An excited state of affect. What is Affect? Manifestation of affect happens

Affect - what is it, what is this state? This term came from psychiatric and criminal practice into everyday life. How does it differ from ordinary emotions, when does it become a dangerous pathology?

Emotions are different

Emotion is called mental and physiological process, which reflects a personal unconscious assessment of a situation or phenomenon. Positive changes cause joy, while unpleasant changes cause irritation, sadness, fear or anger. The latter is what affect is made of. What is this condition? This is an intense state that lasts a relatively short time, but has vivid psychosomatic manifestations - changes in breathing and pulse, blood spasms peripheral vessels, increased sweating, impaired movement.

What types does affect include?

We have found out what affect is. Now let's look at its classification. The main types of affect are divided depending on their impact into asthenic (horror, melancholy - everything that paralyzes activity) and sthenic (delight, anger - mobilization and motivation to action). If the situations that caused this condition are repeated frequently, then the tension accumulates. view. The most dangerous is pathological, which is caused by a violation of the adequate functioning of the human psychophysiological system. which lasts from thirty minutes to an hour, during which a person behaves “on autopilot” and is not aware of his actions. After the cessation of the condition, the individual usually does not remember his actions and feels exhaustion and prostration. That is why, if a person committed a murder in a state of passion, this is a mitigating circumstance, since the accused did not control his actions and was not aware of them.

Legal aspects

It is necessary to make some clarifications in the question legal justification these kinds of altered states. In legal practice, only pathological proven affect is a mitigating circumstance. If a person has committed a pathological crime, he will receive a maximum of three years in prison. All other types are taken into account only mediocrely.

History of the study

"Affect" - what does this word mean? It comes from Latin. Affectus means "passion", "excitement". Even the Greeks knew this state. Plato called it as an innate mental principle. If a person showed a tendency to passion, then he should take up military affairs. The Christian view viewed these states as manifestations of the influence of dark forces, obsession. It was only during the times of Descartes and Spinoza that the role of the relationship between emotions, mind and body began to be understood. Emotional affect came to the attention of scientists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Researchers such as Mauss and Durkheim discovered that society influences the individual through affect. Psychological affect was also of interest to Freud, who concluded that the suppression of such states leads to serious mental disorders and diseases and pathologies. They can then be expressed in such physical symptoms, like pain, paralysis and so on.

Action example

Let's look at an example of how affect works. All people have anxious moods that are replaced by fear. This feeling is already more definite, and it usually has known cause. When fear reaches its climax, horror occurs. And this is a psycho-emotional state that is characterized by unusual strength and violent expression in external actions, physiological internal processes, often uncontrollable. If a person is irritated, then this feeling can develop into anger, and then into rage. It is violent feelings, unconscious and uncontrollable, that are called affects in psychological and criminal practice.

Characteristics from the point of view of the central nervous system

Central nervous system in a state of passion, experiences violent irritation due to strong emotional experiences. The concept of affect is characterized maximum strength inhibitory and excitatory processes in the cerebral cortex, increased activity of subcortical centers. Excitation in the centers of the brain that are associated with emotions is accompanied by inhibition of areas of the cortex that are responsible for analyzing what is happening and reporting on their actions. Subcortical centers, freed from the control of the cerebral cortex during the action of affect, are responsible for the outward vivid manifestation of this state. Affect has its own unique characteristics. The course of this emotional experience is limited in time, since this process is excessively intense. That is why it becomes obsolete quite quickly. There are three main stages.

Stage one: initial

In some cases, the state of passion occurs unexpectedly, like some kind of flash or explosion, and then instantly reaches maximum intensity. In other cases, the intensity of the experience increases gradually. Excitation and inhibition in different centers of the cerebral cortex and subcortical centers are increasingly activated. Thanks to this, a person increasingly loses his self-control.

