Plan
Introduction
1. Relative position of internal organs
2. Nervous system
3. Digestive system
4. Respiratory system
5. Endocrine system
6. Circulatory system
7. Urinary system
8. Lymphatic system
Bibliography
Introduction
People familiar and even far from medicine know that the internal organs of a person are: the brain, stomach, gallbladder, intestines, lungs, uterus, bladder, liver, pancreas, kidneys, prostate, heart, thyroid gland, testicles, ovaries.
A sparkling thyroid gland often causes cardiac arrhythmias. Increased metabolism also requires more energy from the heart and can lead to overload of the circulation and heart, so that in addition to severe heart failure can occur. At timely treatment the heart can fully recover.
When the right ventricle is loaded, blood accumulates in the body, pressure in the veins of the liver, stomach, intestines and spleen increases, and metabolism is hindered. This may occur with liver dysfunction, stomach irritation, loss of appetite and weight loss.
Other internal organs are less well known, although by no means less significant. However, not everyone has information about “familiar” organs.
The purpose of the abstract is to characterize the internal organs of a person.
1. Relative position of internal organs
The relative position of the internal organs and the human skeleton (a - front view, b - rear view): 1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - thyroid gland; 3 - windpipe (trachea); 4 - left clavicle; 5 - sternum; 6 - left shoulder blade; 7 - left lung; 8 - ribs; 9 - heart; 10 - liver; 11 - stomach; 12 - spleen; 13 - transverse colon; 14 - loops of the jejunum; 15 - descending colon; 16 - ilium; 17 - sigmoid colon; 18 - pubic bone; 19 - ischium; 20 - bladder; 21 - rectum; 22 - loops of the ileum; 23 - ascending colon; 24 - right lung; 25 - right shoulder blade; 26 - right collarbone; 27 - spine; 28 - right kidney; 29 - sacrum; 30 - coccyx; 31 - left kidney.
Unrecognized anemia often causes symptoms of heart failure with poor performance, shortness of breath and fatigue. The symptoms and prognosis of heart failure worsen with anemia and can often be significantly improved by balancing iron deficiency. On the contrary, in cases of lung disease with a chronic lack of oxygen, the hemoglobin of the blood pigment may rise sharply, and therefore the blood becomes "viscous", so that even bleeding in such cases leads to relief of the heart.
The risk of heart attack increases as if the patient were a heavy smoker. Often there are pains in the heart area, which arise not from the heart, but from thoracic spine, esophagus or stomach, so there is no heart disease. This sick character must be recognized and the reasons further clarified.
2. Nervous system
Brain is the central organ of the human nervous system. It is covered with membranes of connective and soft tissues, between which there is another membrane - the choroid. Between them is cerebrospinal fluid. Brain cells are responsible for the normal functioning of neurons - cells that generate and transmit nerve impulses, and other cells.
Like almost all diseases, the body and mind affect each other in heart disease. Every heart disease creates fears. Heart disease can also lead to depression. Conversely, untreated depression or anxiety can cause long-term damage to the heart. Treating depression and eliminating distress is clearly good for the person and their heart. Countless proverbs and lyrics point to this connection.
The fact that some dementias or neurological deficits improve with optimal treatment heart disease, is mainly due primarily to improved oxygen supply to the brain and oxygen supply. There is also a very strong connection between brain function and blood pressure, as well as heart rate. The most common arrhythmia in old age, atrial fibrillation, often causes strokes due to the formation of a clot in the atrium. Repeated small strokes can also be expressed with the image of dementia.
The functions of the brain are primarily thinking, that is, the perception and processing of information. The brain is also responsible for emotions and memory, as well as the ability to perceive and generate speech - that is, for communication. The blood supply to the brain is occupied by four arteries - two carotid and two vertebral. They transmit about 20% of the total blood volume in the body to the brain.
