Oncology in the lungs is a new formation of human condition. The first signs of lung cancer. Peripheral cancer of the left upper and lower lobe

More than 2 million people die from lung cancer every year. In many countries, the disease occupies a leading place among other oncological pathologies.

The severity of the disease is determined by the fact that by the time the diagnosis is made, sometimes there is already a deep growth of the tumor, often with metastases. In addition, the lung is a common organ where cancer metastases from other locations settle.

Causes and forms of lung cancer

The occurrence of a tumor is often associated with external factors such as smoking, radiation, chemical carcinogens. Chronic diseases of the bronchopulmonary system, which are the background for the development of neoplasms, are directly involved in carcinogenesis.

Cigarette smoking often leads to the formation of lung carcinomas. A mixture of tobacco smoke consists of 4 thousand substances with carcinogenic properties (benzopyrene, soot), which act on the bronchial epithelium and lead to its death. The longer and more a person smokes tobacco, the higher the risk of malignant cell degeneration.

To completely remove cigarette carcinogens from the body, you must quit smoking for at least 15 years.

Radon, which is found in soil, building materials, and mines, has a strong oncogenic property. Exposure to asbestos also increases the risk of lung cancer.

The mechanism of tumor development can be described as follows. First, as a result of exposure to external unfavorable factors against the background of some chronic bronchopulmonary disease, atrophy of the bronchial mucosa occurs and replacement of glandular tissue with fibrous tissue occurs. Areas of dysplasia appear, which degenerate into cancer.

Central lung cancer affects the large bronchi. Anatomically, the following forms of cancer are distinguished:

Central cancer of the right lung is diagnosed more often, which is due to the peculiarity of the anatomical structure. The left main bronchus departs from the trachea at an angle, and the right one is its continuation. That is why carcinogenic reagents are directly delivered in greater quantities to the right lung. The more common histological variant is squamous cell carcinoma.

Classification by stages:

Characteristics of symptoms of the disease

Considering the fact that in lung tissue There are no pain receptors; pain, as a sign of lung cancer, appears when invasion occurs into the pleura or nerve trunks. For a long period of time, the disease is asymptomatic; a person is able to live for several years without noticing any changes in the body.

The manifestation of symptoms in central cancer is due to the presence of a tumor node, which, when growing, irritates the bronchial mucosa, reduces its patency, which leads to impaired ventilation of part of the lung.

This is how areas of atelectasis (collapse of lung tissue) are formed, which can result in displacement of the mediastinal organs.

Symptom	Cause and manifestation
Cough	Occurs due to irritation of the bronchial mucosa by the tumor. Initially, the cough is dry, debilitating, especially at night. Then clear sputum appears. If secondary infection occurs, then purulent sputum comes out with a cough.
Hemoptysis	Associated either with the disintegration of the tumor or with germination into small capillaries. Hemoptysis is not profuse, with streaks of blood in the sputum. In later stages, the discharge may be thickly blood-stained and appear as a “raspberry jelly.”
Dyspnea	Occurs after loss of airiness in the lung tissue or from displacement of the mediastinal organs.
Pain	They are a late symptom of the disease, indicating tumor growth into adjacent tissues and damage to nerve trunks.
Swallowing disorder	It is associated either with compression of the esophagus by enlarged lymph nodes, or with tumor growth into its wall.
Hoarseness of voice	Central cancer of the left lung is manifested by this symptom when compression of the left vagus nerve occurs by a growing formation.
Temperature increase	Manifestation of intoxication syndrome during tumor disintegration. But more often, pneumonia develops against the background of lung cancer, which is accompanied by hyperthermia.

With the endobronchial form of central lung cancer, the first manifestation will be a dry cough, due to the fact that the tumor grows inside the bronchus and causes irritation of the mucous membrane. In the nodular form, when the tumor grows outward, bronchial drainage is preserved for a long time, so symptoms appear in later stages of the disease. It is more difficult to make a diagnosis of a branched form of cancer, due to the fact that the lumen of the bronchial tube is free, and one can only navigate by indirect signs.

In stage 4 lung cancer, additional manifestations of distant metastases are present. With metastatic damage to the brain, headaches, vomiting, blurred vision and speech, paralysis or paresis may occur. Metastases in the skeletal system are manifested by pain and pathological fractures, in the liver - pain in the right hypochondrium.

Differential diagnosis of central lung cancer is carried out with diseases such as pneumonia, pleurisy, polycystic lung disease, abscess, tuberculosis.

Diagnostic stages

Despite all the possibilities of advanced medicine, today in a third of those who apply, lung cancer is detected at a late stage, when there is no longer a chance to perform radical surgery. Therefore, the patient’s life directly depends on correct and timely diagnosis.

Central lung cancer is detected either when visiting a clinic with pulmonary symptoms or on a screening fluorogram.

First, a general examination of the patient is carried out, peripheral lymph nodes are palpated, especially supraclavicular lymph nodes, which are most often affected by metastases. Auscultation of the lungs is performed to identify areas with impaired ventilation.

If necessary, they can be used to clarify the diagnosis. additional methods– thoracoscopy, angiography, MRI and others.

General principles of treatment

Radical surgery is the standard treatment for lung cancer. Its volume directly determines how long patients live after surgery. An oncology clinic or dispensary must have the most modern X-ray and endoscopic equipment and have highly specialized specialists on its staff. Thoracic operations are high-tech, and anesthesia is provided in the form of multicomponent endotracheal anesthesia with single-pulmonary ventilation.

Surgical treatment is not performed when there is invasion in neighboring organs and education is technically indestructible. Also, intervention is not advisable if there are already metastases in the bones, brain or spinal cord or other organs.

The best option is a radical operation, when a lobe of the lung or the entire organ is removed along with the lymph nodes and surrounding tissue.

For non-operative forms of cancer, radiation therapy is used in the form of one or two courses. Irradiation is also given to those patients who refuse surgery. Chemotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer is ineffective and is used for running forms as palliative care.

It is impossible to predict exactly how long people with this disease will live. The prognosis depends on the stage, histological form of cancer, the presence or absence of metastases, and concomitant pathology. On average, the five-year survival rate for stage 1 cancer is more than 80%, and for stage 4 cancer it is no more than 5%.

The question of how long people diagnosed with lung cancer live can be considered incorrect. After all, each case is individual, and it is impossible to predict how the immune system and the body’s own defense mechanisms will react in the fight against the tumor. Therefore, every patient has the right to hope for the most favorable outcome.

