Norms of estrogen in the female body. Estrogens: the main functions in a woman's body. Estrogen replacement therapy

In the human body, in addition to vital organs, there are substances that affect all processes that occur. These biologically active compounds are called hormones. A scanty amount of them is produced, but the body cannot exist without them, they are fundamental in their meaning.

These compounds are produced by the glands internal secretion and are excreted directly into the bloodstream. Here they are carried to their destinations. Endocrine cells are also present in all organs and tissues. The glands themselves are also very small compared to body weight. But their importance is difficult to overestimate.

What is the hormone responsible for? Connections start certain processes in the body, regulate them throughout and complete them at the right time. Endocrine glands are divided into central and peripheral. The former are located in the brain, the latter are located at a distance from the central nervous system.

This does not diminish their role. They are simply subordinate to the central glands. Today, about 60 hormones have been identified, which determine the entire hormonal background, regardless of gender and age.

All steroids are closely related to each other, only their proportionality is different. They are also divided, but conditionally, into male and female. The fact is that these compounds are produced in both sexes, but in different quantities.

So, appearance, intelligence, sleep and appetite, health and mood - all hormones are in charge.

Female hormones are the foundation women's health... What does the female hormone affect? Beauty and sex appeal are also defined by them. Female hormones make it possible to give birth to a child and enjoy motherhood, a relationship with a loved one. Which steroids are considered female?

There are 2 aspects: the narrow and the broad sense of these interpretations. Although the term "women" is arbitrary, they are responsible for everything female signs... The production of female hormones occurs in the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles.

Also involved in their production adipose tissue and the adrenal cortex. For a woman, the action of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is also important, which is involved in the regulation of MC, pushing the ovarian follicles to maturation. For hormones to be a source of health, they must be in balance.

An interesting fact is that the substances responsible for childbirth are increased more in fair-haired women, which may be why blondes are so popular with men.

What hormones are important for women?

The reproductive function of a woman is determined by 4 main hormones - female estrogens, progesterone, prolactin, testosterone. With hesitation, their negative manifestations are not long in coming. Estrogens: Female hormones are produced in the ovaries and adipose tissue. But there are other hormones that are no less important for a woman's health. The production of estrogen occurs in the ovaries.

Symptoms of hormonal imbalance in women

In women, hormonal balance is very often disturbed under the influence various factors: stress, lack of sleep, neglect of rest, decreased immunity, malnutrition, infections, age, heredity.

This also includes bad habits in the form of smoking and drinking alcohol, overwork, taking certain medications, especially hormones (OK, for example).

Of the symptoms related to the state of excess sex steroid, the most common are mood swings, hyperhidrosis, weight gain or sudden weight loss, fluctuations in appetite, violation of MC, slowing growth of mammary glands, swelling, appearance chronic diseases, decreased libido, headaches and memory impairment, metabolic disorders, CVD, hypertension, etc.

Types of hormones

In the broadest sense of the word, about 10 hormones can be considered female, because they affect many female problems. The female hormone estrogen is a typical and most famous female sex steroid, which is considered the elixir of youth. Synthesized in the ovaries. What are estrogens? These are steroid sex hormones, the precursor of which is cholesterol.

What are the functions of estrogens? The main goal is the development of the reproductive sphere, the formation of secondary sexual characteristics, and the regulation of MC.

Estrogens - what are they for and what are they? They are responsible for the development of the egg, hypodermis, prevention of osteoporosis, preservation of youthfulness of the skin (it becomes thinner and softer) and hair (splendor, density), the formation female figure(roundness and curves, sexuality and grace).

Estrogens in women affect the character of a woman (softness, emotionality, compliance), the rate of cell renewal depends on it, it affects the preservation of youth and health of the skin (the skin becomes thinner and smoother), hair; estrogen in women protects blood vessels from cholesterol plaques, blood clots, prevents CVD from developing.

Before puberty, sex steroids are responsible for puberty, then regulate the normality of the MC. What do hormones give to a teenager? What is their effect? The formation of secondary sexual characteristics, the distribution of fat cells in the body according to the female type (the appearance of femininity), education normal microflora vagina with an acidic environment, accelerate the development of the uterus and breast.

Estrogen levels can change in any direction, but the symptoms are felt right away. Estrogen synthesis also occurs mast cells(adipose tissue), adrenal cortex.

Excess hormone

Estrogenic and the effect of estrogens on the female body: hormones in excess cause an increase in fullness in the lower part of the figure - abdomen and thighs; at the same time, tumors develop in the breast and uterus (fibroids). In addition, shortness of breath appears, vascular mesh on the feet becomes visible, heart problems appear.

A sharp increase in estrogen in the body in a pregnant woman can lead to miscarriages, or their threat; fetal development is impaired. An excess of estrogen on a woman's body has a detrimental effect and is often provoked by tumors of the ovaries or adrenal glands.

To accurately answer the question about the content of estradiol, only blood tests for hormones will help.

Estrogen content

Speaking about this rate, they mean, first of all, the level of estradiol. Its content also changes in different phases of the MC:

follicular phase - 57-227 pg / ml;
before ovulation - 127 - 476 pg / ml;
LH phase - 77-227 pg / ml.

During pregnancy, it increases, because it additionally begins to be produced by the placenta. This estradiol is not bound to proteins and is free.

By the high level of these representatives, one can guess about the onset of pregnancy. Before giving birth, its amount generally reaches 13.5-26 thousand pg / ml.

Estrogen levels with age at menopause range from 19.7 to 82 pg / ml. Every month after ovulation, estrogen levels decrease in phase 2 until the next cycle.

Lack of estrogen

Lack of the hormone estrogen causes virilization in a woman (the appearance of masculine traits): the appearance of hirsutism, the skin ages faster, becomes wrinkled, fades; hair becomes dry, dull, falls out.

Also, a deficiency of estrogen in the body often leads to the fact that menstruation stops (amenorrhea), conception becomes impossible. The voice becomes coarse, the hair color darkens and the libido decreases.

Hormones estrogens can also change character - from soft and compliant, he becomes bitchy, stubborn, selfish. The metabolism of estrogen in women is as follows: after exposure to the cell, the substance must, with the help of enzymes, go into a water-soluble form, after which it is excreted by the liver.

Estrogens and the role of estrogens in a woman's body: they retain their dominant position until old age, until the ovaries stop synthesizing them. Estrogens: biosynthesis and functions - they differ at different periods of life.

Until puberty, only estrone circulates in the girl's blood. Why is estrone needed? It is formed in adipose tissue, in the ovaries it is a precursor of estradiol.

Its hormonal role increases again during menopause, when it becomes already a "bad" hormone for a woman.