Meanwhile, the German government declared war on obesity. Because extra pounds increase your risk for a range of diseases, from cardiovascular diseases to musculoskeletal disorders. However, fat stored in the body that surrounds vital organs such as the heart, liver or pancreas can be just as dangerous as fat that removes rings from the stomach, experts say.
Being thin doesn't mean you're not fat, says Jimmy Bell from Imperial College London. Over the past 13 years, the doctor has examined about 800 people using magnetic resonance imaging and looked at where the body can store fat. His results show one thing above all: Those who rely on diet rather than exercise to maintain their weight are more likely to put on body fat, even if they look thin. "The whole concept of fat needs to be redefined," says Bell, whose work is funded by the British Medical Research Council.
3. Digestive system
The digestive system is a group of organs that absorbs, mechanically and chemically processes food, assimilates the resulting nutrients, removal of processed products.
All organs of the digestive system are largely specialized, that is, each of them performs only one type of processing, and only their joint work ensures the digestion and assimilation of food.
His concern: People without excessive abdominal fatigue may be under the false sense that they are healthy just because they are not overweight. "Just because someone is thin doesn't make them immune to or have other risk factors for heart disease," says Louis Teicholtz, chief of cardiologist at Hackensack University in New Jersey.
Even people with a normal body mass index hide in their bodies, sometimes scaring the fat pads. For men, the percentage was even close to 60 percent. These people, whom Bell describes as "thin on the outside, fat on the inside," are the most shocked by the findings: "The thinner the people, the bigger the surprise," says Bell.
Stomach is a hollow muscular organ located between the esophagus and duodenum. Food accumulates in the stomach, going down the esophagus, and is digested thanks to gastric juice, containing certain enzymes, as well as hydrochloric acid. In addition, the stomach mechanically grinds food. Volume empty stomach– about half a liter. As you eat, the stomach stretches, usually up to one liter, but it can increase to four.
The researcher believes that thin people with a lot of internal fat are on the verge of becoming overweight. They eat too much fat and too much sugar and don't exercise enough to burn off the energy they absorb; but they don't eat enough to become overweight. Although researchers believe that fat is applied to the belly first, the body apparently deviates from this rule.
Doctors have not yet decided how dangerous internal fat is. But of course it's not great. Some experts suspect it increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Perhaps the suspicion is that fat reserves interfere with communication between parts of the body. For example, fat that surrounds organs can send a signal to store fat in the liver or pancreas, for example. This can lead to increased insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, or heart disease.
Liver- an unpaired organ, its functions are vital for humans. The liver takes part in the digestion process, neutralizes foreign substances entering the body, provides the body with glucose, makes and stores reserves of certain vitamins necessary for the body, synthesizes cholesterol and bile acids, participates in hematopoiesis.
It has long been known that fat, active people are often healthier than their thin, lethargic contemporaries. Inactive people of normal weight have a higher mortality risk than obese people who are active and fit, says Stephen Blair of the University of South Carolina.
For example, according to Bell, Japanese sumo wrestlers, with their massive masses of fat, have a better metabolic profile than some of their thinner viewers sitting in front of the TV. The reason for this is that fighters' fat is mainly stored under the skin and does not affect the muscles and internal organs.
Pancreas- a very large gland located in abdominal cavity, behind the stomach. It is adjacent to the duodenum. The pancreas is also involved in digestion, secreting enzymes that aid the process and creating various hormones that aid metabolism.
Intestines - it is part of the gastrointestinal tract, very important organ digestion and excretion of metabolic end products, that is, bile and feces. The intestines are located in the abdominal cavity.
But there is no reason to panic: who actually has body fat inside the body, you can quickly get rid of them through exercise or conscious diet. "Even if you can't see it in the bathroom mirror, calorie restriction and exercise have an aggressive effect on fat," says Canadian expert Bob Ross of Queen's University. "There is no alternative for Bell physical exercise Diet may be enough, but if you really want to be healthy, exercise should be an important part of your life."
