Nephrosis(nephrosis)

Nephrosis(nephrosis) Is a kidney disease characterized by dystrophic changes in the parenchyma with primary defeat tubules. Along the course, it can be acute and chronic, by the size of the lesions - focal and diffuse, by origin - primary and secondary. Animals of all kinds are sick, but often young animals, especially piglets and calves.

Etiology . The cause of the disease can be fodder intoxication, poisoning with mineral and organic matter, metabolic disorders, circulatory disorders, infectious and invasive diseases. A predisposing factor is a lack of vitamins A, D, E and group B.

Symptoms . There is depression, decreased appetite, at the onset of the disease there is polyuria, which is subsequently replaced by oliguria. Extensive edema appears in the area of ​​the eyelids, dewlap and limbs. With a prolonged course and progressive uremia, gastroenteritis, toxic hepatitis, pancreatosis, myocardosis and anemia occur. The skin of patients becomes dry, brittle hair.

The urine contains a large number of protein (3-5%), mainly albumin, less large-molecular proteins, deflated renal tubular epithelium, hyaline and granular casts.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis . The diagnosis is carried out taking into account the anamnesis, clinical symptoms and laboratory tests of urine and blood. At differential diagnosis exclude nephritis and pyelonephritis.

Treatment . First of all, it is necessary to eliminate etiological factors that caused the disease, and organize a complete feeding with a sufficient content of protein, carbohydrates, calcium and vitamins. Sick animals increase the dose of milk, skim milk, prescribe clover and alfalfa hay, legume-cereal mixtures, limit the dacha table salt and water. In order to enhance regeneration renal epithelium use vitamin A and E.

To compensate for large protein losses and relieve intoxication, fresh citrate plasma, hydrolysin, polyglucin, hemodez, 40% glucose solution are injected intravenously at the rate of 0.5-1 ml / kg of animal weight. Calcium and potassium preparations are also prescribed: calcium chloride, calcium gluconate, potassium chloride and potassium orotate. At severe edema use diuretics.

Prophylaxis nephrosis is based on full feeding taking into account age and species features, protection of animals from poisoning by spoiled feed, pesticides.

Important is early diagnosis and timely treatment non-communicable, infectious and invasive diseases.

Hello Anna Valerievna.
Help me please!!!
My cat is 14-15 years old, Persian.
At first it seemed strange that he began to drink a lot of water (he jumped on the sink in the bathroom, climbed to the sink in the kitchen, went to the toilet, jumped on the toilet) then, within a week, two weeks he gave up milk, became passive - he ate less, sat in unusual places and sleep all day, lost weight. veterinary clinic injected saline and told to hand over oam. the next day brought oam: cr ++++, glucose +++++. nephritis? they dripped a dropper (physical solution) prescribed 1) a dropper na cl 0.9% 100ml 3-5 days 2) kanephron dilutes 5 drops with water. the next day we came to the dropper (and the shift changed there) said it was better to do an ultrasound abdominal cavity They didn’t start making a drip. Today (December 3) they did an ultrasound:
Protocol ultrasound examination the abdominal cavity of the animal
Bladder
The degree of filling - good, content - oh, education - not a view - the wall is not thickened
Left kidney
The location of the typical shape-oval dimensions is 4.0: 2.8, the contours are distinct, tuberous, the capsule is not visible, the cortical-cerebral differentiation is fuzzy, the ratio of the cortical layer to the medulla is 0.7: 1.4. The echogenicity of the cortical layer is higher. The echogenicity of the medullary layer is increased. pelvis is not dilated. education is not a view
Right kidney
The location of the typical shape-oval dimensions 4.1: 2.8 contours are distinct tuberous; the capsule is not visible; the cortical-cerebral differentiation is fuzzy; the ratio of the cortical layer to the medulla is 0.6: 1.3; the echogenicity of the cortical layer is higher; the echogenicity of the medullary layer is increased. pelvis is not dilated. education is not a view
Spleen
The location is typical, the shape is typical, the contours are clear, the eco-structure is melt-echogenicity is normal.blood vessels - not a form of formation - not a species
Liver
The location is typical, the mobility during respiratory excursions is there, the contours are clear, the capsule is not a species, the echostrua of the parenchyma is coarse-sodic homogeneous echogenicity of the parenchyma is normal.
Gall bladder
The degree of filling is average. The location is typical. The formation is not of a kind. The wall is not thickened.
Conclusion Nephrosis, nephromegaly
Diet royal kaknin renal, hols k / d
I asked the doctor about the treatment, how there is no such thing, it is not curable ... she will live, she said, maybe half a year, maybe 8 months ...
I bought 500g dry heals and in a bag with salmon. At first the cat seemed to be delighted and liked the smell. The doctor said if you put on this diet, but let him eat only this food, no, no. Yesterday I ate boiled chicken in small pieces from my hands and gave it to him. I cry every day, I love my cat very much, I don’t know how I will be without him ...
Tell me if it is worth going to a dropper, the better to feed it? What can you advise? THANKS IN ADVANCE FOR YOUR ANSWER !!!

