Presented in the form of syrups, suspensions, drops, solutions for inhalation, tablets. The most widespread are liquid dosage forms, since it is easier to give them to a very small child under 1 year old.
From allergies for children under one year old, antihistamines in drops are most often used: Fenistil or Zyrtec (from the age of 6 months).
Histamine is a biologically active substance that is produced by mast cells during allergic reaction in organism. Histamine enhances wall permeability small vessels, is able to provoke bronchospasm, itching of the skin.
What Do Antihistamines Do? They block histamine receptors, stopping the allergic process. There are 2 main groups of blockers histamine receptors: old and new generation. It should be noted that drugs of both groups are widely used in infants.
Older generation antihistamines against allergies have a number of undeniable advantages, which does not allow them to leave the field of application in children's practice:
- rapid onset of action;
- the presence of injection forms;
- high antiallergic activity.
For newborns from allergies, Suprastin or Fenistil in drops are most often prescribed. These drugs are members of the older generation of antihistamines. Suprastin is a good, time-tested remedy used for all types of allergies in newborns. Children of the first months of life tolerate this medicine well.
Antihistamines of the old generation can cause drowsiness and lethargy in a child, urinary retention and dry mouth are possible.
New generation antihistamines for allergies are practically not used to treat newborns. This is due to the poor knowledge of the effect of these drugs on the body of children under one year old. From the age of 1 year, the possibilities of using these drugs expand. The drugs of the new generation do not have a hypnotic and sedative effect and are easily tolerated.
The main advantages of the new generation of drugs blocking histamine receptors:
- are taken once a day;
- a large selection of dosage forms - tablets, drops, syrup;
- have anti-inflammatory effects.
Allergy syrup for children
Antihistamines for allergies to a small child can be prescribed in the form of a syrup. Syrups are often sweetish in taste and have a fruity aroma.
Many babies are happy to take the medicine in the form of syrup. The most commonly prescribed syrups are Zodak, Claritin, Erius. Syrups are good when needed long-term use drugs for chronic urticaria.
Antihistamine for babies from different types allergies can be prescribed in the form of gels. For infant from manifestations in the form of a rash, Fenistil gel will help well.
The gel is easy to use and can be applied several times a day. Fenistil gel will perfectly relieve itching. Psilo-balm is also prescribed for a baby from insect allergies. The medicine is also represented by a gel, it perfectly relieves itching and swelling in the places of insect bites in a baby.
Antiallergic drops for oral administration with antihistamine effect
Used in treatment food allergies, atopic, urticaria in infants with milk formula allergy. The drops are well tolerated, can be used for polyvalent allergies, when sweet flavored syrups cannot be taken.
Eye drops and with an antihistamine are used for seasonal pollen allergies. In children's practice, Vibrocil, Sanarin-Anallergin, Nazol-Advance are used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. it combination drugs containing both an antihistamine component and a decongensant (vasoconstrictor).
Well reduce swelling in the nose, relieve itching and sneezing. Antihistamines in the form of sprays - Allergodil, Histimet. With severe conjunctivitis with complications in the form of keratitis, it may be necessary to use drops with glucocorticosteroids (0.1% dexamethasone).
Allergy creams for children under one year old
In the first months of a baby's life, mothers often encounter various rashes on the baby's delicate skin. Manifestations allergic rash it is best to remove creams containing glucocorticosteroids - Lokoid, Advantan.
These drugs should not be used for food allergies such as rashes in an infant. long time, expert advice is desirable.
Side effects are observed with prolonged uncontrolled use and include skin atrophy, hypertrichosis ( increased growth hair), acne.
The use of antiallergenic drugs in the form of tablets
Allergy pills are the most common form of prescribing antiallergic drugs. Antihistamines, antileukotriene drugs are produced by the industry mainly in tablet form.
Singular 4 mg chewable flavored tablets are often prescribed for allergic patients, when stopping the reaction by suppressing the production of leukotrienes is the best solution to the problem.
Leukotrienes are neurotransmitters that are synthesized from arachidonic acid in the cell. It has been established that with allergic bronchial asthma the production of leukotrienes is increased. Leukotrienes contract the muscles of the bronchi, which causes an attack of bronchial asthma in the child.
Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for children to resort to prescribing systemic glucocorticosteroids (hormones) in the form of tablets. This is required by severe cases of non-recoverable chronic urticaria, drug allergy, therapy severe forms atopic dermatitis.
Prednisolone tablets are available in a dose of 5 mg, metipred - 4 mg. The drugs should be taken in the morning, according to the doctor's prescription. Changing the regimen on your own is dangerous to the health of the child.
If you give the child for a long time systemic glucocorticoids, then the appearance of Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome is possible, which is characterized by mental disorders, a moon-shaped face, obesity, and an increase. In the treatment of food allergies in children under one year old, they try not to use hormones.
Solutions for inhalation and suspensions in the treatment of asthma and allergic stenosis of the larynx in children
Quite often, doctors prescribe inhalations to babies through a nebulizer.
