These funds are capable of blocking the spread of pathogenic agents or affecting them destructively. But in order for the fight against them to be successful, it is necessary to establish exactly which ones.In some cases, it is impossible to determine the diagnosis and the best way out is antimicrobial drugs wide range actions.
Features of the fight against pathogens
It is important to consider that many antimicrobial drugs have a powerful effect not only on foreign agents, but also on the patient's body. So, they have a detrimental effect on the microflora of the gastric region and some other organs. In order to cause minimal damage, it is important to start treatment immediately, as microorganisms spread at a tremendous rate. If you miss this moment, the fight against them will be more prolonged and exhausting.
In addition, if antimicrobial drugs are required for treatment, they should be prescribed in maximum number so that microorganisms do not have time to adapt. The assigned course cannot be interrupted even if improvements are noticed.
It is also recommended to use different antimicrobial drugs in treatment, rather than one type. This is necessary so that after the therapy passed, there are no foreign agents that have adapted to a certain drug.
In addition to this, it is imperative to take a course that will strengthen the body. Since many drugs can cause serious allergic reactions, they should only be taken as directed by your doctor.
Sulfanilamide drugs
We can say that they are divided into three types - these are nitrofurans, antibiotics and sulfonamides. The latter remedies have their destructive effect in that they do not allow microbes to receive folic acid and other components that are important for their reproduction and life. But premature termination treatment course or a small amount of the drug makes it possible for microorganisms to adapt to new conditions. In the future, sulfonamides are no longer able to fight.
This group includes well-absorbed drugs: Norsulfazole, Streptocid, Sulfadimezin, Etazol. It should also be noted that it is difficult to absorb medicines: "Sulgin", "Phtalazol" and others.
If necessary, for the best result, the doctor may recommend combining these two types of sulfa drugs. It is also possible to combine them with antibiotics. Some antimicrobial drugs are described below.
"Streptocide"
Mostly this drug it is prescribed for the treatment of angina, cystitis, pyelitis, erysipelas. In some cases, this medicine can cause side effects such as headache, severe nausea accompanied by vomiting, some complications from the nervous, hematopoietic or cardiovascular systems... But medicine does not stand still, and in practice such drugs are used, but they have less adverse reactions... These drugs include Etazol and Sulfadimezin.
Also "Streptocid" can be applied topically for burns, festering wounds, skin ulcers. In addition, you can inhale the powder through your nose if you have an acute runny nose.
"Norsulfazole"
This drug is effective for cerebral meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis, gonorrhea, etc. antimicrobial agent quickly leaves the body, but you need to drink a day a large number of water.
"Ingalipt"
Good throat antimicrobials, which are prescribed for laryngitis, ulcerative stomatitis, pharyngitis, these are those that contain streptocide and norsulfazole. These means include "Ingalipt". Among other things, it contains thymol, alcohol, mint and eucalyptus oil. It is antiseptic and anti-inflammatory.
"Furacilin"
This is an antibacterial liquid known to many, which has a detrimental effect on various microbes. The medicine can be applied externally, treating wounds, washing the nasal and ear canals, as well as internally with bacterial dysentery. Some antibacterial and antimicrobial drugs are produced on the basis of "Furacilin".
"Phtalazol"
This slow-absorbing drug can be combined with antibiotics. It is also combined with Etazol, Sulfadimezin and other drugs. He actively works by suppressing intestinal infections. Effective for dysentery, gastroenteritis, colitis.
Nitrofuran
In medicine, there are many drugs that are derived from "Nitrofuran". Such funds have a wide range of effects. For example, "Furagin" and "Furadonin" are often prescribed for cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis and others. infectious diseases genitourinary system.
"Penicillin"
The drug is an antibiotic that has a detrimental effect on young microbes. In the fight against influenza, smallpox and other viral diseases, it is ineffective. But in case of pneumonia, peritonitis, abscess, sepsis, meningitis, "Penicillin" is a good helper. From it get various drugs, which surpass it in action, for example, "Benzylpenicillin". These medicines are low-toxic, they practically do not cause complications. That is why they are considered to be strong antimicrobials for children.
But it is still worth considering that poor quality medicine can cause intense allergies. It can also suppress natural intestinal microflora in the elderly and newborns. Weakened people or in childhood are prescribed vitamins of groups C and B simultaneously with "Penicillin".
"Levomycetin"
Strains resistant to "Penicillin" are inhibited by "Levomycetin". It has no effect on protozoa, acid-fast bacteria, anaerobes. In psoriasis and skin diseases, this drug is contraindicated. It is also forbidden to take it with the suppression of hematopoiesis.
"Streptomycin"
This antibiotic has several derivatives that help in different situations. For example, some can treat pneumonia, others are effective for peritonitis, and others cope with an infection of the genitourinary system. Note that the use of "Streptomycin" and its derivatives is permissible only after a doctor's prescription, since an overdose does not exclude such a serious complication as hearing loss.
"Tetracycline"
This antibiotic is able to deal with many bacteria that cannot be treated with other drugs. Side effects may occur. "Tetracycline" can be combined with "Penicillin" in case of severe septic conditions. There is also an ointment that treats skin diseases.
"Erythromycin"
This antibiotic is considered a “fallback” that is used when other antimicrobial agents fail. He successfully overcomes diseases that appear due to the action resistant strains staphylococci. There is also erythromycin ointment, which helps with bedsores, burns, purulent or infected wounds, trophic ulcers.
The main broad-spectrum antimicrobials are listed below:
- "Tetracycline".
- "Levomycetin".
- "Ampicillin".
- Rifampicin.
- "Neomycin".
- "Monomycin".
- "Rifamcin".
- "Imipenem".
- "Cephalosporins".
Gynecology and antibacterial treatment
If in any other area the disease is permissible to attack with antibacterial drugs of a wide spectrum of action, then in gynecology it is required to strike a blow with a well-chosen narrowly targeted agent. Depending on the microflora, not only medications are prescribed, but also their dosage, and the duration of the course.
Most often, antimicrobial drugs in gynecology are used externally. It can be candles, ointments, capsules. In some cases, if the need arises, treatment is supplemented with drugs of a wide range of effects. These may include "Terzhinan", "Polygynax" and others. Faster results can be achieved by taking two or three drugs at the same time. Important anyway preliminary consultation with a doctor.
Almost all anti-inflammatory medical supplies, which have antimicrobial action, include antibacterial substances. Exceptions are Akriderm CK, Lorinden C, Sofradex, Dermosolon and a few others. Below is the detailed list and the characterization of broad-spectrum antimicrobial topical preparations with the highest therapeutic effect.
Synthetic antimicrobial agents of modern pharmacology
Betaderm-Betaderm.
Dosage forms. Cream and ointment for external use.
Composition. 1 g of the antimicrobial drug contains betamethasone dipropionate - 0.5 mg, gentamicin sulfate - 1.0 mg. Pharmachologic effect. Betamethasone is a synthetic fluorinated glucocorticosteroid of external action, according to the classification - moderately strong (3rd group). It has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, vasoconstrictor, antipruritic effects. Gentamicin is an antibiotic from the aminoglycoside group, active against streptococci.
Indications. Dermatoses complicated by secondary bacterial infection: allergic and atopic dermatitis, chronic lichen simplex, psoriasis, chronic lupus erythematosus, polymorphic exudative erythema.
