The chemical industry report will briefly tell a lot useful information about an industry that provides other types of industry with raw materials and products.
"Chemical industry" message
The chemical industry influences other industries such as construction, automotive, and agriculture. Its products and goods are actively sold on the world market and are on par with mechanical engineering.
It is worth noting that the chemical industry complex is characterized by high science intensity. He uses a large number of raw materials to make your products. Particularly expensive are plastics, soda, rubber, and fertilizers. In addition to raw materials, water, fuel and electricity are needed. In addition, the chemical industry sector is labor intensive, which requires special skills and knowledge of qualified specialists.
Chemicals are divided into 2 classes - inorganic and organic. Organic compounds They are based on carbon atoms that are bonded to hydrogen atoms and other elements. In production organic matter the main source (up to 90%) is natural gas and oil, which replaced coal, as well as animal and plant origin. Chemical inorganic substances mainly made from mineral springs. For example, sulfur is obtained from ores or native sulfur, and chlorine is obtained from table salt.
Products produced by the chemical industry can be divided into 3 groups, which correspond to the main degrees and stages of processing:
- The main products of inorganic and organic synthesis, obtained in large volumes, are processed into other chemical products.
- Offal. They are obtained from those chemical products that are further processed or are themselves solvents.
- Final chemical products. They are obtained as a result of processing intermediate products. Some of them are used to make soap, medicines, cosmetics, while others are used as plastics, chemical fibers, pigments and dyes, which are further processed.
Chemical industry products
The chemical industry produces products such as:
- Initial products of organic synthesis for the production of synthetic resins, plastics, synthetic rubbers and fibers.
- Raw materials and solvents for detergents.
- Alkalis, salts and acids, gases (nitrogen, oxygen, acetylene) which are actively used in other industries.
- Pesticides and fertilizers (fungicides, herbicides, insecticides).
- Synthetic resins, plastics, synthetic and cellulose fibers, synthetic rubber.
- Varnishes, enamels and paints.
- Medicines and medications.
- Soap, cosmetical tools, perfumes, personal care products.
- Explosives, adhesives, polishes, photographic preparations and inks.
The chemical industry ensures the development and introduction of STP (scientific and technological progress) achievements. It helps promote production in the country. Its peculiarity is the focus of products and knowledge-intensive production key structures on meeting human needs.
Production characteristics
In operation chemical processes Based on non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, thermal energy, construction, food industry, pharmaceuticals and oil refining. The products of this industry influence the promotion of other industries.
Another one important characteristic– this is a voluminous raw material base, which includes products of the mining and chemical complex, for example, salts, sulfur, phosphorites. Its largest suppliers of feedstock products are the wood chemical, coke-chemical, gas chemical and petrochemical industries. The main achievement of the chemical industry is the transition to the use of oil and gas products, since these raw materials are considered the main base for the manufacture of industrial products.
What areas does the chemical industry include?
- Mining and chemical industry (extraction of phosphorites, salts, sulfur and other mining chemical resources).
- Production of polymer products - resins, plastics, rubber and so on.
- The basic chemical sphere that produces inorganic substances - soda, acids, fertilizers, and so on.
As you can see, the chemical complex specializes in the production of products and materials for all sectors of the economy.
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The chemical industry is a branch of the national economy that produces chemical substances for all types of industry and . It consists of production - basic, mining chemicals, organic synthesis, petrochemicals, pesticides, and plastics, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, paints, aniline dyes, chemical-pharmaceuticals, chemical reagents and highly pure chemicals.
Those working in the chemical industry come into contact with various chemicals, most of which are more or less toxic. Entering the body in the form of vapors, gases, aerosols and hydrosols through Airways, through intact skin, less often through digestive tract, they can cause acute or chronic occupational poisoning and weaken the body's resistance. A number of chemicals cause burns. The simultaneous presence of other factors - unfavorable meteorological conditions, noise, physical stress - increases the impact of chemical industrial poisons.
