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Introduction

volitional quality act of person

“Will in its proper sense arises when a person is capable of reflecting his drives and can relate to them in one way or another. To do this, the individual must be able to rise above his drives and, abstracting from them, realize himself... as a subject... who... rising above them, able to make a choice between them."

S.L. Rubinstein. The concept of will

Often, when making a decision and understanding the need to act, a person is in no hurry to implement it.

Even psychologists cannot always explain why people sometimes do nothing to implement their plans, decisions, or satisfy even urgently necessary needs. When people with the necessary knowledge, holding similar beliefs and views on life, begin to solve the task facing them with varying degrees of intensity, or when, when faced with difficulties, some of them stop trying, while others act with renewed energy - these phenomena are associated with such a feature of the psyche as will. Will is a person’s conscious regulation of his behavior and activities, expressed in the ability to overcome internal and external difficulties when performing purposeful actions and deeds.

The task of the will is to control our behavior, conscious self-regulation of our activity, especially in cases where obstacles to a normal life arise.

Psychological structure act of will

Any human activity is always accompanied by specific actions, which can be divided into two large groups: voluntary and involuntary. The main difference between voluntary actions is that they are carried out under the control of consciousness and require certain efforts on the part of a person aimed at achieving a consciously set goal. For example, let’s imagine a sick person who with difficulty takes a glass of water in his hand, brings it to his mouth, tilts it, makes movements with his mouth, that is, performs a whole series of actions united by one goal - to quench his thirst. All individual actions, thanks to the efforts of consciousness aimed at regulating behavior, merge into one whole, and the person drinks water. These efforts are often called volitional regulation or will.

The main function of the will is the conscious regulation of activity in difficult living conditions. This regulation is based on the interaction of the processes of excitation and inhibition of the nervous system. In accordance with this, it is customary to single out as a specification of the above general function the other two are activating and inhibiting.

It should be noted that not every action aimed at overcoming an obstacle is volitional. For example, a person running away from a dog can overcome very difficult obstacles and even climb a tall tree, but these actions are not volitional, since they are caused primarily by external reasons, but not internal installations person. Thus, the most important feature volitional actions aimed at overcoming obstacles is the awareness of the significance of the goal that must be fought for, the awareness of the need to achieve it. The more significant a goal is for a person, the more obstacles he overcomes. Therefore, volitional actions can differ not only in the degree of their complexity, but also in the degree awareness.

Usually we are more or less clearly aware of why we perform certain actions, we know the goal we are striving to achieve. There are times when a person is aware of what he is doing, but cannot explain why he is doing it. Most often this happens when a person is overwhelmed by some strong feelings, experiences emotional arousal. Such actions are usually called impulsive. The degree of awareness of such actions is greatly reduced. Having committed rash actions, a person often repents of what he did. But the will lies precisely in the fact that a person is able to restrain himself from committing rash acts during affective outbursts. Therefore, the will is connected with mental activity And feelings.

Human volitional qualities and their development

The human will is characterized by certain qualities. First of all, it is customary to highlight willpower as a generalized ability to overcome significant difficulties that arise on the way to achieving a goal. The more serious the obstacle that you have overcome on the way to your goal, the stronger your will. It is the obstacles overcome through volitional efforts that are an objective indicator of the manifestation of willpower.

Among various manifestations willpower, it is customary to highlight the following personality traits: excerpt And self-control , which are expressed:

in the ability to restrain your feelings when required;

in preventing impulsive and rash actions;

in the ability to control oneself and force oneself to carry out the intended action, as well as to refrain from doing what one wants to do, but which seems unreasonable or wrong.

Another characteristic of will is determination . Purposefulness is usually understood as the conscious and active orientation of an individual towards achieving a certain result of activity. Very often, when talking about determination, they use such a concept as perseverance . This concept is almost identical to the concept of determination and characterizes a person’s desire to achieve a goal even in the most difficult conditions. Usually, a distinction is made between strategic purposefulness, i.e. the ability to be guided in all one’s life activities by certain principles and ideals, and operational purposefulness, which consists in the ability to set clear goals for individual actions and not deviate from them in the process of achieving them.