Contraindications Increased sensitivity to the components of the drug, common for the external action of glucocorticosteroids, phlebitis and trophic ulcers.
Side effect. Very rarely, erythema, exudation, burning and itching sensations, as well as pigmentation disorders are observed.
Application and dosage. Apply antimicrobial ointment externally for adults - 1-2 times a day. Continuous use for a week should not exceed 45 g. Do not prescribe during pregnancy and children under 2 years of age.
Special notes. Avoid long-term use.
Flucinar N - Flucinar N.
Combined drug.
Release form. Ointment in tubes of 15 g. Light yellow, translucent, fatty soft mass with a weak specific odor.
Composition. Active substances - fluocinolone acetonide, neomycin sulfate.
Pharmachologic effect. Fluocinolone acetonide is a synthetic fluorinated glucocorticoid of external action with anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, vasoconstrictor and antipruritic effect (in activity it exceeds hydrocortisone by 40 times); neomycin sulfate is an antibiotic from the group of aminoglycosides of the 1st generation, it is active against a number of Gr + and Gr-microorganisms (in low concentrations - bacteriostatic effect, in high concentrations - bactericidal).
Indications. Allergodermatoses complicated by bacterial infection - dermatitis, eczema, urticaria, psoriasis, erythema multiforme, erythroderma, pruritus, lichen planus, secondary infections with insect bites, bacterial skin infections complicated by the development of local allergic reactions, impetigo, infected diaper rash, burns 1st degree.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug. Viral, fungal infections skin infected with bacteria not sensitive to neomycin, conditions after immunization, rosacea, syphilitic and tuberculous skin lesions, perioral dermatitis, chronic dermatoses of the face. Children under 2 years of age. Pregnancy, lactation.
Side effect. Irritation and itching are rare. With prolonged use of this synthetic antimicrobial agent on the face, steroid acne, telangiectasia, striae, skin atrophy, perioral dermatitis, depigmentation, alopecia, or hirsutism are possible. Urticaria or maculopapular rash is possible. With prolonged use or application to large surfaces, systemic side effects of the glucocorticosteroid, as well as the oto- and nephrotoxic effects of neomycin, are possible.
Application and dosage. Apply a small amount in a thin layer to the affected areas 2-3 times a day, after the inflammatory process subsides - 1-2 times a day. If necessary, apply a breathable version of the dressing. Change occlusive dressings every 24-48 hours. The course of treatment is no longer than 2 weeks; use no more than 2 g of ointment during the day.
Special notes. If it is necessary to apply on the skin of the face and in the skin folds, the treatment should be short-lived. Use with caution in the presence of atrophic skin changes, especially in the elderly.
Celestoderm-V with garamycin - Celestoderm-V.
Combined drug.
INN (international generic name) - Betamethasone + Gentamicin.
Forms of release. Cream and ointment 0.1% betamethasone and 0.1% gentamicin.
Composition. Synthetic fluorine-containing external action corticosteroid betamethasone, according to the classification - strong (2nd group), with a local anti-inflammatory, vasoconstrictor and antipruritic effect, as well as gentamicin - a bactericidal main antibiotic-amino-glycoside of the 2nd generation of a broad spectrum of action with a high local antibacterial activity... Streptococci, staphylococci, Gr-bacteria are sensitive to the action of gentamicin.
Indications. Local treatment skin diseases that respond to corticosteroid therapy, the course of which is complicated by a bacterial infection: contact dermatitis, seborrheic, intertriginous, solar, exfoliative, atopic eczema, children's, coin-like, neurodermatitis, psoriasis.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.
Side effect. Burning, itching, irritation, dryness, folliculitis, hypertrichosis, acne-like eruptions, hypopigmentation, perioral dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis.
Application and dosage. Apply a thin layer of synthetic antimicrobial pharmacology to the affected areas 2 times a day (in mild cases - 1 time per day). Children - with caution.
Anti-inflammatory antimicrobial ointments for external use
Akriderm SK - Akriderm SK.
Combined drug.
INN (international non-proprietary name) - Betamethasone dipropionate + salicylic acid.
Release form. Ointment in tubes of 15 and 30 g.
Composition. 1 g of the combined antimicrobial drug contains 0.64 mg betamethasone dipropionate, 30 mg salicylic acid and excipients.
Pharmachologic effect. The combination of a glucocorticosteroid with an antiseptic and keratolytic effect. According to the classification of external glucocorticoids, it is strong (group 2).
Indications. Subacute and subacute dermatoses sensitive to external corticosteroid therapy chronic course with manifestations of hyperkeratosis: psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, lichen planus, dermatitis, ichthyosis.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to any of the components of the drug, as well as tuberculosis and viral infections skin, vaccination, perioral dermatitis, rosacea.
Side effect. Locally, burning, itching, folliculitis, acne, stretch marks, skin atrophy, depigmentation, hyperkeratosis are possible. Very rarely, with prolonged use on large surfaces, occlusive-systemic manifestations occur with symptoms of an overdose of glucocorticosteroids or salicylic acid.
Application and doses. Apply a thin layer of anti-inflammatory antimicrobial ointment to the lesions 1-2 times a day, rubbing lightly, no more than 3 weeks. Wanting to prolong the course, use every other day. After the cessation of symptoms of the disease, treatment should be continued for some time in order to avoid relapse. Treatment of children under 12 years old - under the supervision of a doctor. During pregnancy and lactation, the duration and area of application of the drug are reduced.
Special notes. Do not apply topical antimicrobial ointment to breast skin before breastfeeding.
Belogent - Belogent.
INN (international non-proprietary name) - Betamethasone + Gentamicin. Combined drug.
Forms of release. Cream and ointment in tubes of 0.05%, 30 g each.
Composition. 1 g of the drug contains 500 μg of betamethasone dipropionate, strong in action (group 2), and 1 mg of gentamicin sulfate.
Pharmachologic effect. The combination of a fluorinated glucocorticosteroid and an antibiotic aminoglycoside gives a broad spectrum bactericidal effect: anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial, antiproliferative and antipruritic.
Indications. Dermatoses, inflammatory and allergic, complicated bacterial infections or if there is a danger of its attachment, dermatitis, eczema, neurodermatitis, psoriasis, lichen planus, anogenital itching - in children from 1 year of age and adults.
Application and dosage. It is easy to rub a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent into the affected areas 2 times a day (or 1 time). The use of occlusive dressings is possible.
Special notes. Avoid contact with eyes.
Effective antimicrobial agents: composition and side effects
Hyoxysone ointment - Ung. Hyoxysonum.
Combined drug.
Other trade names: Geokorton, Oksizon.
Release form. Ointment in tubes of 10 g, in jars of 50 g.
Composition. 1 g of this effective antimicrobial agent contains 30 mg of oxytetracycline hydrochloride and 10 mg of hydrocortisone acetate. Contained in the composition aerosol preparation Oxycort.
Pharmachologic effect. Broad-spectrum antibiotic combined with a halogen-free glucocorticosteroid local action, in terms of strength - weak (4th group). Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-exudative, antipruritic.
Indications. This antimicrobial skin ointment is used for dermatitis, eczema, and allergic dermatoses complicated by pyoderma.
Contraindications Skin manifestations viral, fungal, tuberculous nature. Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.
Side effect. When using this broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug, allergic reactions and the development of a secondary infection are rarely observed.
Application and dosage. 0.5-1 g in a thin layer on the affected area 2 times a day. The use of dressings is possible.