The task of occupational health in the chemical industry is to ensure optimal conditions labor of workers, prevent prof. poisoning, to prevent harmful effects of chemicals on the population living near chemical plants.
Chemical production must be separated from housing (see), determined sanitary standards design of industrial enterprises (SN 245-71).
Sanitary and hygienic working conditions in the chemical industry are determined by: the features of the technological process, which can be continuous or periodic; the equipment and communications used; room layout, ventilation efficiency and many other conditions.
Technology using continuous processes with remote control (control panel) has advantages over a periodic scheme. The most dangerous are the selection of technological samples, leakage of equipment and packaging of the finished product. The contact of workers with chemicals can be significant when loading raw materials, reloading intermediate products, drying, etc.
All sources of harmful emissions must be equipped with shelters with local ventilation, and the air must be purified before being released into the atmosphere.
Labor-intensive work must be mechanized. Special attention require repair work.
Of great importance is the rational layout of working premises - isolating more harmful processes, preventing the entry of polluted air into rooms with less polluted air, as well as finishing working premises, preventing the sorption and desorption of toxic substances.
All work areas must be provided with natural light and ventilation, and also equipped with mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation. There must be constant monitoring of compliance with maximum permissible concentrations of toxic substances in the air of working premises.
Chemical industry enterprises are equipped (see) in accordance with the requirements of building codes and regulations (SNiP P-M. 3-68); workers are provided with special clothing and protective equipment.
All workers entering the chemical industry are instructed in, and persons in contact with toxic substances are subject to preliminary and periodic training.
Those working at chemical industry enterprises are provided with benefits depending on the harmfulness of the work (shorter working hours, additional leave, therapeutic and prophylactic special food, treatment in dispensaries, etc.).
Chemical industry is a branch of the national economy that produces chemical raw materials, chemical products and fertilizers for Agriculture. The chemical industry has great value in the development of productive forces, in technical progress of the most important industries and in agriculture (to increase its productivity and control pests).
Among the chemical industries, the following main groups can be distinguished:
1) production of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products;
2) production of synthetic resins, plastics and products made from them; 3) production various types synthetic rubber and rubber products; 4) production of basic chemicals (sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric acids and their salts, alkalis, chlorine, etc.); 5) production of chemical fibers; 6) production of varnishes and paints; 7) anilo-dye production; 8) production of organic synthesis products; 9) production of products used as jet engine fuel; 10) production of nitro- and amide compounds of benzene (which are mainly used as explosives).
Many industries in the chemical-pharmaceutical industry, coke chemistry, wood chemistry, etc. are essentially chemical.
The development of the chemical industry and its technical progress are associated with the introduction of new technological processes, large number new chemicals, the use of continuous technological processes, more modern equipment, automation, mechanization, etc.
Working conditions in chemical production are characterized by the impact on the body of a complex set of professional and hygienic factors: chemical, dust factor, adverse weather conditions, noise, vibration, ionizing radiation and ultrasound. But with all the diversity of the production environment, the chemical factor remains dominant in the hygienic assessment of working conditions. In chemical production, chemical contaminants are found not only in the air of working premises, but also in building materials boxes in industrial buildings, on equipment, etc. Chemical air pollution (in gaseous, vaporous and aerosol states) in working spaces is usually complex in nature, i.e. several chemical substances are present in the air at the same time. The level and concentration of these contaminants are very dynamic, which is mainly associated with the stages of the technological process, individual work operations, etc.
