Personality is a person in the totality of his social qualities that are formed in various types social activities and relationships.
Currently, there are a number of approaches to understanding the personality:
1) biological;
2) sociological;
3) individual psychological;
4) socio-psychological, etc.
From point of view biological approach, personality development is the deployment of a genetic program.
From point of view sociological approach, personality is a product of cultural and historical development.
From point of view individual psychological approach, personality development is influenced by such features as the constitution of a person, type nervous system etc.
Socio-psychological approach to understanding personality explains the mechanisms of socialization of the individual; reveals its socio-psychological structure; allows diagnosing this structure of personality characteristics and influencing it.
Personality structure consists of four substructures:
1) Substructure of directionality and personality relationships , including inclinations, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, views, beliefs of a person, his worldview. The substructure of the orientation of the personality is most socially conditioned, formed under the influence of upbringing in society, and most fully reflects the ideology of the community in which the person is included.
2) Individual social experience of the individual which includes acquired knowledge, skills, abilities and habits. This substructure is formed mainly in the learning process and has a social character.
3) Individual characteristics mental processes human , i.e. individual manifestations of memory, perception, sensations, thinking, abilities, depending both on innate factors and on training, development, and improvement of these qualities.
4) Biologically determined substructure , which includes typological, age, sexual properties of the personality, i.e. biopsychic
- Socialization of the individual. Stages, factors and content of the process of socialization.
The concept of socialization. Stages: adaptation, individualization, internalization. Mechanisms of socialization: gender-role identification, social assessment of desired behavior, imitation, imitation and identification, social facilitation. Factors: microfactors, mesofactors, macrofactors.
Socialization is the process and result of the assimilation and active production of social experience by the individual, which is carried out in communication, activity and behavior.
THE FOLLOWING STAGES OF SOCIALIZATION ARE ALLOCATED:
1. Primary socialization, or stage of adaptation(from birth to adolescence the child learns social experience uncritically, adapts, adapts, imitates).
2. Stage of individualization(there is a desire to distinguish oneself from others, a critical attitude to social norms of behavior). IN adolescence the stage of individualization, self-determination "the world and I" is characterized as an intermediate socialization, as it is still unstable in the outlook and character of a teenager.
3. Integration stage(there is a desire to find one's place in society, to "fit" into society). Integration goes well if the properties of a person are accepted by the group, society.
4. Labor stage of socialization covers the entire period of a person's maturity, the entire period of his labor activity when a person not only assimilates social experience, but also reproduces it due to the active influence of a person on the environment through his activity.
5. Post-labor stage of socialization considers elderly age as an age that makes a significant contribution to the reproduction of social experience, to the process of passing it on to new generations.
Socialization mechanisms:
One of the first identified mechanism, which can be designated how unity of imitation, imitation, identification .
The unity of imitation, imitation, identification - human desire to reproduce the perceived behavior of other people.
The action of the mechanism is carried out through the social interaction of people. very many social relations can be represented in the teacher-student model. This refers not only to the relationship between adults and children, but also the relationship between adults who reproduce the experience of others, tend to copy certain behaviors, identify themselves to some extent with social roles. But this fur is of leading importance in the process of growing up a person. The child, imitating his parents, imitates their words, gestures, facial expressions, actions and deeds.
There is also a mechanism gender identity - assimilation by the subject of psychological traits, behavioral characteristics characteristic of people of a certain gender.
Mechanism of social assessment of desired behavior carried out in the process of social control. It works on the basis of the principle of pleasure studied by Z. Freud - suffering - the feelings that a person experiences in connection with rewards (positive sanctions) and punishments (negative sanctions) coming from other people.
social facilitation involves the stimulating influence of some people on the behavior, activities and communication of others.
social inhibition manifests itself in the negative, inhibitory influence of one person on another.
The whole set of factors under the influence of which socialization is carried out can be divided into three groups. :
megafactors- space, planet, world, which in one way or another through other groups of factors influence the socialization of all inhabitants of the Earth;
macro factors- country, ethnicity, society, state, which affect the socialization of all living in certain countries;
mesofactors- conditions of socialization of large groups of people, allocated: by area and type of settlement in which they live (region, village, city, township); by belonging to the audience of certain mass communication networks (radio, television, etc.); by belonging to one or another subculture;
microfactors- directly influencing specific people who interact with them - family and home, neighborhood, peer groups, educational organizations, various public, state, religious, private and counter-social organizations, microsociety.