It is customary to distinguish from persistence stubbornness. Stubbornness most often acts as negative quality person. A stubborn person always tries to insist on his own, despite the inexpediency of this action. As a rule, a stubborn person in his activities is guided not by the arguments of reason, but by personal desires, despite their failure. In essence, a stubborn person does not control his will, since he does not know how to control himself and his desires.

An important characteristic of the will is initiative . Initiative lies in the ability to make attempts to implement ideas that arise in a person. For many people, overcoming their own inertia is the most difficult moment of an act of will. Only an independent person can take the first conscious step towards the implementation of a new idea.

Independence -- this is a characteristic of will that is directly related to initiative. Independence is manifested in the ability to consciously make decisions and the ability not to be influenced various factors that hinder the achievement of the goal. Independent person is able, by critically assessing the advice and suggestions of other people, to act on the basis of his views and beliefs and at the same time make adjustments to his actions based on the advice received.

Negativism should be distinguished from independence. Negativism manifests itself in an unmotivated, unfounded tendency to act contrary to other people, to contradict them, although reasonable considerations do not provide grounds for such actions. Negativism is regarded by most psychologists as weakness of will, expressed in the inability to subordinate one’s actions to the arguments of reason, conscious motives of behavior, in the inability to resist one’s desires, leading to idleness, etc. Very often, idleness is associated with laziness. It is laziness that is a comprehensive characteristic of qualities that are opposite in meaning to the positive qualities of the will.

It should be noted that the initiative shown by a person, in addition to independence, is always associated with another quality of will - decisiveness . Decisiveness lies in the absence of unnecessary hesitation and doubt when there is a conflict of motives, in timely and quick decision-making. First of all, determination is manifested in the choice of the dominant motive, as well as in the choice of adequate means to achieve the goal. Decisiveness also manifests itself when implementing a decision. Decisive people are characterized by a quick and energetic transition from the choice of actions and means to the actual execution of the action.

From determination, as a positive volitional quality, it is necessary to distinguish impulsiveness, which is characterized by haste in decision-making and rashness of actions. An impulsive person does not think before taking action, does not take into account the consequences of what he does, and therefore often regrets what he has done. The haste in making a decision by such a person is usually explained by his indecision, the fact that making a decision for him is an extremely difficult and painful process, so he strives to get rid of it as soon as possible.

An extremely important volitional quality of a person is subsequence human actions. The sequence of actions characterizes the fact that all actions performed by a person follow from a single guiding principle, to which a person subordinates everything secondary and incidental. The sequence of actions, in turn, is closely related to self-control And self-esteem .

The actions taken will only be carried out when a person controls his activities. Otherwise, the actions performed and the goal that a person strives for diverge. In the process of achieving a goal, self-control ensures the dominance of leading motives over secondary ones. The quality of self-control and its adequacy largely depend on the individual’s self-esteem. Thus, low self-esteem can lead to a person losing self-confidence. In this case, a person’s desire to achieve the goal may gradually fade away and what was planned will never be accomplished. Sometimes, on the contrary, a person overestimates himself and his capabilities. In this case, it is customary to talk about inflated self-esteem, which does not allow one to adequately coordinate and adjust one’s actions on the way to achieving the set goal. As a result, the ability to achieve what was planned becomes much more difficult and, more often than not, what was previously planned is not fully realized in practice.

The will, like most other higher mental processes, is formed during the age-related development of a person. Thus, in a newborn child, reflex movements predominate, as well as some instinctive actions. Volitional, conscious actions begin to form much later. Moreover, the child’s first desires are characterized by great instability. Desires quickly replace each other and very often are of an uncertain nature. Only in the fourth year of life do desires acquire a more or less stable character.