Diprogent - Diprogenta.
Combined drug for external use.
Forms of release. Cream, ointment in tubes of 15 and 30 g.
Composition. 1 g of cream and ointment contains betamethasone dipropionate - 500 mcg and gentamicin sulfate - 1 mg. Includes GCS for external use of betamethasone dipropionate, according to the classification - strong (2nd group), a broad-spectrum antibiotic from the aminoglycoside group - gentamicin.
Pharmachologic effect. Anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antipruritic, antimicrobial.
Indications. Allergic and inflammatory dermatoses complicated by secondary infection: contact, intertriginous dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, solar, seborrheic, radiation dermatitis, psoriasis, erythroderma.
Contraindications Primary bacterial, viral, fungal skin lesions, skin tuberculosis, skin manifestations of syphilis, skin reactions after vaccination, chicken pox, hypersensitivity to the drug.
Side effect. This broad spectrum antimicrobial can cause itching, burning, steroid acne, irritation, and dry skin.
Application and dosage. Apply, gently rubbing into the affected skin, 2 times a day. Apply occlusive dressings if necessary.
Special notes. The use of this antimicrobial agent requires caution in the 1st trimester of pregnancy.
Anti-inflammatory antimicrobial drugs: composition and indications
Cortomycetin ointment - Ung. Cortomycetinum.
Combined drug.
Release form. Ointment white with a yellowish tinge. Composition. Active ingredients: hydrocortisone acetate, chloramphenicol.
Pharmachologic effect. Glucocorticoid non-halogenated, according to the classification - weak (4th group); broad spectrum antibiotic.
Pharmachologic effect. Antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, antimicrobial.
Indications. Inflammatory and allergic diseases skin, including those complicated by microbial flora - infected microbial eczema... Also this antimicrobial broad action effective for neurodermatitis and pyoderma.
Contraindications Tuberculous, viral, fungal diseases skin, ulcerative lesions, pregnancy.
Side effect. Itching, hyperemia, soreness, exacerbation of acute inflammatory reactions.
Application and dosage. Apply a thin layer of the antimicrobial combined agent to the affected areas 2-3 times a day in daily dose from 2 to 30 g. With occlusive dressings, the drug is prescribed in a reduced dose 1 time per day. The duration of the course is from 7 days to a month.
Levovinisol - Laevovinisolum.
INN (international non-proprietary name) - Chloramphenicol. Combined drug.
Release form. 80 mg aerosol cans equipped with a spray valve.
Composition. Contains chloramphenicol, vinylinine, linetol, citral, propylene (freon), ethyl alcohol.
Pharmachologic effect. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. The antibiotic chloramphenicol has a wide spectrum of activity, acts bactericidal or bacteriostatic.
Indications. Pressure sores, trophic ulcers, infected wounds and erosion, superficial and localized deep burns.
Contraindications Individual hypersensitivity to chloramphenicol, microflora resistance to it.
Side effect. Burning is possible when applied to wounds. This side effect of this antimicrobial agent passes very quickly.
Application and dosage. The drug is sprayed from 20-30 cm onto the lesion focus 2-3 times a week, and in case of severe lesions - 2 times a day every day.
Anti-inflammatory antimicrobial agents and how they are used
Lorinden S - Lorinden S.
Combined drug.
Forms of release. Cream and ointment in tubes of 15 g.
Composition. 1 g of this antimicrobial drug contains 200 μg of flumethasone pivalate and 30 mg of iodochlorohydroxyquinoline.
Pharmachologic effect. The first component is a fluorinated glucocorticoid of local action, according to the classification, it is moderately strong (group 3) with antiallergic, antipruritic and antiexudative effect, and the second component has an antibacterial and antifungal effect.
Indications. Allergodermatoses complicated by bacterial infection, dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, including chronic cases on the scalp, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, discoid lupus erythematosus, bacterial and, complicated by local allergic reactions, impetigo. V acute phase diseases, a cream is applied, and then an antimicrobial ointment.
Contraindications Viral skin lesions, manifestations of tuberculosis and syphilis on the skin, neoplasms and precancerous skin diseases, vulgar and rosacea, perioral dermatitis, trophic ulcers of the leg associated with varicose veins, conditions after vaccination. For occlusive dressing - skin infections.
Application and dosage. Apply to affected skin 3 times a day until improvement. During pregnancy, do not use in the 1st trimester, later - only on small surfaces.
Special notes. This antimicrobial agent of modern pharmacology requires caution when administered to nursing mothers.
Oxycort - Oxycort.
INN (international non-proprietary name) - Oxytetracycline + Hydrocortisone. Complex preparation.
Forms of release. Ointment in a tube of 20 g, aerosol for external use in a bottle of 75 g.
Composition. The ointment contains 3% oxytetracycline hydrochloride and 1% hydrocortisone acetate; aerosol - respectively 0.4 and 0.13%. Pharmachologic effect. Broad-spectrum antibiotic, provides antibacterial effect, and the glucocorticoid is anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and antipruritic, weak in action (4th group). The aerosol has a pronounced drying effect.
Indications. Dermatitis, eczema, atopic dermatitis, complicated by pyogenic infection, as well as trophic ulcers, sunburn, strepto- and staphyloderma, erysipelas, infected diaper rash. This broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug is also used for other dermatoses complicated by secondary bacterial infection.
Contraindications Cutaneous manifestations of skin tuberculosis, viral and mycotic infections, pregnancy (if there are extensive lesions), individual intolerance to the components of the drug.
Side effect. Rarely, with the use of this antimicrobial drug, allergic rash, and with prolonged use, steroid acne, skin atrophy, telangiectasia, hypertrichosis are possible.
Application and dosage. Apply a thin layer to the affected areas 2 times a day. Spray aerosol from a distance of 15-20 cm 2 times a day.
Special notes. Avoid getting the drug on mucous membranes; Do not inhale aerosol.
Antimicrobials: Broad Spectrum Skin Ointments
Pimafucort - Pimafucort.
Combined drug.
Forms of release. Topical cream and ointment contain natamycin (1%), neomycin (0.35%) and hydrocortisone (1%).
Pharmachologic effect. Antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory. The effect of hydrocortisone is anti-inflammatory, antipruritic. Neomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against a number of Gr + and Gr - bacteria. Natamycin is a polyene antibiotic of the macrolide group, effective against yeast, yeast-like fungi, dermatophytes and Trichomonas.
Indications. Superficial dermatoses infected with bacteria or fungi sensitive to neomyin and natamycin, as well as pustular dermatoses, mycoses, otomycosis.
During pregnancy - treatment with caution.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to components. Side effect. At the beginning of treatment - a slight exacerbation of the disease, with prolonged use - striae in the areas of application.
Application and dosage. This external antimicrobial agent is applied to the affected skin for children and adults 2-4 times a day for up to 4 weeks.
Special notes. Do not apply to eye area. With prolonged treatment with this drug and the application of an antimicrobial ointment to large areas with bandages, the production of corticosteroid hormones is suppressed, in the presence of wounds, riskotoxic and nephrotoxic effects.
Polcortolon TS - Polcortolon TS.
INN (international non-proprietary name) - Triamcinolone + Tetracycline. Combined drug.
Release form. Aerosol for external use in bottles of 40 ml.
Composition. The active ingredients are triamcinolone and tetracycline hydrochloride.