The excretory system of the animal body plays a very important role - if at least some of its parts fail, the consequences are dire. The worst thing is when the kidneys are affected as a result of some kind of disease. In this case, nephrosis can occur in cats.

Nephrosis is a non-inflammatory renal degeneration. It is accompanied by poisoning of the body with products of internal processes (intoxication) and development renal failure... As a rule, the disease develops quickly. Most often, dogs, horses, farm animals, and cats suffer from nephrosis. Nephrosis affects both old and young animals. Nephrosis is a very insidious disease, however, on early stages the state of the animal is restored. If your pet develops swelling and thirst, see your veterinarian immediately. Your pet needs help.

Causes of nephrosis in cats

The most common causes of kidney disease in cats are:

infections, allergic reactions, colds, poisoning;

exposure to microbial agents and their toxins (staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci, colibacillus and etc.);

mechanical irritation urinary stones or sand;

presence of diseases gastrointestinal tract or bronchopneumonia;

stagnant urine;

hypothermia of the body;

dampness in the room,

poor conditions of detention;

unsatisfactory condition of the skin;

unsatisfactory feed quality;

vegetable or chemical poisons.

Symptoms of nephrosis in cats

In acute and chronic nephrosis, they vary depending on the etiology, nature, intensity of the process and the reactivity of the organism. Urine contains protein, blood cells, renal epithelium, casts; acidosis, uremia develop. When the condition of the animal improves, polyuria occurs. The urine is light, with a low relative density.

Emaciation, edema, anemia, diarrhea are characteristic; diuresis decreases, the content of protein and cylinders is increased in the urine. Renal failure progresses, hypoproteinemia increases. With an increase in anuria and uremia, a coma and death of the animal may occur.

Loss of cat's appetite.

Nausea and vomiting.

Weight loss in cats.

Increased water consumption.

Frequent urination of the kitten.

Decreased urination.

Blood in the urine.

Low back pain with numb gait and hunched over when seated.

Bad fur.

Ulcers in the mouth or drooling.

High blood pressure.

Diagnostics

To establish accurate diagnosis a number of examinations are prescribed by a veterinarian:

collection of anamnesis;

examination of the cat;

results of laboratory tests of urine and blood;

fluoroscopy.

Treatment of nephrosis in cats

The first step is to ensure complete rest and comprehensive feeding, including a vitamin diet.

Eliminate the etiological factors of the disease. In the diet of cats is introduced egg white at the rate of 1 g / kg of body weight, milk, limit table salt, water. Prescribe antibiotics, sulfonamides, multivitamins, retabolil, alvezin.

When making a diagnosis, take into account the data of the anamnesis, Clinical signs, urine test results.

Treatment. Diet, limiting the intake of table salt, a decrease in the diet of animal protein, dairy products, vegetables, cereals. Prescribe corticosteroids (prednisone 0.005-0.02 g), diuretics (hypothiazide 0.001 g / kg), intravenous 10% albumin solution 5 ml / kg, intramuscular heparin 300 U / kg, brufen 0.1-0.2 g, intravenous glucose 2-25 and hexamethylenetetramine 0.5-2 g.