Gallbladder- bile accumulates in it, which is then discharged into duodenum, where the process of intestinal digestion begins. In the body it is located near the liver, and the more fat there is in the food, the better it is developed. In humans, the gallbladder is pear-shaped and is usually 10-14 centimeters in size.
It is worth noting that the digestive system communicates with external environment, and accordingly, is populated by a large number of microorganisms. The degree of occupancy increases along the way digestive tract (maximum amount microorganisms live in the final sections, minimal - in the initial ones). Most microorganisms inhabiting digestive system participate in the digestion of food, forming a symbiotic system with the human body.
In this article, we will find out the details with their respective ones. Unlike the male sex, the female has a reproductive system integrated into the pelvis, which is the lower part of the abdomen. The outer part of the female reproductive organs is called the vulva, the meaning of which is "covered". The vulva, which is the area between the legs, covers the entrance that leads to the vagina and other reproductive organs located within the anatomy.
Images of the Female Reproductive System - External Organs
The fleshy area located just above the top of the vaginal opening is called the Venus mounts or salmon pubis. The vaginal opening is surrounded by two pairs of fleshy membranes called labia. The clitoris, a small, highly sensitive organ located at the front of the vulva where the folds of the lips meet. Between the central part of the lips there are openings to the urethra, which is the canal that carries urine from Bladder to the outside of the body and vagina. When a girl reaches puberty, forehead and outer lips covered with pubic hair.
4. Respiratory system
Lungs- respiratory system. They are found in humans, mammals, birds, and even some fish, for example, lungfishes and lobe-finned fish. The lungs are paired organs; in humans, they are adjacent to the heart on both sides. The lungs absorb oxygen from the air and remove oxidation products (mainly carbon dioxide) formed during metabolism.
Images of the Female Reproductive System - Internal Organs
Domestic reproductive organs women - fallopian tubes, vagina, uterus and ovaries. The vagina is a muscular tubular cavity that extends from the vaginal opening to the uterus. A mature woman's vagina is between 3 and 5 inches.
Mucous membranes line the muscular walls of the vagina, which keep it moist and protected. This vaginal design has two main purposes: it is the place where the penis is inserted during sexual activity, and it is also the way in which the new creature exits the woman's body during childbirth, called the "birth canal."
Normal process breathing works something like this:
When the level of carbon dioxide in the blood increases, the nervous system gives a signal “it’s time to breathe.”
Depending on whether the lungs are full or empty, one of the following processes occurs - inhalation or exhalation.
Inhale
When you inhale, the diaphragm and some other muscles tense, the chest rises, and the pressure in the lungs decreases.
Its internal muscle wall design allows it to expand and contract. This ability to contract and expand allows the vagina to hold something as thin as a small penis or as wide as a baby. The opening of the vagina is protected by a thin layer of tissue with one or more openings known as the hymen. The hymen usually varies from one person to another. In most women, it is expected that the hymen will tear or rupture after the first sexual experience and the possibility of bleeding; It usually causes little pain, or it may be painless.
Atmospheric air begins to flow into the lungs along a pressure gradient along the following path: nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, smaller bronchi, even smaller ones, terminal bronchioles, alveoli. Passing through the nose at a very high speed, in subsequent stages the air gradually slows down and slowly fills the alveoli. In the alveoli, gas exchange occurs between the blood and atmospheric air. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmospheric air, and from it oxygen enters the blood.
However, for some women who have had sex, the hymen does not undergo major changes. The vagina is connected to the uterus at the cervix. The neck has strong and thick walls. The entrance to the cervix is tiny, so the tampon can never be inside the female's body. During labor, the cervix may be dilated to allow the baby to pass.
The uterus is shaped like an inverted pear, with a thick lining and muscular walls; In fact, the womb is designed by some of the most strong muscles human body. These muscles can expand and contract to accommodate the already developing fetus and then help expel the baby during labor. When not pregnant, the uterus is only 3 inches long and 2 inches wide.
Exhalation
The diaphragm relaxes, some other muscles tighten, and the rib cage drops. Under pressure chest the lungs compress, releasing air out.