At the same age, children first experience the emergence of a struggle of motives. For example, two-year-old children, after some hesitation, can make a choice between several possible actions. However, a choice made depending on moral motives becomes possible for children no earlier than the end of the third year of life. This happens only when the child can already control his behavior. This requires, on the one hand, a fairly high level of development, and on the other, some formation of moral attitudes. Both develop under the influence of training and education, in the process of constant interaction with adults. The nature of the emerging moral attitudes largely depends on the moral attitudes of the adult, since in the first years of life the child strives to imitate the actions of adults, and gradually in the process mental development he begins to analyze the actions of the adult and draw appropriate conclusions.

Development volitional regulation human behavior occurs in several directions. On the one hand, this is the transformation of involuntary mental processes into voluntary ones, on the other hand, a person gains control over his behavior, and on the third, the development of volitional qualities of the individual. All these processes ontogenetically begin from the moment in life when the child masters speech and learns to use it as effective means mental and behavioral self-regulation.

Within each of these directions of development of the will, as it strengthens, its own specific transformations occur, gradually raising the process and mechanisms of volitional regulation to a higher level. high levels. For example, inside cognitive processes the will first appears in the form of external speech regulation and only then - in terms of the intra-speech process. In the behavioral aspect, volitional control first concerns voluntary movements of individual parts of the body, and subsequently - planning and control of complex sets of movements, including inhibition of some and activation of other muscle complexes. In the field of formation of volitional qualities of a person, the development of will can be represented as a movement from primary to secondary and then to tertiary volitional qualities.

Another direction in the development of the will is manifested in the fact that a person consciously sets himself more and more difficult tasks and pursues more and more distant goals that require the application of significant volitional efforts for quite a long time. For example, a schoolboy still in adolescence may set himself the task of developing such abilities for the formation of which he does not have expressed natural inclinations. At the same time, he can set himself the goal of engaging in a complex and prestigious activity in the future, the successful implementation of which requires such abilities. There are many life examples of how people who became famous scientists, artists, writers achieved their goals without having good inclinations, mainly due to increased performance and will. The development of will in children is closely correlated with the enrichment of their motivational and moral sphere. The inclusion of higher motives and values in the regulation of activity, increasing their status in the general hierarchy of incentives that govern activity, the ability to highlight and evaluate the moral side of performed actions - all these are important points in the education of will in children. The motivation for an act, which includes volitional regulation, becomes conscious, and the act itself becomes voluntary. Such an action is always performed on the basis of an arbitrarily constructed hierarchy of motives, where the top level is occupied by a highly moral motivation, which gives moral satisfaction to a person if the activity is successful. A good example of such activity is extra-standard activity associated with the highest moral values, performed on a voluntary basis and aimed at benefiting people.

Improving the volitional regulation of behavior in children is associated with their general intellectual development, with the emergence of motivational and personal reflection. Therefore, to educate the child’s will in isolation from his general psychological development almost impossible. Otherwise, instead of will and perseverance as undoubtedly positive and valuable personal qualities, their antipodes may arise and become entrenched: stubbornness and rigidity.

Games play a special role in the development of will in children in all of these areas, and each type of play activity makes its own specific contribution to the improvement of the volitional process. Constructive object games that appear first in age development child, contribute to the accelerated formation of voluntary regulation of actions. Role-playing games lead to the consolidation of the necessary volitional personality traits in the child. In addition to this task, collective games with rules solve another problem: strengthening the self-regulation of actions. The teaching that appears in last years preschool childhood and turning into a leading activity at school, makes the greatest contribution to the development of voluntary self-regulation of cognitive processes.

The concept of “will” is used by psychiatry, psychology, physiology and philosophy. At the personal level, will manifests itself in such properties as willpower, energy, perseverance, endurance, etc. They can be considered as primary, or basic, volitional qualities of a person. Such qualities determine behavior that is characterized by all or most of the properties described above. The will ensures the fulfillment of two interrelated functions - incentive and inhibitory - and manifests itself in them. Will is understood as a complex mental process that causes human activity and awakens him to act in a directed manner.

The development of will in a person is associated with such actions as:

1) transformation of involuntary mental processes into voluntary ones;

2) a person’s acquisition of control over his behavior;

3) development of strong-willed personality traits;

4) and also with the fact that a person consciously sets himself more and more difficult tasks and pursues more and more distant goals that require significant volitional efforts over a long time.