Forecast

Shown hormonal drugs(prednisolone, ACTH, theroxidine) if there is no fever or exhaustion. Diuretics are used (veroshpiron, triampur, hypothiazide, furosemide, promeran, clopamide), as well as agents that normalize the function of digestion and cardiotonic drugs (glycosides).

At mild form nephrosis, after the causes of the disease have been eliminated, the prognosis for the sick animal is favorable. At severe course nephrosis prognosis is not favorable.

Nephrosis is non-inflammatory renal degeneration. It is accompanied by poisoning of the body with products of internal processes (intoxication) and the development of renal failure. As a rule, the disease develops quickly. Most often, dogs, horses, farm animals, and cats suffer from nephrosis. Nephrosis affects both old and young animals. Nephrosis is a very insidious disease, however, in the early stages, the animal's condition is restored. If your pet develops swelling and thirst, see your veterinarian immediately. Your pet needs help.

The main signs of nephrosis

Symptoms of nephrosis appear only with severe kidney damage.

At the onset of the disease, the animal gets tired quickly and reluctantly moves. Then edema appears on the lower surface of the body, at the base of the neck and legs.

Thirst appears. Animals refuse food, and in severe cases, and water. Sometimes in the corners of the mouth accumulates viscous saliva... Frequent satellites of nephrosis - diarrhea, ulcers on inner surface oral cavity.

Nephrosis is a disease in which dystrophic processes develop in the capillaries of the kidney of an animal

Kidney disease can damage the cells that produce urine. Groups of cells around the capillaries die off. Blood vessels narrowed, the nutrition of the nearby cells is disrupted.

Age-related changes develop in animals over eleven years old. The structure of the capillaries changes, on the inner surface are deposited complex fats and organic salts. The nutrition of the kidney cells becomes difficult, the pressure in the urine production system drops. The body increases the pressure of the blood in the vessels, but the deposition of cholesterol and salts is accelerated. Capillaries become clogged, surrounding cells die off and are replaced connective tissue.

Causes and course

The disease is not fully understood. It is believed that nephrosis is caused by:

• kidney disease;
• age-related changes;
• liver disease;
• severe infections;
• allergy;
• diabetes;
• spoiled feed;
• poisoning.

Kidney disease leads to impaired protein synthesis and the appearance of toxins in the blood. The membranes of the kidney cells are damaged, and the process of urine formation is irreversibly disrupted.

Severe infections are accompanied by kidney damage both by pathogens (leptospirosis, brucellosis) and by toxins of microorganisms ( parvovirus enteritis, plague of dogs, tuberculosis, eczema). Damaged cells are replaced by connective tissue, blood flow through the nearest vessels decreases. The nearby kidney cells lack nutrition and the process continues.

Allergy is characterized by the formation of large molecules. The conglomerate combines the allergenic substance and the antibodies that bind it. These complexes settle on the cells responsible for the formation of urine and destroy them.

Diabetes leads to the deposition of carbohydrates in kidney cells. The inputs are significantly higher than the costs. Cells that have accumulated a large amount of carbohydrates die off.

Spoiled feed, poisoning lead to the accumulation of toxins in the body that damage kidney cells. The processes of transition of liquid and other substances into urine are disrupted.

As a result of these reasons, the kidneys' ability to excrete toxins decreases. Large amounts of protein and water are excreted in the urine. The body accumulates minerals and toxins. The animal is rapidly losing weight.

Minerals attract liquids. For example, one part sodium chloride ( edible salt) binds 18 parts of water. Toxins are retained along with the fluid in the body. Edema appears.

Protein is deposited in the urine production system. The cells surrounding the deposition reduce functional activity, accumulate toxins and other substances, and then die off. Toxins accumulate in the nearest capillaries and block the blood flow.

The process is growing, the accumulated toxins and minerals poison the body. Intoxication occurs.

Part harmful substances excreted through the mucous membranes of the mouth, stomach and intestines. Toxins irritate the intestines, diarrhea begins. As a result of irritation with slags of the stomach and their high concentration in the blood, vomiting occurs. Irritation by slags of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity causes the appearance of ulcers.

The body loses water, nausea occurs.

The lethal outcome occurs from intoxication and depletion of the body.

