Antimicrobial medicines. Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Tablets

In the medical literature and among doctors, you can hear the term "antibacterial drugs wide range actions". What does it mean?

Any antibacterial drug (ABP) has a spectrum of action. These are the microorganisms on which it acts. The more bacteria are sensitive to a drug, the wider its spectrum.

Typically, these antibiotics are drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. These pathogens cause most inflammatory diseases in the body.

Most often, ABP is prescribed for such diseases:

• pneumonia and bronchitis;
• sinusitis and frontitis;
• streptococcal sore throat;
• otitis media;
• pyelonephritis.

Antimicrobial drugs a broad spectrum of action is indicated in a situation where the exact pathogen is unknown, and there is no time for bacterial culture with determination of sensitivity to drugs.

For example, pneumonia requires therapy on the day of diagnosis, and the only way out in this case, the use of antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action is.

With this approach, there is always the possibility of choosing an ineffective drug to which a particular pathogen is resistant. But this does not happen so often and in any case, it is preferable to wait for the results of bacterial seeding.

There are the following groups of such antibiotics:

• penicillins;
• cephalosporins;
• macrolides;
• fluoroquinolones.

Penicillins

Penicillin is the first antibiotic to be used to combat purulent infection... Due to its action, the survival of patients in postoperative period has risen sharply. The mortality rate of patients from pneumonia, which was common at all times, also decreased.

The group of penicillins includes the following representatives:

• benzylpenicillin;
• bicillin;
• oxacillin;
• ampicillin;
• amoxicillin.

One, due to the wide and often unjustified prescription of these antibiotics, most microbes have developed resistance to them, and penicillins have practically ceased to be used. Also, a significant disadvantage of this group was the inability to resist the destructive action of beta-lactamases - bacterial enzymes.

However, modern penicillins are protected from microbial influences due to their combination with clavulanic acid.

The most popular drug amoxiclav (Augmentin, Amoxiclav Kviktab) is widely used by doctors of all specialties and is the gold standard in the treatment of infectious and purulent diseases.

Cephalosporins

In terms of their spectrum of action, cephalosporins differ little from penicillins. Moreover, these groups are characterized by cross-sensitivity.

Allergy to these drugs occurs quite often. And if the patient has a hypersensitivity to antibiotics of the penicillin series, the appointment of drugs of the second group should be approached with caution. The likelihood of an allergy in such a patient will be increased.

There are four generations of cephalosporins, the first does not differ in a wide spectrum of action. In routine practice, third-generation drugs are most often prescribed - ceftriaxone (Medaxone) and cefixime (Cefix).

Cephalosporins are available in tablets and ampoules. Parenteral forms are widely used in surgical, therapeutic and pulmonary (pneumonia, COPD, pleurisy) hospitals.

Macrolides

Considering that the proportion of these pathogens in the development of diseases respiratory system has increased significantly, the relevance of macrolides is increasing every year.

The representatives of this group are:

• azithromycin;
• clarithromycin;
• erythromycin.

The latter drug is currently practically not used. Doctors can prescribe it only on strict indications - for example, with confirmed sensitivity of microbes to this antibiotic.

Fluoroquinolones

Fluoroquinolones are reserve antibiotics due to a large number side effects. They affect the liver and kidneys, the blood system, the central nervous system.

However, the effectiveness of these drugs is quite high, and there are not so many bacteria resistant to them.

Currently, fluoroquinolones are beginning to displace even penicillins and cephalosporins from practice. If at first these drugs were prescribed only for diseases of the urinary system, now they have isolated a group of respiratory fluoroquinolones. They are widely used for such pathologies:

• bronchitis;
• pneumonia;
• COPD;
• pleurisy;
• exacerbation of bronchiectasis.

However, when prescribing fluoroquinolones, their various side effects should be borne in mind and patients should be warned about this.

Antimicrobial medicines in children

What antimicrobial agent can be freely used in pediatrics? Most often, pediatricians recommend antibiotics from the group of penicillins, cephalosporins or macrolides for children. The latter are used most often due to their high efficiency and ease of use.

Fluoroquinolones, according to the manufacturer's instructions, are not used in children under 14 years of age. This is due to their negative influence on the cartilage tissue child.

However, in last years pediatricians began to use these antibiotics in children with cystic fibrosis. The disease is extremely difficult to treat and is characterized by frequent exacerbations, while pathogens are resistant to most drugs.

Modern medicine cannot do without broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, you should not abuse them, which is not to form drug resistance in microbes. These drugs are prescribed only by a doctor.

The name "antibacterial drugs" already contains the principle of action, i.e. against bacteria. It is easy to guess that such drugs are prescribed only for infectious processes, and their use in viral or allergic attacks is useless, or even harmful.

The concept of "antibiotic" includes big number drugs, each of which belongs to a specific pharmacological group... Despite the fact that the principle of action for all antibiotics is the same, the spectrum of action, side effects and other parameters may differ.

Not only semi-synthetic and synthetic antimicrobial agents are capable of suppressing pathogenic microflora, but also medicinal preparations based on plant and animal material.

When did the first antibiotic appear?

The first antibacterial drug was penicillin. It was discovered by the famous British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming at the beginning of the 20th century. For a long time penicillin could not be obtained in pure form; later this work was continued by other scientists. It was only during the Second World War that penicillin began to be mass-produced.

Natural antibiotics

If the infectious process takes place in mild, and the doctor decides not to use systemic drugs antibacterial action, together with local antimicrobial agents, it is recommended to use the following products:

These products destroy not only infection, but also are reliable prevention of the occurrence of other diseases, such as: ARVI, influenza, hypertension, pyelonephritis, ulcers duodenum, thrombosis.

What is the difference between bactericidal drugs and bacteriostatic agents?

Bactericidal drugs completely destroy the bacterial flora, and bacteriostatic agents delay its pathological growth. Reducing bacterial growth allows the immune system to suppress the infection in the body on its own.

On the one hand, bacteriostatic drugs seem to train the immune system, but most reinsurers in medicine tend to act for sure - to find and neutralize, i.e. prefer broad-spectrum bactericidal preparations.

Antibiotics - classification by group

Patients are probably not very interested in this issue. The main thing for the patient is to find a good and reliable antibiotic, and even at an affordable price, and going into pharmacological knowledge is difficult. But, nevertheless, let's get acquainted with certain basics in this area, in order to at least have a little idea of ​​what we use for treatment.

So, there are the following groups of antibiotics:

How to use antibacterial drugs correctly?

Antibiotics are present in all dosage forms... In pharmacies, you can buy tablets, solutions, ointments, suppositories and other forms. Choice the desired shape remains with the doctor.