The difference in approaches to understanding personality is due to the complexity and ambiguity of the very phenomenon of "personality". There are many theories of personality, the main ones of which we will study in other sections of this discipline. Each of the theories sees and constructs personality in its own way, focusing on some of its aspects and leaving out others (or giving them a secondary role).
According to the authors of the monograph "Theory of Personality" L. Hjell and D. Ziegler, "no outstanding theory can be fully and correctly understood" in relation to the definition of human nature, "differences between theories reflect more fundamental differences between their creators" .
L. Hjell and D. Ziegler, having analyzed the most famous psychological theories of personality, present 9 bipolar scales expressing the main provisions about the nature of a person of various schools and directions. They are:
1. Freedom - Determinism (responsibility).
2. Rationality - Irrationality.
3. Holism (integrity) - Elementalism.
4. Constitutionalism (biological) - Environmentalism (social).
5. Variability (evolutionism) - Immutability.
6. Subjectivity - Objectivity.
7. Proactivity ( internal factors development) - Reactivity (behavior - reaction to external stimuli).
8. Knowability - Unknowability.
9. Homeostasis (preservation of internal balance) - Heterostasis (personal growth and self-development).
The given scales represent the extreme poles, which are adhered to by representatives of various psychological theories personality. At the same time, these poles, as a rule, are opposed to each other, when some scientists rely on one of them, while others defend the predominance of the opposite. But another interpretation of these scales is possible within the framework of the principle of stable disequilibrium.
The genesis of human development itself is due to the interaction of opposite principles. This interaction creates complexity and inconsistency. mental life person and his behaviour. And this interaction is generated by a state of dynamic disequilibrium, in which there are two opposite beginnings, which determines the movement along the path mental development man and his integrity. We can say that the state of dynamic disequilibrium is the potential for human development.
Can be designated possible metapositions in the interpretation of personality:
· personality as a profile of psychological traits(factorial theory of traits by R. Cattell, dispositional theory of personality by G. Allport, factorial theory of personality by H. Eysenck, etc.);
· personality as human experience(psychoanalytic theory of personality by Z. Freud, behaviorism, partly (if we mean the inner experience, experiences of the personality) humanistic psychology, personality studies in the context life path);
· personality as temperament and age(personality theories of G. Eysenck and E. Erikson) ;
· personality as an internalized ensemble public relations (practically all theories of Soviet psychology: L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinshtein, K.K. Platonov) .
Three schools have developed on the question of human nature: biological, sociological and psychological. biological school. Philosophers believe that the essence of a person lies not so much in the fact that a person is a rational being, but in the fact that he is an initially biological, instinctive being.
They believe that his biological, instinctive nature, essence is given to him from birth, and that it always and everywhere determines his life activity and is unchanged. Arnold Gehlen - a man is an animal whose biological non-specialization makes him a flawed creature, since he is poorly, in comparison with other animals, equipped with instincts and cannot lead a purely natural existence. This makes a person a being incomplete and open to the world. Activity is a compensation for the initial biological inferiority of a person, his non-specialization. Biological mechanisms- inborn instincts. The most important of them: 1) the instinct of caring for offspring; 2) the instinct of admiration for a flourishing life and compassion for a dying life; and 3) safety instinct. The biological inferiority of a person predetermines him social life and all the features of its development and its social life. Konrad Lorenz - the most important and primary human instinct is aggressiveness. The actions, social norms, and rituals that exist in culture are due to natural instincts and, above all, to the innate human aggression. social norms and the rituals are nothing but the reoriented instincts of aggression. For K. Lorenz, a person is a hostage to innate instincts, primarily aggressiveness, and it is they that lead to the complete degradation of both himself and the society in which he lives. The main directions and currents of the biological school in the teachings about man: 1). Anthroposociology is a theory that establishes a direct connection of social position individual people and social groups with anatomical and physiological characteristics of a person (size and shape of the skull, height, hair and eye color, etc.) and considering social phenomena on this basis. 2). Eugenics - studies the laws of heredity, human genetics. Explains the existence of social inequality by the mental and physiological inequality of people. 3). Racial theory reduces the social essence of people to their biological, racial characteristics, arbitrarily dividing races into "higher" and "lower". 