Indisputable and long-proven measures to prevent the development of lung cancer are quitting smoking and a healthy lifestyle. And an annual screening fluorographic examination will allow you to identify the disease at the earliest stages.

Update: December 2018

Lung cancer is the most common localization of the oncological process, characterized by a rather latent course and the early appearance of metastases. The incidence rate of lung cancer depends on the area of residence, the degree of industrialization, climatic and production conditions, gender, age, genetic predisposition and other factors. There is a gradual increase in the number of sick people from year to year. Since the main cause of the oncological process has not yet been precisely clarified, risk factors leading to the disease are identified based on statistics.

Among them, the first place is occupied by those that affect the quality of inhaled air:

Atmospheric pollution, prolonged exposure to dusty conditions, with the most dangerous dust being asbestos, bismuth, arsenic, dust and fumes from industrial resins, and organic (grain) dust.
Smoking – today’s cigarettes, when burned, release almost all of the substances listed above, as well as ammonia. Nicotine smoke narrows the bronchi and blood vessels, dries out the bronchial mucosa, and significantly impairs the cleansing and protective functions of the respiratory organs. A smoker who has consumed 20 cigarettes daily for more than 20 years is in the highest risk group for developing cancer.

IN tobacco smoke contains a certain amount of tobacco tar, which contains a lot of substances that cause cancer in animals and humans. Studies on rabbits have shown that it is enough to smear the animal's ear several times with this tar, and it will develop a cancerous tumor after a certain time.

The second place is occupied by risk factors that worsen the condition of the bronchi and lung tissue:

viral infections;
chronic inflammatory processes of the respiratory system;
residual changes in the lungs after past diseases– pneumosclerosis.

A genetic predisposition of some nationalities to lung cancer has been noted.

Statistics show that lung cancer is several times more common among urban residents than among rural residents (in the heat, formaldehyde and a host of other substances are released into the air from hot city asphalt harmful substances, the powerful electromagnetic field of megacities reduces human immunity).
The highest mortality from lung cancer in men is recorded in the UK, Scotland, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands; among women, the mortality rate is higher in Hong Kong and Scotland. Countries such as Brazil, Syria, and El Salvador have the lowest percentage of lung cancer among the population.
Men get lung cancer twice as often as women, it can be assumed that there is a direct connection with the fact that the majority of workers in hazardous industries and smokers are men.
The incidence is much higher in geographic areas with high natural background radiation, or radioactive contamination of the environment.

Types of lung cancer

Doctors use several classifications of lung cancer. International classification reflects the stage, size of the tumor, involvement of lymph nodes in the process and the presence or absence of metastases. It is used to write final diagnoses.
Pathomorphological classification explains the course of certain processes; it distinguishes between central and peripheral cancer.

Central cancer is called so because the oncological process affects large bronchi (Fig. 1). The tumor grows inside the bronchus or along its wall, gradually narrowing and then completely blocking the lumen.

The part of the lung (lobe, segment) that is left without access to air collapses, atelectasis is formed, in which secondary inflammation then develops, leading in the later stages to the disintegration of lung tissue.

The tumor itself, growing through the walls of the affected bronchus, causes inflammation of nearby tissues and lymph nodes, representing a dense conglomerate (Fig. 1).

The prognosis of central cancer depends on the time of detection of the disease; the earlier the diagnosis is made, the more favorable the prognosis.

It affects small bronchi, the tumor grows outward, can fill the alveoli - pneumonia-like cancer, or form quite large nodes (Fig. 2).

The insidious thing is that for a long time from 2 to 5 years, the disease does not manifest itself in any way, and it is almost impossible to detect.

But at the same time, at any time, under the influence of external unfavorable factors, expansive growth of the tumor can occur; it can reach significant sizes in a short time.

Such factors include viral and bacterial pneumonia, physiotherapeutic procedures, frequent visits to baths, steam rooms, saunas, prolonged exposure to the sun, decreased immunity and others.

Symptoms of lung cancer in men are no different from those in women. With peripheral cancer, in the early stages there are no manifestations; in the later stages, the symptoms differ little from those characteristic of central cancer.

Symptoms of lung cancer

Early, first symptoms of lung cancer are not specific and usually do not cause alarm, these include:

unmotivated fatigue
loss of appetite
slight weight loss may occur
cough
specific symptoms: cough with “rusty” sputum, shortness of breath, hemoptysis that occurs in later stages
pain syndrome indicates the involvement of nearby organs and tissues in the process

Symptoms on initial stages scanty or absent altogether. This is due to the fact that the lungs are devoid of pain nerve endings, and compensatory capabilities are so developed that only 25% of normally functioning lung tissue can provide the body with oxygen. Tumor growth is a multi-year, long-term process that takes from 4 to 10 years.

There are 3 phases of lung cancer development:

Biological period - the time from the appearance of a neoplasm to the first signs during an x-ray examination
Asymptomatic period - no symptoms, only radiological signs cancer
Clinical period - the appearance of symptoms of the disease

With stage 1-2 of the oncological process, this is a biological or asymptomatic period of cancer, when a person does not feel any health problems. A small number of patients seek medical help during this period, so timely early diagnosis of the first stages is extremely difficult.

In stages 2-3 of lung cancer, certain syndromes may appear, that is, “masks” of other ailments and diseases.

At first, the oncological process is manifested by a simple decrease in a person’s vitality, he begins to quickly get tired of simple daily everyday activities, loses interest in current events, performance decreases, weakness appears, a person may say “how tired I am of everything,” “I’m tired of everything.”
Then, as the disease progresses, cancer can masquerade as frequent bronchitis, ARVI, catarrh of the respiratory tract, pneumonia (see,)
The patient may periodically simply have an increase in body temperature, then recover and rise again to low-grade levels. Taking antipyretics, NSAIDs or traditional methods of treatment relieves the malaise for some time, but the repetition of this condition within several months forces people who monitor their health to consult a doctor.

Cough - at the beginning the cough is like a cough, it is rare and dry (see), without sputum (with central cancer). Then it begins to bother the person more, becomes constant, annoying, due to the involvement of large bronchi (main or lobar) in the blastomatous process.

Shortness of breath, heart rhythm disturbances, respiratory failure, angina pectoris in the chest are manifestations of advanced lung cancer, since large parts of the lungs begin to fall out of the breathing process, the vascular bed of the pulmonary circulation is reduced, and compression of the anatomical structures of the mediastinum may also occur.