Tablets, drops, capsules are used one to four times a day (according to the instructions). Preparations must be washed down with water. For babies, oral agents are recommended in the form of a syrup.

Injections are used in complicated cases. The therapeutic effect occurs faster and the drug quickly enters the focus of infection. Before the introduction, it is necessary to properly prepare the drug, in most cases the powder with the drug is diluted with water for injection or lidocaine.

It is interesting! Back in the days of the USSR, in medical educational institutions emphasized that antibiotic injections can be performed without first lubricating the skin with alcohol. This was due to the fact that antibacterial drugs, when administered, disinfect nearby tissues, and the formation of a post-injection abscess is impossible.

Antibiotics in the form of an ointment are used for infectious lesions of the skin, eyes, ears and other areas.

What is antibiotic sensitivity?

To get into the top ten and find an effective antibacterial agent, you need to determine the sensitivity of the bacteria to antibiotics.

For example, with angina, the focus of inflammation is in the throat. The doctor takes a swab from the tonsils and sends the material to a bacteriological laboratory for research. Bacteriologists determine the type of bacteria (with angina, streptococcus or staphylococcus is most often sown), and then select antibiotics that can destroy the microorganisms found.

Important! If the antibiotic comes up, it means that the bacterium is sensitive, if not, it is resistant. Antibacterial therapy for children and adults, it is prescribed using only sensitive agents.

For diseases such as bronchitis or tuberculosis, the patient's sputum is needed for examination, but it is not always possible to collect it. Then antibacterial drugs with a wide spectrum of action are prescribed.

When are antibiotics powerless?

The effectiveness of antibiotics has been proven only in cases of bacteria and fungi. A number of bacteria belong to opportunistic microflora. Moderate amounts do not cause disease. With a weakened immunity and the multiplication of these bacteria, an infectious process begins.

ARVI and influenza are not treated with antibiotics. Therefore, with these pathologies, antiviral drugs, homeopathy and traditional methods are used.

Even a cough caused by viruses will not go away with antibiotics. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to make a diagnosis with certainty, and you have to wait at least five days for bacterial sowing. Only then it will be clear what we are dealing with, a bacterium or a virus.

Alcohol and antibacterial compatibility

Joint intake of any drugs and alcohol "load" the liver, which leads to chemical overload of the organ. Patients complain of poor appetite, bad taste mouth, nausea, and other symptoms. A biochemical blood test can reveal an increase in ALT and AST.

In addition, alcohol reduces the effectiveness of drugs, but the worst is the possibility of unforeseen complications: seizures, coma, and even death. You should not take risks and conduct experiments on your health. Think about what is more important to you - a drink or fast recovery no "surprises".

Pregnancy and antibiotics

In the life of a pregnant woman, sometimes you have to deal with taking antibiotics. Of course, experts are trying to find the maximum safe treatment for future mother, but it happens that the infection rises and you can't do without antibiotics.

The most dangerous gestation period is the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. The laying of all organs and systems of the future organism is in progress (embryonic period), and the child's place (placenta) is only in the growth phase. Therefore, this period is considered the most vulnerable for all external factors... The danger lies in the possibility of developing fetal malformations.

Only a doctor can prescribe an antibiotic to a pregnant woman, be sure to agree on therapy with an obstetrician-gynecologist leading a pregnancy. We offer drugs from the group of penicillins, macrolides or cephalosporins. Fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides are prohibited during pregnancy. Levomycin, tetracycline, roxithromycin, clarithromycin are also contraindications.

Pathologies such as sepsis, tonsillitis, pneumonia, gonorrhea and others require the mandatory use of antibiotics during gestation.

Is it possible to take prophylactic antibiotics?

Unfortunately, uncontrolled reception antibiotics are common. When we are tormented by coughs, snot, fever, and all these phenomena do not go away after 3-5 days, to be honest, anxiety begins to appear, and suddenly something serious with the body.

For safety reasons, advanced patients self-prescribe drugs, arguing the use of antibiotics as prevention of complications after ARVI. Indeed, such a situation may take place, but, in most cases, the useless use of antibiotics only prevents the body from overcoming a dangerous virus.

Only the presence of an infection in the body needs antibacterial drugs, and no prophylaxis just in case.

If, nevertheless, there is a suspicion that a bacterial environment has joined the viral infection, you should urgently pass general analysis blood formula. According to the results of the analysis, it will be seen whether the patient has "viral" or "bacterial blood".

For example, with the predominance of lymphocytes and monocytes (their increase), the doctor will prescribe antiviral therapy... If leukocytosis is observed, an increase in stab granulocytes, we can talk about bacteria.

But, nevertheless, there are situations when antibiotics are indicated as preventive therapy, consider them:

• preoperative preparation (if necessary);
• emergency prevention of gonorrhea and syphilis (unprotected sex);
• open wound surfaces (to prevent wound contamination);
• other.

The negative effects of taking antibiotics

It is impossible to foresee 100% how an antibiotic will behave in a given situation. It is encouraging that, as a rule, short courses of up to 7-10 days severe complications do not give. The most common side effects are nausea, lack of appetite, diarrhea and allergic reactions.

1. Quite often, especially on penicillins, skin rashes appear in patients. Rarely - Quincke's edema develops (for any antibiotic).
2. The toxic effect of antibiotics can affect the functioning of the hearing and visual apparatus... The organs of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular, bone and genitourinary systems can also work with deviations.
3. For example, for long-term therapy tuberculosis often develops toxic hepatitis. The liver increases in size, changes its structure (seen by ultrasound), a pathological symptom complex arises: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastralgia, lack of appetite, jaundice skin.

On the background long-term intake antibiotics may develop pseudomembranous colitis, fungal infections internal organs and the oral cavity.

You can also not ignore such side effects as:

• suppression of immunity;
• superinfection;
• Jarisch-Herxheimer bacteriolysis;
• violation of metabolic processes due to the weakening of the function of the small and large intestines;
• the emergence of antibiotic-resistant forms of microorganisms.

Antibacterial agents in children's practice

The purpose of prescribing antibacterial agents in pediatrics is no different from that of an adult. It's just that for adults, the doses are detailed in detail, but for children, especially the smallest, you have to calculate the dosage in relation to the child's body weight.

Syrup is the most popular form in pediatrics, tablets and capsules are more often prescribed for schoolchildren and adult patients. Injectables can be prescribed from the first months of a child's life for severe infections. All dosage calculations are carried out only by a pediatric specialist.

Conclusion

Antibacterial drugs are classified as complex drugs that have a number of contraindications and side effects. All of them have specificity of reception and appointment (after bacterial sowing).