The problem is that during this period, estrone produced in adipose tissue becomes the dominant estrogen in the body, and contributes to the development of breast cancer and cervical cancer, especially in obese women.

During adolescence, the production of other estrogenic hormones begins. WITH reproductive age- estradiol, which also belongs to estrogens and fluctuates during each MC; estriol - little active, produced in the placenta during pregnancy.

Estrogen is most closely related to FSH. Among all the representatives of estrogens, and even among the 3 main ones, estradiol is the most active.

Only from him at a fertile age appears thin waist and wide hips, smooth curves of the hips, smooth skin and splendor of hair, i.e. prevails sexuality. The normal content of estradiol indicates good ovarian function.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone, prolactin

Produced by the pituitary gland. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - female FSH hormone stimulates the maturation of follicles.

It usually rises after the end of menstruation, in phase 2. FSH belongs to the central hormones. It is always closely related to estrogen. Within 2 weeks after menstruation, FSH increases. Before ovulation, he is at a peak. When a mature egg is released, it begins to decline. The lowest level of FSH becomes during pregnancy.

Progesterone is the second most important steroid. It is synthesized by the corpus luteum of follicles in non-pregnant women and by the placenta after 16 weeks in pregnant women. This representative is not for nothing considered a pregnancy hormone - conception, pregnancy, fetal development, childbirth and lactation depend on it. When it decreases, conception becomes impossible, and even if it happened, a miscarriage inevitably occurs early dates gestation.

Prolactin is produced by the pituitary gland, its main function is to provide lactation. To do this, it stimulates the growth and development of the mammary glands, an increase in lobules and ducts in them.

Provides milk production after childbirth, its maturation from colostrum. Also, in the first few weeks after childbirth, prolactin blocks ovulation to prevent re-pregnancy.

It reduces the pain of childbirth, helps the newborn cry after birth. It is important for the baby's lung system and immunity.

For the normal functioning of the female body, estrogen is needed. It begins to be produced during puberty and is responsible for fertility.

Its role and where is it developed?

Estrogen is a sex steroid hormone... In women, it is produced in the ovaries and in small amounts in the adrenal glands. Also present in bone, marrow, adipose tissue, hair follicles, skin.

The beginning of active production - puberty... During menopause, production decreases and stops.

Responsible for:

correct sexual development;
the formation of genitals;
regulation of the menstrual cycle;
preservation of bone density.

Important! When you are overweight, estrogen begins to be produced by the adipose tissue.

Three types

Estrogens are produced in a complex fermentation of androgens. V human body three types of hormone are produced:

estradiol- is a derivative of testosterone. The strongest of the three. With its lack or excess, a woman begins to have health problems, since it regulates about 400 processes in the body;
estrone- the result of the transformation of androstenedinone. Responsible for correct development uterus and endometrium;
estriol — final result processing of extradiol and estrone. During pregnancy, the level rises, this indicates the normal development of the fetus.

What is it needed for?

The main function is the formation of secondary sexual characteristics. Under its influence, the figure of a woman, voice, skin acquire femininity.

Also, the hormone is needed for:

correct development of the uterus, ovaries, tubes;
the formation of the mammary glands;
normalization of the menstrual cycle, timely rejection of the endometrium;
the correct course of pregnancy and the normal development of the fetus.

In addition to reproductive functions, estrogens are responsible for:

maintaining normal level cholesterol;
absorption of calcium, preservation of density bone tissue... Therefore, osteoporosis often develops during menopause;
thermoregulation. It is the lack of estrogen that causes hot flashes during menopause;
maintaining a sufficient amount of copper, iron, vitamin K;
prevention of atherosclerosis.

Important! Thanks to estrogen, women are less susceptible to cardiovascular disease.

Positive and pseudo estrogens

In medicine conventional division accepted estrogen for good (positive) and bad. In fact, the same hormone can have a positive and negative effect on a woman's body, it all depends on the amount.

Estradiol is a good one. He responsible for femininity and sexuality, the ability to become a mother.

During menopause it ceases to be produced by the ovaries, and other organs are not able to produce it in the required amount.

His is replaced by "bad" estrone, synthesized by adipose tissue. Accordingly, the more fat a woman has, the more this hormone will be produced.

Important! Estrone is the main culprit in the development of breast and cervical cancer during menopause.

Estriol is a neutral hormone that goes up. Non-pregnant women have little of it and it does not have a significant effect on the lady's body.

Any hormonal birth control pills produced based on estradiol. However, these are not natural hormones, but synthetic analogs, or pseudo estrogens. Therefore, they act on the female body in a far from best way.

When artificial hormones are taken, the egg ceases to come out, the uterine endometrium becomes thinner. As a result, the reproductive system fails.

Many women experience mass side effects from taking pseudo estrogens:

soreness of the mammary glands;
decreased libido;
mood swings.

Long-term use of contraceptives can result in:

hypertension;
varicose veins;
cardiovascular diseases;
infertility;
osteoporosis;
cancer of the uterus and breast.

Therefore, before deciding on the choice of a method of contraception, you should take an analysis for the level of estrogen and select pills in accordance with its result.

Quantity is normal

The amount of hormones in a woman is not constant. This is influenced by:

age;
pregnancy;
the amount of adipose tissue;
nutrition;
phase of the menstrual cycle.

The norm of indicators in pg / ml:

follicular phase - 6-55;
ovulatory - 95-250;
luteal - 10-110;
menopause - 4.5-40.

Deviations

Both an increase and a decrease in the level are dangerous.

The reasons for the increase are:

endocrine diseases;
receiving inappropriate oral contraceptives;
eating fatty foods, beer;
overweight;
malignant tumors of the ovaries, uterus, mammary glands;
prolonged absence of sexual relations;
tumors of the adrenal glands, pituitary gland;
endometriosis;
cirrhosis of the liver.

Important! Often, with weight loss, hormonal levels return to normal, since adipose tissue is an active "producer" of estrogen.

Increase symptoms:

failures of menstruation;
painful PMS;
acyclic bleeding;
increased blood pressure;
migraine;
sleep disturbance;
deterioration of the condition of nails, hair;
the appearance of acne.

In addition, excess hormone negatively affects emotional sphere... A woman has:

decreased libido;
mood swings;
neurotic condition;
depression;
weakness, fatigue.

Important! If the hormone surplus is not treated, it will lead to serious consequences in the form of ovarian tumors, thrombosis, malfunctioning of the thyroid gland.

Signs of estrogen deficiency:

lack of menstruation;
developmental delay in girls;
the development of osteoporosis during menopause;
weight gain;
problems with conception in women of reproductive age;
pain during intercourse due to vaginal dryness;
increase hairline on the body.