The sources of chemical pollutants entering the air environment are mainly equipment and communications, then waste, raw materials, etc. The entry of chemicals into the air of work premises is associated with leaks in equipment, intermittency of the technological process, violations of its regulations, and the performance of manual work operations (loading equipment, measuring level, sampling), corrosion phenomena, etc. The ability of chemicals to enter the air production premises largely depends on the melting point, boiling point, volatility and elasticity of their vapors. Quite a lot of chemical substances, while in the air, undergo significant changes, which leads to a change in their chemical structure and, as a consequence, to a change in their biological activity. These changes are mainly due to the fact that many substances interact with oxygen, moisture, carbon dioxide contained in the air. Has a great influence sunlight, in particular ultraviolet radiation. In this case, the phenomena of hydrolysis, oxidation, polymerization, etc. are observed. Various elements of the production environment and, above all, the air of working premises must be subject to systematic monitoring. Sanitary and chemical control is carried out by employees of sanitary and epidemiological stations, factory laboratories and gas rescue stations. Wherein great importance has the use of automatic control methods and express methods.
Sanitary and chemical control is carried out taking into account the stages, phases of the technological process, work operations, etc. Since in chemical production toxic contaminants enter the body of workers not only through the respiratory tract, but also through the skin, sanitary and chemical control is also carried out in regarding chemical pollution skin and workwear. Data from sanitary and chemical control make it possible to identify the most unfavorable workshops, departments, and workplaces in terms of pollution levels and to justify the implementation of various measures aimed at combating chemical pollution of the air, skin, work clothes, etc.
Technical progress and the systematic implementation of a large number of health-improving activities from year to year have contributed to the reduction of chemical pollution and the improvement of working conditions in the chemical industry. At the same time, the introduction of new, more rational continuous technological processes and sealed equipment was of great importance; mechanization of many manual operations; use of automation tools, remote control devices, corrosion-resistant materials; rational layout of work premises; the use of materials that absorb little chemicals; arrangement of rational ventilation of chemical plants with extensive use of local suction, rational shelters for dust-producing and gas-hazardous equipment.
Of greater importance was the improvement of the air quality of chemical production sites through the use of installations for purifying emissions of tail gases and ventilation air into the atmosphere. A significant role was played by the use of rational methods of cleaning, degassing of working premises, and the use of personal protection etc. The systematic implementation of many health measures contributed to a significant reduction in acute occupational poisoning and a decrease in the concentration of toxic substances in the air of industrial premises. For example, the concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the furnace departments of sulfuric acid production, the concentration of chlorine in the electrolysis shops of chlorine production, the concentration of aniline in its production, the concentration of tetraethyl lead in the production of ethyl liquid and tetraethyl lead, etc. have been significantly reduced.
Workers in all branches of the chemical industry undergo preliminary and periodic medical examinations. inspections, receive safety training, and enjoy various benefits in connection with working with toxic hazardous substances in accordance with existing legislation (shortened working hours, additional leave, therapeutic and preventive nutrition, widespread use of dispensaries, sanatoriums, etc.). See also Aniline dye industry, Chemical fibers. Coke production, Solvents, Rubber production.
My husband, when he opens the shelf in the bathroom where all the cleaning and washing products are stored, says that I have a whole chemical plant. Really, various means I use it almost every day. But dishwashing gel and washing powder are just small part all products of the chemical industry.
What industries does the chemical industry include?
Chemical industry enterprises can be located in any region of the country, but attention must be paid to the presence of all necessary resources, including labor ones, to ensure their efficient operation. All chemistry is divided into several branches:
- inorganic;
- organic;
- mining chemical;
- petrochemistry;
- pharmaceuticals;
- household chemicals;
- fertilizers;
- paintwork.
Any varnishes, paints, as well as artificial fibers and other products would not have appeared on store shelves if the chemical industry had not developed in the country. The chemical-pharmaceutical department is responsible for the production of medicines necessary to maintain public health. Chemical plants are very resource-intensive, so often many of them are combined with each other for more economical and efficient operation.
The role of the chemical industry in the state
The products produced by chemical industry enterprises are considered one of the most in demand. This applies not only to the production of various kinds of medicines and detergents, but also to other materials that are needed by industrial enterprises in other industries.