Some patients are afraid of antibiotics like fire, believing that taking them will cause great harm to health. But, do not forget that there are cases when the delayed intake of antibacterial agents can turn into an irreparable tragedy for the patient.

How often does it happen that a patient is admitted to the department with severe pneumonia, and the doctor has to regret and tell the relatives about where the patient was at least a few days ago. This is the reality.

Antibiotics have given many patients a chance to recover from infectious processes. Literally 100 years ago, mortality from common infections was quite high. Therefore, the appearance of antibacterial agents is great discovery for humanity, the main thing is to use them rationally. Be healthy!

Almost all anti-inflammatory medicines with antimicrobial action contain antibacterial substances. Exceptions are Akriderm CK, Lorinden C, Sofradex, Dermosolon and a few others. Below is a detailed list and characteristics of antimicrobial external drugs that have a wide spectrum of action and are characterized by the highest therapeutic effect.

Synthetic antimicrobial agents of modern pharmacology

Betaderm-Betaderm.

Dosage forms. Cream and ointment for external use.

Compound. 1 g of the antimicrobial drug contains betamethasone dipropionate - 0.5 mg, gentamicin sulfate - 1.0 mg. pharmachologic effect... Betamethasone is a synthetic fluorinated glucocorticosteroid of external action, according to the classification - moderately strong (3rd group). It has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, vasoconstrictor, antipruritic effects. Gentamicin is an antibiotic from the aminoglycoside group, active against streptococci.

Indications. Dermatoses complicated by secondary bacterial infection: allergic and atopic dermatitis, chronic lichen simplex, psoriasis, chronic lupus erythematosus, erythema multiforme exudative.

Contraindications Increased sensitivity to the components of the drug, common for the external action of glucocorticosteroids, phlebitis and trophic ulcers.

Side effect. Very rarely, erythema, exudation, burning and itching sensations, as well as pigmentation disorders are observed.

Application and dosage. Apply antimicrobial ointment externally for adults - 1-2 times a day. Continuous use for a week should not exceed 45 g. Do not prescribe during pregnancy and children under 2 years of age.

Special notes. Avoid long-term use.

Flucinar N - Flucinar N.

Combined drug.

Release form. Ointment in tubes of 15 g. Light yellow, translucent, fatty soft mass with a weak specific odor.

Compound. Active substances - fluocinolone acetonide, neomycin sulfate.

Pharmachologic effect. Fluocinolone acetonide is a synthetic fluorinated glucocorticoid of external action with anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, vasoconstrictor and antipruritic effect (in activity it exceeds hydrocortisone by 40 times); neomycin sulfate is an antibiotic from the group of aminoglycosides of the 1st generation, it is active against a number of Gr + and Gr-microorganisms (in low concentrations - bacteriostatic effect, in high concentrations - bactericidal).

Indications. Allergodermatoses complicated by a bacterial infection - dermatitis, eczema, urticaria, psoriasis, erythema multiforme, erythroderma, pruritus, lichen planus, secondary infections with insect bites, bacterial skin infections complicated by the development of local allergic reactions, impetigo, infected diaper rash, burns 1st degree.

Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug. Viral, fungal infections skin infected with bacteria not sensitive to neomycin, conditions after immunization, rosacea, syphilitic and tuberculous skin lesions, perioral dermatitis, chronic dermatoses of the face. Children under 2 years of age. Pregnancy, lactation.

Side effect. Irritation and itching are rare. With prolonged use of this synthetic antimicrobial agent on the face, steroid acne, telangiectasia, striae, skin atrophy, perioral dermatitis, depigmentation, alopecia, or hirsutism are possible. Urticaria or maculopapular rash is possible. With prolonged use or application to large surfaces, systemic side effects of the glucocorticosteroid, as well as the oto- and nephrotoxic effects of neomycin, are possible.

Application and dosage. Apply a small amount in a thin layer to the affected areas 2-3 times a day, after the inflammatory process subsides - 1-2 times a day. If necessary, apply a breathable version of the dressing. Change occlusive dressings every 24-48 hours. The course of treatment is no longer than 2 weeks; use no more than 2 g of ointment during the day.

Special notes. If it is necessary to apply on the skin of the face and in the skin folds, the treatment should be short-lived. Use with caution in the presence of atrophic skin changes, especially in the elderly.

Celestoderm-V with garamycin - Celestoderm-V.

Combined drug.

INN (international generic name) - Betamethasone + Gentamicin.

Forms of release. Cream and ointment 0.1% betamethasone and 0.1% gentamicin.

Compound. Synthetic fluorine-containing external action corticosteroid betamethasone, according to the classification - strong (2nd group), with a local anti-inflammatory, vasoconstrictor and antipruritic effect, as well as gentamicin - a bactericidal main antibiotic-amino-glycoside of the 2nd generation of a wide spectrum of action with high local antibacterial activity ... Streptococci, staphylococci, Gr-bacteria are sensitive to the action of gentamicin.

Indications. Local treatment skin diseases that respond to corticosteroid therapy, the course of which is complicated by a bacterial infection: contact dermatitis, seborrheic, intertriginous, solar, exfoliative, atopic eczema, children's, coin-like, neurodermatitis, psoriasis.

Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

Side effect. Burning, itching, irritation, dryness, folliculitis, hypertrichosis, acne-like eruptions, hypopigmentation, perioral dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis.

Application and dosage. Apply a thin layer of synthetic antimicrobial pharmacology to the affected areas 2 times a day (in mild cases, 1 time per day). Children - with caution.

Anti-inflammatory antimicrobial ointments for external use

Akriderm SK - Akriderm SK.

Combined drug.

INN (international non-proprietary name) - Betamethasone dipropionate + salicylic acid.

Release form. Ointment in tubes of 15 and 30 g.

Compound. 1 g of the combined antimicrobial drug contains 0.64 mg betamethasone dipropionate, 30 mg salicylic acid and excipients.

Pharmachologic effect. Combination of a glucocorticosteroid with an antiseptic and keratolytic drug. According to the classification of external glucocorticoids, it is strong (group 2).

Indications. Subacute and subacute dermatoses sensitive to external corticosteroid therapy chronic course with manifestations of hyperkeratosis: psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, lichen planus, dermatitis, ichthyosis.

Contraindications Hypersensitivity to any component of the drug, as well as tuberculosis and viral skin infections, vaccinations, perioral dermatitis, rosacea.

Side effect. Locally, burning, itching, folliculitis, acne, stretch marks, skin atrophy, depigmentation, hyperkeratosis are possible. Very rarely, with prolonged use on large surfaces, occlusive-systemic manifestations occur with symptoms of an overdose of glucocorticosteroids or salicylic acid.