When blood appears in the sputum, a person immediately consults a doctor; streaks of blood or hemoptysis appear due to damage to the bronchial wall, destruction of blood vessels and the bronchial mucosa. Unfortunately, this symptom of cancer indicates an advanced stage - 3 or 4.

Chest pain occurs in the side where the tumor is localized, again already in the last stages of the oncological process. Moreover, the neoplasm can be perceived as variants of intercostal neuralgia (see).

The intensity of pain can be different and depends on the involvement of the pleura in the process, and the pain intensifies as the growth of the tumor progresses, when intercostal nerves and intrathoracic fascia are added to the process. When the ribs are involved in the tumor process, especially when they are destroyed, the pain becomes especially painful and cannot be controlled by analgesics.

Another variant of symptoms in advanced lung cancer is difficulty in moving food through the esophagus, that is, a “mask” of an esophageal tumor, since metastases in the lymph nodes near the esophagus compress it, disrupting the easy passage of food.

Sometimes it is the extrapulmonary symptoms of oncology that indicate stage 4 lung cancer, when metastases to other organs and tissues (kidneys, bones, brain, etc.) disrupt the functions of the corresponding organ. Therefore, patients can contact an orthopedist, neurologist, ophthalmologist, cardiologist and other specialists with various complaints about deterioration of health, without knowing about the real reason ailments.

Diagnostics

How is lung cancer determined? Up to 60% of lung cancer lesions are detected during preventive fluorography, at different stages development. The radiograph (Fig. 1) was obtained during a routine medical examination; despite such a large pathological focus, the patient had no health complaints.

Radiography

The first method for diagnosing lung cancer is chest x-ray. It is carried out in two mutually perpendicular projections.

When a pathological focus is first identified, the patient is prescribed a course of treatment for pneumonia (pneumonia), after which a control study is carried out.

If no obvious improvements are noted on radiographs, differential diagnosis is carried out, usually between tuberculosis and oncological processes.

In Fig. 3, the patient has X-ray signs of a long-standing tuberculosis process and a formation in the upper field on the right that is visually similar to peripheral cancer. In such cases, the difference between tuberculoma and cancer can only be accurately determined using histological examination.

CT scan

It allows you to more accurately determine the size of the tumor, its location, the presence of small foci not visible on a regular x-ray, the size of the intrathoracic lymph nodes and a number of other information useful for the attending physician. But it does not allow us to make a diagnosis with absolute accuracy. Absolute accuracy is only possible with histological examination.

Biopsy

A tissue biopsy of a pathological focus is the most accurate diagnosis, but it is fraught with a number of dangers. A malignant tumor after such an intervention can develop expansive growth; there is a slight danger of pathological cells entering the bloodstream with the subsequent development of metastases. Therefore, when going for a biopsy, it is advisable to be prepared for surgery to remove the tumor if the result turns out to be the same.

Bronchoscopy

To diagnose central cancer, bronchoscopy and bronchography are used, this is an X-ray examination bronchial tree with contrast. It allows you to determine the patency of the bronchi and identify a tumor.

Examination for tuberculosis in an anti-tuberculosis dispensary for differential diagnosis.
Blood test for okomarkers

Lung cancer treatment and prognosis

Treatment in the early stages is surgical. After a clarifying histological examination of the removed material, antitumor treatment, radiation and chemotherapy are required to prevent relapses.

If the tumor is the same size as in Fig. 4 (a small dot on the left side between the 4th and 5th ribs), was removed on time, appropriate treatment was carried out, and there was no relapse for up to 5 years, the patient is considered completely healthy.

For tumors of the size shown in Figures 1 and 2, surgical treatment is not performed. Only radiation and chemotherapy are used. Some tumors respond well to this treatment and decrease in size, which significantly prolongs the patient's life.

How long do they live with lung cancer? The development of oncology without treatment always ends in death. 48% of patients who did not receive treatment for any reason die in the first year after diagnosis, only 1% survive to 5 years, only 3% of untreated patients live 3 years.

Prevention

In addition to protection from external adverse factors, especially harmful production with asbestos, arsenic, etc., and quitting smoking, the entire adult population needs to undergo an x-ray examination of the lungs annually.

This will allow the disease to be diagnosed in a timely manner and completely cured in a timely manner.

A normal radiograph of the OGK looks like in Fig. 5. During a preventive examination, metastases of tumors of other organs, which appear in the lungs first, can be detected in the lungs.

This is due to increased blood circulation and a developed network lymphatic vessels, and may be the only sign of the presence of cancer in other organs.

Even for people who have never smoked, when working in hazardous industrial enterprises that use chromium, nickel, asbestos, radon, tar, and arsenic, the risk of developing lung cancer is very high. Prevention of lung cancer is:

maintaining the healthiest lifestyle possible
quitting smoking and reducing exposure to secondhand smoke
abstinence from alcohol—alcohol abuse significantly increases the risk of developing cancer
Numerous studies show that an abundance of fruits (especially apples) and vegetables in the daily diet reduces the risk of cancer, including lung cancer.

Carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm, damaging tissue various organs and systems. Initially, a cancerous tumor forms from the epithelium, but then quickly grows into nearby membranes.

Lung carcinoma is an oncological disease in which the tumor is formed from the cells of the bronchial mucosa, alveoli or bronchial glands. Depending on the origin, there are two main types of neoplasms: pneumogenic and bronchogenic cancer. Due to its rather mild course in the initial stages of development, lung oncology is characterized by late diagnosis and, as a result, a high percentage of deaths, reaching 65-75% of the total number of patients.

Attention! Modern methods of therapy can successfully cure lung cancer at stages I-III of the disease. For this purpose, cytostatics, radiation exposure, cytokine therapy and other medicinal and instrumental techniques are used.

It is also necessary to distinguish cancerous tumors from benign ones. Often the need to carry out differential diagnosis of pathology leads to a delay in making an accurate diagnosis.

Characteristics of neoplasms

Benign neoplasms	Carcinomas
The neoplasm cells correspond to the tissues from which the tumor was formed	Carcinoma cells are atypical
Growth is slow, the tumor increases evenly	Infiltrating rapid growth
Does not form metastases	Intensively metastasize
Rarely recur	Prone to relapse
Have virtually no detrimental effect on the general well-being of the patient	Lead to intoxication and exhaustion

Symptoms for this disease can vary significantly. This depends both on the stage of tumor development and on its origin and location. There are several types of lung cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by slow development and a relatively non-aggressive course. Undifferentiated squamous cell carcinoma develops faster and produces large metastases. The most malignant is small cell carcinoma. Its main danger is the erased flow and rapid growth. This form of oncology has the most unfavorable prognosis.