4). Social Darwinism - considers as the main engine of social development the struggle for existence and natural selection. sociological school. Sociocentrism is a methodological approach that, in defining a person, his essence, establishes the priority of society, culture, believing that a person, his life and behavior are entirely dependent on society. The origins of this approach can be found in the French materialists of the 18th century (K. Helvetia and others), who formed the idea of a person as a product of the social environment and education. From the point of view of K. Marx, man is an active being. He himself creates and transforms the environment, and with it his own nature. K. Marx shows that the biological unity of man has never played any significant role in history. Man is "the totality of social relations." The basis of human life is formed by collective practical activity, therefore it is a truly generic way of human life. This means, firstly, that a person is inextricably linked with society, is its product. A person determines himself, as well as changes himself to the extent that the whole complex of social relations exists and changes. This means, secondly, that man, his essence, is in development. The human essence cannot be found in any single person, but must be sought in the history of the human race. A person is not initially born as a social being, he becomes one with the development of social relations, changing along with them. The problem of man in Marxism is solved in connection with society and only on its basis. A person changes the social environment, adapting it for himself, to the same extent a person himself changes with a change in the environment. Psychological school. common feature The psychological school is that a person, his motives of behavior and being itself are considered only as a manifestation of his psyche, namely the relationship between the conscious and the unconscious. 3. Freud - opened a whole direction in philosophical anthropology and affirmed the unconscious as the most important factor human dimension and existence. The psyche is considered as something independent, existing in parallel with material processes and controlled by special, unknowable, eternal psychic forces that lie beyond consciousness. Man's soul is dominated by unchanging psychic conflicts of unconscious desires for pleasure. The unconscious becomes the cause of human history, morality, art, science, religion, the state, and so on. The human psyche consists of three layers. The lowest and most powerful layer - "It" (Id) - is outside of consciousness. Then follows a relatively small layer of consciousness - this is the "I" (Ego) of a person. The upper layer of the human spirit - "Super-I" (Super Ego) - is the ideals and norms of society, the sphere of obligation and moral censorship. Behaviorism. Behaviorists believe that on the basis of human behavior in a given situation, it is necessary to derive the rules for educating people in their life together. Gestalt psychology - explores the nature of man, comes to the conclusion about the fundamental irreducibility of the whole (Gestalt weaving) to the sum of its components (parts). Representatives of this trend argue that the whole is generally something other than the sum of its parts. Thus, both biological and sociological, and psychological school they absolutize the significance of some one moment of human nature, thereby underestimating other moments, which, according to the modern scientific paradigm, is methodologically incorrect. It is more correct to speak of an equivalent impact on the formation of the human essence of all three factors. In other words, man is a biopsychosocial being.
You can also find information of interest in the scientific search engine Otvety.Online. Use the search form:
More on the topic Modern approaches to understanding a person. Biological, psychological and sociological schools in the doctrines of man.:
- Modern approaches to human understanding. Biological, psychological and sociological schools in the doctrines of man.
- 8. Modern approaches to understanding a person. Biological, psychological and sociological schools in the doctrines of man.
The concept of "personality" means a holistic person in the unity of his individual abilities and the social roles. The concept of "personality" must be distinguished from the concepts of the individual and individuality. The concept of "human individual" denotes belonging to the human race and does not include specific intellectual or emotional - psychological characteristics inherent in individuality.
Personality is a complex socio-psychological phenomenon, the analysis of which can be carried out from the standpoint of philosophy, psychology and sociology.
The problem of personality in philosophy is, first of all, the question of what place a person occupies in the world, what a person can become, that is, can a person become the master of his own destiny, can a person “make” himself.
Even the ancient Greeks addressed the issue of the essence of personality, the word "personality" in the Greek theater meant a mask, a mask, a role played by an actor. In the understanding of the ancient Greeks, a person outside the community, outside the policy - is unreal, just like a biological organ, torn off from the whole organism.
Christianity gave a different understanding of personality, interpreting personality not as a relationship, but as a special entity, an intangible substance, a synonym for an intangible soul.
There was also a dualistic understanding of personality. In the philosophy of the New Age, starting with Descartes, the problem of self-consciousness as a relationship of a person to himself comes to the fore, while the concept of "personality" seems to merge with the concept of "I", the identity of the person is seen in her consciousness.
The German philosopher I. Kant believed that a person becomes a person thanks to self-consciousness, it is self-consciousness that guides a person and allows him to subordinate his “I” to the moral law.
In the course of development philosophical knowledge personality problems were clarified and differentiated. The fundamental question of the discussion was the question of the degree of freedom of the individual in relation to nature, society, and himself. Personality and society were often opposed and compared as equal and of the same order of magnitude. Therefore, the belittling of the individual was affirmed, considering it as a product of a social or biological environment, or, conversely, personal freedom was understood as arbitrariness, as a denial of expediency and regularity in nature and society. In this case, a person turns out to be either an absolute demiurge, or suffering, perishing under the pressure of impersonal forces.