When buying medicines for inhalation, be careful, as not all medicines are suitable for this purpose. On the label of the product there should be an indication of "solution for inhalation".
Hormones for nebulizer therapy are sold as a suspension in special nebulizers. In infants with allergies, it is advised to use children's nebulizer masks.
Inhalation gives a quick effect, the well-being of the newborn quickly improves. With exacerbation of bronchial asthma with symptoms respiratory failure let the child breathe with Berodual or Salbutamol solution.
The most common drug is Berodual inhalation solution. This name is well known to mothers whose children suffer from obstructive bronchitis and asthma. Berodual needs to be bred saline up to 2 ml before starting inhalation. Suspension of Pulmicort in nebulas is not required to be diluted.
Thus, in this article we have considered all the main dosage forms used in childhood... It is clear that the choice of the drug and its dosage should be determined only by the attending physician. The correct implementation of the recommendations prescribed by the doctor depends on the parents.
With some pharmacological knowledge, it will be easier for parents to organize competent care for their baby during illness.
Allergy is hypersensitivity human body to various external factors.
Allergy is an increased sensitivity of the human body to various external factors (dust, pollen, air pollution), including food.
Causes of allergies in babies
Unfortunately, the number of children susceptible to allergic reactions is steadily increasing.
Today, the incidence rate of them in Russia is 30%. This figure is approximately the same for everyone. European countries, indicating the international dimension of the problem.
The main reasons are: a difficult ecological situation, hereditary predisposition, seasonal epidemics, parental diseases, stress, especially the course of pregnancy and the period of breastfeeding in the mother, etc.
Most often, in the first year of life, allergies are expressed in the form of rashes, redness and peeling on the child's skin. Sometimes this manifests itself as intestinal colic, instability of a chair, gas drinks, respiratory disorders.
Yes, this is all serious. But do not be discouraged just because your baby was born in the era of urbanization and thousands of environmental disasters. The mother's task is not to be afraid, but to do everything possible to protect her baby from allergies.
How can you tell if your child is prone to allergies?
Most often, this reaction occurs in children at risk. HEV is an abbreviation for the three main factors that put children at risk - genetics, ecology, mother.
Genetics
Everything is passed from parent to child - both good and bad. If both mom and dad are allergic, you need to be on the lookout.
In this case, the child's risk of allergies is 90%.
If only mom is allergic - 80%, if dad - 30%. If you do not suffer from allergies, but your parents (grandparents) do, the probability of a baby's illness is reduced to 20%.
Ecology
Of great importance is the ecological situation in the place where the mother grew up, where her pregnancy took place, and where the baby appeared and grows. V big cities the situation is rarely favorable - it accumulates in the air tobacco smoke, smog, many allergens from plants and trees.
Well, if before the child was born, dad or mom worked in hazardous production, then this factor can have a detrimental effect not only on their health, but also indirectly on the body of the unborn child.
Sometimes people are not free to choose where they live and work. But parents are always obliged to take care of the health of their offspring due to their capabilities.
Mama
Alas, it does not always happen that pregnancy is calm and serene. If the mother took antibiotics during this period, or there was a threat of miscarriage, then most likely in the future this will affect the occurrence of allergic manifestations in the child.
It happens that expectant mothers are addicted to eating chocolate, citrus fruits, fish, nuts or other allergenic foods. And if they smoke at the same time and continue to do so during lactation, then the baby's risk of getting an allergy increases to 50%! Moreover, second hand smoke influences this exactly to the same extent as the active one.
But the main cause of allergies in babies of the first year of life is still unhealthy nutrition. How to protect your baby, even with a high probability of the disease (if you find several matches at once) and the methods of treatment, we will describe below.
How does allergy manifest itself?
First of all skin symptoms... These include: redness and dryness, itching, rash. In more severe cases, urticaria occurs - large, irregularly shaped spots protruding above the level of the skin, atopic dermatitis- genetically determined damage skin as well as food diathesis.
If they are not treated, scratching, erosion and weeping appear. In this case, food allergies can be accompanied by a violation of the gastrointestinal tract functions (diarrhea, constipation) and nervous system(anxiety, moodiness).
With age, these symptoms can turn into other forms: allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, hay fever, conjunctivitis.
What foods can cause allergies in children?
The most common allergen is cow's milk protein. In most formulas, it is cow's milk that is used as the base. If it is found that the baby has a reaction to the mixture, you need to replace it with a product based on goat's milk or soy protein, and in especially severe cases - with hydrolyzed and hypoallergenic mixtures. Diet changes should only take place with the direct involvement of your pediatrician.
In addition to formula and cow's milk, severe allergies can be caused by: eggs, fish, wheat, corn, nuts, chocolate, red vegetables and fruits. You should never introduce any types of complementary foods ahead of time (up to 6 months), because the best preventive measure against all types of allergies is breast milk... You need to try to keep it as long as possible, and if the baby is also susceptible to allergies, then this can be just a panacea for all troubles for you.
How are allergies in children treated?