Unlike tuberculosis, which most often affects the lower lobes of the lungs, cancer in 65% of cases is localized in the upper respiratory organs. Only in 25% and 10% are carcinomas detected in the lower and middle segments. This arrangement of neoplasms in this case is explained by active air exchange in the upper lobes of the lungs and the deposition of various carcinogenic particles, dust, chemicals, etc. on the alveolar tissue.

Lung carcinomas are classified depending on the severity of the disease symptoms and spread. There are three main phases in the development of pathology:

Biological phase. Includes the moment from the onset of tumor formation to the appearance of its first signs on a tomogram or radiograph.
Asymptomatic phase. At this stage, the neoplasm can be detected using instrumental diagnostics, but the patient’s clinical symptoms have not yet manifested.
The clinical phase, during which the patient begins to be bothered by the first signs of pathology.

Attention! During the first two stages of tumor formation, the patient does not complain of poor health. During this period, it is possible to establish a diagnosis only during a preventive examination.

It is also necessary to distinguish between four main stages of development of the oncological process in the lungs:

Stage I: a single neoplasm does not exceed 30 mm in diameter, there are no metastases, the patient may only be bothered by an occasional cough.
Stage II: the tumor reaches 60 mm and can metastasize to the nearest lymph nodes. The patient complains of discomfort in the chest, slight shortness of breath, and cough. In some cases, low-grade fever is observed due to inflammation of the lymph nodes.
Stage III: the diameter of the tumor exceeds 60 mm, and tumor growth into the lumen of the main bronchus is possible. The patient experiences shortness of breath on exertion, chest pain, and a cough with bloody sputum.
Stage IV: carcinoma grows beyond the affected lung, various organs and distant lymph nodes are involved in the pathological process.

The first symptoms of lung carcinoma

For some period of time, the pathology develops hidden. The patient does not experience any specific symptoms suggestive of a tumor in the lungs. The development of carcinoma can occur many times faster in the presence of certain provoking factors:

living in environmentally unfavorable areas;
work in hazardous industries;
poisoning by chemical vapors;
smoking;
genetic predisposition;
past viral and bacterial infections.

Initially, the pathology manifests itself as an inflammatory disease of the respiratory system. In most cases, the patient is mistakenly diagnosed with bronchitis. The patient complains of a periodically occurring dry cough. Also, people in the early stages of lung cancer experience the following symptoms:

fatigue, drowsiness;
decreased appetite;
dry skin and mucous membranes;
slight hyperthermia up to 37.2-37.5;
hyperhidrosis;
decreased performance, emotional instability;
bad breath when exhaling.

Attention! The lung tissue itself does not have sensory endings. Therefore, when cancer develops, the patient may not experience pain for a fairly long period.

Symptoms of lung carcinoma

In the early stages, it is often possible to stop the spread of the tumor using radical resection. However, due to the vagueness of the symptoms, it is possible to identify pathology at stages I-II in a fairly small percentage of cases.

Pronounced characteristic clinical manifestations Pathology can usually be detected when the process reaches the stage of metastasis. Manifestations of pathologies can be varied and depend on three main factors:

clinical and anatomical form of carcinoma;
the presence of metastases in distant organs and lymph nodes;
disturbances in the functioning of the body caused by paraneoplastic syndromes.

IN pathological anatomy tumor processes There are two types of tumors in the lungs: central and peripheral. Each of them has specific symptoms.

Central carcinoma is characterized by:

wet, debilitating cough;
discharge of sputum with inclusions of blood;
severe shortness of breath;
hyperthermia, fever and chills.

With peripheral oncology, the patient has:

soreness in the chest area;
dry non-productive cough;
shortness of breath and wheezing in the chest;
acute intoxication in case of carcinoma disintegration.

Attention! At the initial stages of pathology, the symptoms of peripheral and central lung cancer differ, but as the oncology progresses, the manifestations of the disease become more and more similar.

The earliest symptom of lung carcinoma is cough. It occurs due to irritation of the nerve endings of the bronchi and the formation of excess mucus. Initially, patients experience a dry cough that worsens with exercise. As the tumor grows, sputum appears, which is first mucous and then purulent and bloody in nature.

Shortness of breath occurs at fairly early stages and appears due to excess mucus in the respiratory tract. For the same reason, patients develop stridor - strained wheezing. With percussion, moist rales and squelching are heard in the lungs. As the tumor grows, if it blocks the lumen of the bronchus, shortness of breath is observed even at rest and quickly intensifies.

Pain syndrome occurs in the later stages of oncology when carcinoma grows into the tissue of the bronchial tree or surrounding lung tissue. Also, unpleasant sensations during respiratory movements can disturb the patient due to the addition of secondary infections to the disease.

Gradually, the growth of the tumor and the spread of metastases provoke compression of the esophagus, disruption of the integrity of the tissue of the ribs, vertebrae and sternum. In this case, the patient experiences chest and back pain that is constant and dull. There may be difficulty swallowing, and a burning sensation may occur in the esophagus.

Lung cancer is most dangerous due to the rapid growth of metastases in large vessels and the heart. This pathology leads to attacks of angina pectoris, intense cardiac shortness of breath, and impaired blood flow in the body. During examination, the patient has arrhythmia, tachycardia, and areas of ischemia are identified.

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Paraneoplastic syndrome is a manifestation of the pathological effect of a malignant neoplasm on the body. It develops as a result of tumor growth and is manifested by various nonspecific reactions on the part of organs and systems.

Attention! In most cases, such manifestations of the disease occur in patients at stages III-IV of carcinoma development. However, in children, elderly people and patients with poor health, paraneoplastic syndrome can occur at earlier stages of tumor formation.