During pregnancy, a lack of estrol indicates the following pathologies:

intrauterine infection;
fetal hypoxia;
chromosome abnormalities (Down syndrome);
the threat of premature birth;
underdevelopment of the placenta.

Analysis

If a woman has symptoms of hormone deficiency or surplus, then it is necessary to take a blood test to determine the level. This will help you understand the cause of your health problems and help you find the right treatment.

The indications for the study are:

inability to get pregnant;
problems with the menstrual cycle;
underdevelopment of the genitals in girls;
osteoporosis;
uterine fibroids;
tumors, ovarian cysts;
obesity;
the appearance of acne;
examination in preparation for IVF.

An estriol test is also prescribed if a woman has a history of:

chronic miscarriage of pregnancy;
problems with intrauterine development fetus in previous pregnancies;
diabetes;
age after 40 years;
chemotherapy for oncology.

Important! The level of estriol is influenced by antiepileptic drugs.

When to take?

Estradiol level subject to cyclical fluctuations... Therefore, the most informative analysis will be taken on the 6th day after the onset of menstruation with a 28-day cycle. If the cycle is 3-4 days longer, then you should consult your doctor.

During pregnancy, the estriol level is examined after 15 weeks, but no later than 20. When to take estrone, the doctor decides.

How to Prepare?

A blood test for estrogen does not require special preparation. The procedure is standard:

blood sampling is performed on an empty stomach in the morning (8-9 hours);
physical activity is excluded in a few days;
you should stop taking medications, if this cannot be done, you need to warn the doctor;
refrain from food and water 10-12 hours before the study.

Important! Taking oral contraceptives should be canceled one month before the analysis.

Estrogens are important female hormones. Without them, the formation of the female body, pregnancy is impossible. An excess and a lack of hormones are equally dangerous, this leads to serious pathologies. It is justified to take synthetic estrogens during menopause to maintain women's health.

The female hormone estrogen is essential for the normal functioning of the genitals. An insufficient amount of it leads to an underdevelopment of the reproductive system and, as a result, problems associated with conceiving and bearing a child. After passing the analysis and confirming the pathology, a natural question arises of how to raise the level of the hormone to normal. Modern medicine offers many drugs that successfully combat this deficiency. In addition, it is possible to increase estrogen with folk remedies.

Drug therapy

Determined by a blood test for the content of this hormone. The analysis is recommended for women suffering from regular disorders of the digestive system, poor condition of the skin and nails, severe and irregular periods, psycho-emotional problems, prolonged depression.

Decreased estrogen levels will also be inevitable during menopause, when such manifestations as hot flashes, frequent dizziness, general weakness, memory and performance impairment are present.

The opinion that the deficiency of the female hormone arising in connection with the suppression of the ovarian function is inevitable is erroneous. To avoid problems associated with hormonal imbalances, you can regularly take estrogen-raising drugs.

Forms of release of hormonal drugs are varied: tablets, injections, patches. Of the most common means, Diane-35, Triziston are used. It should be noted that the appointment of the regimen should be made only by the attending physician endocrinologist, taking into account the age, the reasons for the decrease in the level of the hormone, the individual characteristics of the patient. It is also strictly forbidden to arbitrarily change the duration of therapy or increase the dosage. Uncontrolled reception leads to weight gain, the risk of thrombosis.

Tocopherol

Refers to synthetically developed substitutes for vitamin E. Due to its antioxidant properties, it helps to increase sexual activity, endurance and energy, eliminate negative manifestations. It is used in complex treatment together with hormonal drugs which increase estrogen in the body. Recommended for threatened abortion. The ability of the active substance to restore the natural production of collagen has a positive effect on the condition of the skin and nails.

Tocopherol rarely causes Negative consequences or allergic reactions... Minor abdominal pain and indigestion are sometimes noted. With caution, the drug is prescribed to patients with heart pathologies and diabetes mellitus.

Premarin

Contains naturally occurring equine estrogens. It is prescribed to eliminate the symptoms associated with estrogen deficiency, to prevent osteoporosis, to normalize the general condition after surgery and ovaries.

In some cases, Premarin can cause side effects: headache, tachycardia, pain in the mammary glands, urticaria, nausea. Fluctuations in body weight and blurred vision are possible.

Contraindications are malignant neoplasms, bleeding of unknown origin, thrombophlebitis, pregnancy, as well as individual intolerance to the drug.

Proginova

Contains estrogen - estradiol valerate. It restores the required amount, reduces the risk of bone fractures and development cardiovascular disease during the period . It has a beneficial effect on the condition of the skin, slowing down the formation of wrinkles.

However, a number of contraindications to the prescription of the drug should be taken into account:

During pregnancy and breastfeeding;
cancer or precancerous conditions;
severe kidney damage;
thrombosis;
lactose intolerance, sensitivity to the individual components of the drug;
age up to 18 years.

Women with an unremoved uterus need a complex reception of Proginov together with a gestagen. With caution, it is prescribed to patients with fibroids suffering from epilepsy, bronchial asthma, chloasma, lupus erythematosus.

Menstruating women should start taking the drug in the first five days of the cycle. With irregular periods and during the postmenopausal period, the start of admission is possible on any day. Patients over 60-65 years old need additional supervision, since at this age this therapy increases the risk of side effects (renal dysfunction, dementia).

Veroshpiron

Active active substance- spironolactone. It has an effect similar to the hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It has a strong diuretic effect, eliminates signs (excess male hormone testosterone in the body).

Veroshpiron is prescribed in complex therapy for treatment:

polycystic ovary syndrome;
, violations of its regularity;
the appearance of male-pattern hair;
skin problems (rashes, increased oiliness, premature wrinkles);
excess hair loss (female alopecia).

The drug can cause negative reactions in the body, such as nausea, itching of the skin, constipation, depressed mood, lethargy. It is not prescribed for renal failure, during pregnancy and lactation, in childhood. During treatment, you should not take alcoholic beverages and eat foods rich in potassium (bananas, apricots, oranges, grapefruits).

Hemafemin

The drug is not prescribed during pregnancy, lactation, increased blood clotting, thrombosis, individual intolerance to its components.

Increasing estrogen levels with folk remedies

Exists a large number of folk recipes that help restore hormonal balance. Methods traditional medicine include the use of various herbs high in vitamins. The most valuable of these is vitamin E, which stimulates the production of estrogen by the ovaries. Also, foods rich in vitamins of group B, C, P, K are of great benefit.