At the first manifestations of allergies, you should contact your local doctor, and he will, if necessary, refer you to narrow specialists. First of all, you will have to pass a number of tests: general analysis blood (on the subject elevated eosinophils) and determination of total IgE. The pledge of the beginning successful treatment there will be a complete exclusion of contact with an allergen and a hypoallergenic diet (for food allergies).
If the baby is diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, you will be prescribed a course of treatment local preparations: topical hormonal ointments, as well as ointments with a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect. It happens that several causes of allergy are found at once - then antigestamines are prescribed in addition, and when an infection is attached, antibacterial and antifungal drugs are prescribed. If necessary, the doctor can prescribe pro- or prebiotics, enzymes, sorbents.
In addition, get ready for at least 6-8 months to comply with the strict so-called. elimination diet with the exception of compulsory allergenic products(see list above), with a gradual expansion of the diet over a long time and with the obligatory keeping of a food diary.
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Select a heading Allergic diseases Symptoms and manifestations of allergies Diagnostics of allergies Treatment of allergies Pregnant and lactating Children and allergies Hypoallergenic life Allergy calendar
Allergy - an overreaction of the body to harmless stimuli - is a problem that almost everyone faces. Children's allergies, and especially allergic reactions in infants, are very common. Therefore, it is extremely important to understand how to treat an allergy in a baby in order to help the baby quickly and safely.
Today, the pharmacological market is replete with a variety of antiallergic drugs, and the Internet offers all sorts of options for folk remedies. It is not difficult to "get lost" among the tips, so we will try to systematize the knowledge on this issue.
I would like to clarify, by periods of childhood: the term "infants" includes newborns and children under 1 year of age.
Allergy symptoms in infants
Allergic diseases are extremely diverse. Among the most common are allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, urticaria, atopic and contact dermatitis.
Each of these diseases has its own symptoms.
You can find out more, as well as see photos in the article on the portal:
All symptoms can be conditionally divided into:
Gastrointestinal symptoms:
- nausea
- diarrhea
- vomit
- belching
- abdominal pain
This is how an allergy to a mixture is manifested if it is made on the basis of cow's milk, an allergy to a particular medicine, to complementary foods (fruits, cottage cheese, eggs) and nuts, peanuts, wheat, chocolate, coffee, etc. used by the mother.
Skin symptoms
How to treat allergies in babies? - Strong skin manifestations are dealt with with the help of special baths Urticaria is characterized by a red-pink rash, itching, Quincke's edema (in severe cases). Both food and contact allergies can manifest themselves in this way.
For contact dermatitis are characteristic:
- peeling skin
- dryness
- burning
- crusting on the cheeks
This reaction manifests itself if there is an allergy to the cream or other cosmetical tools, napkins, garments, washing powder.
Some photos of allergies in infants
Diathesis on the cheeks for a symptom of food allergy
Eczema as a manifestation of food allergy to milk
Severe allergic reaction to drugs
It is important to distinguish between prickly heat and contact diaper allergies. Miliaria occurs as a result of inadequate skin care. It appears in the folds of the skin - in the groin, between the buttocks, on the neck. Its main manifestations are a red, fine bubbly rash, often weeping. If the skin in these areas is properly treated, symptoms will not appear.
A diaper allergy rash appears on the bottom, on the legs, even with sufficient hygiene, but only after using the diapers. It can be caused either by a frequent change of the manufacturer, or by hypersensitivity to the gel that is used to treat the inside of the diaper to improve moisture absorption.
Should allergies be treated?
Photo: Allergy to milk on the cheeks of a baby Many parents, based on the belief that treatment can only aggravate the situation, choose not to carry out any therapy. On the one hand, this is true: any medication can cause new allergies, especially in predisposed children. With another, allergic manifestations can deliver a lot unpleasant sensations to kid.
First of all, and in mandatory contact with the allergen must be excluded.
The rest of the actions will be aimed at helping the body cope with the already existing manifestations of allergies. Dr. E.O. Komarovsky believes that further measures must be taken to alleviate the child's condition.
But if you still do not treat allergies in babies - what will happen?
The inflammation will take longer, the child will be anxious and capricious, scratching the itchy skin, which will aggravate her condition.
In addition, there is a risk of an allergic march - the appearance of more symptoms and, as a result, the development of bronchial asthma.
How to treat allergies in babies?
When asked how to treat allergies in infants, Dr. E.O. Komarovsky answers: a whole range of measures is needed. Their nature depends on the type of allergy and the severity of its manifestations.
Parents are well aware that, first of all, an allergic reaction manifests itself on the face of children.
From the article "" you will learn about the main causes of drug and food allergies, as well as the treatment and prevention of facial allergies in infants.
How to treat food allergies in babies
What is the treatment for food allergies in babies? First of all, you need to find out what kind of product the reaction occurs to, and exclude it from use.
When breastfeeding Allergy, as already mentioned, occurs to complementary foods or those substances that the mother consumes. Among the most allergenic:
Food allergies are most common in children under one year old. - Fish and seafood
- nuts
- chocolate
- red and orange fruits
- pineapple
- grape
Artificial feeding by itself carries increased risk allergies. First of all, casein is "to blame", on the basis of which unadapted milk formulas are made.