Systemic syndromes

Systemic paraneoplastic syndromes are manifested by large-scale damage to the body, which affects various organs and systems. The most common manifestations of lung cancer are the following:

Cachexia is a depletion of the body's resources. It manifests itself as a rapid decrease in body weight, which is accompanied by a weakening of the nervous and muscular systems. Cachexia is caused by metabolic disorders and a lack of oxygen and nutrients in the tissues. Cancer cachexia has a detrimental effect on the functioning of the entire body, gradually causing disturbances in the functioning of various organs that are incompatible with life. To date, exhaustion is the cause of approximately 35% of deaths in patients with cancer of the respiratory tract. The main reason for the development of cachexia is general intoxication of the body during the breakdown of tumor products.
Systemic lupus erythematosus - pathology of work immune system, causing a reaction of autoaggression of T and B lymphocytes and the formation of antibodies to the patient’s own cells. The development of lupus can be caused by exposure of the patient to a growing tumor and metastases, taking cytostatic drugs, or penetration of various bacteria and viruses into the tissue. Manifested by vascular damage and connective tissue. The patient develops a rash on the nose and cheeks, peeling of the skin, trophic ulcers, and impaired blood flow in the vessels of the extremities.
Orthostatic hypotension is a pathological syndrome that manifests itself with a sharp decrease in blood pressure if the patient tries to take an upright position. The decrease in indicators is more than 20 mm Hg. Art. The disease is caused by disruption of normal blood flow in the human body and oxygen deficiency in tissues and organs, including the brain.
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis is a pathology also called cachetic endocarditis. This disorder develops in people with cancer due to the deposition of proteins and platelets on the valves of the heart and blood vessels. Such disturbances lead to thrombosis and severe disruption of the circulatory system.

Attention! Systemic syndromes must be treated carefully and urgently. Otherwise, they can sharply worsen the patient’s condition and lead to his death.

Video - Lung cancer: first symptoms

Skin syndromes

Skin lesions develop for several reasons. Most a common factor, causing the appearance various pathologies epidermis, is the toxic effect on the human body of malignant neoplasms and cytostatic drugs. All this weakens the body’s protective functions and allows various fungi, bacteria and viruses to infect the patient’s skin and epithelium.

Patients with lung carcinoma experience the following syndromes:

hypertrichosis – excessive hair growth throughout the body;
dermatomyositis – inflammatory pathology of connective tissue;
acanthosis - roughening of the skin at the site of the lesion;

hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy - a lesion leading to deformation of bones and joints;
vasculitis is a secondary inflammation of blood vessels.

Hematological syndromes

Circulatory disorders in patients with cancer develop quite quickly and can appear already at stages I-II of the pathology. This is caused by the sharp negative impact of carcinoma on the functioning of the hematopoietic organs and disruption of the full functioning of the lungs, which causes oxygen starvation all systems of the human body. Patients with lung cancer exhibit a number of pathological symptoms:

thrombocytopenic purpura - increased bleeding, leading to the appearance of hemorrhages under the skin;
anemia;

amyloidosis – a disorder of protein metabolism;
hypercoagulation – increased blood clotting function;
leukemoid reaction - various changes in the leukocyte formula.

Neurological syndromes

Neurological paraneoplastic syndromes develop due to damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. They arise due to trophic disturbances or due to the growth of metastases in the spinal cord or brain, which is quite often observed in pulmonary carcinomatosis. Patients experience the following disorders:

peripheral neuropathy – damage to the peripheral nerves leading to impaired mobility;
Lampert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome – muscle weakness and atrophy;
necrotizing myelopathy - necrosis of the department spinal cord, leading to paralysis;
cerebral encephalopathy – brain damage;
loss of vision.

Symptoms of stage IV oncology

In rare cases, patients seek medical help only at the stage when oncology develops into carcinomatosis and the pain becomes unbearable. Symptoms at this stage largely depend on the spread of metastases throughout the body. Today, stage IV lung cancer is extremely difficult to treat, so it is necessary to contact a specialist when the first alarming signs appear.

Attention! Carcinomatosis is multiple metastases of cancer. With carcinomatosis, any system or the entire patient’s body can be completely affected.

In the late stages of tumor formation, a patient develops the following symptoms, indicating a disruption in the functioning of various organs and systems:

debilitating long-lasting coughing attacks;
secretion of sputum with blood, pus and lung decay products;
apathy, depression;
constant drowsiness, impaired cognitive function;
cachexia, weight loss to critical levels: 30-50 kg;
difficulty swallowing, vomiting;
painful attacks of cephalalgia;
profuse pulmonary bleeding;
delirium, impaired consciousness;
intensive constant pain in the chest area;
breathing problems, suffocation;
arrhythmia, disturbance of pulse rate and filling.

Lung cancer presents with a range of different symptoms. The most characteristic alarms pathology is a long-lasting cough with sputum, chest pain and wheezing when breathing. If such signs appear, it is imperative to consult a pulmonologist.

Video - Lung cancer: causes and symptoms

Peripheral lung cancer is one of the serious and common malignant diseases affecting the respiratory system. The pathology is insidious in that a person learns about it late, since in the early stages the tumor practically does not manifest itself. Initially, the cancer process affects medium-sized bronchi, but in the absence of medical care it develops into a central form with a more unfavorable prognosis.

Concept and statistics

Peripheral lung cancer begins its development from the epithelium of small bronchi, gradually affecting the entire lung tissue. The pathogenesis of the disease is characterized by the latent course of the first stages of the malignant process and metastasis to the lymph nodes and distant organs.

Lung cancer, both peripheral and central, occupies a leading place in the ranking of deaths dangerous pathologies. According to statistics, the disease is usually diagnosed in men over 45 years of age. Women are susceptible this disease less often, which is explained by the lower percentage of smokers among them.

The tumor is usually localized in the upper lobe of the organ, with the right lung being affected more often than the left. However, cancer of the left lung has a much aggressive course, leaving no hope for recovery.

According to statistics, the disease code according to the ICD-10 registry is: C34 Malignant neoplasm of the bronchi and lungs.

Causes

But carcinogens also enter the lungs due to environmental pollution. In areas where chemical and other industrial production operates, the incidence of respiratory tract cancer increases several times.

Factors that provoke the oncological process also include:

ionizing radiation;
immunodeficiency developed against the background of chronic somatic conditions;
advanced diseases of the respiratory system - inflammatory and infectious lesions of the bronchi and lungs;
constant interaction with chemicals such as nickel, radon, arsenic, etc.

Who is at risk?

Most often, the following groups of people are included in the number of cases:

smokers with many years of experience;
workers in chemical industries, for example, in plastic production;
persons suffering from COPD - chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary diseases.

The condition of the bronchi and lungs plays an important role in the development of oncology. It is important not to leave respiratory problems unattended and treat them promptly to avoid various complications, including deadly ones.

Classification

Peripheral lung cancer is divided into several forms, each of which has its own characteristics. We invite you to consider them in more detail.

Corticopleural form

The malignant process develops in the form of a tumor with a lumpy surface, which quickly spreads through the bronchi, growing into the lungs and chest with thin writhing threads. It belongs to squamous cell cancer, so it metastasizes to the bones of the spine and ribs.