Will is a person’s ability to overcome obstacles and achieve a goal. Specifically, it appears in such character traits as determination, determination, perseverance, and courage. These character traits can contribute to the achievement of both socially useful and antisocial goals.

List of used literature

1. Maklakov A. General psychology

2. Rubinshtein S. L. Fundamentals of general psychology. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 1999

3. Ilyin E. P. Psychology of will. -- St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000

4. V.A. Krutetsky"Psychology", Moscow 1999

5. Psychology - textbook Moscow 1998

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"act of will" in books

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From the book Where to Get Energy? Secrets of practical magic of Eros author Frater V.D.

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d) A miracle is neither volitional, d) A miracle is not a cognitive synthesis and logical expediency. But a miracle is also not a volitional synthesis, or a synthesis of freedom and necessity. This is extremely important point in all teaching. Since this is not a volitional synthesis, then in no case

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Volition

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"Strong-willed" chin

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“Strong-willed” chin There is a widespread belief that a prominent chin (“strong-willed”) is evidence of a strong will. There are many examples where people with a “strong-willed” chin were not particularly strong-willed, and vice versa, among those with a strong-willed chin

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From the book The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Our Misconceptions [with illustrations] author Mazurkevich Sergei Alexandrovich

Figurative-volitional attitude

From the book The Complete Encyclopedia of Wellness author Malakhov Gennady Petrovich

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From the book Zhukov vs. Halder [Clash of Military Geniuses] author Runov Valentin Alexandrovich

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Volitional process

From the book Fundamentals of General Psychology author Rubinshtein Sergey Leonidovich

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35. WILL AND VOLITIONAL PROCESSES

Volitional action can be realized in simple and complex forms.

In a simple act of will the impulse to action passes almost directly into action, without being preceded by a complex conscious thought process. The goal does not go beyond the immediate situation; it is achieved through habitual actions that are performed almost automatically.

In a complex act of will Between the impulse and the action there is a complex conscious process mediating the action. It is preceded by taking into account its consequences, awareness of motives, decision-making, the emergence of an intention to implement it, and drawing up an action plan. The volitional act turns into difficult process, including a whole chain of different moments and sequence various stages or phases.

A complex volitional act includes four stages: 1) the emergence of motivation and preliminary goal setting; 2) discussion and struggle of motives; 3) decision; 4) execution.

Content first phase– the emergence of motivation and awareness of the goal are interconnected and interdependent. In real volitional action, various phases can, depending on conditions, acquire greater or lesser specific weight, sometimes concentrating the entire volitional act in themselves, sometimes dropping out altogether. Any truly volitional action is a selective act that connects conscious choice and decision. Content second phase is determined by the need to take into account the consequences that the fulfillment of desire entails. It turns an act of will into an action mediated by thought. Consequence accounting reveals that a desire generated by one need or a particular interest, in specific situation turns out to be feasible only due to another desire; a desired action may, under certain conditions, lead to undesirable consequences.

Before action needs to be done choice. Choice requires judgment. When a person feels that the further course of events depends on him, awareness of the consequences of his action and the dependence of what will happen on his own decision gives rise to a sense of responsibility specific to an act of will. Sometimes solution does not stand out in consciousness at all, and the act of will is performed without a special decision. Sometimes the decision comes as if by itself; it is a complete resolution of the conflict that caused the struggle of motives. It also happens that even when making a decision, each of the motives continues to retain its strength. Then the decision in favor of one of the motives is made because the necessity or expediency of neglecting others and sacrificing them is realized.

Every volitional action presupposes as a starting point a state that develops as a result of the long and complex process that precedes it. internal work and which is characterized as state of readiness, mobilization.

Volitional action- this is a conscious, purposeful action through which a person achieves the goal facing him, subordinating his impulses to subconscious control and changing the environment in accordance with the plan.