Pharmachologic effect. Triamcinolone is a glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antiexudative and antipruritic effect, and tetracycline hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Indications. Inflammatory diseases of the skin, acute and subacute, complicated by bacterial infection, with localization of the lesion in the folds - dermatitis, eczema, intertrigo.
Contraindications Childhood, as well as hypersensitivity to tetracycline, perioral dermatitis.
Side effect. Irritation is rarely observed at the sites of aerosol application.
Application and dosage. Apply antimicrobial anti-inflammatory drugs to the affected areas 1 to 3 times a day. Occlusive dressings are not advisable. Special notes. Do not apply to mucous membranes.
Antimicrobial drugs and their characteristics
Sofradex - Sofradex.
INN (international non-proprietary name) - Dexamethasone + Framycetin + Gramicidin.
Forms of release. Ointment, eye (ear) drops. Semitransparent yellowish-white sterile ointment; transparent colorless sterile drops.
Composition. Framycein BP sulfate (soframycin), gramicidin and dexamethasone.
Pharmachologic effect. This effective drug has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.
Indications.; otitis media of the outer ear.
Contraindications Viral or fungal infection purulent inflammation eye, glaucoma, herpetic keratitis. In case of otitis externa, do not use in case of perforation of the tympanic membrane because of the risk of ototoxicity.
Application and dosage. Drops - for adults (including the elderly) and children, 2 or 3 drops; enter gradually, one drop at a time, 3-4 times a day. Ointment - 1-2 times a day.
Supirocin-B - Supirocin-B.
Combined drug.
INN (international non-proprietary name) - Betamethasone + Mupirocin.
Release form. Ointment for external use in tubes of 15 g.
Composition. Betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% and mupirocin 2%, etc.
Pharmachologic effect. Betamethasone is an external glucocorticosteroid, according to the classification - strong (2nd group) with anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-edematous, antipruritic action. Mupirocin is an antibiotic natural origin, depending on the concentration, bactericidal or bacteriostatic: Gr + cocci and Gr - sticks.
Indications. Contact dermatitis, non-allergic and allergic, as well as seborrheic, atopic, exfoliative dermatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, eczema, neurodermatitis. Also this antimicrobial drug a broad spectrum of action is used for urticaria and psoriasis, complicated by secondary bacterial infections.
Contraindications Bacterial, viral, fungal skin lesions, trophic ulcers of the legs associated with varicose veins, rosacea and acne vulgaris, skin cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, melanoma, nevus, atheroma, hemangioma, xanthoma, post-vaccination skin reactions, as well as the period of pregnancy, feeding children under 12 years of age.
Side effect. Non-allergic and allergic contact dermatitis, folliculitis, hypertrichosis, hypopigmentation, skin atrophy, acne-like rashes, perioral dermatitis, secondary infection, maceration, prickly heat.
Application and dosage. It is applied in a thin layer to the affected areas 2-3 times a day for 5-14 days. Only for treatment of affected areas not exceeding 10 cm in length and up to 100 square centimeters. If there is no improvement within 3-5 days, the patient should be re-examined.
Special notes. Avoid contact with eyes, mucous membranes, open wound surfaces. Due to its potent characteristics, it is preferable to use this antimicrobial agent only in acute period diseases, and for a short time, on minor skin surfaces.
External antimicrobial agents: indications and contraindications
Triderm - Triderm.
INN (international non-proprietary name) - Betamethasone + Gentamicin + Clotrimazole. Combined drug.
Forms of release. Ointment and cream 15 g each.
Composition. Betamethasone dipropionate, clotrimazole, gentamicin. For external use.
Pharmachologic effect. Betamethasone dipropionate is a fluorinated glucocorticoid of external action, according to the classification - moderately strong (3rd group) with anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-exudative and antipruritic effects. Clotrimazole - with antifungal effect against dermatophytes, yeast-like fungi. Gentamicin is an antibiotic of the aminoglycoside group; it has a bactericidal effect on Gr + and Gr - bacteria.
Indications. Dermatoses complicated by secondary infection; mycoses of hands and feet, smooth skin, inguinal mycosis.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, lactation.
Side effect. Exudation, erythema, pigmentation disorders, burning sensation, itching. Folliculitis caused by betamethasone, hypertrichosis, acne, hypopigmentation, perioral dermatitis, skin maceration, development of secondary resistant flora, skin atrophy, striae, prickly heat, burning, itching, dryness. Caused by clotrimazole - erythema, peeling, edema, skin maceration, urticaria, paresthesia, itching. Caused by gentamicin - hyperemia, itching.
Application and dosage. Apply in a thin layer to the affected and surrounding skin in the morning and at night for 3-4 weeks. Use with caution during pregnancy, lactation with the drug is incompatible.
Special notes. When using this broad-spectrum antimicrobial ointment on large surfaces, as well as when using occlusive dressings, it is possible to suppress the production of corticosteroid hormones. Avoid applying to damaged skin and open wounds... If a persistent bacterial or fungal microflora appears, the drug should be discontinued and the necessary therapy prescribed.
Fucidin G - Fucidin N.
INN (international non-proprietary name) - Hydrocortisone + Fusidic acid. Combined drug.
Release form. Cream for external use in tubes of 15 g. White homogeneous cream. Keep out of the reach of children.
Composition. Active ingredients: fusidic acid hemihydrate (polycyclic antibiotic) and hydrocortisone acetate. Pharmachologic effect. Unites antibacterial action fusidic acid - to staphylococci, streptococci, as well as the causative agent of multi-colored lichen, etc. and the anti-inflammatory effect of hydrocortisone.
Indications. Non-allergic and allergic contact dermatitis complicated by a bacterial infection, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, eczema, neurodermatitis, lichen planus, discoid lupus erythematosus.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, as well as skin tuberculosis, manifestations of syphilis on the skin, chickenpox, viral and fungal skin infections, post-vaccination skin reactions, trophic ulcers, rosacea, acne vulgaris, open wounds.
Side effect. Itching, burning, tingling, erythema, dry skin, and irritation and rash. Rarely, when using this antimicrobial drug, acne-like rashes, hyperpigmentation, folliculitis, striae, skin atrophy, hypertrichosis, and allergic contact dermatitis are possible.
Application and dosage. Apply a thin layer to the affected areas of the skin 2 times a day for 2 weeks. Do not use during pregnancy and lactation long time and in large quantities, when breastfeeding, do not apply to the mammary glands.
Special notes. Use with caution on the face, in the folds of the skin and in children. Avoid contact with eyes.
Broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs: composition and application
Dermozolone - Dermosolon.
Combined drug.
Release form. Ointment yellowish in tubes of 5 g.
Composition. Prednisolone 0.5% and 5-chloro-7-iodine-8-hydroxyquinoline 3%.
Pharmachologic effect. Anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antipruritic, antimicrobial.
Indications. Infected eczema, ulcers, pustular and fungal skin lesions.
Contraindications and side effects. Typical for external glucocorticosteroids and individual intolerance to the 2nd component of the ointment.
Application and dosage. Apply a thin layer of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent to the skin 1-3 times a day.
Fucicort - Fucicort.
INN (international non-proprietary name) - Fusidic acid + Betamethasone valerate. Combined drug.
Release form. Cream for external use, white in tubes of 15 g. Keep out of the reach of children.
Composition. Active ingredients: fusidic acid (polycyclic antibiotic) and betamethasone valerate (glucocorticoid).