5. Endocrine system
The endocrine system, along with the nervous system, controls and regulates the body’s activities. Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine system mainly regulates metabolic processes.
The fallopian tubes connect to the uterus with the ovaries at the top of the uterus. The ovaries are two oval organs located on the upper right and left side of the uterus. They store, produce, and release eggs in the fallopian tubes in a process called ovulation. Each ovary measures 1.5 to 2 inches in an already developed woman.
The male reproductive system, together with the female reproductive system, is responsible for carrying out human reproduction. It is divided into internal organs, located inside the pelvis, and external organs, which are located outside the pelvis and are known as the genitals.
The main mechanism of signal transmission is the transfer of chemically active substances through the bloodstream. Compared with nervous system this mechanism is much slower and less selective, but it is the endocrine system that ensures the regulation of basic metabolic processes and creates the conditions for the full implementation of the control functions of the nervous system.
What is the male reproductive device?
The male reproductive system is also responsible for holding nearby. The human reproductive system works to produce and release sperm. It also produces hormones that help develop primary and secondary sexual characteristics in men, especially during puberty.
External organs of the male reproductive system
The male reproductive system is divided into external and internal genitalia. Male external genitalia reproductive system- scrotum and penis. Its function is to contain and maintain a temperature suitable for the testicles so that they can produce sperm. Pene: it is a human sexual organ that serves for sexual pleasure, communication or intercourse and elimination of urine and semen. Therefore, it has both reproductive and sexual functions and a urinary system.
Internal organs of the male reproductive system
- Scrotum: The scrotum is a sac that covers the testicles and is made of skin.
- It has the ability to become engorged and strengthen when stimulated.
- The penis carries sperm out of the body through the urethra.
It should be noted that the influence endocrine system on higher activity very large.
Among the organs of the endocrine system, two groups can be distinguished:
· Central
· Peripheral
Central organs, in addition to performing chemical regulation of metabolic processes, interact with the nervous system and control the work of peripheral organs. Peripheral organs perform exclusively the functions of regulating metabolic processes.
Thyroid - It’s also an endocrine gland. Its function is the production of hormones involved in regulating metabolism in the body. These hormones contain iodine in large quantities. The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck.
6. Circulatory system
Heart– a hollow, fibromuscular organ. It is he who is responsible for the flow of blood through the blood vessels; it can be called a kind of pump. Male adult heart weighs a little more than three hundred grams, and the female one weighs about two hundred and fifty. The human heart, like that of other mammals, is four-chambered and is divided by septa, which include the vena cava and pulmonary veins.
The heart, blood vessels and blood make up circulatory system. Its main functions are the transfer of oxygen and nutrients (mainly glucose) through the bloodstream to organs and tissues, and oxidation products from tissues to the lungs for removal from the body. It is also worth noting the function of immune defense.
7. Urinary system
The main function of the urinary system is to remove excess fluid and salts from the body, as well as other soluble chemicals, including metabolic products.
Kidneys are a paired organ. They are located on both sides of the spine, at lumbar level.
Two approach the kidneys blood vessel, one bringing blood from the heart, the other carrying it to the liver.
The kidney filters excess fluid from the blood and harmful substances dissolved in it; the blood is accordingly sent to the efferent vessel, and then to the liver.
The kidneys also maintain water-salt and acid-base balance in the body.
The filtered liquid (urine) enters the ureters and then into the bladder.
Bladder– also a hollow muscular organ, belongs to the excretory system. Its function is the accumulation of urine and its release through the urethra. The bladder is located in the lower abdomen, behind the pubis. Its lower part, tapering, passes into the urethra. The capacity of the bladder ranges from 250 to 500 milliliters.
When the bladder becomes full, pressure receptors in its wall begin to send signals to the brain about “we should go small.”
8. Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is a system of vessels that originate in tissues and organs and flow into the venous bloodstream.
But it is not blood that flows through these vessels, but the so-called lymph, or intercellular fluid.