Since chemical products are used by both private users and enterprises, it is customary to divide them into two types: personal consumption and industrial. For example, the engineering industry uses plastics and paints and varnishes. And agricultural activity cannot do without various types of fertilizers in order to get a good harvest. And in any other field, chemical materials will definitely be required. Therefore, enterprises are constantly improving to increase the level of production efficiency.
This industry plays a decisive role in the development of scientific and technological progress and increasing the efficiency of social production through chemicalization. Using the achievements of science and technology, products of metallurgy, electric power, fuel and forestry industries, it ensures the production of textile (fiber), food (additives) industries, construction and mechanical engineering (plastics, paints, varnishes) and increases agricultural productivity (fertilizers).
Products of the chemical industry can be divided into items for industrial purposes, the output of which is about 60% (group “A”), and items of long-term or short-term personal use - 40% (group “B”).
The chemical industry maintained production volumes, managing to adapt to the needs of the foreign market, adapting to significant changes in the domestic market.
The approximate composition of products produced by the most important branches of the chemical industry is as follows:
The chemical industry itself: caustic soda, synthetic resins, plastics, paints and varnishes, etc.;
Mineral fertilizer industry: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers, as well as chemical plant protection products;
Petrochemical industry: synthetic rubbers, ethylene, propylene, benzene and others.
By degree of influence individual factors for the location of chemical production they can be divided into several groups.
IN first group includes industries gravitating towards sources of raw materials. This is typical for many chemical industries that consume a large amount of raw materials per unit of production or poorly transportable raw materials (for example, sulfuric acid). These production facilities are usually located as close as possible to sources of raw materials. These include the production of potash fertilizers, caustic and soda ash, synthetic dyes, some types of plastics and synthetic rubbers.
In second group unite industries gravitating towards fuel and energy resources. They are characterized by high consumption of fuel, thermal or electrical energy per 1 ton of product. These are the production of calcium carbide and cyanamide, many types of chemical and synthetic fibers, methanol, etc.
IN third group includes industries that gravitate towards areas where labor resources are concentrated. These industries are characterized by high labor intensity of their products and how social factor should contribute to the fullest employment of the population in small and medium-sized cities. Such industries include enterprises for processing plastics, producing rubber products and tires, viscose and nylon fiber.
Fourth group constitute production areas gravitating towards areas of consumption. These include industries producing low-transportable products (acids, sponge rubber, hollow plastic products), as well as low-concentration substances (ammonia, liquid fertilizers, superphosphate and products for completing finished products).
Fifth group unites mixed production facilities that produce products for widespread consumption and use a variety of raw materials. The location of such production facilities is possible both near the raw material base and in areas where products are consumed.
It should be noted that this division is conditional, since many chemical production can be classified as different groups. In addition, when locating most chemical production facilities, it is necessary to take into account the availability water resources and environmental factors.
The location of the chemical industry is influenced by the industry's production connections: intra- and inter-industry. The specificity of these connections is that the share of intra-industry consumption is quite high (40%), at the same time, chemical production products are used in almost all spheres of the national economy.
The established production hubs, the basis of which is the chemical industry, include the Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, Kemerovo, Ufa, Salavat-Sterlitamak, Bereznikovsko-Solikamsk hubs.
Sulfuric acid industry. Sulfuric acid is widely used in the production of mineral fertilizers, in the metallurgical, oil refining, textile and food industries. The raw materials for producing sulfuric acid are sulfur pyrite (pyrite) and sulfur. Sulfuric acid is also produced from sulfur dioxide captured during sulfide ore smelting, sour crude oil refining, and desulfurization of coke oven and natural gas. Sulfuric acid plants are located at places of consumption due to the fact that the acid is poorly transportable. In a number of areas, the production of sulfuric acid is combined with basic production based on the use of their waste. For example, sulfuric acid is produced at the Sredneuralsk copper smelter, Chelyabinsk zinc, Volkhov aluminum and other non-ferrous metallurgy plants.