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From the book Psychology author Bogachkina Natalia Alexandrovna

Will Alexey Zakharov Will is a structure that helps a person perform certain actions to achieve a goal. It follows that a person must have a goal. The more the goal coincides with Divine purpose, the greater the desire

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25. Development of a person’s will, volitional qualities In the structure of a person, one can distinguish volitional qualities, the significance of which in a person’s life is very great. Purposefulness is manifested in a person’s desire to subordinate his behavior to achieving a sustainable life

One of the qualities that people try to develop in a person from childhood is will. It is with her help that he can overcome difficulties, make decisions and lead a normal life. Will is not an innate quality; each person develops it independently.

Concept

Will is a person’s conscious control of his actions, which help him solve external and internal problems. In psychology, it is believed that this quality is not an isolated property of the human psyche. The structure of a volitional act can be traced in many behavioral reactions. For example, when resisting temptations, when a person moves towards a set goal, denying himself something.

It is volitional action that helps him achieve the result that he has consciously outlined. To do this, the individual performs certain actions, consciously strains mentally and physically in order to make what he wants into reality. Thus, we can safely say that this quality is extremely important; it is what allows a person to carry out any activity.

How did the will come into being?

The structure of the volitional act was improved and developed in the processes of development of society and history. She was needed for labor activity. A variety of volitional qualities arose when people fought for their existence, exerted strength to survive, restrained themselves in order to become part of society. And the more important the goal a person set for himself, the more effort he put into achieving it, the faster the will as a quality of the psyche improved. Only by being aware of himself and his actions can a person achieve the desired result.

What does the will give?

Volitional behavior ensures the performance of several interrelated body functions. It wins, activates a person and slows him down. The activating function allows you to consciously make decisions, force yourself to do something in order to get the desired result. The second function allows you to restrain your desires, that is, it does not allow a person to be active in an area that will prevent him from achieving his goal.

Volitional action

It can be characterized by the presence of conscious goals, as well as difficulties and obstacles, the so-called tension, at the moment of overcoming them to obtain a result. The structure of a volitional act can be simple or complex.

The first can have two phases: a person sets a goal for himself, not always clearly realizing it, and motivates himself to action. The second phase is the direct implementation of the action itself, which is most often familiar and familiar to the individual. He does this at the same moment the impulse arrives. The difference between this act of will is that there is no struggle of motives, a person does not have internal contradictions, and he does not fight with himself.

Complex act of will

But a complex act of will is characterized by the presence of three phases. The first is called preparatory. It involves the emergence of desire. A person is attracted to something, he begins to want it, and therefore there is a subsequent urge to action aimed at getting what he wants. The second phase, which contains the structure of a volitional act in psychology, is the struggle of motives. A person decides whether he really needs it, or whether it can be replaced with something. Is the work worth the result? At this moment a person must make a conscious choice. After this, a person develops a sense of responsibility for his actions. And only then does he begin to plan, calculate the ways and means that will help him achieve what he wants.

The main phase of acts of will is the implementation of decisions made. When considering a complex volitional action, we can say that it also includes overcoming difficulties of an objective and subjective nature. External circumstances do not depend on a person; his volitional qualities cannot influence them. This is essentially any difficulty that comes from outside, for example, resistance from outsiders. But internal problems directly depend on the individual. His mental and physical state. His habits, lack of experience or knowledge may interfere.

Some effort is simply necessary for a person to make a decision and carry it out. This mental phenomenon, which determines the specifics of an act of will, which ensures the mobilization of internal human resources and creates motivation to carry out actions that can lead to results. These efforts directly depend on a person’s worldview, his moral qualities, attitudes, self-organization and the presence of goals that are significant for society.

The final phase, which contains the structure of a volitional act, is summing up. Depending on whether a person has achieved success or, on the contrary, he will experience a range of emotions. Among them are the main ones: annoyance, joy, calmness, shame, repentance. This is how a person gains experience so that next time he can carry out a more complex, deliberate action. The most significant act of will is considered to be one that is carried out instantly. Usually a person is able to manifest it only in special difficult situations, for example, in a disaster, during an accident or on the battlefield.

