg? After all, the egg cell can take only one spermatozoa and then closes for everyone else. And since each collapsed in the vagina receives 200-5 million spermatozoa, it is clear that the inconspicuous number of them dies. Part of the spermatozoa leaves the vagina along with the sperm, which flows out of it. The remaining, too significant, part quickly dies into the vagina under the influence of the high acidity of vaginal discharge. Sperm cells can only live with moderate acidity, which happens to the vagina at certain moments, as well as in a weak alkaline medium of sperm, uterine mucus, pipe fluid.
The dead spermatozoa decompose. Their remnants flow from the vagina or removed by washing. On the other hand, their decay products, as well as other substances contained in sperm, are absorbed by the vaginal wall and enter the body.
The insignificant part of sperm enters the uterus and moves to the pipes, but most of them dies along the way. Since the susceptibility of the mucous membrane of the uterus to the spree products of sperm is greater than that of vaginal walls, some spermatozoa penetrate directly into this shell. They were found there between the cells at all decay stages, and it is clear that in such a state they are even better absorbed and the juices of the body are replenished.
Ultimately, a very small number of spermatozoa gets to uterine pipes. And there they are all except for one, which, fertilizes the egg, die. However, no one noted their presence in the mucous membrane of pipes. Probably, the remnants of dead spermatozoa are made by the capillary stream in the uterus.
Some spermatozoa capable of resisting longer and possess the greatest mobility, sometimes reach the abdominal cavity.
As the experiments have shown with the introduction of sperm into the abdominal cavity, there spermatozoa devour by phagocytes (white blood tales), providing the body's protection, digested and disappear for about twenty hours.
In the seed fluid, the sperm moves on their own. But not fully studied, how they behave, falling into the genital women's ways. Whether they are constantly moving, or stop moving; Receive Lie required substances From the medium in which there are also a well-known fact that spermatozoa, persisted in the incubator, which are protected from drying at body temperature, have a lifetime of more than 8 days.
Spermatozoa ripening time
In the men's organism, spermatozoa ripen from 72 to 74 days. But they live quietly in appendages, almost do not move and breathe little. They protect themselves before entering the female organism. If they remain in the men's organism, they are aging and become unsuitable for fertilization.
Life expectancy spermatozoa
Life lifetime in the female spermatozooid organism is different as researchers. Some believe that their life is 1-1.5 days, the other 8-14 days.
Speed \u200b\u200bspeed Spermotozoa
Under the microscope, the speed of movement is approximately 3 mm per minute. It can be said that for the length of its size it moves in a second. Due to the fact that the sperm overcomes obstacles, moves against the flow, a large amount of energy is consumed. And since the flicker cilia of the uterine pipes, the direction of this flow is specified, then always spermatozoa move towards the ovary. In the uterus spermatozoa pass 1-1.5 cm in three minutes. A few hours after sexual intercourse, they fall into the side of the fallopian tube, and there are connected to the egg. But only one spermatozoa penetrates the egg and fertilizes it.
What time is fertilization
In the case of proper calculations, no earlier than after 8 hours, fertilization occurs. But what time can no fertilization occur if there was no re-intimacy? According to the results of studies, fertilization can occur even 10 days after intima. Even in some cases it happens, although it is very rare that if the intimate connection was to monthly, spermatozoa survive and fertilize the egg cell even after the menstrual period.
What happens to the neuropropolitan egg cell spermatozoa
Interestingly, what happens with sperm, which did not fall into the egg, because only one spermatozoa can get into it? In the vagina, with each sexual act, it falls from 200 to 500 million spermatozoa. A small part of them together with the cum flows out of the vagina. The remaining part of the spermatozoa in the vagina will quickly die under the influence of the acidity of vaginal discharge. The fact is that the life of sperm can only be at moderate acidity, and this acidity happens in the vagina only at certain points, also in a small alkaline medium of sperm, pipe fluid, uterine mucus.
As a rule, the dead spermatozoa in the female organism decompose, and their residues are removed by leakage or washing. But some of their decomposition products by the vaginal wall are absorbed into the body.
A small part of spermatozoa in the uterus is still falling, but most die on the way. Due to the fact that the susceptibility of the mucous membrane is greater than that of the vagina walls, some spermatozoa are directly penetrated into this shell. At all decay stages, they were found there and it is clear that in this state even better they are absorbed, rolling the juices of the body.
A very small amount of spermatozoa, ultimately, survives, getting to the uterine pipes. And it is there that they are all but one, connecting with the egg, die. Some spermatozoa that are capable of resisting the medium longer and have greater mobility, reach the abdominal cavity. But according to the results of experiments with the introduction of sperm in the abdominal cavity, there spermatozoa is destroyed by phagocytes (white blood tales) and approximately less than a day disappear.
What affects the life of spermatozoa
The life of spermatozoa is an individual indicator to affect various factors. For example, if the sperm is enriched with fructose, then their life will be more. Fructose is a source of energy for spermatozoa. Reduce the duration of their life can be taken alcohol, medicines, inflammatory diseases etc.
Loading ...