The approach to the problem of personality from the standpoint of philosophical knowledge focuses on the fact that in the course of historical development social types personalities, their value orientations and relationships between individuals and societies. Supporters of different philosophical positions had different life experiences, lived in different historical conditions, so their views on the problem of personality were influenced by the spirit of the times, the values of society and cultural traditions, as well as the influence of the personality of the author himself.
In psychology, personality is understood as such characteristics of a person that are responsible for the coordinated manifestation of his feelings, thinking and behavior, these interrelated characteristics must manifest themselves steadily and purposefully. Steady and stable aspects of personality are manifested through the structure of personality. The main structure-forming elements of personality act as if building blocks of personality theory. Such backbone elements of the personality structure are habit, attitude, ideal, reaction, trait, type. The structure-forming elements listed in this order do not exhaust the question of personality structure. Different conceptual ways of thinking about the organization of these elements can be used. However, let us return to the listed structural elements of personality. The concept of "trait" means the consistency and stability of individual reactions to various situations, and through these reactions one or another person can be characterized.
Let's take as an example an excerpt from A. S. Pushkin's poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". The conflict between the brothers was based on the fact that Charles - Chernomor envied high growth and the kindness of his brother:
"Insidious, evil Chernomor,
You, you are the cause of all my troubles! Shame on our families
Born of a carla with a beard,
My wondrous growth from my youthful days
He could not see without vexation
And stood for it in his soul
Me, cruel, to hate.
I've always been a bit simple
Although high, and this unfortunate,
Having the stupidest height
Smart as a devil - and terribly angry.
We note the main features of the male image of a positive hero - "wonderful" growth, stoutness, the absence of meanness in character, simplicity. And the character traits of the negative hero are insidious, vicious, cruel, having a "stupid" growth.
The concept of "type" means the presence of many, different features, their combination. Compared with the concept of a trait, the concept of a type means a much greater generalization, repeatability of behavior. Some people may have many traits with varying degrees expression, but they are more general plan can be attributed to a certain type of personality. For example, individuals can be typologically typified as introverts or extroverts, or as individuals who strive for communication, create communicative situations and go towards others, or, on the contrary, do not strive for communications similar to themselves at the level of communication. They are satisfied with auto communication. Let us recall the famous work of Vl. Nabokov's Defense of Luzhin main character original, self-sufficient, autocommunicative.
Personality theory can be discussed not only in terms of the structure of the personality, but also in terms of dynamic, motivational concepts that reflect and explain the behavior of the individual. In psychology, there are three main categories of motivational concepts - motives for pleasure (or hedonic motives), motives for growth (or self-actualization) and cognitive motives.
The concept of hedonistic motives emphasizes seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. The motives of self-actualization express the desire for growth and self-realization, in accordance with which individuals strive to grow and realize their potential. And finally, in cognitive theories of motivation, the emphasis is on understanding and predicting what is happening. From the point of view of this theory, a person has a defining need for knowledge, and not for pleasure or self-realization, predictability and internal consistency are preferred by the subject, even if he has to pay for it with pain and discomfort. Thus, this means that sometimes people may prefer an unpleasant event to a pleasant one if it makes the world more predictable and stable.
In the process of personality development and manifestation of its communicative essence great importance have human experience, determined by cultural affiliation and social-class conditionality of the individual's activity. A person is included in the system of social relations due to active objective activity, he lives and develops in society, the formation of personality is carried out in the process of socialization. The individual becomes a member of society. In the process of mastering various norms and activities, the individual masters many social roles. In addition to general social, the individual acquires features due to the specifics of life in a particular class community, national-ethnic formation, in a socio-territorial communicative space and gender associations. So, based on the above data, we will try to model the foundations of a communicative personality, we will single out its theoretical and methodological elements. Since a communicative personality is, first of all, a communicative person, and sociability necessarily implies an emotional and psychological attitude towards people around them, the presence of positive character traits that others would respond to in the process of communication. A communicative person is a person who is included in the process of socialization, who is able to understand and analyze this process, and, finally, it is a person who is ideologically meaningful, who understands the meaning of his being and human purpose in principle, who is able to comprehend the issues of the process of life and its worthy end. We have identified the leading personality characteristics, so to speak, ideally. It is possible that reality will not always present us with such phenomena, but there should be an ideal variant, which it is advisable to focus on in life.
So, we have identified approaches to the problem of personality from the standpoint of philosophy, psychology, sociology, now, integrating these approaches and taking into account the information and communication component of the being of a person, we will characterize the concept of personality, its role in society, the specifics of a communicative personality.