Lymph is formed as a result of the release (sweating) of fluid from vessels during the blood supply to organs and tissues, as well as during various metabolic processes in cells.
Essential Function lymphatic system - ensuring the outflow of interstitial and intercellular fluid into the circulatory system.
In addition, the lymphatic system implements the body's immune defense function.
9. Reproductive system
The main function of the genital organs is to ensure reproduction processes. Namely - mating, fertilization, gestation, birth and feeding of a child.
Humans are bisexual creatures, that is, the structure and functions of the female and male genital organs differ.
In addition to everything, people are viviparous creatures, which means that offspring are born (leaves the mother’s body) not in the form of eggs, larvae, spores, etc. and in the form of a small copy of the parent - breathing, hearing, screaming, moving.
And besides, people are mammals. The mother's body produces a special, especially nutritious and easily digestible product (milk), relieving the child of the need to eat food obtained in the environment (and therefore potentially dangerous) at least during the first few months of life.
All these tricks are aimed at increasing the offspring's chances of survival.
Uterus – female organ, muscular, hollow. An already fertilized egg develops in the uterus, and the fetus is gestated in it. The uterus also has a menstrual function. The uterus is located between the bladder and rectum.
Prostate or prostate - a male unpaired organ that is located below the bladder. The prostate borders the initial part of the urethra, where its excretory ducts open. The prostate is involved in the formation of certain substances that thin the sperm and increase sperm motility. These substances are released during ejaculation.
Testicles– these are the male gonads, in which male reproductive cells and hormones are formed, mainly testosterone. The testicles are initially located in the abdominal cavity, but shortly before the birth of a male baby, his testicles descend from there into the scrotum, since it is there that the ideal temperature for sperm maturation.
Ovaries– female gonads are located in the pelvis and perform the same functions as the testicles in men.
Bibliography
1. Anatomy. / Ed. I.V. Khrustaleva. – M.: Kolos, 1994.
2. Kimball J.W. Anatomy of the human circulatory system. – M.: Prospekt, 1999.
3. Kozlova S.A. Me and my body. Internal organs person. – M.: Shk. Press, 2005.
4. Marshak M.E. Regulation of breathing in humans. - M.: Medgiz, 1961. - 267 p.
5. Mukhin E.O. Anatomy course. – M.: Education, 1993.
Plan
Introduction
1. Relative position of internal organs
2. Nervous system
3. Digestive system
4. Respiratory system
5. Endocrine system
6. Circulatory system
7. Urinary system
8. Lymphatic system
9. Reproductive system
Bibliography
Introduction
People familiar and even far from medicine know that the internal organs of a person are: the brain, stomach, gall bladder, intestines, lungs, uterus, bladder, liver, pancreas, kidneys, prostate, heart, thyroid gland, testicles, ovaries.
Other internal organs are less well known, although by no means less significant. However, not everyone has information about “familiar” organs.
The purpose of the abstract is to characterize the internal organs of a person.
1. Relative position of internal organs
The relative position of the internal organs and the human skeleton (a - front view, b - rear view): 1 - thyroid cartilage; 2 - thyroid gland; 3 - windpipe (trachea); 4 - left clavicle; 5 - sternum; 6 - left shoulder blade; 7 - left lung; 8 - ribs; 9 - heart; 10 - liver; 11 - stomach; 12 - spleen; 13 - transverse colon; 14 - loops of the jejunum; 15 - descending colon; 16 - ilium; 17 - sigmoid colon; 18 - pubic bone; 19 - ischium; 20 - bladder; 21 - rectum; 22 - loops of the ileum; 23 - ascending colon; 24 - right lung; 25 - right shoulder blade; 26 - right collarbone; 27 - spine; 28 - right kidney; 29 - sacrum; 30 - coccyx; 31 - left kidney.
2. Nervous system
Brain is the central organ of the human nervous system. It is covered with membranes of connective and soft tissues, between which there is another membrane - the choroid. Between them is cerebrospinal fluid. Brain cells are responsible for the normal functioning of neurons - cells that generate and transmit nerve impulses, and other cells.