Nodal form

The tumor has a nodular nature and a bumpy surface, starting to develop from the tissues of the bronchioles. On the radiograph, this neoplasm is characterized by a depression - Rigler's syndrome - it indicates the entry of the bronchus into the malignant process. The first symptoms of the disease make themselves felt when it spreads to the lungs.

Pneumonia-like form

A tumor of a glandular nature, represented by multiple malignant nodes that tend to gradually merge. The middle and lower lobe parts of the lung are mainly affected. When diagnosing of this disease On the patient’s radiograph, light spots are clearly visible on a picture of a solid dark background, the so-called “air bronchogram”.

The pathology occurs as a protracted infectious process. The onset of the pneumonia-like form is usually hidden, and symptoms increase with tumor progression.

Cavity form

The neoplasm is nodular in nature with a cavity inside, which appears as a result of its gradual disintegration. The diameter of such a tumor usually does not exceed 10 cm, so quite often the differential diagnosis of a malignant process turns out to be incorrect - the disease can be confused with tuberculosis, an abscess or a lung cyst.

This similarity often leads to the fact that cancer, left without appropriate treatment, actively progresses, aggravating the picture of oncology. For this reason, the cavitary form of the disease is detected extremely late, mainly in inoperable terminal stages.

Peripheral cancer of the left upper and lower lobe

If the upper lobe is affected by a malignant process lung lymph nodes do not increase, and the neoplasm has an irregular shape and heterogeneous structure. During X-ray diagnostics, the pulmonary pattern in the root part expands in the form vascular network. When the lower lobe is affected, on the contrary, the lymph nodes increase in size.

Peripheral cancer of the upper lobe of the left and right lung

If the upper lobe of the right lung is affected, the clinical manifestations of the oncological process will be the same as if the left lung is involved in the disease. The only difference lies in the fact that anatomical features the organ on the right is more susceptible to cancer.

Peripheral apical cancer with Pancoast syndrome

Atypical cells in this form of cancer actively invade the nerve tissues and vessels of the shoulder girdle. The disease is characterized by the following clinical manifestations:

pain in the collarbone area is initially periodic, but over time it is painfully constant;
disruption of the innervation of the shoulder girdle, which leads to atrophic changes arm muscles, numbness and even paralysis of the hands and fingers;
development of destruction of rib bones, visible on x-ray;
Horner's syndrome with characteristic signs of pupil constriction, ptosis, recessed eyeballs, etc.

The disease also causes such general symptoms as hoarseness in the voice, increased sweating, and facial hyperemia on the part of the affected lung.

Stages

The disease proceeds according to certain stages of the malignant process. Let's look at them in more detail in the following table.

Stages of cancer	Description
FIRST	The tumor, surrounded by a visceral capsule, is no more than 3 cm in size. The bronchi are slightly affected. The neoplasm can affect the bronchial and peribronchial lymph nodes (extremely rare).
SECOND	The tumor varies between 3-6 cm. Inflammation of the lung tissue closer to the root region of the organ is characteristic, most often of the type of obstructive pneumonia. Atelectasis often appears. The tumor does not spread to the second lung. Metastases are fixed in the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes.
THIRD	The tumor reaches a significant size and extends beyond the organ. As a rule, at this stage it affects adjacent tissues, namely the mediastinum, diaphragm and chest wall. The development of bilateral obstructive pneumonia and atelectasis is characteristic. Metastases are found in regional lymph nodes.
FOURTH	The tumor is of impressive size. In addition to both lungs, it grows into neighboring organs and gives distant metastases. The malignant process enters the final terminal stage, which means gradual disintegration of the tumor, poisoning of the body and complications such as gangrene, abscess and much more. Metastases are most often found in the kidneys, brain and liver.

Symptoms

The first and main clinical sign of pathology is a cough. At the early stage of tumor growth and development, it may be absent, but as the disease progresses, its manifestations begin to intensify.

Initially, we are talking about a dry cough with periodic scanty sputum, mainly in the morning. Gradually it acquires a barking, almost hysterical character, with an increased volume of sputum secreted with the presence of streaks of blood. This symptom is important in diagnosing cancer in 90% of cases. Hemoptysis begins when the tumor grows into the walls of adjacent vessels.

Pain appears after coughing. This is an optional symptom for lung cancer, but the vast majority of patients note its manifestations are aching or dull in nature. Depending on the location of the tumor, unpleasant sensations can radiate (give) to the liver, when the tumor is in the right lung, or to the heart area, if we are talking about damage to the left lung. With the progression of the malignant process and metastases, the pain intensifies, especially with physical impact on the cancer site.

Many patients already have a subfebrile body temperature at the first stage of the disease. Usually it is persistent. If the situation is complicated by the development of obstructive pneumonia, the fever becomes high.

Gas exchange in the lungs is disrupted, the patient’s respiratory system suffers, and therefore shortness of breath appears even in the absence of physical activity. Additionally, signs of osteopathy may occur - night pain in the lower extremities.

The course of the malignant process itself depends entirely on the structure of the tumor and the body’s resistance. With strong immunity, pathology can develop over a long period of time, over several years.

Diagnostics

Identification of a malignant process begins with a questioning and examination of the person. When collecting anamnesis, the specialist pays attention to the patient’s age and presence of bad habits, smoking history, employment in hazardous industrial production. Then the nature of the cough, the fact of hemoptysis and the presence of pain are clarified.

The main laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods are:

MRI. Helps establish the localization of the malignant process, tumor ingrowth into neighboring tissues, and the presence of metastases in distant organs.
CT. Computed tomography scans the lungs, allowing you to detect high accuracy neoplasm up to a small size.
PAT. Positron emission tomography makes it possible to examine the emerging tumor in a three-dimensional image, identify its structural structure and stage of the oncological process.
Bronchoscopy. Determines the patency of the respiratory tract and allows you to remove biomaterial for histological examination in order to differentiate the neoplasm.
Sputum analysis. Lung discharge when coughing is examined for the presence atypical cells. Unfortunately, it does not guarantee 100% results.

Treatment

The fight against peripheral lung cancer is carried out by two main methods - surgery and radiation therapy. The first is not relevant in all cases.

In the absence of metastases and the tumor size is up to 3 cm, a lobectomy is performed - an operation to remove the tumor without resection of adjacent organ structures. That is, we are talking about removing a lobe of the lung. Quite often, with a larger intervention, relapses of the pathology occur, so surgical treatment at the first stage of the malignant process is considered the most effective.