Pharmachologic effect. It is highly active against staphylococci, streptococci, the causative agent of multi-colored lichen. Betamethasone valerate is an external glucocorticoid according to the classification - strong (group 2) with anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effect.
Indications. Dermatitis complicated by bacterial infections, non-allergic and allergic contact, seborrheic, atopic, neurodermatitis, discoid lupus erythematosus.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to components, tuberculosis of the skin, manifestations of syphilis on the skin, chicken pox, viral and fungal infections of the skin, post-vaccination reactions on the skin, trophic ulcers, rosacea. Also, the use of this broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug is contraindicated in acne vulgaris and open wounds.
Side effect. Locally - itching, burning, tingling, dry skin, irritation, erythema, rash. Rarely - acne-like changes, hypopigmentation, folliculitis, striae, atrophy.
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Antimicrobial drugs are produced not only in the form of tablets familiar to everyone, but also in powders, solutions for injections, in the form of ointments, sprays, gels and creams. Their main purpose is to suppress the development and spread of pathogenic microbes. Modern pharmacology produces antimicrobial agents for both adults and children.
Antimicrobial Powders
Borozin - Borozin.
Release form. Packets in the amount of 5 pcs. 5 g of powder each.
Pharmachologic effect. This antimicrobial drug normalizes the sweating process, inhibits the microbial flora.
Indications. Increased sweating bad smell stop, prevention of fungal diseases.
Application and dosage. Divide the bag into 2 parts, put it in the left and right boots every day (for a long time).
Brilliant green -Viride nitens
Forms of release. Powder, alcohol solution 1% and 2% in 10 ml vials. Composition. Bis- (para-diethylamino) triphenyl-anhydrocarbinol oxalate.
Application and dosage. It is prescribed externally as an antiseptic in the form of a 1% or 2% alcoholic or aqueous solution for lubrication with pyoderma.
Dermatol - Dermatolum.
International non-proprietary name - Bismuth subgallate.
Forms of release. Powder and ointment 10% on petroleum jelly.
Composition. Bismuth subgallate is an amorphous powder of lemon yellow color odorless and tasteless.
Pharmachologic effect. This antimicrobial drug is used externally as an astringent and drying agent for inflammatory diseases skin and mucous membranes in the form of powder, ointment and suppositories.
Indications. Ulcers, eczema, dermatitis.
Special notes. Store in a well-sealed container, protected from light.
Furacilin - Furacilin.
International non-proprietary name - Nitrofiral.
Release form. This agent, included in the list of antimicrobial drugs, is a yellow or greenish-yellow powder of bitter taste, poorly soluble in water. Applied in the form of an ointment 0.02%, 0.2 tablets for the preparation of solutions.
Composition. Furacilin - 5-nitrofurfural semi-carbazone.
Pharmachologic effect. Antibacterial agent. Acts on Gr + and Gr microorganisms - staphylococci, streptococci, Escherichia coli.
Indications. Outwardly for the treatment and prevention of purulent-inflammatory processes, with bedsores, ulcerative lesions, 2nd and 3rd degree burns, purulent wounds.
Contraindications Chronic allergic dermatoses.
Side effect. Development of dermatitis.
Application and dosage. Use aqueous 0.02% and alcohol 0.066% (1: 1500) solutions, as well as an ointment. The alcohol solution is made on ethyl alcohol 70%.
Antimicrobial drugs in the form of ointments
Desitin Ointment - Ung. Desitin.
International non-proprietary name - Zinc oxide.
Release form. Ointment in tubes of 57 and 113 g.
Composition. Zinc oxide, inactive components - cod liver oil, LC-2 neutralizer, tenox B HA, methylparaben, white petrolatum, anhydrous lanolin.
Pharmachologic effect. Physical barrier of the skin, reduces exposure irritants... Provides long lasting moisture barrier when baby long time is in wet diapers. Weak astringent, soothing, light exfoliating action.
Indications. Prevention and treatment of diaper rash. Remedy for minor burns, cuts, scrapes and sunburn... Soothing and protective effect on eczema.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to components.
Side effect. When using this antimicrobial agent, erythema and itching are possible.
Application and dosage. For "diaper rash" in children, use 3 or more times a day. When using this antimicrobial drug for the prevention of diaper dermatitis, apply to the skin covered by the diaper before bedtime, when the child can be in wet diapers for a long time. For minor burns, cuts, scratches, sunburns, apply the ointment in a thin layer. During pregnancy and lactation, the use is not contraindicated.
Special notes. Prescribe only for superficial and uninfected lesions.
Interferon (alpha-2-interferon and KIP).
International non-proprietary name - Interferon alpha-2b.
Release form. This antimicrobial drug is available in the form of an ointment in tubes and cans of 5 g, 10 g and 30 g.
Composition. 1 g of the ointment contains 500,000 IU of alpha-interferon, KIP is a complex immunoglobulin preparation (contains IgG, M, A with control for viruses).
Pharmachologic effect. The instrumentation contains antibodies against herpes viruses, chlamydia, staphylococci.
Indications. Simple and herpes zoster, genital warts, papillomas, long-term non-healing trophic ulcers.
Contraindications Individual intolerance. The drug is not suitable for the smell of rancid oil.
Application and dosage. Apply antimicrobial agent in a thin layer 2-3 times a day for herpes (5-7 days), for other diseases - 7-14 days, for trophic ulcers, apply ointment along the periphery of the ulcer.
Boric acid - Acidum boricum.
International non-proprietary name - Boric acid.
Forms of release. Boric ointment 5%; boric petrolatum contains boric acid 5 and petrolatum 95 parts. Boric acid solution 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 5% on ethyl alcohol 70%. Aqueous solutions are prepared from ex tempore powder. Boric-zinc liniment (boric acid 1 g, zinc oxide 10 g, sunflower oil 10 g). Boric-naphthalan paste (boric acid 5 g, zinc oxide and starch 25 g each, naphthalan ointment 45 g - in glass jars 50 and 100 g each). Teymurov's paste (boric acid and sodium tetraborate 7 g each, salicylic acid - 1.4 g, zinc oxide - 25 g, hexamethylene tetramine 3.5 g, formaldehyde solution 3.5 g, lead acetate 0.3 g, talc 25 d , glycerin 12 g, mint oil 0.3 g, distilled water - 12 g and emulsifier -3 g) as a disinfectant, drying, deodorizing agent for sweating, diaper rash of the skin.
Pharmachologic effect. This antimicrobial drug has antiseptic activity. In the form of an ointment, it has an anti-pediculosis effect. Boric acid is used in adults.
Indications. Weeping dermatitis and eczema - 3% solution in cold lotions. Alcohol solutions 0.5-3% for the treatment of affected skin areas with pyoderma, eczema, diaper rash; 10% solution in glycerin - to lubricate the affected areas with diaper rash. For the treatment of head lice - 5% boric ointment.
Contraindications This antimicrobial drug is not recommended for patients with impaired renal function, breastfeeding mothers for the treatment of mammary glands, children, pregnant women, as well as for individual intolerance. Boric acid preparations should not be applied to large areas of the body.
Side effect. With prolonged use of acid and overdose, as well as with impaired renal function, acute and chronic toxic reactions: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rashes, epithelial desquamation, headaches, confusion, convulsions, oliguria, rarely - shock.