Application and dosage. Apply an anti-inflammatory antimicrobial ointment with a thin layer on the lesions 1-2 times a day, rubbing lightly, no more than 3 weeks. Wanting to prolong the course, use it every other day. After the cessation of symptoms of the disease, treatment should be continued for some time in order to avoid relapse. Treatment of children under 12 years old - under the supervision of a doctor. During pregnancy and lactation, the duration and area of ​​application of the drug are reduced.

Special notes. Do not apply topical antimicrobial ointment to breast skin before breastfeeding.

Belogent - Belogent.

INN (international non-proprietary name) - Betamethasone + Gentamicin. Combined drug.

Forms of release. Cream and ointment in tubes of 0.05%, 30 g each.

Compound. 1 g of the drug contains 500 μg of betamethasone dipropionate, strong in action (group 2), and 1 mg of gentamicin sulfate.

Pharmachologic effect. The combination of a fluorinated glucocorticosteroid and an antibiotic aminoglycoside gives a broad spectrum bactericidal effect: anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial, antiproliferative and antipruritic.

Indications. Inflammatory and allergic dermatoses, complicated by bacterial infections or at the risk of its addition - dermatitis, eczema, neurodermatitis, psoriasis, lichen planus, anogenital itching - in children from 1 year of age and in adults.

Application and dosage. It is easy to rub a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent into the affected areas 2 times a day (or 1 time). The use of occlusive dressings is possible.

Special notes. Avoid contact with eyes.

Effective antimicrobial agents: composition and side effects

Hyoxysone ointment - Ung. Hyoxysonum.

Combined drug.

Other trade names: Geokorton, Oksizon.

Release form. Ointment in tubes of 10 g, in jars of 50 g.

Compound. 1 g of this effective antimicrobial agent contains 30 mg of oxytetracycline hydrochloride and 10 mg of hydrocortisone acetate. Contained in the composition aerosol preparation Oxycort.

Pharmachologic effect. Broad-spectrum antibiotic combined with a halogen-free glucocorticosteroid local action, in terms of strength - weak (4th group). Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-exudative, antipruritic.

Indications. This antimicrobial skin ointment is used for dermatitis, eczema, and allergic dermatoses complicated by pyoderma.

Contraindications Skin manifestations viral, fungal, tuberculous nature. Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.

Side effect. When using this broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug, allergic reactions and the development of a secondary infection are rarely observed.

Application and dosage. 0.5-1 g in a thin layer on the affected area 2 times a day. The use of dressings is possible.

Diprogent - Diprogenta.

Combined preparation for external use.

Forms of release. Cream, ointment in tubes of 15 and 30 g.

Compound. 1 g of cream and ointment contains betamethasone dipropionate - 500 mcg and gentamicin sulfate - 1 mg. Includes GCS for external use of betamethasone dipropionate, according to the classification - strong (2nd group), a broad-spectrum antibiotic from the aminoglycoside group - gentamicin.

Pharmachologic effect. Anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antipruritic, antimicrobial.

Indications. Allergic and inflammatory dermatoses complicated by secondary infection: contact, intertriginous dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, solar, seborrheic, radiation dermatitis, psoriasis, erythroderma.

Contraindications Primary bacterial, viral, fungal skin lesions, skin tuberculosis, skin manifestations of syphilis, skin reactions after vaccination, chicken pox, hypersensitivity to the drug.

Side effect. This broad spectrum antimicrobial can cause itching, burning, steroid acne, irritation, and dry skin.

Application and dosage. Apply, gently rubbing into the affected skin, 2 times a day. Apply occlusive dressings if necessary.

Special notes. The use of this antimicrobial agent requires caution in the 1st trimester of pregnancy.

Anti-inflammatory antimicrobial drugs: composition and indications

Cortomycetin ointment - Ung. Cortomycetinum.

Combined drug.

Release form. Ointment white with a yellowish tinge. Compound. Active ingredients: hydrocortisone acetate, chloramphenicol.

Pharmachologic effect. Glucocorticoid non-halogenated, according to the classification - weak (4th group); broad spectrum antibiotic.

Pharmachologic effect. Antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, antimicrobial.

Indications. Inflammatory and allergic skin diseases, including those complicated by microbial flora - infected microbial eczema... Also this antimicrobial broad action effective for neurodermatitis and pyoderma.

Contraindications Tuberculous, viral, fungal skin diseases, ulcerative lesions, pregnancy.

Side effect. Itching, hyperemia, soreness, exacerbation of acute inflammatory reactions.

Application and dosage. Apply antimicrobial combined remedy a thin layer on the affected areas 2-3 times a day in daily dose from 2 to 30 g. With occlusive dressings, the drug is prescribed in a reduced dose 1 time per day. The duration of the course is from 7 days to a month.

Levovinisol - Laevovinisolum.

INN (international non-proprietary name) - Chloramphenicol. Combined drug.

Release form. 80 mg aerosol cans equipped with a spray valve.

Compound. Contains chloramphenicol, vinylinine, linetol, citral, propylene (freon), ethyl alcohol.

Pharmachologic effect. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. The antibiotic chloramphenicol has a wide spectrum of activity, acts bactericidal or bacteriostatic.

Indications. Pressure ulcers, trophic ulcers, infected wounds and erosion, superficial and localized deep burns.

Contraindications Individual hypersensitivity to chloramphenicol, microflora resistance to it.

Side effect. Burning is possible when applied to wounds. This side effect of this antimicrobial agent goes away very quickly.

Application and dosage. Spray the drug from 20-30 cm onto the lesion focus 2-3 times a week, and in case of severe lesions - 2 times a day every day.

Anti-inflammatory antimicrobial agents and methods of their use

Lorinden S - Lorinden S.

Combined drug.

Forms of release. Cream and ointment in tubes of 15 g.

Compound. 1 g of this antimicrobial drug contains 200 μg of flumethasone pivalate and 30 mg of iodochlorohydroxyquinoline.

Pharmachologic effect. The first component is a fluorinated glucocorticoid of local action, according to the classification, it is moderately strong (group 3) with antiallergic, antipruritic and antiexudative effect, and the second component has an antibacterial and antifungal effect.

Indications. Allergodermatoses complicated by bacterial infection, dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, including chronic cases on the scalp, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, discoid lupus erythematosus, bacterial and, complicated by local allergic reactions, impetigo. V acute phase diseases, a cream is applied, and then an antimicrobial ointment.

Contraindications Viral skin lesions, manifestations of tuberculosis and syphilis on the skin, neoplasms and precancerous skin diseases, vulgar and rosacea, perioral dermatitis, trophic ulcers of the leg associated with varicose veins, conditions after vaccination. For occlusive dressing - skin infections.