Decoctions prepared according to the following recipes will help to normalize the hormonal background:

A decoction of raspberry leaves. The leaves of the plant ensure the normalization of the amount of estrogen, saturate the body with vitamin E, help to strengthen immune system... You can add some chopped mint leaves to the broth. It is taken in the second half of the menstrual cycle twice a day: in the morning and before bedtime.
A decoction of hop cones. The cones are washed, poured over with water, put on a small fire and the broth is prepared for 20-30 minutes. Having cooled, take half a glass several times a day after each meal.
A decoction of lemon balm and rose hips. Rosehips are a source of vitamin C, and lemon balm helps to eliminate the manifestations of menopause, normalize hormonal levels and relieve stress. The fruits and dried lemon balm are mixed in equal proportions, poured over with water, kept over low heat for 40 minutes. Drink twice a day instead of tea.
A decoction of nettle leaves. For this recipe, take the leaves of a young plant, collected in spring. Nettle normalizes the menstrual cycle, eliminates inflammation of the female genital organs. Pour the crushed leaves with water, cook for 20 minutes, covering the container with a lid. The broth is filtered, allowed to cool and taken twice a day.

Herbs that increase the level of estrogen in the blood include red clover, hibiscus (hibiscus), red brush. Acceptance of decoctions from medicinal herbs is carried out in the second half of the menstrual cycle. They cannot be combined with the use of contraceptives and other drugs to normalize hormonal levels, since it is difficult to predict the consequences of such an interaction. As a rule, the course of treatment is at least three months. Despite the fact that medicinal herbs are well tolerated and quite effective in treatment, it is necessary to consult a doctor before using them.

Healthy diet

In addition to hormone therapy and folk remedies can increase estrogen in a natural way observing correct diet... Consider what foods increase the amount of female hormone in the body.

Soya beans

The plant belongs to the pea family, is a source of protein and phytoestrogens. You can eat a variety of soy products: milk, butter, soy sauce... They lower cholesterol levels, improve ovarian function. However, such healing properties only natural soy products possess. Considering the fact that most of the soy products on the market are genetically modified, similar treatment not always available.

Linseed oil

Flax is deservedly considered the leader in the number of phytoestrogens. The use of flax helps to cleanse the body, eliminate inflammatory processes, prevention of tumor development. Flaxseed oil is taken before meals three times a day for a teaspoon.

Coffee

The popular and beloved drink is also beneficial for raising estrogen levels. It should be noted that only natural coffe... The soluble version will not be beneficial. It is advisable to consume coffee without sugar, or keep it to a minimum. The most optimal amount of drink is two cups a day.

Other estrogen-boosting foods:

legumes (dishes from beans, lentils, peas);
lean meats (chicken, turkey, rabbit);
hard cheese varieties;
milk and dairy products (kefir, sour cream, yogurt, yogurt, cottage cheese);
nuts;
fruits and berries (apples, pears, plums, oranges, black and red currants);
vegetables and spices (celery, cabbage, carrots, parsley, fennel, tomatoes, eggplant, peas, pumpkin, black cumin);
green tea;
egg yolks;
sesame and olive oils;
sea fish and seafood.

At the same time, you should reduce the consumption of dishes cooked from fatty meat (pork, lamb), sweet and savory products, red grapes, alcoholic beverages.

To increase estrogen levels, doctors usually advise you to follow these guidelines:

completely quit smoking, tobacco is especially harmful when taken;
exercise regularly physical exercise(aerobics, yoga, pilates);
use aromatherapy - take baths with lavender, sage, cypress, anise, fennel oils;
have a regular sex life;
avoid stressful situations and overwork;
do not resort to exhausting diets that lead to a sharp weight loss and deterioration in well-being;
minimize the consumption of sugar and sugary foods;
regularly visit a gynecologist and endocrinologist, take tests for the level of estrogen in the body.

Normalization of hormonal levels, in particular the level of estrogen, will contribute not only to the harmonious health of women, but also to her good mood, confidence in her attractiveness.

What's the first thing that comes to mind when it comes to female hormones? A picture of a woman who looks rather bad than good due to mood swings, nervous outbursts, sudden weight changes, persistent headaches. The list goes on and on. The female hormones estrogens are responsible for how women behave. In addition to regulating menstrual cycles, they affect the functioning of the reproductive organs, urinary tract, cardiovascular and skeletal systems, genitals, improve the condition of the skin and hair. Are you sure your body is getting enough estrogen? If not, eat foods rich in estrogens that are important for the female body, including seeds and nuts, soy, fresh and dried fruits, vegetables, legumes, drinks and herbs. With their help, you can successfully maintain excellent health, feel the joy of every day you live and keep your health for many years.

Compare the numbers of estrogen content in each product, draw conclusions and choose the most suitable option for yourself.

Female hormones estrogens. TOP-20 products with their high content

Seeds

1. Flax seeds

Flaxseed is considered one of the best sources of estrogen and is at the top of the list of phytoestrogen containing foods. Besides estrogen, they are also a rich source of dietary fiber and fatty acids help to reduce the body. Flaxseed contains three times more estrogen than soybeans.

Daily Value - 1 tablespoon
Content of isoflavones - 22.5 mg, phytoestrogens - 380 mcg (per 100 grams)

Flax seeds can be added whole to food - yoghurts, dairy products, cereals, salads, main courses, homemade cakes.

2. Sesame seeds

They are rich in lignans, hormones that help balance the estrogen levels in a woman's body. Sesame also contains a large amount of fiber, useful vitamins and minerals.

The daily allowance is about 30 grams
The content of lignans - 11.2 mg, phytoestrogens - 8008.1 μg (per 100 grams)

One of the best ways to consume sesame seeds is to make a sauce. They can also be added to soups, main courses, vegetables and meat.

I personally like to sprinkle sesame seeds on cottage cheese, salads, kefir, yoghurts, meat and even fried potatoes.

Soy products

3. Soy

Soy is also high in estrogen. It contains phytoestrogens called isoflavones, which affect the body's metabolism.

Daily Value - 1 cup
Content - isoflavones - 23 mg, phytoestrogens - 103,920 mcg (per 100 grams)

Soybeans can be boiled until tender and then added to a variety of dishes. In addition to estrogen, they also contain a healthy dose of nutrients.

4. Soy milk

Along with soy, it is also a rich source of phytoestrogens and is beneficial for relieving menstrual problems - sharp pains and ailments.

Daily allowance - 200 ml
Content: isoflavones - 30 mg, phytoestrogens - 2957, 2 μg (per 100 grams).

Soy milk can be bought as a finished product and consumed in place of one meal throughout the day. You can also add it to milk porridge, replacing it with regular cow's milk.