Application and dosage. Outwardly as a mild antiseptic. In the form of an ointment for lice, it is applied to hairy part heads, and after 20-30 minutes they are washed off with warm running water and soap, carefully combed out with a frequent comb. Do not apply in case of acute inflammatory skin diseases, avoid getting the ointment in the eyes.
Xeroform ointment - Ung. Xeroformii.
Release form. Ointment 3-10% yellow, uniform consistency with a characteristic odor.
Composition. Basic bismuth tribromophenolate with bismuth oxide.
Pharmachologic effect. Antiseptic, drying, astringent.
Indications. This effective antimicrobial drug is prescribed for skin diseases, taking into account pharmacological action xeroform.
Special notes. Store the powder in a container protected from light and moisture.
Salicylic Acid Ointment - Ung. Acidi salicylici.
International non-proprietary name - Salicylic acid.
Forms of release. Ointment 2 or 3%, 25 g each in glass jars, 2% alcohol solution for external use, 30 ml in a bottle. Store in a place protected from the sun.
Composition. Active substance- salicylic acid.
Pharmachologic effect. An antiseptic for external use with a distracting, irritating and keratolytic effect. It causes swelling and softening of the stratum corneum, which gradually discolors and is easily scraped off the surface of the skin or removed in layers. This one of the best antimicrobials has antipruritic effects.
Indications. Infected skin lesions, seborrhea, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, keratoderma, hyperkeratosis, horny eczema, tinea versicolor, lichen planus, limited neurodermatitis. Contraindications Individual intolerance to the drug.
Side effect. Burning, itchy skin, rashes.
Application and dosage. Apply a thin layer to the affected skin no more than 2 times a day; wiping with an alcohol solution is also possible.
Zinc Ointment - Ung. Zinci.
Forms of release. In a package of 30 g. Zinc paste, salicylic-zinc paste, zinc-ichthyol paste, zinc-naphthalan ointment with anesthesin. Children's powder.
Composition. The active ingredient is zinc oxide.
Pharmachologic effect. Antiseptic, astringent, drying.
Indications. This antimicrobial agent is prescribed for dermatitis, diaper rash, ulcers, etc.
Gentamicin sulfate - Gentamicin sulfate.
Release form. For external use - 0.1% ointment in a tube of 15 g.
Pharmachologic effect. Antimicrobial agent of a broad spectrum of action of the aminoglycoside group. Active against Gr-bacteria: Escherichia coli, Shigella, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Gr + bacteria: staphylococci (including those resistant to other antibiotics), certain strains of streptococci. Does not work on anaerobes.
Indications. Infections caused by microorganisms sensitive to the drug: furunculosis, folliculitis, burns, skin abscesses and ulcers, infected bites animals, wounds.
Application and dosage. Apply the ointment in a thin layer to the damaged surface. You can use gauze soaked in ointment. Frequency rate - 1-2 times a day, and in severe cases- 3-4 times a day.
Antimicrobial drugs for injection
Benzylpenicillin / Benzylpenicillinum.
International non-proprietary name - Benzylpenicillin.
Release form. Vials for injection of 250,000, 500,000, 1,000,000 and 5,000,000 U. Composition. Benzylpenicillin sodium salt.
Pharmachologic effect. An antibiotic of the biosynthetic penicillin group, destroyed by penicillinase. This antimicrobial medicinal product has a bactericidal effect by inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall of microorganisms. Active against Gr + bacteria: Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. (not forming penicillinase), Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Gr - bacteria, anaerobic bacteria as well as spirochetes. Strains of Staphylococcus spp., Producing penicillinase, are resistant to the action of Benzylpenicillin. Collapses into acidic environment... Novocaine salt of Benzylpenicillin in comparison with potassium and sodium salts characterized by a longer duration of action.
Indications. Syphilis, plaque scleroderma, skin infections and subcutaneous tissue(including erysipelas), Lymeborreliosis, gonorrhea, blenorrhea.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to penicillin drugs, atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, urticaria, hay fever.
Side effects. Skin rash, rarely - headache, nausea, loss of appetite, intestinal dysbiosis, candidiasis.
Application and dosage. Introduced intramuscularly at 500,000-1,000,000 IU every 6 hours from 7-10 days to 1 month or more. When treating syphilis, the drug should be used according to the accepted schemes.
Special notes. Severe allergic reactions may occur up to the development of anaphylactic shock... The use in an insufficient dose leads to the development of resistant strains of pathogens. Use with caution in patients with impaired renal function, with heart failure. In connection with the possibility of developing fungal superinfection, it is advisable to prescribe antifungal drugs against the background of penicillin therapy.
Extencillin — Extencilline.
International non-proprietary name - Benzathine benzylpenicillin. Tradename dr .: Bitsillin 1.
Release form. Vials with lyophilized dry substance for injection, 50 pcs. packaged.
Composition. 1 bottle contains benzylpenicillin benzathine 600,000, 1,200,000 or 2,400,000 units.
Pharmachologic effect. Prolonged action antibiotic of the group of biosynthetic penicillins. It is active against Gr + bacteria, Gr-cocci, actinomycetes and spirochetes. This antimicrobial drug is used to treat treponema and streptococcus infections. Not resistant to the action of penicillinases.
Indications. Syphilis, erysipelas, wound infection, rheumatism.
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to benzathine benzylpenicillin and other antibiotics of the penicillin series.
Side effects. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, blood clotting disorders, allergic reactions - urticaria, rash on the skin and mucous membranes, joint pain, fever, anaphylactic shock.
Application and dosage. Extensillin is administered deeply intramuscularly. For the treatment of syphilis - intramuscularly with an interval of 8 days in a single dose of 2,400,000 U, 2-3 times a day. Dilute with water for injection for each dosage in 2.4 and 8 ml, respectively.
Other antimicrobial agents for children and adults
Drapolen - Drapolen.
International non-proprietary name - Alconium chloride + Cetrimide.
Release form. Cream in tubes of 55 g.
Composition. The active ingredients are benzalkonium chloride and cetrimide.
Pharmachologic effect. An antimicrobial drug called Drapolen has an antiseptic, disinfectant effect - it damages the membranes of microorganisms.
Indications. Prevention and treatment of diaper rash in children early age, an antimicrobial drug for the treatment of contact dermatitis in adults; minor burns(including solar).
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to components.
Side effect. Despite the fact that this antimicrobial agent is considered one of the best, skin allergic reactions are possible with its use.
Application and dosage. Apply in a thin layer to previously washed and dried skin; children - with every diaper change.
Special notes. The effect weakens upon contact with soap or other anionic surfactants.
Cuprum zinc cream (Uriage).
Means of medical cosmetics.
Release form. Emulsion in tubes of 40 ml.
Composition. Copper and zinc gluconates, TLR2-Regul, Uriage thermal water.
Pharmachologic effect. This drug has antimicrobial activity, reduces adhesion Staphylococcus aureus with corneocytes, prevents secondary infection, soothes and heals the skin.
Indications. Hygiene and care for atopic skin during an exacerbation in newborns, children and adults. Accompanying treatment with glucocorticoids for the prevention of secondary infection: contact dermatitis, cheilitis, gluteal erythema in newborns, eczema.
Contraindications, side effects. Not marked.
Application. Two applications with antimicrobial agent for children and adults per day on skin previously cleaned with gel or soap.
Special notes. Can be used in parallel with external corticosteroid therapy or in between courses of treatment.