Diagnosis is based on clinical picture and laboratory research urine

Nephrosis treatment

Performed in the blade by an experienced veterinarian. As a rule, the animal needs a correction of the diet. The amount of table salt decreases, the proportion of protein increases. The manipulations are aimed at:

• elimination of the causes of nephrosis;
• removal of salts and toxins from the body;
• restoration of kidney function.

Elimination of the causes of nephrosis is one of critical milestones treatment. The use of medications depends on the nature of the diseases causing the kidney degeneration. For example, for infectious diseases the leading stage is the use of antimicrobial (tetracycline, augumentin, etc.), as well as antiviral (anadin) agents. In nephrosis caused by allergies, adrenal cortex hormones (dexamethasone, prednisolone, etc.) are used because of their property to reduce the activity of the immune system. In case of poisoning, the poisons are neutralized (sodium thiosulfate) and removed from the body.

Removal of salts and toxins from the body achieved by the use of diuretics. The choice of medication depends on the causes of nephrosis and the condition of the animal. Furosemide, lasix, veroshpiron, triampur, etc. are widely used. At the same time, a solution of potassium chloride, asparkam can be used.

Restoration of kidney function is one of the most important stages of treatment. Medicines are used that restore functional activity (lespenephril) and accelerate the growth (riboxin) of kidney cells.

The choice of drugs in each case is based on changes in the body and condition of the animal.

In some cases, hydrolysin solution, alvezin and other drugs are used to restore protein losses.

Nephrosis- diseases with predominantly dystrophic changes in the straight and convoluted tubules in the form of amyloid, fatty degeneration, turbid swelling or necrosis without inflammatory reactions from the side of the vascular glomeruli. On the flow, there are acute (necronephrosis) and chronic (amyloid-lipoid nephrosis).

Pathological changes. The kidneys are enlarged, the capsule is tense, the borders of the cortical and medullary layers are erased, the consistency is softened.

Necronephrosis - kidney damage with tubular necrosis, minor changes in the glomeruli, impaired urination and acute renal failure.

Etiology. The disease occurs as a result of: salt poisoning heavy metals(mercury, bismuth, etc.), organochlorine compounds (hexachloroethane, hexachlorane), carbon tetrachloride, arsenic, complications in acute infectious diseases (leptospirosis, foot and mouth disease), acute septic processes; hemolytic anemias; ketosis; intestinal obstruction.

Symptoms Against the background of the clinical picture of poisoning, autointoxication, infections, urinary excretion decreases. Urine with a low specific gravity, in the sediment cells with fatty degeneration, erythrocytes, leukocytes, granular casts. Anemia. Neutrophilic leukocytosis. Residual nitrogen in the blood - up to 300 mg%, a decrease in the alkaline reserve.

Uremia. Renal failure

Excreted and endogenous poisons, when excreted through the kidneys, cause deep changes in the epithelium of the urinary tubules, where they are absorbed, concentrated, which leads to necrosis of the tubular epithelium, blockage of the lumen of the tubules by desquamated epithelium. Necrosis can spread to Shumlyansky-Bowman capsules. Violations of blood circulation and urination lead to uremia, an increase in the blood residual nitrogen, indican.

Pathological changes. The buds may not be enlarged, the consistency is softened, the characteristic pattern of the structure is erased. Diagnostics. The diagnosis is made according to the history, clinical picture, urine and blood tests.

Forecast. V severe cases intoxication - death; at moderate often recovery in the 2-3rd week; v mild- restoration of the affected areas of the tubules due to the regeneration of the epithelium.

Treatment. Eliminate the causes of the disease. Take action to quick removal and neutralization of poisons, endotoxins using appropriate antidotes. Glucose with caffeine is injected into a vein (for large animals, 200-400 ml of a 20-40% glucose solution), blood replacement fluids. Effective norepinephrine intravenously at a dose of 8-10 mg per 100 kg of animal weight in 40% glucose solution or 1% sodium chloride solution. Diet therapy. In case of poisoning - first a hungry diet, gastric lavage, deep enemas, With anuria - bloodletting, followed by compensation with blood replacement fluid.