If regional lymph nodes are affected by metastases and the tumor size corresponds to the second stage of cancer, a pneumonectomy is performed - complete removal of the diseased lung.

If the malignant process has spread to neighboring organs and metastases have appeared in distant parts of the body, surgical intervention is contraindicated. Serious concomitant pathologies cannot guarantee a favorable outcome for the patient. In this case, radiation exposure is recommended, which can also be an auxiliary method to surgery. It helps reduce the volume of malignant neoplasms.

Along with these treatment methods, chemotherapy is also used. Patients are prescribed drugs such as Vincristine, Doxorubicin, etc. Their use is justified if there are contraindications to surgery and radiation therapy.

Oncologists believe that chemotherapy for this diagnosis should be carried out for 6 cycles at intervals of 4 weeks. At the same time, 5-30% of patients show signs of objective improvement in well-being, sometimes the tumor resolves completely, and with a combination of all methods of combating lung cancer, a positive outcome can be achieved in many cases.

FAQ

Is it possible to remove both affected lungs at the same time? A person cannot live without two lungs, therefore, if both organs are affected by cancer at once, surgical intervention is not performed. As a rule, in this case we are talking about advanced cancer, when surgical treatment is contraindicated and other methods of therapy are resorted to.

Is lung transplantation performed for cancer? Oncological diseases are a limitation to performing a donor organ transplant or transplantology. This is due to the fact that in case of a malignant process, specific therapy is used, against the background of which the likelihood of survival of the donor lung is reduced to zero.

Traditional treatment

People usually resort to unofficial medicine when there is no effect from traditional therapy or there is a desire to achieve better results and speed up the healing process.

Anyway folk recipes are not a panacea in the fight against cancer and cannot act as self-treatment. Their use in practice must necessarily be agreed upon with a specialist.

Dig up the roots of the plant after flowering, wash, cut into pieces 3 mm thick and dry in the shade. Pour 50 g of dry raw material into 0.5 liters of vodka and leave for 10-14 days. Take 1 tsp orally. 3 times a day before meals.

Badger fat remedy. This product is highly effective in the first stage of lung cancer. Mix in equal proportions badger fat, honey and aloe juice. The product is taken orally, 1 tbsp. l. 3 times a day on an empty stomach.

Recovery process

The rehabilitation period after the therapeutic effect on the body requires a sufficient amount of time. Oncologists notice that some patients recover easier and faster, while others take months and even years to return to their previous lives.

conducting special respiratory exercises under the guidance of a physical therapy instructor, aimed at training the chest muscles and maintaining the respiratory system in good shape;
constant physical activity even at rest - kneading the limbs allows you to improve blood circulation and avoid congestion in the lungs.

In addition, attention is paid to compliance with the principles of dietary nutrition - it should not only be fractional, but also sufficiently fortified and easily digestible to maintain the body’s energy balance.

Diet

In the system of treatment and preventive approach, nutrition for lung cancer, although not the main type of assistance, plays an important role. Balanced diet allows you to provide the body of both healthy and sick people with the necessary energy support and nutrients, normalize metabolism and minimize the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Unfortunately, there is no specially developed and generally accepted diet for peripheral and central lung cancer. Rather, we are talking about the principles on which this nutrition system is built, taking into account the state of human health, the stage of the oncological process, the presence of disorders in the body (anemia, pneumonia, etc.) and the development of metastases.

First of all, we list which products that have antitumor activity should be included in the diet equally for both preventive and therapeutic purposes in relation to peripheral lung cancer:

foods rich in carotene (vitamin A) - carrots, parsley, dill, rose hips, etc.;
dishes containing glucosinolates - cabbage, horseradish, radish, etc.;
food with monoterpene substances - all types of citrus fruits;
products with polyphenols - legumes;
fortified dishes - green onions, garlic, offal, eggs, fresh fruits and vegetables, loose leaf tea.

You need to give up obviously unhealthy foods - fried and smoked foods, fast food, carbonated sweet drinks, alcohol, etc.

As lung cancer progresses, many patients refuse to eat, so for their life support in hospital conditions, enteral nutrition is organized - through a tube. Especially for people facing this disease, there are ready-made mixtures enriched essential vitamins and minerals, for example, Composite, Enpit, etc.

Course and treatment of the disease in children, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly

Children. Oncology in childhood, caused by damage to the bronchi and lungs, develops rarely. Typically, in young patients, this disease is associated with unfavorable environmental conditions or a serious hereditary predisposition. For example, we may be talking about the tobacco addiction of a mother who did not stop smoking while pregnant.

Clinical symptoms It is not difficult to identify peripheral lung cancer in a child - if there is no data on bronchopulmonary disease, the pediatrician will refer the child for an additional examination to a pulmonologist or TB specialist for correct diagnosis. If cancer is detected as early as possible and treatment is started, the prognosis for recovery is positive. The principles of therapy used will be the same as for adult patients.

Pregnancy and lactation. The diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer cannot be excluded in women during pregnancy and breastfeeding. In this case, treatment must be completely entrusted to specialists of the appropriate profile. The issue of keeping the child is decided on an individual basis. If the stage is operable, surgery is recommended in the second trimester without termination of pregnancy. The risk of fetal death is 4%. In the presence of metastases in the case of advanced cancer, the prognosis for a woman is unfavorable - no more than 9 months from the date of diagnosis.

Advanced age. In elderly people, peripheral lung cancer often occurs as a latent type and is detected too late. Due to their state of health and advanced years, such patients rarely pay attention to periodic coughing, the appearance of sputum and other signs of trouble, attributing them to weakened immunity and chronic pathologies. Therefore, the disease is more often detected at a terminal, inoperable stage, when assistance is limited only to palliative medicine.

Treatment of peripheral lung cancer in Russia, Israel and Germany

Statistics collected over the past decade indicate that lung cancer or adenocarcinoma is one of the most destructive diseases. According to the same study, over 18.5% of all cancer patients die annually from this diagnosis. Modern medicine has a sufficient arsenal to combat this disease; with early treatment, the likelihood of stopping the malignant process and getting rid of it is high. We invite you to learn about the possibility of treating peripheral lung cancer in different countries.

Treatment in Russia

The fight against cancer of the respiratory system is carried out here in accordance with the requirements of the World Health Organization. Assistance provided to patients is generally provided free of charge if they have a medical insurance policy and citizenship of the Russian Federation.