Application and dosage. Apply to affected skin 3 times a day until improvement. During pregnancy, do not use in the 1st trimester, later - only on small surfaces.

Special notes. This antimicrobial agent of modern pharmacology requires caution when administered to nursing mothers.

Oxycort - Oxycort.

INN (international non-proprietary name) - Oxytetracycline + Hydrocortisone. Complex preparation.

Forms of release. Ointment in a tube of 20 g, aerosol for external use in a bottle of 75 g.

Compound. The ointment contains 3% oxytetracycline hydrochloride and 1% hydrocortisone acetate; aerosol - respectively 0.4 and 0.13%. Pharmachologic effect. Broad-spectrum antibiotic, provides antibacterial effect, and the glucocorticoid is anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and antipruritic, weak in action (4th group). The aerosol has a pronounced drying effect.

Indications. Dermatitis, eczema, atopic dermatitis complicated by pyogenic infection, as well as trophic ulcers, sunburn, strepto- and staphyloderma, erysipelas, infected diaper rash. This broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug is also used for other dermatoses complicated by secondary bacterial infection.

Contraindications Cutaneous manifestations of tuberculosis of the skin, viral and mycotic infections, pregnancy (if there are extensive lesions), individual intolerance to the components of the drug.

Side effect. Rarely, when using this antimicrobial drug, an allergic rash appears, and with prolonged use, steroid acne, skin atrophy, telangiectasia, and hypertrichosis are possible.

Application and dosage. Apply a thin layer to the affected areas 2 times a day. Spray the aerosol from a distance of 15-20 cm 2 times a day.

Special notes. Avoid getting the drug on mucous membranes; Do not inhale aerosol.

Antimicrobials: broad-spectrum skin ointments

Pimafucort - Pimafucort.

Combined drug.

Forms of release. Topical cream and ointment contain natamycin (1%), neomycin (0.35%) and hydrocortisone (1%).

Pharmachologic effect. Antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory. The effect of hydrocortisone is anti-inflammatory, antipruritic. Neomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against a number of Gr + and Gr - bacteria. Natamycin is a polyene antibiotic of the macrolide group, effective against yeast, yeast-like fungi, dermatophytes and Trichomonas.

Indications. Superficial dermatoses infected with bacteria or fungi sensitive to neomyin and natamycin, as well as pustular dermatoses, mycoses, otomycosis.

During pregnancy - treatment with caution.

Contraindications Hypersensitivity to components. Side effect. At the beginning of treatment - a slight exacerbation of the disease, with prolonged use - striae in the areas of application.

Application and dosage. This external antimicrobial agent is applied to the affected skin for children and adults 2-4 times a day for up to 4 weeks.

Special notes. Do not apply to eye area. With prolonged treatment with this drug and the application of an antimicrobial ointment to large areas with bandages, the production of corticosteroid hormones is suppressed, in the presence of wounds, riskotoxic and nephrotoxic effects.

Polcortolon TS - Polcortolon TS.

INN (international non-proprietary name) - Triamcinolone + Tetracycline. Combined drug.

Release form. Aerosol for external use in bottles of 40 ml.

Compound. The active ingredients are triamcinolone and tetracycline hydrochloride.

Pharmachologic effect. Triamcinolone is a glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antiexudative and antipruritic effect, and tetracycline hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum antibiotic.

Indications. Inflammatory skin diseases, acute and subacute, complicated by bacterial infection, with localization of the lesion in the folds - dermatitis, eczema, intertrigo.

Contraindications Childhood, as well as hypersensitivity to tetracycline, perioral dermatitis.

Side effect. Irritation is rarely observed at the sites of aerosol application.

Application and dosage. Apply antimicrobial anti-inflammatory drugs to the affected areas 1 to 3 times a day. Occlusive dressings are not advisable. Special notes. Do not apply to mucous membranes.

Antimicrobial drugs and their characteristics

Sofradex - Sofradex.

INN (international non-proprietary name) - Dexamethasone + Framycetin + Gramicidin.

Forms of release. Ointment, eye (ear) drops. Semitransparent yellowish-white sterile ointment; transparent colorless sterile drops.

Compound. Framycein BP sulfate (soframycin), gramicidin and dexamethasone.

Pharmachologic effect. This effective drug has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.

Indications.; otitis media of the outer ear.

Contraindications Viral or fungal infection purulent inflammation eye, glaucoma, herpetic keratitis. For otitis externa, do not use in case of perforation eardrum because of the risk of ototoxicity.

Application and dosage. Drops - for adults (including the elderly) and children, 2 or 3 drops; enter gradually, one drop at a time, 3-4 times a day. Ointment - 1-2 times a day.

Supirocin-B - Supirocin-B.

Combined drug.

INN (international non-proprietary name) - Betamethasone + Mupirocin.

Release form. Ointment for external use in tubes of 15 g.

Compound. Betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% and mupirocin 2%, etc.

Pharmachologic effect. Betamethasone is an external glucocorticosteroid, according to the classification - strong (2nd group) with anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-edematous, antipruritic action. Mupirocin is an antibiotic natural origin, depending on the concentration, bactericidal or bacteriostatic: Gr + cocci and Gr - sticks.

Indications. Contact dermatitis, non-allergic and allergic, as well as seborrheic, atopic, exfoliative dermatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, eczema, neurodermatitis. Also, this broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug is used for urticaria and psoriasis, complicated by secondary bacterial infections.

Contraindications Bacterial, viral, fungal skin lesions, trophic ulcers of the legs associated with varicose veins, rosacea and acne vulgaris, skin cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, melanoma, nevus, atheroma, hemangioma, xanthoma, post-vaccination skin reactions, as well as the period of pregnancy, feeding children under 12 years of age.

Side effect. Non-allergic and allergic contact dermatitis, folliculitis, hypertrichosis, hypopigmentation, skin atrophy, acne-like rashes, perioral dermatitis, secondary infection, maceration, prickly heat.

Application and dosage. It is applied in a thin layer to the affected areas 2-3 times a day for 5-14 days. Only for treatment of affected areas no longer than 10 cm and an area of ​​up to 100 square centimeters. If there is no improvement within 3-5 days, the patient should be re-examined.

Special notes. Avoid contact with eyes, mucous membranes, open wound surfaces. Due to its potent characteristics, it is preferable to use this antimicrobial agent only in acute period diseases, and for a short time, on minor skin surfaces.

External antimicrobial agents: indications and contraindications

Triderm - Triderm.

INN (international non-proprietary name) - Betamethasone + Gentamicin + Clotrimazole. Combined drug.

Forms of release. Ointment and cream 15 g each.