The child's body often cannot properly digest this protein, resulting in hypersensitivity to its undigested residues.
How is cow protein allergy treated? It is better not to use unadapted mixtures at all, not to cook porridge in cow's milk, not to introduce cottage cheese as a complementary food until 8-10 months.
If an allergy still manifests itself, there are rashes, itching, redness (more often on the face), are used:
- Non-hormonal antihistamine ointments (Fenistil, Soventol);
- Anti-inflammatory ointments ("Desitin", "Elidel") ointments.
For manifestations from the gastrointestinal tract, sorbents should be used. These substances help to "collect" the toxins released from the bloodstream and neutralize them, relieving symptoms.
With the permission of the pediatrician, Polysorb can treat allergies in babies from birth From birth, drugs such as:
- "Polysorb",
- Enterosgel,
- "Smecta".
Adsorbent "Polysorb" applied internally, only in a form diluted with water. The dosage depends on the weight of the child.
If the mass is less than 10 kg, from 0.5 to 1.5 tsp. diluted in 30-50 ml of water (depending on the severity of the symptoms).
11-20 kg - 1 tsp in 30-50 ml. It is taken before or during meals, three times a day.
Children often dislike the taste of Enterosgel, but it is an excellent helper in the treatment of allergies. A drug Enterosgel in a volume of 2.5 g (0.5 tsp) is diluted in breast milk or water in a ratio of 1: 3, given to the child during each feeding, but no more than 6 times a day.
Both of these drugs are contraindicated in case of individual intolerance to their components, as well as in intestinal atony.
"Smecta" also has more wide list restrictions, including some types of enzymatic deficiency (fructose, glucose-galactose, sucrase-isomaltase). Babies should be given it in the amount of 1 sachet per day for 3-7 days.
Suprastin for allergies has established itself for a long time. When treating children with it, you must strictly follow the instructions Use is possible antihistamines
- Suprastin,
- Zyrtec (syrup),
- Claritin.
So, ¼ tablets "Suprastin" are ground to a state of powder, injected into baby food and is used 2-3 times a day for 5-7 days.
Most of the other antihistamines have age restrictions (for example, Claritin - from two years old), so you need to consult a specialist to select a medicine.
Many parents are concerned about the question: how to treat the intestines with allergies in infants?
Only a pediatrician can answer it, because first you need to conduct an examination and find out whether the allergy caused problems with digestive tract, or all changes are temporary and will disappear in a couple of days.
but good remedy for the prevention of post-allergic intestinal diseases are probiotics.
Probiotics are live microorganisms (usually lacto- or bifidobacteria), "enclosed" in capsules or dairy products.
- "Linex"
- "Bifidumbacterin"
- "Acipol".
Dr. E.O. Komarovsky assures that often allergies are not only a consequence of interaction immune system with an allergen, but also the result of improper feeding of the child.
Fragile gastrointestinal tract cannot cope with large amounts of food, and therefore undigested substances, which would not cause any reaction in an acceptable amount, become strong allergens.
So, summarizing the above, we will give answers to the main questions.
How to treat an allergy in infants to artificial feeding?
Use only adapted formulas or special foods for children prone to allergies (eg Nutrilon. Amino Acids)
How to treat gastrointestinal allergies?
- do not overfeed the child;
- adsorbents;
- antihistamines;
- probiotics.
How to treat skin manifestations food allergies?
According to reviews on the forums, the most common allergy is a rash on the body when used Johnson's baby oils and powder "Eared nanny".
Parents with children who are prone to allergies should refrain from using these products, as it is better to prevent severe allergies in a baby than to treat it.
When the question arises of which ointment to treat allergies in infants, one cannot be guided only by reviews.
It is necessary to select a medicine taking into account which symptoms are most troubling. In short, there are hormonal and non-hormonal drugs.
Hormone-based ointments can be used only in the absence of infection with dermatitis (after consulting a doctor). Among the most popular drugs:
- "Advantan",
- Elokom.
Everything non-hormonal ointments are divided into antihistamines, anti-inflammatory, regenerating agents. Their use can be combined with other antihistamines - Suprastin tablets, sorbents.
Allergy treatment with folk remedies
Oftentimes, parents do not trust pharmacy products, worrying about their "unnaturalness" and that they may harm even more. But certified pharmaceuticals there are undeniable advantages:
- Many anti-allergic drugs made on the basis of natural ingredients(for example, "Gistan" ointment), you can choose the safest ones;
- V ready medicines the dose is accurately calculated, there are clear indications and contraindications, side effects have been investigated, folk remedies are prepared and used "by eye", but about side effects often people do not know at all;
- Contrary to popular belief, folk remedies can cause allergies in the same way as pharmacy.
And yet there are time-tested folk recipes... So, how to treat allergies in infants with folk remedies?
Succession
One of the most famous remedies is the string. It has an anti-inflammatory effect, relieves irritation and itching due to active substances included in its composition.