We invite you to find out where you can go for peripheral lung cancer in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Oncological center "Sofia", Moscow. Specializes in areas such as oncology, radiology and radiation therapy.
Moscow Research Institute named after P.A. Herzen, Moscow. Leading oncology center in Russia. It provides the necessary range of medical services to patients seeking treatment for lung cancer.
National Medical and Surgical Center named after. N.I. Pirogov, St. Petersburg Clinical Complex.

Let's look at what reviews there are online about the listed medical institutions.

Natalia, 45 years old. “With a diagnosis of stage 2 peripheral lung cancer of the left lung, my 37-year-old brother and I went to the Moscow Research Institute named after. Herzen. We are satisfied with the result and are very grateful to the doctors. A year and a half has passed since discharge - everything is normal.”

Marina, 38 years old. “My father was operated on for peripheral cancer of the right lung in St. Petersburg at the Pirogov Research Institute. At that time in 2014, he was 63 years old. The operation was successful, followed by chemotherapy courses. In the fall of 2017, a relapse occurred in one of the bronchi, unfortunately, it was recognized late, the process has started, now the doctors’ prognosis is not the best, but we do not lose hope.”

Treatment in Germany

Innovative methods of treating peripheral lung cancer are highly effective, accurate and tolerable, but they are not carried out in domestic hospitals, but abroad. For example, in Germany. This is why the fight against cancer is so popular in this country.

So, where can you get help fighting peripheral lung cancer in German clinics?

University clinic Giessen and Marburg, Hamburg. A large medical complex in Western Europe, carrying out practical and scientific activities.
University Hospital Essen, Essen. Specializes in the treatment of cancer, including the respiratory system.
Lung Oncology Clinic "Charite", Berlin. The Department of Pulmonary Oncology with specialization in the field of infectology and pulmonology operates on the basis of the university medical complex.

We invite you to consider reviews of some of the listed medical institutions.

Sergey, 40 years old. “5 years ago in Germany, the Charité clinic performed an operation and several courses of chemotherapy on my wife with peripheral lung cancer. I can say that everything went better than we expected. Thanks to the clinic staff. They did not waste time with diagnosis and treatment, they helped quickly in the shortest possible time.”

Marianna, 56 years old. “My husband was diagnosed with peripheral lung cancer; he is an experienced smoker. We contacted the Essen clinic in Germany. The difference with domestic service is obvious. After treatment we immediately went home; my husband received disability. 2 years have passed, there are no relapses, we regularly check with an oncologist. We recommend the Essen Clinic."

Treatment of peripheral lung cancer in Israel

This country is rightfully popular in the direction of medical tourism. Israel is famous for the highest level of diagnosis and treatment malignant neoplasms at any stage of their development. The results of the fight against cancer in this part of the world are considered the best in practice.

We invite you to find out where you can get help for oncology of the bronchopulmonary system in this country.

Cancer Center, Herzliya Clinic, Herzliya. For more than 30 years, she has been accepting patients from different parts of the world for cancer treatment.
Medical Center "Ramat Aviv", Tel Aviv. The clinic uses everything innovative technologies in the field of surgery and radioisotope research.
Clinic "Assuta", Tel Aviv. A private medical institution, thanks to which patients do not have to wait in line to be admitted and undergo the necessary medical procedures.

Let's look at reviews of some clinics.

Alina, 34 years old. “8 months ago, my father was diagnosed with stage 3 peripheral lung cancer. In Russia they refused to operate, citing metastases and a high risk of complications. We decided to turn to Israeli specialists and chose the Assuta clinic. The operation was carried out successfully, the doctors are simply professionals in their field. Additionally, chemotherapy and radiation therapy were completed. After discharge, my father feels fine, we are being seen by an oncologist at his place of residence.”

Irina, 45 years old. “With stage 1 peripheral cancer of the right lung, I urgently flew to Israel. The diagnosis was confirmed. Radiotherapy was carried out at the Ramat Aviv clinic, after which tests showed the absence of an oncological process, and a computed tomography scan did not detect a tumor. No operation was performed. The doctors are the most attentive. They helped me return to a full life."

Metastasis

The development of secondary cancer foci is an inevitable process in advanced cancer. Metastases in peripheral malignant lung damage spread throughout the body in the following ways:

Lymphogenic. The lung tissue has a dense network of lymphatic vessels. When a tumor grows into their structure, atypical cells disperse throughout the lymphatic system.
Hematogenous. Dissimilation of metastases occurs throughout the body. The adrenal glands are affected first, then the bones of the skull and chest, the brain and the liver.
Contact. The tumor implants into nearby tissues - this process usually begins in the pleural cavity.

Complications

With advanced stages of peripheral lung carcinoma, the consequences of the disease are metastases that spread to the intraorgan structures of the body. Their presence worsens the prognosis for survival, the stage of oncology becomes inoperable, and the death of the patient is considered a further complication.

The immediate consequences of the oncological process in the respiratory system are bronchial obstruction, pneumonia, pulmonary hemorrhage, atelectasis, tumor decay with intoxication of the body. All this negatively affects the patient’s well-being and requires comprehensive medical care.

Relapse

According to statistics, approximately 75% of malignant tumors relapse within the next 5 years after the end of primary treatment. Relapses are the most risky in the coming months - against this background a person can live up to one year. If cancer relapse does not occur within 5 years, the probability of secondary tumor development, according to oncologists, is reduced to minimal values, dangerous period passed

With peripheral lung damage, the recurrence of the malignant process is extremely aggressive and treatment is successful only at the early stage of the disease. Unfortunately, in other cases, the prognosis for how long the patient will live is extremely unfavorable, since the tumor is practically insensitive to repeated chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and surgical intervention is often contraindicated in this situation.

Forecast (how long they live)

Figures regarding survival for peripheral lung cancer vary depending on the classification of the histological structure of the tumor. In the following table we present the average prognosis criteria among all cancer patients with this diagnosis.

Stages	Success rate
FIRST	50,00%
SECOND	30,00%
THIRD	10,00%
FOURTH	0,00%

Prevention

The development of peripheral lung cancer can be prevented through timely and adequate treatment of infectious and inflammatory processes in the bronchi to prevent them from becoming chronic. In addition, it is extremely important to give up tobacco addiction, use personal protective equipment (respirators, masks, etc.) when working in hazardous industries and strengthen the immune system.

The main problem in oncology today is still the late detection of malignant processes in the body. Therefore, a person’s own attentive attitude to changes in well-being will help maintain health and life - only thanks to this can the disease be detected in time and successfully treated.

Are you interested in modern treatment in Israel?