Qualities

There are strong-willed qualities that allow a person to achieve what he wants. Among the most important, the following should be highlighted:

Willpower, that is, the degree of effort that a person can exert to achieve a goal.
Persistence. Represents a long-term mobilization of internal reserves to complete a task.
Excerpt. Allows you to slow down feelings and desires that can prevent you from performing the actions necessary to achieve results.
Energy.

These qualities are considered basic; the psychology of will considers them basic for not very complex volitional decisions. Over time, a person develops in himself the secondary qualities necessary for making a serious choice. This is determination, courage, self-control, self-confidence. They relate not only to willpower, but also to a person’s character. There is also a third type of volitional qualities: discipline, responsibility, duty, discipline and determination.

Conclusion

The psychology of will implies that qualities develop from primary to secondary and so on as the individual gains experience and knowledge. Throughout his adult life, by performing certain actions, a person develops his will. The most important period The development of the will is the childhood years. It is at this time that a person is able to develop and accustom himself to perform certain actions. In childhood, the human psyche acquires the most important components act of will, which is why it is so important to develop this trait.

Will

Will is a person’s conscious regulation of his behavior and activities, associated with overcoming internal and external obstacles

Will is a human ability, manifested in self-determination and self-regulation of its activities and various mental processes. Thanks to the will, a person can, on his own initiative, based on a perceived need, perform actions in a pre-planned direction and with a predetermined force. Moreover, he can organize his mental activity and guide her. With an effort of will, you can restrain the external manifestation of emotions or even show the completely opposite.

The will directs or restrains a person’s activity, organizes mental activity, based on the existing tasks and requirements of both the problem situation and specific ones. social requirements one way or another social group. Initially, the concept of will was introduced to explain motives and actions carried out according to a person’s own decisions, but not in accordance with his desires. Then it began to be used to explain the possibility of free choice when there is a conflict of human desires associated with the formulation of problems of free will.

main functions of the will: 1) choice of motives and goals; 2) regulation of the impulse to action in case of insufficient or excessive motivation; 3) organization of mental processes into a system adequate to the activity performed by a person; 4) mobilization of physical and mental capabilities when overcoming obstacles in achieving the goal .

For the emergence of volitional regulation, certain conditions are necessary - the presence of obstacles and obstacles. Will manifests itself when difficulties appear on the path to the goal: external obstacles - time, space, people's opposition, physical properties of objects, etc.; internal obstacles - relationships and attitudes, painful conditions, fatigue, etc. All these obstacles, reflected in consciousness, cause volitional effort, which creates the necessary tone to overcome difficulties.

Volitional act and its structure

Volitional action can be realized in simple and complex forms

In a simple act of will, the impulse to action is directed towards a more or less conscious goal and can directly turn into action. A simple act of will has two phases: 1) the emergence of an impulse and awareness of the goal; 2) achieving the goal.

A complex volitional action is characterized by an indirect conscious process: the action is preceded by taking into account its consequences, awareness of motives, and planning. Such an action requires significant effort, patience, perseverance, and the ability to organize oneself to carry out the action.

In complex volitional action, four phases are distinguished: 1) the emergence of motivation and preliminary goal setting; 2) the stage of thinking and the struggle of motives; 3) decision making; 4) execution.

1. The first, initial phase of the volitional act consists of the previous goal setting. A necessary condition goal setting is the emergence of a certain motive, motivation and associated aspiration. The aspiration experienced by a person can be perceived differently by her and influence her activities in different ways. Depending on the nature of his awareness, the desire can be expressed in the form of attraction, desire and desire.

The process of goal setting is associated with the emergence of a conscious, effective desire or desire.

It should be noted, however, that in a complex act of will, the active desire that arises does not always immediately lead to corresponding actions and actions. This happens when a person simultaneously has several desires and motives that contradict each other. At the same time, conflicting desires may concern both the goal itself and the means of its implementation.