How to treat allergies in babies - folk knowledge will tell you. It is not difficult to make an ointment from a series and it is quite effective against allergies You can bathe your child in trays with a series of decoction, make lotions and homemade ointments.
Attention! Children should not drink the broth of the train!
One of the most popular recipes:
- 1 liter boiling water
- 8 tbsp succession
Insist the broth for 15 minutes, strain, add to the water poured into the bathing bath.
Bay leaf
Others good medicine since ancient times the bay leaf is considered. It stimulates the immune system, relieves inflammation, strengthens the vascular wall, fights against increased vascular permeability, and has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. They use lotions and compresses with bay leaves, make baths.
Receiving broths bay leaf inside is possible in adults, for children, only external use is relevant.
Do not infuse the laurel decoction for too long, so as not to get a highly concentrated product. To prepare a decoction for wiping the skin, you must:
- 3 laurel leaves;
- 500 ml of water
Bring the water to a boil, add the sheets there, leave for 10 minutes. Cool and wipe the affected skin with a cotton pad.
Dandelion, plantain, thyme, chamomile, valerian, elecampane are also used - there are many recipes.
But remember: you cannot completely rely on your own assumptions and knowledge and advice from the Internet.
Everything natural medicines- strong allergens All these remedies, no matter how actively they are advertised by supporters of natural therapy, can aggravate the condition of the child. Allergy in infants: how to treat with herbs? The main answer is carefully and wisely.
Food allergy usually develops in the first year of a child's life. At this time, the baby "gets acquainted" with a variety of products.
What are the reasons for the development of food allergies in children under one year old?
Firstly, the reasons may be in violation of the state of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). When a baby is born, most of its organs are in the "ripening" stage. For example, the production of enzymes in the digestive tract is reduced. That is, the pancreas has not yet learned in the required quantities to produce enzymes such as trypsin (necessary for breaking down proteins), amylase (for breaking down carbohydrates), lipase (for breaking down fats), in gastric juice contains few proteases (break down protein), etc.
In addition, in newborn crumbs, the composition of the microflora is disturbed. More precisely, it has not yet fully formed. Thus, it turns out that many large molecules (what any food product), once in the tummy of a newborn, the crumbs simply cannot be digested. That is why we do not feed babies up to a certain age with fruits, cottage cheese and meat. What happens to these molecules? Due to the increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa (also a feature of the newborn), these molecules penetrate into blood vessels(they penetrate all the intestinal walls). They produce antibodies called IgE. There is "sensitization" - increased sensitivity to certain macromolecules. That is, the body got acquainted with these macromolecules, developed antibodies, and at the next meeting, the antibodies will react to the repeated intake of the same macromolecules. An allergic reaction will develop. Food sensitization can develop from the first days or months of a child's life.
Risk factors for the development of allergic reactions in children can be hereditary predisposition and environmental disadvantage. environment(primarily smoking mother during pregnancy). A negative role is also played by preeclampsia in the mother (and therefore, hypoxia - oxygen starvation- fetus) and infectious diseases suffered by the mother during pregnancy (and the resulting antibiotic treatment).
What nutritional disorders of the mother and child can lead to the development of food allergies?
Firstly, this is an excess consumption by a nursing mother of cow's milk, cottage cheese, highly allergenic products (chocolate, nuts, strawberries, oranges, red fish and caviar). Secondly, the early transfer of the child to mixed or artificial feeding, especially with the use of unadapted milk formulas and the appointment of whole cow's milk in the first year of the child's life (as the main food product).
The symptoms of food allergies are extremely varied:
- Allergic skin lesions (atopic dermatitis, Quincke's edema, urticaria, strofulus - pruritus for children).
- Gastrointestinal disorders (regurgitation, nausea, vomiting, colic, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, unstable stools).
- Respiratory disorders (bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis).
Studies have shown that hypersensitivity to cow's milk proteins is most often detected in children of the first year of life with allergies (85%). Moreover, it is known that among children of the first year of life, allergy to cow's milk proteins occurs in 0.5-1.5% of breastfed babies, and up to 2-7% in artificial feeding... Among patients with atopic dermatitis, 85-90% of children are allergic to cow's milk proteins.
Also, babies have a high sensitivity to chicken egg protein (62%), gluten (53%), banana proteins (51%), rice (50%). Sensitization to proteins of buckwheat (27%), potatoes (26%), soybeans (26%) is less common, and even less often to proteins of corn (12%), various types of meat (0-3%). It should be noted that the majority of children (76%) show polyvalent sensitization, that is, an allergy to three or more proteins (proteins) of food.