Cuprum zinc spray with smectite (Uriage).
Means of medical cosmetics.
Release form. Spray 100 ml.
Composition. Colloidal silicates of mineral and natural origin in micropowder (smectite), copper gluconate, zinc gluconate, Uriage thermal water.
Pharmachologic effect. Absorbent, aseptic, soothing.
Indications. This antimicrobial agent is intended for wet areas in newborns, children and adults.
Application. Apply as needed to wet areas.
Special notes. Drug interactions not installed.
Chlorhexidine - Chlorhexidine.
International non-proprietary name - Chlorhexidine. Other trade name: Plivasept (cream).
Forms of release. Water solution 20% in bottles of 0.5, 3 and 5 liters; for individual prevention sexually transmitted diseases 0.05% solution in polymer packaging, 100 ml. Cream - bigluconate (1%) and hydrocortisone (1%) in tubes of 20, 50 and 100 g.
Composition. The solution and cream contain chlorhexidine in the form of a digluconate.
Pharmachologic effect. This antimicrobial drug is one of the most active local antiseptic... Strong bactericidal effect on Gr + and Gr-bacteria. Effective against the causative agents of sexually transmitted diseases: treponema, gonococci, Trichomonas. Hydrocortisone contained in the cream has an anti-inflammatory effect.
Indications. An aqueous solution of 0.5% is used to disinfect wounds and burns. Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases - syphilis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, urethral lavage, Bladder... The cream is used for acute and chronic eczema, dermatitis with concomitant bacterial infections, pyoderma, impetigo, panaritium, diaper rash, acne, as well as for the healing of scratches, abrasions, microtraumas.
Contraindications The solution should not be prescribed in case of a tendency to allergic reactions, dermatitis. About the cream - viral diseases skin, allergy to the drug.
Application and dosage. Apply the cream to the affected area of the skin with a thin layer 1-3 times a day. Long-term use of this antimicrobial drug is not recommended.
Special notes. Avoid getting the cream in the eyes.
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You can find many different medicines on the shelves of pharmacies, but the invention of antibiotics can be considered a real revolution in pharmacology. Such drugs save many lives every day, due to which mortality from various diseases of the bacterial type has significantly decreased today. There are many antibiotics that differ in their spectrum of action, but in general, all such drugs can be divided into two types - medicines with a wide and a narrow spectrum of action. So let's talk about broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs in more detail.
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Let's try to voice those antibiotic drugs, which differ precisely in a wide range of actions, and let's try to understand a little about the specifics of their use. So they include drugs from the penicillin group, namely Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and Ticarcycline. If we talk about tetracyclines, then Tetracycline possesses similar properties, and among amyglycosides - Streptomycin. Fluoroquinolones are also characterized by a wide spectrum of action, including Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Moxifloxacin. In addition, among such drugs are amphenicols - Chloramphenicol (also known as Levomycetin), and carbapenems - Ertapenem, Meropenem and Imipenem.
Let's consider some of the listed compositions in a little more detail.
Penicillins
It was antibiotics from this group that were invented by the very first, Amoxicillin, as well as Ampicillin, occupy an honorable place among drugs of this type. They effectively cope with a number of gram-positive bacteria - staphylococci and streptococci, as well as enterococci and listeria, in addition, they are active in relation to gram-negative bacteria - the causative agent of gonorrhea, Escherichia coli, shigella, salmonella, Haemophilus influenzae and whooping cough. Ampicillin needs to be taken quite often - four times a day in an amount of 250-500 mg, it is also administered parenterally - 250-1000 mg at intervals of four to six hours. Amoxicillin is often used in the treatment of children; it is the drug of choice for uncomplicated types of bacterial bronchitis or pneumonia. Also this remedy are prescribed for tonsillitis, infectious lesions of the urinary or genital tract and for the correction of infectious skin lesions. Amkosicillin is available in tablets; to achieve a therapeutic effect, it is taken at 250-1000 mg twice a day for five to ten days.
Amphenicols
One more all known antibiotic is Levomycetin. It is customary to use it to combat staphylococci and streptococci, in addition, it effectively eliminates pathogens of gonorrhea, E. coli or Haemophilus influenzae, and also copes with Salmonella, Shigela, Yersinia, Proteus and Rickettsia. Experts say that such a medication can be used to combat spirochetes, as well as some large viruses.
Levomycetin is most often used in the treatment typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, dysentery and brucellosis, whooping cough and typhus, as well as a wide variety of intestinal infections. In addition, the drug is available in the form of an ointment, which helps to cope with purulent skin lesions, trophic ulcers, etc.
Fluoroquinolones
Antibacterial treatment
Broad-spectrum antibiotics can rightfully be called a universal antibacterial agent. Regardless of what kind of pathogen caused the development of the disease, such compositions will have a bactericidal effect and cope with it at a high level. Medicines of this type are used in different cases... So their use may be advisable if the doctor selects therapy empirically, focusing on the symptomatology. In this case, the microbe that provoked the disease remains unknown. Such treatment makes sense when it comes to common ailments, as well as when diseases are extremely dangerous and fast-moving. For example, with the development of meningitis, death can occur extremely quickly in the absence of antibiotic therapy at an early stage of the disease.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics can also be used if the causative agent of the disease is resistant to narrow drugs. Also, similar medicines are used in the treatment of so-called superinfections, whose development was provoked by several types of bacteria at once. It is customary to use drugs of a wide spectrum of action in the prevention of infectious lesions after surgery.
Thus, broad-spectrum antibiotics are indeed generic medicines in the treatment of bacterial ailments. It should be borne in mind that their use is possible only after consulting a doctor, self-medication can cause enormous harm to health.
Medicines are used to treat various diseases. And also for their prevention. Medicines are obtained from plant materials, minerals, chemical substances etc. Potions, powders, tablets, capsules are prescribed in a strictly defined dose. This article will focus on antimicrobial drugs.
What are antimicrobial drugs?
The history of antimicrobial drugs begins with the discovery of penicillin. It fights bacteria successfully. On its basis, scientists began to make antimicrobial drugs from natural or synthetic compounds. These drugs are included in the "antibiotics" group. Antimicrobial agent, unlike others, kills microorganisms faster and more efficiently. They are used against various fungi, staphylococci, etc.
Antimicrobial drugs are the largest group of drugs. Despite their different chemical structure and mechanism of action, they have a number of specific properties in common. Destroy "pests" in cells, but not in tissues. The activity of antibiotics decreases over time, because addiction begins to form in microbes.
Types of antimicrobial drugs
Antimicrobial medicines are divided into three groups. The first is natural (herbs, honey, etc.).
The second is semi-synthetic. They are divided into three types:
- Antistaphylococcal penicillins (oxacillins). They have the same antimicrobial spectrum as penicillin, but with less activity. They are used for adults and children.
- Broad-spectrum drugs. These include "Ampicillin", which affects (salmonella, etc.). In relation to streptococci, it is less active. There is absolutely no effect on some other bacteria (Klebsiella, etc.). "Amoxicillin" also belongs to the second kind. It is the leading oral antibiotic worldwide. Both are listed [drugs can be prescribed for adults and children.
- Antipseudomonal penicillins. There are two subspecies - carboxy- and ureidopenicillins.
The third is synthetic antimicrobial agents. This is an extensive group of drugs.
Sulfonamides. Medicines of this group are prescribed if there is an intolerance to antibiotics or the microflora does not react to them. By action, they are more active than sulfonamide preparations. These include:
- "Streptocide".