Stage two: central

During this stage, sudden changes and disturbances in the adequate functioning of the body are observed. Excitation in the subcortical centers reaches higher power, inhibition covers all the most important centers of the cortex and inhibits their functions. Thanks to this, many nervous processes that are associated with education and morality disintegrate. Speech and thinking are impaired, attention decreases, and control over actions is lost. Disorder appears fine motor skills. The functions of the glands are enhanced internal secretion, autonomic nervous system. Breathing and blood circulation are impaired. At this stage, affect has not one culminating peak, but several: the period of active flow changes with a period of attenuation, and then the cycle is repeated several times.

Stage three: final

During this stage, internal and altered states fade away. The vital activity of the whole organism declines greatly: enormous waste of nervous forces exhausts it. A person experiences apathy, drowsiness, and fatigue.

Characteristics of emotional experiences

Affect is an unconscious state to a lesser or greater extent, depending on its intensity. This is expressed in reduced control over actions. During the heat of passion, a person is not able to control his actions; he is overwhelmed by emotions that he is almost unaware of. However, absolute lack of accountability is observed only during especially strong states when the most important parts of the brain are completely inhibited. This is precisely the condition that appears in criminal practice. In most cases, especially in the initial, growing stage, control is maintained, but in a reduced and partial form. A strong affect takes over the entire personality. Sharp and strong changes are observed in the process of consciousness. The volume of information processed is significantly reduced to a small number of perceptions and ideas. Many facts and phenomena are perceived completely differently, and a change in personal attitudes occurs. The very personality of a person changes, moral and ethical ideas are reset. In these situations they say that the person has changed before our eyes.

Watching detective series, we often hear the expression “state of passion,” but only doctors and investigators know what it means and what its signs are. But mere mortals are also interested in what kind of condition this is and why people who have broken the law are trying so hard to convince the investigation that they acted in a state of passion.

What is a state of affect?

Affect is a state of strong emotional disturbance that arose as a result of violence, bullying, severe insult or a long-term situation that had a traumatic effect on the human psyche. Depending on the type of affect, it can be a mitigating or completely excluding criminal liability circumstance, or it can also be recognized as an aggravating factor.

In any case, strong emotional excitement makes processes that are not associated with it slower. That is, a person concentrates his attention only on the object that caused his anger (despair, resentment), the rest of the person does not perceive at all or remembers some moments by pure chance.

Most often, a state of passion occurs in unbalanced people who have weak character. Externally, this may manifest itself in delayed movements or excessive activity. The person may also blush or turn pale, his speech will be intermittent, and his movements may be constrained or chaotic. In any case, the state of affect cannot but manifest itself in any way.

Psychology about the state of affect

In psychology, there are three types of states of affect: pathological, physiological on pathological grounds, and physiological. Pathological affect is a painful short-term mental disorder, which is accompanied by impulsive actions, partial or complete loss of memory, and deep confusion. Often a person’s actions are accompanied by incoherent speech and excessive gesticulation. This state usually ends with general weakness, drowsiness, or deep sleep. Pathological condition affect requires treatment, and therefore such people are not responsible for their actions and are considered insane.

Physiological affect on a pathological basis occurs in people who have psychical deviations(neurasthenics, psychopaths).

Physiological affect is considered as a strong emotional state that suddenly arises in response to stress or upset. In this case, the person is aware of the actions being performed, but cannot control them in any way.

Signs of a state of passion

The most important signs states of affect are as follows:

The consequences of affect can be partial memory loss or complete amnesia.

There are situations in life when a person’s emotions become overwhelming. It's good if they are positive, but they can also be negative. The person is irritated, starts shouting, may behave aggressively, and use force. All these are signs of affect. Crimes are often committed in such states. Let's consider how to recognize affect, what are its signs, types and causes.

What does "state of affect" mean?

If translated from Latin language the word "affect", this term will mean passion, emotional excitement.

Affect can also be described as a certain form of manifestation of human emotions. This state does not last long, but the person experiences quite strong emotions. As a rule, this occurs in stressful or traumatic situations when a person cannot find the right solution to a problem. It seems to him that he is in a hopeless situation or that the situation is critical and poses some kind of threat.

A state of affect is a type of emotional outburst characterized by:

short duration;
brightness;
force.

I would like to note that irritability the world in a person it can manifest itself not only due to his temperament, but also in certain mental states.