5. Soy yogurt

It is also known as curd yogurt, although it is made with soy milk and is an excellent source of phytoestrogens.

Daily Value - 200 grams
Content: isoflavones - 21 mg, phytoestrogens - 10275 mcg (per 100 g)

Soy yogurt can be consumed as a complete food in its own right or as part of a cooked meal. You can add fruits and nuts to it for a healthy and delicious meal.

6. Tofu cheese

The soy version of the curd, tofu, is made directly from soy milk. It is available in both soft and hard varieties and helps increase estrogen levels in the body.

Daily Value - 90 grams
Content: isoflavones -20 mg, phytoestrogens - 27150 μg (per 100 grams).

Tofu is a versatile product that can be used as an ingredient in soups, salads and curries. It can be fried along with one or more vegetables of your choice and make a delicious appetizer or salad.

Nuts

7. Pistachios

Daily Value - 28 grams
Content: isoflavones - 49.5 mg, phytoestrogens - 382.5 mcg (per 100 grams)

Pistachios can be eaten raw and fried, as well as added to dishes, salads, yoghurts, baked goods, and chocolate.

8. Walnuts

They are considered one of the healthiest foods around. Rich in phytoestrogens, proteins, fatty acids Omega-3, a wide range of beneficial nutrients.

Daily allowance - 28 grams
Content: isoflavones - 14.9 mg, phytoestrogens - 26 μg (per 100 grams)

Walnuts can be added to salads, sprinkled with fruit, ice cream, or yogurt. Eat alone or with other nuts, combine with sweets, vegetables, fruits, cakes and cookies.

9. Peanuts

Along with the above listed nuts, it is also good source phytoestrogens and one of the most common nuts on the market.

Daily Value - 28 grams
Content: phytoestrogens - 34.5 mcg (per 100 grams)

Peanuts are eaten raw or fried, added to dishes, and peanut butter is prepared.

Dried fruits

10. Dried apricots and prunes

And prunes are referred to healthy foods rich in phytoestrogens as well as fiber. The drying process of these fruits increases the amount of phytoestrogens, minerals and vitamins.

Daily allowance - 130 g, prunes - 248 g
Content, respectively: phytoestrogens - 445.5 mcg and 177.5 mcg (per 100 grams)

Dried fruits are not only healthy, but also delicious. You can use them as a mid-day snack or put a small amount in your bag with you at all times, so you can grab a snack between healthy and tasty meals when hungry.

Vegetables

11. Alfalfa sprouts

Eating alfalfa is the best way to boost estrogen levels. They are low in carbohydrates, calories and are healthy and wholesome food.

Daily Value - 33 grams
Content: isoflavones - 130 mg, phytoestrogens - 441.4 μg (per 100 grams)

Sprouted alfalfa grains can be added to salads, soups, sandwiches, which will significantly improve the quality of nutrition.

12. Sprouted mung beans

In addition to estrogen, they are an excellent source of iron, B vitamins and fiber.

Daily Value - 104 grams
Content: isoflavones - 239 mg, phytoestrogens - 495 mcg (per 100 grams)

They can be boiled, added to salads or soups.

13. Green beans

They are low in calories and high in nutrients. Green beans are also an excellent source of iron, which improves fertility in women.

Daily Value - 110 grams
Content: isoflavones - 42.9 mg, phytoestrogens - 105.8 μg (per 100 grams)

Green beans can be added to stir-fried vegetables or French fries. They are delicious with rice and curries.

Fruits

14. Peaches

They are considered one of the most delicious and healthy fruits - they are rich in phytoestrogens and contain many nutrients. Peaches help reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, and cancer.

Daily Value - 175 grams
Content: isoflavones - 4.55 mg, phytoestrogens - 64.5 (per 100 grams)

Peaches are eaten separately, added to desserts, ice cream, baked goods, juice is squeezed out.

15. Strawberries

It is considered one of the best berries. It is not only beneficial for health, but also has a beneficial effect on the skin and hair, increasing internal energy and promoting weight loss.

Daily Value - 152 grams
Content: isoflavones - 3.65 mg, phytoestrogens - 51.6 μg (per 100 grams)

Strawberries are eaten raw, added to yoghurts, oatmeal, baked goods, mixed with other fruits in dishes, and delicious cocktails are prepared.

Legumes

16. White beans

They are classified as extremely healthy foods rich in estrogen, fiber and nutrients like iron and calcium. This formulation helps balance the estrogen levels in the body.

Daily Value - 179 grams
Content: isoflavones - 70 mg, phytoestrogens - 72.7 μg (per 100 grams)

There are many ways to enjoy white beans. You can eat it boiled, add it to soups, borscht, salads, make delicious hot snacks.

17. Black beans

They are so healthy that they can be consumed every day. Increases fertility in women, is an excellent source of vegetable protein, fiber, antioxidants, beneficial vitamins and minerals.

Daily Value - 172 grams
Content - 5330 mcg (per 100 g)

Black beans are great for soups and salads - especially with carrots and cucumber slices.

Beverages

18. Red wine

It contains a phytoestrogen called resveratrol, which increases estrogen levels in the body and reduces the risk of heart disease.

Daily allowance - 30 ml
Content: isoflavones - 4.95 g, phytoestrogens - 53.9 μg (per 100 grams)

Red wine is healthy in moderation, along with snacks like roasted peanuts, strawberries, peaches, and tofu. Doctors recommend no more than the norm per day for women and no more than two for men.

Herbs

19. Garlic

Extremely rich in isoflavones, it has many health benefits, helps lower cholesterol and prevents heart disease.

Daily allowance - 3 teeth
Content: isoflavones -1.8 mg, phytoestrogens - 603.6 μg (per 100 grams)

Garlic is eaten fresh, added to salads, soups, stir-fries, pasta, meat, sauté to enhance taste and add aroma.

20. Sage

There is a separate post about this herb, where you can learn a lot of interesting things and learn useful recipes.

It is important to understand that an insufficient amount of hormones has an adverse effect on the female body, which it signals by weight gain, insomnia, hair loss, chronic fatigue, stress, excessive sweating, early menopause. Estrogens help to balance all body functions, improve metabolism, sexual functions, cholesterol levels, general state bones, prevent premenopausal syndrome.

Based on the above, remember that the female hormones estrogens are extremely necessary for the body. This should not be neglected. Consume estrogen-rich foods daily to daily intake reached 30-50 mg. In this case, I bet that even at an older and old age, you will not have to worry about your health, and you will be happy for many, many years.