The sulfuric acid industry is developed in almost all economic regions. The most important enterprises for the production of sulfuric acid are located in the central regions (Voskresensky, Shchelkovsky, Novomoskovsky, Chernorechensky (Dzerzhinsk) plants) and in the Urals (Bereznikovsky, Perm plants).
Soda industry. Its products are used in the glass and chemical industries, as well as in non-ferrous metallurgy, the pulp and paper industry, textiles and household goods. It is located in the Perm region (Bereznikovsky plant), in Bashkortostan (Sterlitamak plant), in the Altai Territory (Mikhailovsky Soda Plant).
Production of mineral fertilizers (phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen). It is an important branch of the chemical industry. The main raw materials for the production of superphosphate are apatites and phosphorites. The largest enterprises in the superphosphate industry include the following chemical plants and plants: Apatit (Kola Peninsula), Voskresensky (Moscow region), Nevsky (St. Petersburg). Much attention is paid to the production of superphosphate in granular form and the production of concentrated phosphate fertilizers. A peculiarity in the location of the superphosphate industry is that most superphosphate plants operate on Khibiny apatites. This results in the transportation of huge quantities of raw materials over long distances. However, it should be borne in mind that Khibiny apatites, even in Siberia, are cheaper raw materials than local phosphorites.
The production of potash fertilizers is carried out by the Solikamsk and Bereznikovsky plants in the Urals.
Nitrogen industry. This industry has a wider distribution area. In the production of nitrogen fertilizers, the main raw material is ammonia, the starting elements for which are hydrogen and nitrogen. There are several ways to produce synthetic ammonia. Ammonia production by coke conversion requires large amounts of coal, and electrical production requires large amounts of energy. In this regard, ammonia production plants were previously located in areas of coal deposits or sources of cheap electricity. Currently, the nitrogen industry uses natural gas as a raw material (the technology for producing ammonia from natural gas is being widely introduced). This will ensure the most rational placement of the nitrogen fertilizer industry throughout the country, bring production closer to areas of consumption, and use local species raw materials and cheap energy. Regions such as the Volga region, Western Siberia, and the North Caucasus have very favorable conditions for the development of this industry.
Large nitrogen-fertilizer enterprises were built in the most important coal and metallurgical centers. Based on the use of low grades of coal, the Bereznikovsky Chemical Plant in the Perm Region and the Novomoskovsk Chemical Plant in the Tula Region were built. Nitrogen fertilizer enterprises were built on the basis of coke oven gas in Kuzbass (Kemerovo Chemical Plant) and in the Urals. In combination with ferrous metallurgy, Lipetsk and Cherepovets also became centers for the production of nitrogen fertilizers. A nitrogen fertilizer plant was put into operation in the North Caucasus (Nevinnomyssk).
Production of synthetic rubber and rubber products, plastics and chemical fibers is the most important branch of chemistry of organic synthesis.
Enterprises for the production of synthetic rubber are located in St. Petersburg (Red Triangle), Moscow (Kauchuk), a number of large factories have been built in Voronezh, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities. A rubber-asbestos plant was created in Yaroslavl.
Plastics are widely used in a wide variety of industries as substitutes for metals, as well as glass, wood and other materials. For the production of plastics, various hydrocarbon raw materials are used, obtained in the oil refining and coal processing industries, coke and chemical production, gas shale and wood chemical industries. Large plastics factories were built in the Central Economic Region (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo) and in the North-West (St. Petersburg). New large bases for the plastics industry were organized in the Volga region (Kazan, Volgograd), in the Urals (Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, Salavat, Yekaterinburg), in Western Siberia(Tyumen, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk), in the North Caucasus (Grozny) and in other areas of the country.
The geography of synthetic rubber production includes both old (Voronezh, Efremov, Yaroslavl) and new centers (Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sterlitamak, Volzhsk, Nizhnekamsk, Perm).