2. In such cases, a choice of goal and a choice of means to achieve it occurs, which is the content of the second phase of the act of will. When choosing a goal or means of influence, there is a need to discuss their acceptability, which involves weighing various arguments for and against the proposed goals or means of achieving them, requires an assessment of conflicting desires, an analysis of circumstances, reasoning, and hard work of thinking.

The choice of an accepted goal is often characterized by a pronounced struggle of motives. This struggle reflects the presence of internal obstacles in a person, conflicting motivations, desires, aspirations that collide and come into conflict with each other. For example, the desire to go for a walk with friends or stay to help your mother. . In the case where the goal is clear and acceptable, a struggle may arise between conflicting impulses about choosing one or another means of achieving the goal. For example, how to prepare for class - take notes on the question yourself or copy it.

Volitional qualities of personality and their formation

By performing various types of activities, while overcoming external and internal obstacles, a person develops volitional qualities that characterize him as a person and have great importance for study, work.

Strong-willed qualities include: purposefulness, determination, courage, courage, initiative, perseverance, independence, endurance, discipline.

Purposefulness is a volitional property of a personality, manifested in a person’s subordination of his behavior to a stable life goal, readiness to give all strength and abilities to achieve it. This long-term goal determines private goals as necessary steps on the way to achieving the main goal; everything superfluous and unnecessary is discarded. It must be remembered, however, that for some people, determination takes an individualized direction. They also set clear goals, however, their content reflects only personal needs and interests.

Decisiveness is a strong-willed personality trait, which manifests itself in the quick and thoughtful choice of a goal and the determination of ways to achieve it. Determination is especially evident in difficult situations of choice associated with risk. The opposite of this quality - indecision - can manifest itself in an endless struggle of motives, in constant revisions of an already made decision.

Courage is a person’s ability to overcome feelings of fear and confusion. Courage is manifested not only in actions when a person’s life is in danger; the brave will not be afraid difficult work, great responsibility, not afraid of failure. Courage requires a reasonable, healthy attitude to reality. True Courage strong-willed person- this is overcoming fear and taking into account threatening dangers. A brave person is aware of his capabilities and thinks through his actions sufficiently.

Perseverance is a strong-willed personality trait that manifests itself in the ability to follow through decisions made, achieve your goal, overcoming any obstacles on the way to it. One should distinguish from persistence the negative quality of will—stubbornness. A stubborn person recognizes only his own opinion, his own arguments and strives to be guided by them in his actions and actions, although these arguments may be erroneous.

Self-control, or self-control, is a strong-willed personality trait that manifests itself in the ability to restrain mental and physical manifestations that interfere with achieving a goal. The opposite negative quality is impulsiveness, the tendency to act on the first impulse, hastily, without thinking about one’s actions.

Courage is a complex personality quality that presupposes not only courage, but also perseverance, endurance, self-confidence, and the rightness of one’s cause. Courage is manifested in a person’s ability to achieve a goal, despite the danger to life and personal well-being, overcoming adversity, suffering and deprivation.

Initiative is a strong-willed quality, thanks to which a person acts creatively. This is an active and bold flexibility of human actions and actions that meets the times and conditions.

Independence is a strong-willed personality trait, manifested in the ability to set goals on one’s own initiative, find ways to achieve them and practically implement decisions made. An independent person does not give in to attempts to persuade him to take actions that are not consistent with his beliefs. The opposite quality to independence is suggestibility. A suggestible person easily succumbs to the influence of others, he does not know how to think critically about other people's advice, resist them, he accepts any other people's advice, even obviously untenable ones.

Discipline is a volitional property of an individual, manifested in the conscious subordination of one’s behavior to social rules and norms. Conscious discipline is manifested in the fact that a person, without coercion, recognizes that it is obligatory for himself to follow the rules of labor, educational discipline, and socialist community life and fights for others to comply with them.

Volitional qualities, like other personality qualities, are developed in activity. What is meant here is not artificial exercises, but the training of volitional efforts in the process of performing everyday duties. An important role in the development of strong-willed qualities is played by the personal example of the leader and the requirements of the team.

Volitional actions and acts of will. Volitional act and structure of the volitional act

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