The functions of the brain are primarily thinking, that is, the perception and processing of information. The brain is also responsible for emotions and memory, as well as the ability to perceive and generate speech - that is, for communication. The blood supply to the brain is occupied by four arteries - two carotid and two vertebral. They transmit about 20% of the total blood volume in the body to the brain.
3. Digestive system
The digestive system is a group of organs that absorbs, mechanically and chemically processes food, assimilates the resulting nutrients, and removes processed products.
All organs of the digestive system are largely specialized, that is, each of them performs only one type of processing, and only their joint work ensures the digestion and assimilation of food.
Stomach is a hollow muscular organ located between the esophagus and duodenum. In the stomach, food accumulates, going down the esophagus, and is digested thanks to gastric juice containing certain enzymes, as well as hydrochloric acid. In addition, the stomach mechanically grinds food. The volume of an empty stomach is approximately half a liter. As you eat, the stomach stretches, usually up to one liter, but it can increase to four.
Liver- an unpaired organ, its functions are vital for humans. The liver takes part in the digestion process, neutralizes foreign substances entering the body, provides the body with glucose, makes and stores reserves of certain vitamins necessary for the body, synthesizes cholesterol and bile acids, and participates in hematopoiesis.
Pancreas- a very large gland located in the abdominal cavity, behind the stomach. It is adjacent to the duodenum. The pancreas is also involved in digestion, secreting enzymes that aid the process and creating various hormones that aid metabolism.
Intestines - this is part gastrointestinal tract, a very important organ of digestion and excretion of metabolic end products, that is, bile and feces. The intestines are located in the abdominal cavity.
Gallbladder- bile accumulates in it, which is then discharged into the duodenum, where the process of intestinal digestion begins. In the body it is located near the liver, and the more fat there is in the food, the better it is developed. In humans, the gallbladder is pear-shaped and is usually 10-14 centimeters in size.
It is worth noting that the digestive system communicates with the external environment, and accordingly, is populated by a large number of microorganisms. The degree of population increases along the digestive tract (the maximum number of microorganisms lives in the final sections, the minimum in the initial sections). Most of the microorganisms that populate the digestive system are involved in the digestion of food, forming a symbiotic system with the human body.
4. Respiratory system
Lungs- respiratory system. They are found in humans, mammals, birds, and even some fish, for example, lungfishes and lobe-finned fish. The lungs are paired organs; in humans, they are adjacent to the heart on both sides. The lungs absorb oxygen from the air and remove oxidation products (mainly carbon dioxide) formed during metabolism.
The normal breathing process works something like this:
When the level of carbon dioxide in the blood increases, the nervous system gives a signal “it’s time to breathe.”
Depending on whether the lungs are full or empty, one of the following processes occurs - inhalation or exhalation.
Inhale
When you inhale, the diaphragm and some other muscles tense, the chest rises, and the pressure in the lungs decreases.
Atmospheric air begins to flow into the lungs along a pressure gradient along the following path: nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, smaller bronchi, even smaller ones, terminal bronchioles, alveoli. Passing through the nose at a very high speed, in subsequent stages the air gradually slows down and slowly fills the alveoli. In the alveoli, gas exchange occurs between the blood and atmospheric air. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmospheric air, and from it oxygen enters the blood.
Exhalation
The diaphragm relaxes, some other muscles tighten, and the rib cage drops. Under pressure from the chest, the lungs compress, releasing air out.
5. Endocrine system
The endocrine system, along with the nervous system, controls and regulates the body’s activities. Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine system mainly regulates metabolic processes.
The main mechanism of signal transmission is the transfer of chemically active substances through the bloodstream. Compared to the nervous system, this mechanism is much slower and less selective, but it is the endocrine system that ensures the regulation of basic metabolic processes and creates the conditions for the full implementation of the control functions of the nervous system.