In a state of passion, a person cannot think rationally, and his actions are an explosive reaction.

Characteristic signs of affect

For a condition such as affect, we can name some signs that distinguish it from ordinary nervous and mental overstrain. These include:

sudden impact of a traumatic event;
unexpected manifestation of affect;
explosive emotional reaction;
partial perception of the current situation and one’s actions;
incomplete control over one’s actions and behavior;
mental and physical exhaustion.

There are also signs that are additional:

feeling of hopelessness;
fast fatiguability;
disturbed sleep;
mental illness;
distorted perception of reality;
violation of motor, speech functions or the appearance of some features;
partial understanding of what is happening.

External and internal signs are also distinguished:

External ones include:

facial expressions;

gestures;
voice timbre;
intonation;
pose.

2. To internal:

feeling of anxiety;
feeling of fear;
loss in time;
no sense of space;
no connection with consciousness;
feeling disconnected from reality.

A state of passion affects the entire human psyche, disrupting mental, emotional and volitional processes, accompanied by motor impairment. The condition manifests itself very violently, which is a weakening factor for vital resources.

Signs of passion in criminal law

I would like to note that most often one has to deal with a state of passion when conducting criminal cases.

A number of signs can be identified. Murder committed in a state of passion is considered less dangerous species crimes against life. Inappropriate reactions are expressed. If a crime is committed in a state of passion, its presence or absence can only be judged by objective data.

Also in criminal law, signs of passion include:

hot temperament;
mental change;
sudden manifestation;
expression of dissatisfaction;
mental changes accompanied by vegetative, somatic, hormonal and secretory manifestations;
intuitive desires and their implementation;
signal excitation without discharge;
release of psychic energy.

Types of affect

We have reviewed general signs affect, but in many ways they depend on its type. There are such types of this condition:

Physiological. A person is sane and gives an account of his actions, which he can control. Occurs in an isolated case as a consequence of traumatic exposure.
Pathological. The person is insane and cannot control his actions. Total loss control.
Cumulative. Explosive reaction to prolonged psychologically traumatic exposure.
Interrupted. The state of affect is interrupted by external influence.
Positive. There is a decrease in activity in analytical information processing. Characteristic simple solutions, simplified behavior strategy, stereotyping.
Negative. Causes disturbances in emotional sphere, leading to a decrease in mental activity.
Affect of inadequacy. A very strong reaction to failure. Expressed in aggressive behavior, anger, in strong emotional stress.

Crime committed in a state of passion

As we noted earlier, affect is often studied and addressed in the Criminal Code.

Among people who commit crimes in a state of passion, 89% are men and only 10% are women. Although the fair sex is considered more emotional, they are more able to control dangerous explosive reactions. And such a large percentage of men suggests that they tend to disguise violent acts committed as a state of passion.

I would also like to note that 16% of such murders are committed by minors, where 6% are teenagers under 16 years of age.

Murder in a state of passion can be recognized only if several conditions are met:

the intention to commit a crime and a strong emotional outburst arose suddenly;
such actions are caused by the immoral and illegal behavior of the victim.

Development of affect

You can consider what stages the state of affect goes through in its development:

At the beginning, a person is visited by a feeling of hopelessness regarding the illegal or immoral actions of the victim.

A phase of emotional explosion begins when a person does not understand everything that is happening, cannot correctly assess the situation, and does not control his actions. It is at this moment that the worst thing can happen - a murder committed in a state of passion.
A sharp decline in emotional arousal, which is accompanied by extreme fatigue, repentance, a feeling of pity for the victim may appear.

Causes of affect

There are several common reasons affect:

an extreme situation that poses a threat to human life;
heated, emotional conflict situation;
a person finds himself in a situation where there is a need to act, but feels helpless;
unexpected extraneous irritant;
regular repetition of traumatic events;
actions of people that had traumatic effects on the psyche and self-esteem of the individual;
individual characteristics of the nervous system;
the person is too hot-tempered, emotional;
destructive difficult events in the past.

It is worth considering that the occurrence conflict situation- this is not a necessary condition for the development of affect.