Products with different allergenic potential:
| High | Average | Short |
| whole cow's milk; eggs; caviar; wheat, rye; carrots, tomatoes, bell pepper, celery; strawberries, wild strawberries, raspberries; citrus fruits, pineapples, pomegranates, kiwi, mango, persimmon, melon; coffee, cocoa; chocolate; mushrooms; nuts; honey; | beef; buckwheat, oats, rice; peas, beans, soy; potatoes, beets; peaches, apricots, cranberries, lingonberries, cherries, blueberries, black currants, rose hips, bananas; | dairy products; horse meat, rabbit, turkey, lean pork, lean lamb; colored, White cabbage, broccoli, zucchini, squash, cucumbers; green varieties of apples and pears, white and red currants, white and yellow cherries, yellow varieties of plums; garden herbs (parsley, dill); |
Allergy diagnostics
As soon as possible, it is necessary to establish and eliminate the cause of the disease - allergenic products. To do this, the allergist collects an allergological history (finds out who and what in your family had an allergic reaction), instructs you to keep a food diary (gradually reintroducing all foods, write down what the baby ate - what reaction, after 3-5 days new product, etc.). To accurately determine the allergen, you can carry out skin tests... They make incisions on the skin, drip "their" allergen onto each and wait for the reaction. This study is carried out only in the remission phase (not acute phase) against the background of the elimination (from "elimination" - an exception) diet - only low-allergenic foods are used.
V acute period Diseases for the diagnosis of food allergy, the most available research is immunological methods. They are called RAST, PRIST, MAST, IFA. These studies are carried out in vitro (in vitro) and allow the determination of specific antibodies (IgE and IgG4 classes) in the blood. Using these methods laboratory diagnostics allows you to detect in children early age, including infants, food hypersensitivity to proteins of the most common foods: cow's milk, chicken eggs, fish, peanuts, soy and wheat.
An open oral challenge test with "suspected allergens" can be performed (performed only when clinical remission is achieved). This test is good for its reliability, but it is dangerous (up to the development anaphylactic shock) and therefore can only be performed in specialized clinical centers.
Against the background of food allergies, hypersensitivity to other types of allergens (other food, pollen, dust, medicines vegetable origin etc.). This is due to the similarity of the antigenic structure and the development of cross-reactions. That is, 2 allergens, similar in structure ( antigenic structure), our body is confused. At the same time, antibodies developed for the first allergen (potato) begin to react to another allergen (tomato). This is called "cross-reacting". As a result, an allergic reaction to another product develops.
Possible cross reactions between different types of allergens:
| Food product | Foods and non-food antigens that produce allergic cross-reactions |
| Cow's milk | Goat milk, products containing cow's milk proteins, beef, veal and meat products from them, cow hair, enzyme preparations bovine pancreas |
| Kefir (kefir yeast) | Mold fungi, mold cheese varieties (Roquefort, Brie, Dor Blue, etc.), yeast dough, kvass, antibiotics penicillin series, mushrooms |
| A fish | River and sea fish, seafood (crabs, shrimps, caviar, lobsters, lobsters, mussels, etc.), fish food (daphnia) |
| Egg | Chicken meat and broth, quail eggs and meat, duck meat, sauces, creams, mayonnaise with the inclusion of chicken egg components, feather pillows, medications(interferon, lysozyme, bifilis, some vaccines) |
| Carrot | Parsley, celery, b-carotene, vitamin A |
| Strawberry | Raspberry, blackberry, currant, lingonberry |
| Apples | Pear, quince, peach, plum, birch pollen, alder, wormwood |
| Potato | Eggplants, tomatoes, green and red peppers, paprika, tobacco |
| Nuts (hazelnuts, etc.) | Nuts of other varieties, kiwi, mango, rice flour, buckwheat, oatmeal), sesame seeds, poppy seeds, birch pollen, hazel |
| Peanut | Soybeans, bananas, stone fruits (plums, peaches, cherries), green pea, tomatoes, latex |
| Bananas | Wheat gluten, kiwi, melon, avocado, latex, plantain pollen |
| Citrus | Grapefruit, lemon, orange, tangerine |
| Beet | Spinach, sugar beet |
| Legumes | Peanuts, soybeans, peas, beans, lentils, mangoes, alfalfa |
| Plum | Almonds, apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches, wild cherries, cherries, prunes, apples |
| Kiwi | Banana, avocado, nuts, flour (rice, buckwheat, oatmeal), sesame, latex, birch pollen, cereal grasses |
Diet therapy is the mainstay of treatment for children with food allergies
The main principles of constructing a hypoallergenic diet are the elimination (exclusion) from food of foods with high sensitizing activity, causal, cross-reacting, irritating to the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, containing preservatives, food colors, emulsifiers, stabilizers, etc. and adequate replacement excluded products with natural and specialized products.
Hypoallergenic industrial products:
- specialized mixtures based on hydrolysates milk protein(therapeutic, therapeutic and prophylactic and prophylactic purposes, which can be consumed from birth);
- specialized mixtures based on soy protein isolate (mono use from 6 months of age);
- hypoallergenic dairy-free cereals;
- hypoallergenic monocomponent berry, fruit and vegetable purees(from 5-6 months);
- hypoallergenic monocomponent canned meat: horse meat, turkey, lamb, etc. (from 9-10 months);
- specialized water for baby food.
Despite the fact that an allergy to cow's milk proteins can be detected in breastfed babies, it is important to preserve breast milk as completely as possible in their diet, which, in addition to the main nutrients ( nutrients), vitamins and mineral substances contains the protective factors necessary for the adequate development of the child (secretory IgA), hormones, enzymes, growth factors.