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Estrogen is a group of compounds named for their important role in the menstrual and reproductive estrous cycle. Estrogen is the main female sex hormone. Natural estrogens are steroid hormones, while some synthetic analogs are non-steroidal. The name of the hormone comes from the Greek word οἶστρος (read as "oistros"), which means "inspiration" or "inspiration" (an allusion to sexual passion or desire); the suffix "-gen" is added to this word, which means "manufacturer". Estrogens are synthesized in all vertebrates, as well as in some insects. Their presence in both vertebrates and insects indicates that the sex hormones estrogens have an ancient evolutionary history. Estrogens are used as a component of oral contraceptives; the hormone is taken as part of substitution therapy estrogen in postmenopausal women, as well as trans women. Like all steroid hormones, estrogens diffuse easily across the cell membrane. After entering the cell, they bind to estrogen receptors, which in turn modulate the expression of many genes. In addition, estrogens bind to rapid signaling membrane estrogen receptors such as GREP (GRP30).

Views

In a woman's body, there are three main natural estrogens: estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3). Estradiol is the predominant estrogen during reproductive age, reaching its maximum values, however, this period coincides with estrogenic activity. During menopause, estrone becomes the predominant circulating estrogen; during pregnancy, estriol is the dominant circulating estrogen in terms of blood levels. Although estriol is the most abundant of the three estrogens, it is also the weakest, while estradiol is the most potent - 80 times that of estriol. Thus, estradiol is the most important estrogen in non-pregnant women who are between menarche and menopause. However, during pregnancy this role is taken over by estriol, and in postmenopausal women, estrone plays a role. Another type of estrogen, called estroles (E4), is only produced during pregnancy. All forms of estrogen are synthesized from androgens, in particular from androstenedione, by the enzyme aromatase. Premarin, a commonly prescribed estrogen drug based on the urine of pregnant mares, contains the steroid estrogens equilin and equilenin. There are also estradiol-containing patches such as Estraderm (original trade name introduced in the late 1980s), which have become an all-natural alternative.

Non-steroidal

A number of synthetic and natural substances has been identified as having estrogenic activity:

Synthetic substances of this type are known as xenoestrogens.

Plant foods with estrogenic activity are called phytoestrogens.

Produced by fungi are known as mycoestrogens.

Unlike estrogens produced in mammals, these substances are not necessarily steroids.

Generalized mention

Although science knows different types of estrogens, the word "estrogen" is usually used in conversation in the singular (sounds like there is only one kind of estrogen). This use of the word refers to the particular steroid estrogen estradiol (E2). This is analogous to how "alcohol" in normal conversation refers (albeit implicitly) to ethanol. This explains why "estrogen" is commonly said to be at its highest levels in women of reproductive age, which is only true with estradiol (E2) and not other estrogens.

Biosynthesis

Estrogens in women are produced primarily in the ovaries and during pregnancy through the placenta. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the production of estrogen by the ovaries by the granular cells of the ovarian follicles and yellow bodies... Some estrogens are also produced in small amounts in other tissues, such as the liver, adrenal glands, and breasts. These secondary sources of estrogen are especially important for postmenopausal women. Fat cells also produce estrogen. In women, estrogen synthesis begins in the inner lining of cells in the ovaries due to the synthesis of androstenedione from cholesterol. Androstenedione is a substance with weak androgenic activity, which serves mainly as a precursor to more potent androgens such as testosterone and estrogens. This compound crosses the basement membrane surrounding the granular cells, where it is converted either directly to estrogen or to testosterone and then to estradiol in an additional step. The conversion of androstenedione to testosterone is catalyzed by 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD), and the conversion of androstenedione and testosterone to estrone and estradiol, respectively, is catalyzed by aromatase, whose enzymes are expressed in granular cells. In contrast, granular cells do not include 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17.20-lyase, while mucosal cells express these enzymes and 17beta-HSD, but they lack aromatase. Consequently, granular and mucosal cells are the cells necessary for the production of estrogen in the ovaries. Estrogen levels change during the menstrual cycle, peaking at the end of the follicular phase before ovulation.

Function

The actions of estrogen are mediated by the estrogen receptor (ER), a dimeric nuclear protein that binds to DNA to control gene expression. As with other hormones, estrogen enters passively into cells, where it binds to the estrogen receptor and is activated in the process. The estrogen-ER complex binds to specific sequences called hormonal response elements in order to activate the transcription of target genes (the study used an estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell line as a model; 89 such genes were identified). Since estrogen enters all cells, its actions depend on the presence of ER in the cell. ERs are expressed in specific tissues, including the ovaries, uterus, and breast. The metabolic effects of estrogen in postmenopausal women have been linked to the genetic polymorphism of ER. While estrogens are present in both men and women, they tend to be present at significantly higher levels in women of reproductive age. They promote the development of female secondary sex characteristics such as breasts, and are also involved in endometrial thickening and other aspects of menstrual regulation. In men, estrogen regulates certain functions of the reproductive system that are important for the maturation of sperm and may also be necessary for a healthy libido. In addition, there are several others structural changes caused by estrogen in addition to other functions.

Structural:

Promotes the formation of female secondary sexual characteristics.

Speeds up metabolism.

Increases the amount of stored fat.

Stimulates the growth of the endometrium.

Increases the growth of the uterus.

Increases the secretion of vaginal lubrication.

Seals the walls of the vagina.

Protects blood vessels and skin.

Reduces bone resorption by increasing bone formation.

Protein synthesis:

Increases the production of binding proteins by the liver.

Coagulation:

Increases circulating levels of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, plasminogen.

Reduces antithrombin III levels.

Increases platelet adhesion.

Increases the level of HDL, triglycerides.

Reduces LDL levels as well as fat deposition.

Liquid balance:

Retains salt (sodium) and water.

Gastrointestinal tract:

Reduces intestinal motility.

Increases cholesterol levels in bile.

Increases pheomelanin levels, decreases eumelanin levels.

Supports a hormone sensitive in breast cancer.

Lung function:

Provides lung function by supporting the alveoli (in rodents, but probably also in humans).

The inner layer of the uterus:

Estrogen with Progesterone Protect the inner layer the uterus in preparation for the implantation of a fertilized egg, supporting the function of the uterus during pregnancy; also activates a receptor in the myometrium.

Ovulation:

The increased estrogen levels promote the release of luteinizing hormone, which then induces ovulation by releasing the vesicular ovarian follicle in the ovary.