Predisposing factors to the development of affect

Each person is individual, and what pisses off one person doesn’t even annoy another. Therefore, the Criminal Code and psychology also take into account and highlight psychological characteristics personalities that contribute to the development of affect.

Weak nervous system: easily excitable, have increased sensitivity, weakly resistant to irritants.
Personal self-esteem. Too high, but not sustainable. They are very sensitive to the assessments of others.

Age. Children and adolescents have an unstable psyche, and in situations where an adult can restrain himself, children are not capable of this. Also, in old age, resistance to emotional outbursts decreases.

Was there any affect?

If a person committed a murder in a state of passion, it is imperative to prove that such a state existed. To do this you need:

Help from medical institution that the accused was in this state.
Evidence is required that the affect was caused by immoral behavior or actions that violate the rights of the victim. There was bullying, insults, or a fairly prolonged heated emotional situation.
There was a threat to the life or health of the accused or his family.
A person in a state of passion committed a crime in one impulse. If there was further concealment of evidence, then this is no longer considered an affectation and is not considered as a mitigating circumstance.
The crime was committed immediately in an emotional outburst, following the conflict. Or after subsequent immoral, offensive actions of the victim.

If the state and actions of the accused do not fit at least one of the points listed above, then it can be easily proven that passion is a simulation and a desire to avoid punishment for one’s actions.

There was no affect

In criminal law, it is possible to admit that harm was caused in a state of passion, we talked about this earlier, but there are a number of signs that allow one to deny the presence of passion.

Irritation increases in direct proportion to the development of the conflict. Emotions run high. The action force is equal to the reaction force.
The person first demonstrates strong anger, and then abruptly switches to calm tones, followed by an outburst of emotions again.
Sharp distraction by extraneous factors, noticeable uncontrollable emotional reactions.
After an emotional outburst, actions are aimed at self-preservation, hiding evidence, traces.

If one of these signs occurs, then the mitigating circumstance that a person committed murder in a state of passion is invalid, and it will not be possible to avoid fair punishment.

How not to succumb to affect

State of affect for healthy person- the process is reversible. Only in mentally ill people can affect be permanent.

If you know that you are very hot-tempered and can easily lose your temper, you need to train your mind to avoid this condition. In a situation where a conflict is brewing, the emotional situation is heating up, several recommendations can help:

you need to try to distract yourself and focus on something that does not cause emotional irritation;
change the environment or type of activity;
keep your gestures under control, you can switch to breathing exercises or on account.

However, if a person feels that he cannot control himself in difficult emotional situations, he should consult a psychotherapist. May need drug therapy. With possibilities modern medicine It is quite possible to cope with mental problems; you should not be afraid to visit a specialist if you have a feeling that a mental explosion will soon occur and you are not able to cope with your emotions.

The most general emotional state that colors all human behavior for a long time is called mood. It is very diverse and can be joyful or sad, cheerful or depressed, cheerful or depressed, calm or irritated, etc. Mood is an emotional reaction not to the direct consequences of certain events, but to their significance for a person’s life in the context of his general life plans, interests and expectations.

Affect

S. L. Rubinstein noted the peculiarities of mood in that it is not objective, but personal, and that the most powerful emotional reaction is affect.

Affect(from Latin affectuctus - “mental excitement”) - a strong and relatively short-term emotional state associated with abrupt change important for the subject life circumstances and accompanied by pronounced motor manifestations and changes in the functions of internal organs.

Affect completely takes over the human psyche. This entails a narrowing and sometimes even a shutdown of consciousness, changes in thinking and, as a consequence, inappropriate behavior. For example, when very angry, many people lose the ability to constructive permission conflicts. Their anger turns into aggression. The person screams, blushes, waves his arms, and may hit the enemy.

Affect occurs sharply, suddenly in the form of a flash, an impulse. Managing and coping with this condition is very difficult. Any feeling can be experienced in an affective form.