Compound. Betamethasone dipropionate, clotrimazole, gentamicin. For external use.

Pharmachologic effect. Betamethasone dipropionate is a fluorinated glucocorticoid of external action, according to the classification - moderately strong (3rd group) with anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-exudative and antipruritic effects. Clotrimazole - with antifungal effect against dermatophytes, yeast-like fungi. Gentamicin is an antibiotic of the aminoglycoside group; it has a bactericidal effect on Gr + and Gr - bacteria.

Indications. Dermatoses complicated by secondary infection; mycoses of hands and feet, smooth skin, inguinal mycosis.

Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, lactation.

Side effect. Exudation, erythema, pigmentation disorders, burning sensation, itching. Folliculitis caused by betamethasone, hypertrichosis, acne, hypopigmentation, perioral dermatitis, skin maceration, development of secondary resistant flora, skin atrophy, striae, prickly heat, burning, itching, dryness. Caused by clotrimazole - erythema, peeling, edema, skin maceration, urticaria, paresthesia, itching. Caused by gentamicin - hyperemia, itching.

Application and dosage. Apply in a thin layer to the affected and surrounding skin in the morning and at night for 3-4 weeks. Use with caution during pregnancy, lactation with the drug is incompatible.

Special notes. When using this broad-spectrum antimicrobial ointment on large surfaces, as well as when using occlusive dressings, it is possible to suppress the production of corticosteroid hormones. Avoid applying to damaged skin and open wounds... If a persistent bacterial or fungal microflora appears, the drug should be discontinued and the necessary therapy prescribed.

Fucidin G - Fucidin N.

INN (international non-proprietary name) - Hydrocortisone + Fusidic acid. Combined drug.

Release form. Cream for external use in tubes of 15 g. White homogeneous cream. Keep out of the reach of children.

Compound. Active ingredients: fusidic acid hemihydrate (polycyclic antibiotic) and hydrocortisone acetate. Pharmachologic effect. Combines the antibacterial action of fusidic acid - to staphylococci, streptococci, as well as the causative agent multicolored lichen and others and the anti-inflammatory effect of hydrocortisone.

Indications. Non-allergic and allergic contact dermatitis complicated by a bacterial infection, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, eczema, neurodermatitis, lichen planus, discoid form of lupus erythematosus.

Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug, as well as skin tuberculosis, manifestations of syphilis on the skin, chickenpox, viral and fungal skin infections, post-vaccination skin reactions, trophic ulcers, rosacea, acne vulgaris, open wounds.

Side effect. Itching, burning, tingling, erythema, dry skin, and irritation and rash. Rarely when using this antimicrobial medicinal product possible acne-like rashes, hyperpigmentation, folliculitis, striae, skin atrophy, hypertrichosis, allergic contact dermatitis.

Application and dosage. Apply a thin layer to the affected areas of the skin 2 times a day for 2 weeks. Do not use during pregnancy and lactation long time and in large quantities, during breastfeeding, do not apply to the mammary glands.

Special notes. Use with caution on the face, in the folds of the skin and in children. Avoid contact with eyes.

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs: composition and application

Dermozolone - Dermosolon.

Combined drug.

Release form. Ointment yellowish in tubes of 5 g.

Compound. Prednisolone 0.5% and 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline 3%.

Pharmachologic effect. Anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antipruritic, antimicrobial.

Indications. Infected eczema, ulcers, pustular and fungal skin lesions.

Contraindications and side effects. Typical for external glucocorticosteroids and individual intolerance to the 2nd component of the ointment.

Application and dosage. Apply a thin layer of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent to the skin 1-3 times a day.

Fucicort - Fucicort.

INN (international non-proprietary name) - Fusidic acid + Betamethasone valerate. Combined drug.

Release form. Cream for external use, white in tubes of 15 g. Keep out of the reach of children.

Compound. Active ingredients: fusidic acid (polycyclic antibiotic) and betamethasone valerate (glucocorticoid).

Pharmachologic effect. Highly active against staphylococci, streptococci, the causative agent of varicolored lichen. Betamethasone valerate is an external glucocorticoid according to the classification - strong (group 2) with anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effect.

Indications. Dermatitis complicated by bacterial infections, non-allergic and allergic contact, seborrheic, atopic, neurodermatitis, discoid lupus erythematosus.

Contraindications Hypersensitivity to components, tuberculosis of the skin, manifestations of syphilis on the skin, chicken pox, viral and fungal infections of the skin, post-vaccination reactions on the skin, trophic ulcers, rosacea. Also, the use of this broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug is contraindicated in acne vulgaris and open wounds.

Side effect. Locally - itching, burning, tingling, dry skin, irritation, erythema, rash. Rarely - acne-like changes, hypopigmentation, folliculitis, striae, atrophy.

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Broad-spectrum antibiotics are multifunctional drugs that help to quickly cope with many pathogenic organisms. New generation drugs have a wide range of applications and are highly effective.

How do broad spectrum antibiotics work?

Broad spectrum antibiotics- effective antibacterial agents, which can be used only after consulting a doctor. Such drugs are able to quickly overcome pathogenic microorganisms, regardless of their type. The advantage of these drugs is that they are equally effective in treating gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Gram-positive organisms are often the cause of infectious diseases. They often cause diseases of the ears, nasopharynx and the entire respiratory system. Such ailments can be provoked by enterococcal or staphylococcal infections, in rare cases - listeria, clostridia or corynebacterium. Gram-negative organisms are much less common. Most often, they cause abnormalities in the work of the intestines or the genitourinary system. Indications for the use of new generation antibiotics can be:

• diagnostics of superinfections - diseases that are caused by several pathogens at once;
• long-term ineffectiveness from therapy with other drugs.

Main advantage modern antibiotics the latest generation lies in their broad spectrum of action. Now there is no need to accurately determine the type of pathogen, it is enough to identify clinical picture ailment.

What are broad spectrum antibiotics?

Broad spectrum antibiotics are versatile bactericidal drugs that can help get rid of many diseases. Most often they are prescribed for treatment various infections, the causative agent of which remains unknown. They are also prescribed if a person has become infected with a rapidly developing and dangerous virus. Such funds are indicated as a prophylaxis after major surgical interventions. Remember, not all cheap medicines are bad.

Group	A drug	Mechanism of action
Tetracyclines	Doxycycline, Tetracycline	Kills bacteria, has antiviral action
Levomycetin	Moxifloxacin, Levofloxicin	Antimicrobial, antifungal and antibacterial
Semi-synthetic penicillins	Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin	Inhibits the synthesis of the cell wall of the pathogen
Cephalosporins	Ceftriaxone	Changes the activity of the virus that entered the RNA
Rifampicin	Streptomycin, Amphenicol	Interferes with protein production
Carbapenems	Meropenem, Meropenem, Cyronem, Imipenem	Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, prolonged action

Modern penicillins

Antibiotics from the penicillin group are drugs based on clavulanic acid and amoxicillin. Representatives of the new, 4, 5, 6 generations can be called Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Solutab. They help to quickly deal with any infectious processes, relieve pyelonephritis, dental abscess, otitis media, sinusitis and much more.