Personality is a product of the development of society. It develops not in isolation, but in a communicative space, with other personalities. Due to the fact that individuals are in direct or indirect communication with each other, this communication is structurally organized in the form of various social groups and specific communities. Some of these groups (estates, classes, etc.) are formed regardless of the role of the individuals belonging to them. Other social groups such as political parties, social movements etc. are a product social activities and activity of people in the name of certain goals. The belonging of an individual to a group is expressed in certain functions (roles), in which his obligations and rights in relation to the group are fixed. There are many roles, as well as groups to which an individual belongs: businessman, husband, son, father, car enthusiast, etc. Sometimes the roles do not coincide with each other and may contradict one another (an employee who is timid in front of his superiors and a despot at home). Personality is not exhausted by any of its many roles.
The structure of the personality is formed by their integrity, totality. It is possible to characterize a personality through its main features, as we have shown above, and the roles in the manifestation of which its individuality is expressed. The definition of the structure of the personality as the totality of all its roles indicates the dependence of the personality on other individuals and society. Each person, representing an individual, is in certain relationships with reality, with people around. Individual identity of the relationship specific person to the outside world is conditioned by social relations, the peculiarities of interpersonal relations, the specifics of education.
This whole complex of relationships affects the formation of personality traits. Character is an individual combination of the most stable, essential properties of a person that express his attitude to reality and are manifested in his behavior and actions. Character is a holistic formation, unity mental properties personality. But this whole is made up of certain parts. The structure of the personality's character consists of a number of substructures that express the content and form of the character and are manifested in such components as orientation, beliefs, needs, inclinations, interests, motives, ideals, moral and volitional qualities of the personality. All these structural elements personalities reflect the peculiarities of a person's attitude to the world around him. The ideological basis of the orientation of the individual is a system of views on nature, society, consciousness, i.e. outlook of the individual. An important feature worldviews is conviction, purposefulness, sociability. Personal development is historically conditioned. The structure of the personality's character can change qualitatively, being rebuilt throughout the life of the personality.
There are other approaches to the structure and essence of personality. For example, Sigmund Freud believed that the core of the personality is irrational instinctive subconscious drives. The essence of personality is the antisocial unconscious. It is argued that the unconscious is in constant conflict with the conscious, the personality is potentially pathological.
The exponents of the concept of behaviorism argue that human beings are complex machines, material devices that do not have an immaterial soul or consciousness. Logical behaviorism is associated with the philosophy of language and claims that a person’s mental states are identical to the observed acts of his behavior or are manifested through his actions, which is why they become available to objective external observation when a person uses a common language with other people. As a result, the phenomena of consciousness can be translated into a linguistic plane and described as acts of communicative behavior. In fact, the “phenomena of consciousness” is much more complicated, and in order to understand the essence of a person as a communicant, it is necessary to identify the essence of a communicative person.
A public relations specialist must have knowledge of the communicative behavior of an individual, be able to effectively form a communicative strategy, and effectively use a variety of tactics communications. Each person - a specialist does this individually, which allows us to talk about a communicative personality.
IN psychological science exist different approaches to the study of personality. The most widespread in foreign psychology are three theories, namely: biogenetic, sociogenetic, psychogenetic.
Biogenetic theory bases the development of personality biological processes body maturation. The American psychologist of the early 20th century, S. Hall, considered the biogenetic "law of recapitulation" to be the main law of development, according to which individual development, ontogenesis, repeats the main stages of phylogenesis. In the typological classifications developed in the 20th century by E. Kramer (1925), W. Sheldon (1954), an attempt was made to link the character of a person with his physical. Biologism is especially bright in the interpretation of personality 3. . According to his teaching, all behavior of the individual is due to unconscious biological drives or instincts. Personal development occurs through adaptation biological nature to life in society, the development of her and coordinated with the "Super-I" ways to meet needs.
L. S. Vygotsky explains personality from the point of view of the cultural and historical development of mankind: “Personality is a social concept, it embraces the supranatural, historical in man. It is not born, but arises as a result of cultural development, therefore personality is a historical concept.
The emergence of personality as a systemic quality is due to the fact that the individual in joint activities with others, he changes the world and through these changes transforms himself (A. N. Leontiev, S. L.). Personality is considered in the unity of the individual and the conditions of the social environment (B. G., A. N. Leontiev).
Personality is a relatively late product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic development of man. The real basis of personality is the totality of social relations to the world, those relations that are realized in activity, more precisely, in the totality of diverse activities. The formation of personality is the formation unified system personal meanings.
Loading...