Breastfeeding mothers need to follow a special diet.
Products and meals excluded, limited and used in hypoallergenic diets nursing mothers:
| Excluded | Are limited | Allowed |
| Fish, seafood, caviar, eggs, mushrooms, nuts, honey, chocolate, coffee, cocoa, vegetables, fruits and berries of bright red and orange color, as well as kiwi, pineapple, avocado; broths, marinades, salty and spicy dishes, canned food, spices; products containing dyes, preservatives; carbonated drinks, kvass; sauerkraut, radish, radish, some cheeses, ham, sausages, beer | Whole milk (only in porridge), sour cream in dishes; bakery and pasta from premium flour, semolina; confectionery, sweets; sugar; salt | Fermented milk products (kefir, bifikefir, bifidok, acidophilus, yoghurts without fruit additives, etc.); cereals (buckwheat, corn, rice, oat, etc.); vegetables and fruits (green, white); soups (vegetarian vegetables and cereals); meat ( low-fat varieties beef, pork; fillet of turkey, chicken in boiled, stewed form, as well as in the form of steamed cutlets); wheat bread of the 2nd grade, rye, "Darnitskiy"; drinks (tea, compotes, fruit drinks) |
Currently, in case of hypersensitivity to cow's milk proteins, mixtures prepared on the basis of milk protein hydrolysates (casein and whey proteins) are widely used.
Distribution of mixtures based on hydrolysates depending on their clinical purpose
A positive effect should be expected no earlier than 3-4 weeks from the beginning of the use of specialized mixtures.
It is important to note that the level of tolerance ("resistance", lack of allergy) to cow's milk proteins (CMP) is achieved in 80-90% of children by the age of 3 years, however, 10-20% of children cannot tolerate CMP at the age of 3 years, and in 26% manifestations of milk allergy can persist up to 9-14 years.
When introducing complementary foods, it is necessary not to rush to the timing, to strictly follow all the rules of complementary feeding. This is a gradual introduction (starting with 1/4 tsp), we introduce only 1 product for 5-7 days, and only then try to introduce the next one. The timing of the introduction of complementary foods for children of the first year of life with food allergies (in comparison with healthy children):
| Products | Terms of introduction of products and dishes (month of life) | |
| healthy children | children with food allergies * | |
| Fruit, berry juices | 9-10 | 11-12 |
| Fruit purees | 5-6 | 6-7 |
| Cottage cheese | 6 | Not assigned |
| Yolk | 8 | Not assigned |
| Vegetable puree | 5-6 | 6-7 (no milk added) |
| Vegetable oil | 7-8 | 9-10 |
| Porridge | 5,5-6,5 | 5,5-6,5 (on soy blend or protein hydrolyzate) |
| Butter | 7-8 | 8-9 (melted) |
| Meat puree | 9-10 | 10-12 |
| Dairy products | 8-9 | 9-10 (at mild sensitization to cow's milk proteins) |
| Rusks, biscuits | 7 | 8 (not rich) |
| Wheat bread | 8 | 9 (second-grade loaves, "Darnitskiy") |
| A fish | 10 | Not assigned |
* Taking into account the individual tolerance of products
The treatment and diet for an allergic child must be approached individually, this is half the success of recovery.
How high is the risk of allergies in little child? Let's look at several factors that predispose to the onset of this disease.
1. Succession from close relatives. The threat of an allergy is especially overestimated in those babies whose close relatives themselves suffered from any type of allergy. It is known that if one of the parents in a child's family is susceptible to allergic diseases, then the risk of developing it in a baby is about 37%, and if both parents are, then the risk increases to 62%.
2. In addition to hereditary, the following play a role, provoking allergic diseases factors: hypoxia of the child during pregnancy and childbirth, carried by the baby ARVI and various intestinal infections, as a result of which the composition of the intestinal microflora changes. Overuse future mother dishes from following products: milk, chicken eggs, fruits and vegetables of bright colors, tonic drinks, chocolate products, mushrooms in any form, nuts, honey. These highly allergenic products contribute to the formation of an allergic background in the unborn child. Smoking during pregnancy, as well as various infectious diseases transferred during this period with antibiotic treatment.
3. It is also necessary to consider non-compliance with the order of nutrition of mothers and babies, contributing to the occurrence of allergies. If the baby is breastfed, then dairy products, cottage cheese, chocolate products, nuts, strawberries, citrus fruits, red fish consumed by the mother can cause or intensify allergic diseases in the child.
Unreasonable transfer of the baby to mixed or artificial feeding with the use of unadapted cheap mixtures, frequent change of mixtures during the period of its selection, feeding with cow's milk in the first months of a child's life contributes to the disruption of the gastrointestinal tract and significantly increases the risk of occurrence and development of allergic diseases.