Penicillins - effective drugs, which help to quickly suppress the activity of many infections and viruses.

Usually, penicillin antibiotics are prescribed for the following diseases:

• sinusitis;
• whooping cough;
• otitis media;
• sore throat;
• bronchitis;
• pneumonia.

Effect of application penicillin antibiotics may develop more slowly. However, they immediately stop reproduction and growth. pathogenic bacteria in organism. Keep in mind that such funds can be taken no more than 1 time per quarter.

Levomycetin is an indispensable broad-spectrum antibiotic

Levomycetins - popular antibiotics, which help to quickly cope with infectious processes. The first representatives of this group had a rather meager spectrum of action, they relieved only of a narrow circle of pathogenic organisms. With the development of medicine, such drugs have become more and more effective, the spectrum of their action has expanded.

Despite the wide spectrum of action, antibiotics show the greatest effectiveness in the fight against gram-positive bacteria.

Modern chloramphenicol of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations have an extremely extensive action. The most popular drugs are Moxifloxacin, Levofloxicin and Gatifloxacin.

With their help, you will be able to quickly overcome:

• gram-positive organisms: staphylococci, streptococci;
• gram-negative organisms: hemophilic, Escherichia coli, Proteus, gonorrhea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
• v nutritional pathogens: mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella.

It should be noted that many drugs are contraindicated in children under 18 years of age. Also, with extreme caution, such drugs should be taken by the elderly, since the components of the drugs can disrupt the structure of the tendons. Be sure to keep yourself a list of antibiotics in this group.

Antibiotics Rifampicin

Rifampicin's antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis in pathogenic organisms, resulting in a powerful bactericidal effect. They are most effective against sensitive microorganisms.

The first drug in this group was synthesized in the middle of the last century. Today this remedy is actively used to treat tuberculosis.

Rifampicins are a group of antibiotics that can rid a person of tubercle bacillus.

To date, 4 generations of drugs have been developed. They have a broad spectrum of action, are safe enough and do not cause side effects. Such funds help to quickly suppress the activity of Klebsiella, Moraxella, Salmonella and other pathogenic organisms. However, they are most active against streptococci and staphylococci. Each such drug has its own characteristics, which must be taken into account during treatment.

As a rule, many people are not even aware of the existence of such a group of antibiotics as carbapenems. People usually encounter them extremely rarely, because they are used only to treat the most severe infections that threaten human life.

The most popular drugs in this group are Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, Invanz. Also this group includes Meronem, Meropenem, Cyronem. Indications for the use of such funds are nosocomial infections, such as:

• intra-abdominal infections;
• abscess, pneumonia, pleural empyema;
• complications of infections urinary tract;
• sepsis and pelvic infections;
• endocarditis;
• severe wounds;
• joint and bone infections;
• infections of soft tissues and skin.
• Bacterial infections and meningitis.

It should be borne in mind that carbapenem antibiotics are administered only intravenously using a special dispenser. It is strictly forbidden to use such funds for allergies or intolerance to the components of the drug, as well as with sensitivity to cilastatin. It is very important that during therapy, the patient constantly informs his doctor about his health and any changes in the body.

Tetracyclines - time-tested antibiotics

Tetracycline antibiotics- drugs of a wide spectrum of action. They are based on a four-cycle system. They do not have a beta-lactam ring, so they are not affected by the pathogenic effect of beta-lactamase. Such funds are prescribed for therapy:

• listeria, staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia, actinomycetes;
• gonorrhea, salmonella, whooping cough, syphilis, shigella, colibacillus and Klebsiella.

The advantage of broad-acting tetracycline antibiotics over analogs is their ability to penetrate deep into the cell affected by the bacterium. It is for this reason that such a remedy is actively prescribed to people with chlamydia, fungal infections, ureaplasmas. It should be noted that tetracyclines are absolutely ineffective in the fight against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most popular drugs are Doxycycline and Tetracycline.

Cephalosporins- one of the broad groups of broad-spectrum antibiotics. There are 4 generations of such drugs. The first three were used only for parenteral and oral administration. They gained their popularity due to their low toxicity and high efficiency. These medications can help treat pneumonia, urinary tract, pelvic, skin, and soft tissue infections. Also, the funds are effective in combating STDs.

These antibiotics come in pill form. The medicine must be taken strictly with meals, while it is necessary to drink plenty of it pure water... For the entire course of treatment, try to strictly adhere to the daily regimen. It is strictly forbidden to skip taking pills. Treatment does not end after the first signs of relief. Popular drugs in this group are Cefixime, Ceftibuten, Cefuroxime. They are fairly inexpensive.

Antibiotics for children

A special group of new generation antibiotics are baby drugs... They are prescribed only after 3 days of treatment. antiviral drugs did not bring any effect. Remember that only the attending physician can prescribe such funds. Among the safest antibiotics for children last generation can be distinguished:

Many antibiotics are acceptable for children, but the dose active substance for them should be less than for adults. The advantage is that they are also available as suspensions for internal use and ampoules - for intramuscular administration.

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To combat pathogens - bacteria, protozoa, fungi - antimicrobial and antifungal agents are used. Their action is based on killing microbes or blocking their reproduction.

Further, with the stopped infection, copes the immune system person. It is not always possible to accurately determine the type of microorganism that caused the disease. In these cases, the drug of choice becomes antimicrobial drugs broad action, able to cope with different kinds infections.

According to their activity against types of microorganisms, antibiotics are divided into:

• antibacterial;
• antiprotozoal;
• anti-fungal.

By breadth of coverage for funds:

• wide;
• and a narrow spectrum.

By the mechanism of action on pathogenic microorganisms:

• bactericidal, causing the death of bacteria;
• bacteriostatic - stopping their reproduction.

Most antimicrobial drugs are toxic to the patient's body, negatively affects the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract and some other organs. This imposes certain rules for the intake of antimicrobial agents. Doses are prescribed to kill the germs as quickly as possible. It is not recommended to interrupt the course, even if the patient's condition improves.

Antibacterial medicines are effective against many types of infections. This is their main advantage - the ability to use when the causative agent of the disease is not precisely identified, or there is a polyinfection. The disadvantages of universal drugs include the fact that they can destroy useful intestinal microflora causing dysbiosis.