The production of artificial and synthetic fibers is concentrated in the Central and Northwestern regions. Their production plants are located in Tver, Ryazan, Balakovo (Saratov region), Barnaul; synthetic fiber factories - in Kursk, Krasnoyarsk, Volzhsky, Saratov.
- The chemical industry is the biggest polluter environment. Therefore, the air in the city of Berezniki is one of the most polluted in Russia. Khimprom plant in Ufa. Bashkiria.
- Khibiny is a mountain range on the Kola Peninsula.
- In the 90s In global rubber consumption, synthetic rubber accounts for almost 99%.
The chemical industry is a unique industry. They do real miracles here: they don’t just recycle Natural resources, but also create fundamentally new types of raw materials that do not exist in nature. As a result, plastic products appear on store shelves, detergents(laundry powders, bath cleaning liquid, etc.), plastic bags and much more, without which it is difficult to imagine our lives.
People have learned to obtain from one type of raw material different products. For example, oil is not only gasoline for cars, kerosene for airplanes, plastics, but even food products, such as fish caviar. It also happens the other way around: there is only one product, but you can get it in several ways. This is how synthetic rubber is produced, for example.
Chemical industry enterprises are divided into two large groups: basic chemical plants that produce minerals(fertilizers, acids, soda, dyes, explosives, etc.) and organic synthesis plants; which produce synthetic fibers, resins, plastics, rubber, caoutchouc and other substances.
BASIC CHEMISTRY. FROM FERTILIZERS TO ACIDS
Surprisingly, it is thanks to the chemical industry, which produces mainly artificial substances, that the most “natural” sector of the economy is developing - agriculture. When harvesting, along with grain, potatoes and other products, a person takes nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium from the fields - chemical elements, without which plants cannot live. They are called “biogenic (i.e., life-giving) elements.” In order for the harvest to be abundant, it is necessary to restore the “nutrient bank” of the soil. Mineral fertilizers, which are produced by the chemical industry, can help with this.
Our country produces nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. As a rule, each type combines two or three biogenic elements in different proportions. Such fertilizers are complex, or complex. They are much more profitable for agriculture than simple ones (with one element). However, they are named after their main nutrient.
Russia ranks fifth in the world in the production of mineral fertilizers (9.1 million tons in 1997). Potassium fertilizers are used the most. One of the world's largest deposits of potassium salts, Verkhnekamskoe, is located in the Western Cis-Urals. Large factories operate in the cities of Solikamsk and Berezniki, the products of which are expected not only in Russia, but also in other countries of the world.
The feedstock for nitrogen fertilizers is natural gas. Nitrogen plants operate in Cherepovets, Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk, Perm, Novomoskovsk. Sometimes the gas generated during the smelting of metals is used (the so-called coke basin), which is why the largest metallurgical plants in Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Novokuznetsk, and Nizhny Tagil include chemical plants.
Reserves of apatite (from which phosphate fertilizers are produced) in Russia are small. Large deposits are concentrated in the Khibiny Mountains, small deposits are scattered throughout the country. Plants for the production of phosphate fertilizers usually operate on a mixture of local raw materials and raw materials brought from the Khibiny.
Another important product basic chemistry - sulfuric acid. It is needed by almost all industries, so its production volumes serve as a kind of indicator of the development of basic chemistry in the country. According to this indicator, Russia ranks fourth in the world after the USA, China and Japan (1997).
CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. AT THE EDGE OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS
In the 30s The designers of combat vehicles and aircraft were faced with a seemingly impossible task. To produce new types of military equipment, rubber was required, and it was this that was never available in Russia. Natural rubber was obtained from the juice of the Hevea plant, which grows only in South America. Very little natural rubber was produced in the world, and it was expensive. Russia could not afford to have the country's defense dependent on trees growing thousands of kilometers from its borders. Therefore, the government set the task for chemist scientists to create synthetic rubber, which in its properties is not inferior to natural rubber. In 1931, the first plant in the USSR for the production of synthetic rubber began operating based on the technology created by Sergei Vasilyevich Lebedev.