Sexual susceptibility during estrus:

Lordosis reaction:

Regulates stereotypical behavior of sexual susceptibility; this reaction of lordosis (arching of the back and bulging of the back of the back) is dependent on estrogen, which is regulated by the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Sexual Desire:

Fetal development

In rodents, estrogen (which is locally aromatized from androgens in the brain) plays an important role in psychosexual differentiation, for example, in relation to masculinization of territorial behavior; this fact does not apply to humans. In humans, the masculinizing effect of prenatal androgens on behavior (and other tissues with possible absence effects on bones), apparently, acts exclusively through androgen receptors. Thus, the usefulness of rodent models for studying psychosexual differentiation in humans has been questioned.

Estrogen and cardiovascular disease

Women are less likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease due to the protective effect of estrogen on the vessels, which also helps in the prevention of atherosclerosis. It also helps maintain the delicate balance between fighting infection and protecting arteries from damage, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Immunological role

Estrogen has anti-inflammatory properties, helping to mobilize polymorphonuclear leukocytes or neutrophils.

Mental health

Estrogen is thought to play an important role in mental health in women. A sharp decline estrogen levels, fluctuations in estrogen levels, and periods of sustained low level estrogen has been correlated with a significant decrease in mood. Clinical recovery postpartum, during depression from perimenopause and postmenopause, it has been shown to be effective after stabilization or restoration of estrogen levels. Compulsiveness in male laboratory mice, including, may be caused by low estrogen levels. When estrogen levels were increased by an increase in aromatase enzyme activity in male laboratory mice, the symptoms of OCD virtually disappeared. Hypothalamic levels of a protein in the COMT gene are increased by an increase in estrogen levels, which are believed to be restored in mice in which OCD has disappeared. Aromatase deficiency is ultimately suspected of being a factor involved in estrogen synthesis in humans, while showing therapeutic value in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Topical application of estrogen to the rat hippocampus has been shown to inhibit serotonin reuptake. Conversely, topical estrogen has shown blocking properties to slow serotonin clearance, suggesting that the same pathways involved in the effects of SSRIs may be affected by components of the topical estrogen pathways.

Binge eating

Research shows that estrogen may play a role in suppressing overeating. Hormone replacement therapy using estrogen may possibly help treat binge eating in women. Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen has been shown to suppress overeating in female rats. The mechanism by which estrogen suppresses overeating involves the replacement of neurons with serotonin (5-HT). In women prone to overeating, an increase in the uptake of the 5-HT neuron was found, which leads to a decrease in the neurotransmitter serotonin in the cerebrospinal fluid. Evidence suggests that estrogen can activate 5-HT neurons, leading to suppression of overeating, which is a dietary habit. There is also speculation that there is an interaction between hormone levels and nutrition at different times in a woman's menstrual cycle. Studies have predicted increased impulsive food intake during hormonal surges, which are characterized by high levels progesterone and estradiol, which is usually characteristic of the middle of the luteal phase. It is assumed that these changes are due to processes in the brain during the menstrual cycle, which may be explained by the genomic effect of hormones. These effects have changes during the menstrual cycle, which leads to the release of hormones, leading to behavioral changes, in particular the desire to overeat or impulsive eating. This occurs especially in women who are genetically vulnerable to binge phenotypes. In terms of specific hormonal changes in the ovaries, Edler, Lipson, and Keel (2007) replicated animal studies showing overeating associated with low estradiol and elevated progesterone levels. In addition, they explained that it is important to further study ovarian hormones in relation to binge eating, as they may be an important neurobiological mechanism in binge eating disorders. Klump and colleagues found that progesterone can mitigate the effects of low estradiol levels (for example, during dysregulated food intake), but this is only true for women who have been previously diagnosed with overeating. More broadly, they found that dysregulation of food intake was more associated with women who had a history of overeating than with women without episodes of overeating. A 2014 study by Cao and colleagues showed the effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy based on 17beta-estradiol, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and estrogen conjugate, designed to target specific receptors associated with overeating. The study showed that the implantation of 17beta-estradiol beads in oophorectomized mice significantly reduced the propensity to overeat, and GLP-1 injections in these mice reduced the propensity to overeat by 66% compared to the control group. The study, led by Klump and colleagues, expanded on the findings of previous work investigating the relationship between overeating and ovarian hormones in women with (Lester et al. 2003; Edler et al. 2007). The data uncovered by Klump and colleagues (in 2008) showed significant similarities with the work of Lester and his colleagues and Edler and his colleagues. In all three studies, the magnitude of the relationship between overeating, menstrual phase, and ovarian hormones was nearly the same. However, all participants in the second study by Klump and colleagues (from 2008) showed ovulatory cycles... Thus, in contrast to studies on women with binge eating patterns (Edler and colleagues; 2007), none of the participants in the experiment lost contact due to menstrual irregularities, which made the work of Klump and colleagues (from 2008) the first study to identify associations between changes in overeating and ovarian hormones based on non-clinical examples.

Medical applications

Oral contraceptives

Since estrogen circulating in the blood can negatively reduce circulating FSH and LH levels, most oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen as well as synthetic progestin. Even in men, estradiol, not testosterone, is the main hormone involved with LH.

Hormone replacement therapy

Estrogen and other hormones are prescribed for postmenopausal women to prevent osteoporosis and to treat menopausal symptoms, which include hot flashes, vaginal dryness, stress urinary incontinence, feeling cold, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, and sweating. Fractures of the spine, wrist and hip are reduced by 50-70%, and bone density on the back increases by about 5% in those women who are treated with estrogen for more than 3 years after the onset of menopause and for 5-10 years after. Before the specific dangers of conjugated equine estrogen were well understood, standard therapy included 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen per day (eg, in the form of Premarin). There are, however, risks associated with conjugated equine estrogen therapy. Among older postmenopausal women who were studied by the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), oral supplementation of conjugated equine estrogen was found to be associated with a risk of increased blood clotting. The WHI studies used one type of estrogen supplement, namely a high oral dosage of conjugated equine estrogen (either Premarin alone or Premarin with medroxyprogesterone acetate as PremPro). The NIH study did not find that esterified estrogens posed the same health risks as conjugated equine estrogens. Hormone replacement therapy has a beneficial effect on serum cholesterol levels, and when started immediately after menopause, it may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, although this has not been tested in randomized trials. Estrogen appears to have protective effects against atherosclerosis: it lowers LDL and triglyceride levels while increasing HDL levels, and it also has endothelial vasodilation properties through its anti-inflammatory components. Research is also underway to determine if the risks of taking estrogen supplements are the same for all methods of use. In particular, topical administration of estrogen can have its own spectrum of side effects as opposed to oral administration; transdermal estrogens do not affect clotting rates, since they are absorbed directly into the systemic circulation, avoiding the first stage of the liver metabolism. This route of administration is preferred for women with a history of thromboembolic disease. Estrogen is also used in the treatment of vaginal atrophy, hypoestrogenism (as a result of hypogonadism, castration, or primary failure ovaries), amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and oligomenorrhea. Estrogens can also be used to suppress lactation after a baby is born.