Whatever the breadth of coverage of an antimicrobial agent, it cannot kill all types of pathogens. Some are intended mainly for the treatment of diseases respiratory tract others cope better with urinary tract infections. Therefore, in the treatment, those funds are used that are most effective in relation to certain systems and human organs.

With bronchitis and pneumonia

The characteristic signs of bronchitis and pneumonia are:

• high temperature;
• the heaviness of breathing;
• cough.

The use of antibiotics for bronchitis has its own characteristics. V initial stage the infection is usually caused by viruses against which antibacterial drugs not effective. At acute bronchitis antimicrobial drugs are usually not prescribed.

When bronchitis passes into chronic form To viral infections bacterial join. In these cases, universal antibiotics are prescribed that can destroy many types of pathogenic bacteria.

Which antibacterial agent for bronchitis and pneumonia will be most effective in each case is determined by the doctor. The ideal option is to determine the causative agent of the disease. But do a sputum test by different reasons it does not always work out.

Therefore, antibacterial drugs are most often prescribed, which are effective against most infections that cause bronchitis and pneumonia. Usually these are drugs from the macrolide and penicillin groups.

Of the first, most often:

• spiramycin;
• erythromycin;
• azithromycin;
• rovamycin.

From the group of penicillins:

• amoxicillin;
• flemoclave;
• augmentin;
• arlet;
• amoxiclav.

Reception possible various drugs v different forms eg augmentin tablets and azithromycin injection.

In urology

All organs of the urinary system can be infected - the kidneys, bladder, urinary tract, urethra. The most common diseases to which it is exposed urinary system, - urethritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis.

When taking urological antibiotics, it is important to maintain a constant concentration of the drug in the blood. This is achieved by taking the antibiotic at regular intervals. Alcohol should not be taken during treatment.

The most commonly used antibacterial medicines in urology:

• kanephron- it is prescribed for glomerulonephritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis;
• nolicin- used for the prevention and treatment of gonorrhea, bacterial gastroenteritis and prostatitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis, cystitis and other infections of the genitourinary system;
• palin- indicated for pyelonephritis, urethritis, pyelitis, cystitis.

Attention! Old drugs, such as 5-noc, to which bacteria have acquired resistance, are not only useless, but also harmful, since precious time is lost.

Ointments

Application antibacterial ointments convenient and effective for local infections that develop on the skin or mucous membranes. Absorption of their active substances into the bloodstream is minimal, therefore the resorptive (occurring after the drug is absorbed into the blood) effect is minimized.

Unlike systemic drugs, ointments practically do not have a negative effect on the body and do not cause bacteria resistance to active substance.Moreover, therapeutic effect after a single application, it lasts about 10 hours. This allows you to maintain the desired concentration of the drug in the focus of the disease with two to three applications per day, in contrast to most tablets, which have to be taken 3-5 times a day.

Broad-acting antibacterial drugs - ointments (tetracycline, erythromycin, etc.) are used for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes in the following cases.

• With different infectious diseases organs of vision - blepharitis, keratitis, bacterial conjunctivitis, trauma, infection of the cornea of ​​the eyes or lacrimal canals.
• With pustular skin lesions - acne, carbuncles, boils.
• With trophic erosion.
• Bedsores and eczema.
• Burnt or frostbitten skin.
• With erysipelas.
• Insect and animal bites.
• Acute otitis externa.
• For bacterial complications caused by eye trauma or ophthalmic surgery.

List of antimicrobial drugs

Universal drugs are convenient in that they can be taken in the initial therapy with an unspecified pathogen. They are also shown for complicated severe infections, when there is no time to wait for the results of inoculation for the pathogen.

Depending on the purpose, antimicrobial agents are divided into the following groups.

Directly antibacterial agents are the largest group of drugs for systemic use. According to the method of production, they are natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic. The action is to destroy bacteria or disrupt their reproduction mechanism.

Antiseptics, intended mainly for local use in focal infections of the skin and mucous membranes.

Antimycotics. Formulas designed to fight fungi. Available in forms for systemic and local (external) use.

Antiviral drugs are designed to kill or block the multiplication of viruses. Presented in the form of tablets, injections and ointments.

Anti-tuberculosis facilities. Their target is the causative agent of tuberculosis - Koch's bacillus.

The main classification of antibiotics is the division by chemical structure that defines its role in treatment. For this factor, all antibacterial agents are divided into groups.

Penicillin... The first of the discovered groups of antibiotics is effective against many infectious diseases.

Cephalosporins... They have a bactericidal effect similar to penicillin, but have high resistance to beta-lactamases produced by bacteria. It is used to treat infections of the LTP and URT (lower and upper respiratory tract), MEP (urinary tract) and others.

On a note! Bacteria produce beta-lactamase (β-lactamase) enzymes, which make them more resistant to certain types of antibiotics - penicillin, cephalosporins. To combat β-lactamases, beta-lactamase inhibitors are taken along with antibiotics.

Aminoglycosides. E effectively destroy aerobic and gram-negative bacteria, but are among the most toxic antibacterial agents.

Tetracyclines are made or modified from natural substances. The most widespread are in the form of ointments.

Fluoroquinolones have a powerful bactericidal effect. They are used in the treatment of diseases of the respiratory system and ENT diseases.

Sulfonamides. They are used in the treatment of infections of the respiratory tract, ENT and genitourinary organs, Gastrointestinal tract, etc.

Most commonly prescribed drugs

The drugs are effective against most pathogenic microorganisms... Their use makes it possible to cope with diseases, the causative agent of which is not precisely established, as well as with polyinfections. The list of broad spectrum antimicrobial agents most commonly prescribed by doctors is as follows:

• azithromycin;
• amoxicillin;
• augmentin;
• cefodox;
• flemoxin solutab;
• amosin.

Attention! Antimicrobial agents often cause allergic reactions, manifested by redness, rash, itching of the skin. To combat them, antibiotics are simultaneously prescribed antihistamines... It is necessary to carefully read the instructions for medicines in terms of contraindications and side effects, and in all doubts, notify the doctor.

Ideally, antibiotic chemotherapy should be targeted to a specific pathogen. However, it is impossible to determine the etiology of infection in most hospitals on the day of admission. Therefore, most often the primary prescription of universal antibiotics is done empirically.

Conclusion

Antimicrobials are powerful, versatile medicines that work against infectious diseases various bodies and systems. In many cases, they are the medicine of choice.

However, overuse of antibiotics can harm the body, lead to bacterial resistance, make it difficult or even difficult to do impossible treatment bacterial infections in future. Therefore, self-medication with antibiotics is highly undesirable, each use should be preceded by a consultation with a specialist.