It should be noted that the influence of the endocrine system on higher activity is very great.
Among the organs of the endocrine system, two groups can be distinguished:
· Central
· Peripheral
Central organs, in addition to performing chemical regulation of metabolic processes, interact with the nervous system and control the work of peripheral organs. Peripheral organs perform exclusively the functions of regulating metabolic processes.
Thyroid- It’s also an endocrine gland. Its function is the production of hormones involved in regulating metabolism in the body. These hormones contain iodine in large quantities. The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck.
6. Circulatory system
Heart– a hollow, fibromuscular organ. It is he who is responsible for the flow of blood through the blood vessels; it can be called a kind of pump. An adult male heart weighs a little more than three hundred grams, and a female heart weighs about two hundred and fifty. The human heart, like that of other mammals, is four-chambered and is divided by septa, which include the vena cava and pulmonary veins.
The heart, blood vessels and blood make up the circulatory system. Its main functions are the transfer of oxygen and nutrients (mainly glucose) through the bloodstream to organs and tissues, and oxidation products from tissues to the lungs for removal from the body. It is also worth noting the function of immune defense.
7. Urinary system
The main function of the urinary system is to remove excess fluid and salts from the body, as well as other soluble chemicals, including metabolic products.
Kidneys are a paired organ. They are located on both sides of the spine, at lumbar level.
Two blood vessels approach the kidneys, one bringing blood from the heart, the other carrying it to the liver.
The kidney filters excess fluid from the blood and harmful substances dissolved in it; the blood is accordingly sent to the efferent vessel, and then to the liver.
The kidneys also maintain water-salt and acid-base balance in the body.
The filtered liquid (urine) enters the ureters and then into the bladder.
Bladder– also a hollow muscular organ, belongs to the excretory system. Its function is the accumulation of urine and its release through the urethra. The bladder is located in the lower abdomen, behind the pubis. Its lower part, tapering, passes into the urethra. The capacity of the bladder ranges from 250 to 500 milliliters.
When the bladder becomes full, pressure receptors in its wall begin to send signals to the brain about “we should go small.”
8. Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is a system of vessels that originate in tissues and organs and flow into the venous bloodstream.
But it is not blood that flows through these vessels, but the so-called lymph, or intercellular fluid.
Lymph is formed as a result of the release (sweating) of fluid from vessels during the blood supply to organs and tissues, as well as during various metabolic processes in cells.
The most important function of the lymphatic system is to ensure the outflow of interstitial and intercellular fluid into the circulatory system.
Besides, lymphatic system implements the function of the body's immune defense.
9. Reproductive system
The main function of the genital organs is to ensure reproduction processes. Namely - mating, fertilization, gestation, birth and feeding of a child.
Humans are bisexual creatures, that is, the structure and functions of the female and male genital organs differ.
In addition to everything, people are viviparous creatures, which means that offspring are born (leaves the mother’s body) not in the form of eggs, larvae, spores, etc. and in the form of a small copy of the parent - breathing, hearing, screaming, moving.
And besides, people are mammals. The mother’s body produces a special, especially nutritious and easily digestible product (milk), relieving the child of the need to eat food obtained in the environment (and therefore potentially dangerous) at least during the first few months of life.
All these tricks are aimed at increasing the offspring's chances of survival.
Uterus– female organ, muscular, hollow. An already fertilized egg develops in the uterus, and the fetus is gestated in it. The uterus also has a menstrual function. The uterus is located between the bladder and rectum.
Prostate or prostate gland- a male unpaired organ that is located below the bladder. The prostate borders the initial part of the urethra, where its excretory ducts open. The prostate is involved in the formation of certain substances that thin the sperm and increase sperm motility. These substances are released during ejaculation.
Testicles– these are the male gonads, in which male reproductive cells and hormones are formed, mainly testosterone. The testicles are initially located in the abdominal cavity, but shortly before the birth of a male baby, his testicles descend from there into the scrotum, since it is there that the ideal temperature for sperm maturation.
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