Let us dwell on the last factor in more detail. In a newborn child, all organs are in the stage of maturation to the point where they can fully function. In the gastrointestinal tract, the production of enzymes responsible for the complete assimilation of food is still reduced. The pancreas is not yet able to produce in the required volumes such enzymes necessary for digestion as amylase (breaks down carbohydrates), lipase (breaks down fats), trypsin (breaks down proteins), etc. It turns out that an unfamiliar product, once it gets "on the table" little child, simply cannot be digested by him, tk. lack of essential enzymes. Therefore, it is very important, when it comes to complementary foods, not to rush and not to rush with the introduction of new products, so as not to disrupt the child's gastrointestinal tract. The table shows approximate terms introducing new foods to babies with allergies. When introducing a new type of complementary food, it is very important to apply the rule of gradual introduction (start with 1/2 teaspoon), introduce only one type of complementary food at a time for 7-10 days, and only after making sure that there is no negative reaction to this product, introduce the next one.
* Taking into account the individual tolerance of products
Symptoms and signs of food allergies.
Food allergies can occur in babies in completely different ways:
- Various allergic skin diseases such as: skin rashes, redness of a different nature, peeling of the skin, incessant itching, profuse prickly heat, not passing long time diaper rash, urticaria, as well as Quincke's edema;
Respiratory diseases: allergic rhinitis;
Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract): gag reflex, constipation, flatulence, diarrhea, regurgitation.
In the cases listed above, Quincke's edema is considered the most serious and alarming. With it, the affected child develops swelling of the skin, at first similar to large blisters, which quite quickly grow in size. An attack of suffocation begins in the throat, the voice quickly sits down, there is a lack of oxygen, and as a result, shortness of breath. This situation is very similar to an attack in bronchial asthma. In this case, you need to call an ambulance as soon as possible. help, and immediately by phone to clarify how much of an anti-allergy drug that you have (suprastin, claritin, etc.) you can give your baby while the assistance car is driving.
Allergy diagnostics.
Based on various studies, it becomes obvious that children under one year old mainly (in 85%) have an allergic reaction to cow's milk (more precisely, to its protein). Of the babies who develop atopic dermatitis, 85-90% of babies are allergic to cow's milk protein. Even babies have a high probability of allergies to chicken eggs (62%), gluten (53%), banana (51%), rice (50%). Sometimes there is an allergy to buckwheat protein (27%), potatoes (26%), soy (26%). Rarely, but still happens for corn (12%), various types of meat (0-3%). Many children (76%) are allergic to three or more types of food proteins.
Products with varying degrees allergenicity:
If the baby has the symptoms described above, you should try to quickly consult a pediatrician and an allergist in order to find and eliminate the sources of the disease. After that, you need to remove from the diet foods that provoke the formation of an allergic reaction. To do this, a specialist supervising the child usually proposes to start a food journal, where the mother should enter the foods and dishes that she herself, or everything that the child ate, and the reaction to these dishes.
Also, to identify allergens in babies in the first months of life, the method of taking blood from a vein is used and the presence of specific antibodies (IgE and IgG4 classes) in the blood serum is detected. Using this method, you can identify the sensitivity of the baby's body to a wide range of various foods.
It should be noted that a child with food allergies is likely to develop an allergic reaction to other types of various allergens. This can happen, for example, if the body encounters two allergens that are similar in structure. As a result, the developed antibodies that react to the first allergic type of food begin to react to the second. This reaction is called " cross allergy". Ultimately, you may be allergic to that second product.
The table lists possible cross-reactions among different types of allergens.
Treatment of allergic diseases
Treatment of allergy manifestations is mainly a diet, the purpose of which is to identify and eliminate the allergen product from the diet.
If a mother is breastfeeding a baby, then she should exclude from her menu all foods that give an allergic reaction, namely: various preservatives, artificial colors, fried foods and other obvious allergens. If, as a result of the mother's diet, it is possible to identify the allergen, then the mother excludes it from her menu for a period of 1 to 3 months. As a result, during this time, the signs of an allergic reaction in a child should at least decrease, but generally disappear completely. After that, it is allowed to slowly expand the mother's menu, but highly allergenic foods should still be excluded from the diet.
If the baby is fed artificial mixtures, then it is likely that an allergy has arisen to the proteins of cow's milk that make up their composition. In this case, it will be correct to partially or completely replace the mixture used with special hypoallergenic ones, where the protein has already been split to the level of amino acids (hydrolyzed mixtures) - with such feeding, the development of the disease will not occur. But you need to understand that in no case should you prescribe to the child yourself medicinal mixture, you must definitely consult with a specialist, and enter it under control.
Any obvious result will be noticeable only 3-4 weeks after the start of the use of specialized mixtures.
Also, in the fight against food allergies, your doctor may prescribe other drugs, namely: antihistamines, various creams and ointments (including even hormonal ones), adsorbents to remove accumulated harmful substances... In addition, during the period of treatment of the disease, it is necessary to control, and in some cases, correct the intestinal flora with the help various means which contain normoflorins: bifido and lactobacilli.
Recommendations for mothers whose babies are breastfed.
In order to minimize the risk of developing food allergies in babies receiving breast milk, a list of foods and foods is given depending on their level of allergy.
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