Mammary cancer

About 80% of breast cancers at the time they are detected are associated with elevated estrogen levels: this disease is considered hormone-sensitive or hormone-receptor positive. Suppressing the production of estrogen in the body is a treatment for this type of cancer. Research indicates that common edible mushrooms have anti-aromatase properties, and therefore have potential anti-estrogenic activity. In 2009, a 2018 study of dietary habits of women from southern China found that women who consumed more than 10 grams fresh mushrooms or more than 4 grams of dried mushrooms per day were 50% less likely to develop breast cancer. Chinese women who consumed mushrooms and green tea were 90% less likely to have breast cancer. However, the study has a fairly small sample (2018 patients), limited only to Chinese women from southern China. Hormone receptor positive breast cancer is treated with drugs that suppress estrogen production in the body. This method, as part of the treatment of breast cancer, is also known as "hormone therapy" or "anti-estrogen therapy" (not to be confused with substitution therapy). hormone therapy). Certain foods, such as those, can suppress the proliferative effects of estrogen and are used as an alternative to hormone therapy.

Prostate cancer

Miscellaneous

In humans and mice, estrogen stimulates wound healing. At one time, estrogen was used to impair growth in tall girls. V recent times estrogen-induced growth impairment has been used as part of the controversial Ashley treatment to prevent mentally retarded children from growing to adult levels [Gunther DF, Diekema DS (2006). "Attenuating growth in children with profound developmental disability: a new approach to an old dilemma". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 160 (10): 1013-7. doi: 10.1001 / archpedi.160.10.1013. PMID 17018459.] (parts of the genitals were removed from a disabled child diagnosed with static encephalopathy. A course of hormone therapy was also performed, which suppressed bone growth. That is, the girl will actually remain a child forever, both mentally and physically, her height will not exceed the current 132 centimeters, and the weight is 31 kilograms). More recently, estrogen has been used experimentally to treat bulimic women as an adjunct to cognitive behavioral therapy, which is the standard treatment for bulimia. As part of estrogen research, it has been suggested that the disease may be related to hormonal imbalance in the brain. Estrogen has also been used in studies that have shown it can be effective drug for the treatment of traumatic liver damage.

Health risks and warning labels

Hyperestrogenemia ( elevated level estrogen) may result from exogenous administration of estrogen or estrogen-like substances; it can also result from physiological conditions such as pregnancy. Any of these causes are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis. The WHI estrogen-only sub-study found an increased risk of stroke and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in postmenopausal women 50 years of age or older, and an increased risk of dementia in postmenopausal women 65 years or older with 0.625 mg Premarin ( conjugated equine estrogens - CLE). The WHI estrogen-progestin sub-investigation found an increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, invasive breast cancer, pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis in postmenopausal women after 50 years or older, as well as an increased risk of dementia in postmenopausal women after 65 years and older with the use of PremPro, which includes 0.625 mg CLE and 2.5 mg progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA ). The labeling of estrogen-only products in the United States includes packaging warnings that estrogen-only (no progesterone) therapy increases the risk of endometrial cancer. Based on an analysis of WHI data on January 8, 2003, the FDA changed the labeling of all estrogen-only or estrogen-progestin-only drugs for use in postmenopausal women - the new packaging includes warnings about cardiovascular and other risks.

In cosmetic products

Some shampoos on the market include estrogens and placental extracts; others may contain phytoestrogens. In 1998, a case was identified of four African American girls who had not reached puberty began to grow breasts after using these shampoos. In 1993, the FDA ruled that not all over-the-counter topical drugs that contain hormones are safe and effective for human use; they can also be mislabeled. As a proposal for cosmetic products containing any natural estrogen, the statement has been made that each new such product is an unconfirmed new drug and that any cosmetic product Where the word “hormone” is used in label text or in the ingredient list, it implies that the product is a drug and is therefore subject to special control measures. In addition to mislabeled drugs, products claiming to contain placental extract are also often mislabeled cosmetics if the extract was prepared from the placenta from which hormones and other biodegradable substances have been removed. active substances, and the extractables contain mainly protein. The FDA recommends that this substance not be defined as "placenta extract", but also include a more detailed description of it, as consumers associate the name "placenta extract" with therapeutic uses and some biological activity.

History

In 1929, Adolph Butenandt and Edward Adelbert Doisy independently isolated and structured estrogen. Thereafter, the pace of hormonal research on the drug accelerated. "The first orally effective estrogen," Emmenine, derived from the urine of a late-pregnant Canadian woman, was isolated in 1930 by Collip and Ayerst Laboratories. Estrogens are not water-soluble and cannot be taken orally, but a water-soluble analog has been identified in the urine that becomes active in the body after hydrolysis. Scientists have continued to search for new sources of estrogen due to beliefs associated with the practicality of bringing the drug to market. At the same time, a German pharmaceutical company launched the same drug as Emmenin, which began to be prescribed to German women to treat the symptoms of menopause. In 1938, British scientists received a patent for a new type of non-steroidal estrogen, namely diethylstilbestrol (DES), which was cheaper and more effective than previously produced estrogens. Soon thereafter, concerns about DES side effects arose, which were reported in magazines, but drug manufacturers lobbied for government approval of DES. This was true until 1941, when estrogen therapy was finally approved by the FDA. food products and Medicines (FDA) for the treatment of menopausal symptoms.

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List of used literature:

Mechoulam R, Brueggemeier RW, Denlinger DL (September 2005). Estrogens in insects (PDF). Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 40 (9): 942-944. doi: 10.1007 / BF01946450.

Prossnitz ER, Arterburn JB, Sklar LA (2007). "GPR30: A G protein-coupled receptor for estrogen." Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 265-266: 138-42. doi: 10.1016 / j.mce.2006.12.010. PMC 1847610. PMID 17222505.

Nelson LR, Bulun SE (September 2001). Estrogen production and action. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 45 (3 Suppl): S116-24. doi: 10.1067 / mjd.2001.117432. PMID 11511861.

Lin CY, Ström A, Vega VB, Kong SL, Yeo AL, Thomsen JS, Chan WC, Doray B, Bangarusamy DK, Ramasamy A, Vergara LA, Tang S, Chong A, Bajic VB, Miller LD, Gustafsson JA, Liu ET (2004). "Discovery of estrogen receptor alpha target genes and response elements in breast tumor cells." Genome Biol. 5 (9): R66. doi: 10.1186 / gb-2004-5-9-r66. PMC 522873. PMID 15345050.