At first, rubber was obtained from alcohol and limestone. Therefore, the first factories were built in areas where there were a lot of cheap raw materials (for the production of alcohol) and cheap electricity (for processing limestone). In the 50s Almost all factories have switched to the most profitable raw materials - they are obtained from oil. Modern enterprises They produce ordinary and special-purpose rubbers (most often for the military industry). There are rubbers that are insoluble in gasoline, cold-resistant, and resistant to radioactive radiation etc. Such rubbers are created in Kazan, Moscow, Sterlitamak, and ordinary ones - in Voronezh, Yaroslavl, Tolyatti, Krasnoyarsk. Rubber is used to make tires and various rubber products. Their production is very labor-intensive, so the number of workers in large factories reaches 5 thousand people. In Russia, tire factories operate in Moscow, Voronezh, Yaroslavl, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Tolyatti, Nizhnekamsk, Volzhsky, Kirov, Omsk, Barnaul, Krasnoyarsk, etc.
The world's production of plastics is rapidly growing - polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, thermoplastics, etc. These substances are produced from oil. The importance of polypropylene, the most common plastic in the world, is especially important. The technology for its production is very complex, so polypropylene was in short supply in Russia for a long time until they learned to make it at the Moscow Oil Refinery and the Tomsk Petrochemical Plant. Large plastics production plants are located in Nizhny Tagil, Novokuibyshevsk, Omsk, Angarsk, Volgograd, Dzerzhinsk. Russian chemical plants sell their products not only within the country, but also abroad.
Fiberglass occupies a special place - modern material for the aviation industry, marine shipbuilding and many other sectors of the country's economy. Fiberglass is made from especially pure quartz sand, adding some chemicals. The most famous centers for the production of glass thread and fiber in Russia are located in Novgorod, Gus-Khrustalny, and Syzran.
The production of synthetic and artificial fibers is of great importance for the Russian economy. Cotton is not grown in our country; it has to be imported from abroad. Flax fiber from domestic raw materials is of low quality. However, synthetic fibers are successfully replacing both flax and cotton. These fibers are used to make clothing, carpets and many other products. Artificial fibers are produced from cellulose - the basis for artificial silk. Chemical fiber is produced in Serpukhov, Ryazan, Kursk, Volzhsky, Kemerovo.
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY CENTERS
Mining and chemical factories and petrochemical plants producing plastics are built near the sites where raw materials are extracted. Factories that make tires and other rubber products typically employ several thousand people, so they are located in densely populated areas. Chemical production is often combined with a plant in another industry. For example, phosphate fertilizer factories are part of a copper smelter (since the ore containing this valuable non-ferrous metal contains a lot of phosphorus), and petrochemical enterprises are part of oil refineries.
In the Central Economic Region, plastics and chemical fibers are processed, mineral fertilizers are produced, as well as paints and household chemicals. The pharmaceutical industry is developed here. The largest centers of the chemical industry are Yaroslavl, Novomoskovsk, Ryazan.
In the North-Western economic region (St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Luga) there are many chemical enterprises that produce fertilizers, dyes, and household chemicals.
In the Volga region (Nizhnekamsk, Novo-Kuibyshevsk, Balakovo, Volzhsky) petrochemistry, production of plastics, rubber, tires, and chemical fibers are developed.
Ural economic region(Perm, Salavat, Sterlitamak) stands out in Russia for the scale of development of coal chemistry, as well as petrochemistry. The region produces mineral fertilizers, soda, and plastics.
The basis of the chemical industry of Western Siberia is coal chemistry (Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk) and petrochemistry (Omsk, Tomsk and Tobolsk).
The economic crisis that gripped the country in the 90s could not but affect the chemical industry. Thus, in 1997, factories produced only half the volume of mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, synthetic resins and plastics that they could in principle produce. However, the Russian chemical industry is potentially capable of creating all the modern substances that the country needs.
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