- "Norsulfazole".
- "Sulfadimezin".
- "Urosulfan".
- "Phtalazol".
- "Sulfadimethoxine".
- "Bactrim".
Quinolone derivatives. Basically, drugs in this group are used for infections of the genitourinary system, enterocolitis, cholecystitis, etc., in recent times new quinolone derivatives are increasingly used:
- "Ciprofloxacin".
- Norfloxacin.
- "Pefloxacin".
- "Lomefloxacin".
- "Moxifloxacin".
- "Ofloxacin".
These are highly active antimicrobial drugs with a wide spectrum of action. They are less active against gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrobial agent is prescribed for respiratory infections and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract.
Antimicrobial agents are of two types (according to their effect):
- "Cidny" (bacterio-, fungi-, viri- or protozoa-). In this case, the death of the infectious agent occurs.
- "Static" (with the same prefixes). In this case, the reproduction of the pathogen only stops or stops.
In case of violation of immunity, "cidal" drugs are prescribed. Moreover, antibiotics must be periodically changed or used with other drugs.
Antimicrobial drugs can be broad or narrow spectrum. Most infections are caused by a single pathogen. In this case, the "breadth" of the drug will not only be less effective, but also harmful to the beneficial microflora of the body. Therefore, doctors prescribe antibiotics with a "narrow" spectrum of action.
Antimicrobial agents
Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents are classified into three groups. The main one is antibiotics. They are divided into 11 main types:
- Beta-lactam. They have three groups: A (penicillins), B (cephalosporins) and B (carbapenems). a broad spectrum of action with a bacteriostatic effect. They block the protein of microbes, weaken their defense.
- Tetracyclines. Bacteriostatic, the main action is the inhibition of the protein synthesis of microbes. They can be in the form of tablets, ointments ("Oletetrin", or capsules ("Doxycycline").
- Macrolides. They violate the integrity of the membrane by binding to fats.
- Aminoglycosides. They have a bactericidal effect in violation of protein synthesis.
- Fluoroquinolones. They have a bactericidal effect, block bacterial enzymes. Violate the synthesis of DNA of microbes.
- Lincosamides. Bacteriostatics that bind components of the membrane of microbes.
- Chloramphenicol. Otherwise - "Levomycetin". Has high toxicity to bone marrow and blood. Therefore, it is used mainly topically (in the form of an ointment).
- Polymyxin (M and B). They act selectively in gram-negative flora.
- Anti-tuberculosis. They are used mainly against mycobacteria, but they are also effective for a wide range. But these drugs treat only tuberculosis, since they are considered reserve drugs ("Rifampicin", "Isoniazid").
- Sulfonamides. Have many side effects, therefore, are practically not used today.
- Nitrofurans. Bacteriostatics, but at high concentration - bactericides. They are mainly used for infections: intestinal (Furazolidone, Nifuroxazid, Enterofuril) and urinary tract infections (Furamag, Furadonin).
The second group is bacteriophages. They are prescribed in the form of solutions for local or oral administration(rinsing, rinsing, lotions). The use of antimicrobial agents of this group is also used in cases of dysbiosis or an allergic reaction to antibiotics.
The third group is antiseptics. They are used for disinfection (treatment of wounds, oral cavity and skin).
Best Antimicrobial Drug
Sulfamethoxazole is the best antimicrobial agent. Possesses a wide spectrum of action. "Sulfamethoxazole" is active against many microorganisms. It blocks the metabolism of bacteria and prevents them from reproducing and growing. "Sulfamethoxazole" is a combined antimicrobial drug. It is intended to treat:
- genitourinary infections (cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, pyelitis, pyelonephritis, gonorrhea and a number of other diseases);
- acute and chronic bronchitis;
- respiratory tract;
- gastrointestinal infections (diarrhea, cholera, paratyphoid fever, shigellosis, typhoid fever, cholecystitis, gastroenteritis, cholangitis);
- ENT organs;
- pneumonia;
- acne;
- faces;
- furunculosis;
- wound infections;
- abscesses of soft tissues;
- otitis media;
- laryngitis;
- meningitis;
- malaria;
- brucellosis;
- sinusitis;
- brain abscesses;
- osteomyelitis;
- septicemia;
- toxoplasmosis;
- South American blastomycosis;
- and a number of other diseases.
The use of "Sulfamethoxazole" is extensive, but it is necessary to consult a doctor, like all medicines, it has a number of contraindications and side effects. It is necessary to control its concentration in blood plasma.
Children's antimicrobial drugs
Antimicrobial agent for children is selected very carefully, depending on the disease. Not all medical drugs allowed for the treatment of children.
The group of antimicrobial agents contains two types of drugs:
- Nitrofuran ("Furazolidone", "Furacilin", "Furadonin"). They suppress microbes well (streptococci, staphylococci, etc.) and activate the immune system. They are used to treat urinary tract and intestinal infections. Good for children with allergic reactions. Along with the drugs, ascorbic and other acids are prescribed.
- Oxyquinolines (Intestopan, Negram, Enteroseptol, Nitroxoline). These drugs destroy microbes by suppressing their vital activity (causative agents of colitis, dysentery, typhoid, etc.). They are used for bowel diseases. "Nitroxoline" - for urinary tract infections.
A number of other anti-inflammatory drugs are also used. But their choice depends on the child's illness. The most commonly used penicillin group. For example, for pharyngitis and some other infections that are caused by streptococcus "A", penicillins "G" and "V" are also used.
Natural remedies are prescribed for syphilis, meningococcus, listeriosis, neonatal infection (caused by streptococcus "B"). In any case, the treatment is prescribed individually, taking into account the tolerability of the drugs.
Anti-inflammatory drugs for children
In pediatrics, there are 3 main groups of anti-inflammatory drugs:
- Anti-influenza ("Oxolin", "Algirem"). "Remantadin" does not allow the virus to enter the cells. But the one that is already in the body cannot be influenced. Therefore, the drug must be taken in the first hours of illness. It is also used to prevent encephalitis (after a tick bite).
- Antiherpetic ("Zovirax", "Acyclovir").
- Broad spectrum of action ("Gamma globulin"). Dibazol stimulates immune system but slowly. Therefore, it is used mainly for the prevention of influenza. "Interferon" is an endogenous substance that is also produced in the body. It activates an antiviral protein. As a result, the body's resistance to viruses increases. Interferon prevents many infectious diseases and their complications.
Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory natural remedies
Tablets, solutions, powders are not always used immediately. If there is an opportunity to use an antimicrobial agent that nature provides, then sometimes it does not come to prescribing drugs at all. Also, many herbs, infusions and decoctions can be removed inflammatory processes... Scroll:
- preparations based on calamus, wild rosemary, alder, pine buds;
- water extracts of oak bark;
- infusions of oregano;
- St. John's wort perforatum;
- medicinal hyssop;
- burnet medicinal;
- serpentine mountaineer;
- juniper fruits;
- thyme ordinary;
- garlic;
- sage leaves.
Can you self-medicate with antimicrobial drugs?
It is prohibited to use antimicrobial drugs for self-medication without a doctor's prescription. The wrong choice of medication can lead to allergies or an increase in the population of microbes that will be insensitive to the drug. Dysbiosis may occur. Surviving microbes can lead to chronic infection, and the result is the emergence of immune diseases.
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