Affects have a negative impact on human activity, sharply reducing the level of its organization. In passion, a person seems to lose his head, his actions are unreasonable, committed without taking into account the situation. If objects that are not related to the cause of the affect fall into the sphere of a person’s actions, he can throw away the thing he comes across in a rage, push a chair, or slap the floor. Losing power over himself, a person gives himself entirely to experience.

It would be wrong to think that affect is completely uncontrollable. Despite the apparent suddenness, affect has certain stages of development. And if at the final stages, when a person completely loses control over himself, it is almost impossible to stop, then at the beginning anyone can do it normal person. Of course, this requires enormous willpower. The most important thing here is to delay the onset of affect, “extinguish” the affective outburst, restrain yourself, and not lose power over your behavior.

Stress

Main article: Stress

Another broad area of human conditions is united by the concept of stress.

Under stress(from the English stress - “pressure”, “tension”) understand the emotional state that arises in response to all kinds of extreme influences.

No person manages to live and work without experiencing stress. Everyone experiences severe life losses, failures, trials, conflicts, and stress when performing difficult or responsible work from time to time. Some people cope with stress more easily than others, e.g. are stress-resistant.

An emotional state close to stress is the “ emotional burnout ”. This condition occurs in a person if, in a situation of mental or physical stress, he long time experiences negative emotions. At the same time, he can neither change the situation nor cope with negative emotions. Emotional burnout manifests itself in a decrease in the overall emotional background, indifference, avoidance of responsibility, negativism or cynicism towards other people, loss of interest in professional success, and limitation of one’s capabilities. As a rule, the causes of emotional burnout are monotony and monotony of work, lack of career growth, professional inconsistency, age-related changes and socio-psychological maladjustment. Internal conditions For the occurrence of emotional burnout, there may be accentuations of a certain type of character, high anxiety, aggressiveness, conformity, and an inadequate level of aspirations. Emotional burnout hinders professional and personal growth and, like stress, leads to psychosomatic disorders.

Frustration

Close in its manifestations to stress is the emotional state of frustration.

Frustration(from Latin frustration - “deception”, “frustration”, “destruction of plans”) - a human state caused by objectively insurmountable (or subjectively perceived) difficulties that arise on the way to achieving a goal.

Frustration is accompanied by a whole set of negative emotions that can destroy consciousness and activity. In a state of frustration, a person can show anger, depression, external and internal aggression.

For example, when performing some activity a person fails, which causes him negative emotions - grief, dissatisfaction with himself. If in such a situation the people around you support you and help you correct your mistakes, the emotions you experience will remain just an episode in a person’s life. If failures are repeated and significant people at the same time they reproach, shame, call them incapable or lazy, this person usually develops an emotional state of frustration.

The level of frustration depends on the strength and intensity of the influencing factor, the person’s condition and his existing forms of response to life difficulties. Especially often the source of frustration is a negative social assessment that affects significant relationships personality. A person’s resistance (tolerance) to frustrating factors depends on the degree of his emotional excitability, type of temperament, and experience of interaction with such factors.

A special form of emotional experience is passion. In terms of the intensity of emotional arousal, passion approaches passion, and in terms of duration and stability it resembles mood. What is the peculiarity of passion? Passion is a strong, persistent, all-encompassing feeling that determines the direction of a person’s thoughts and actions. The causes of passion are varied - they can be determined by conscious beliefs, they can come from bodily desires, or they can have a pathological origin. In any case, passion is related to our needs and other personality traits. Passion is usually selective and objective. For example, a passion for music, for collecting, for knowledge, etc.

Passion captures all the thoughts of a person, in which all the circumstances related to the object of passion revolve, which imagines and ponders ways to achieve the need. What is not related to the object of passion seems secondary, unimportant. For example, some scientists who are passionately working on a discovery do not attach importance to their appearance, often forgetting about sleep and food.

Most important characteristic passion is its connection with the will. Since passion is one of the significant motivations for activity, because it has great power. In reality, assessing the meaning of passion is twofold. Public opinion plays a big role in evaluation. For example, the passion for money and hoarding is condemned by some people as greed, acquisitiveness, while at the same time within the framework of another social group can be considered as economy, prudence.

Psychological self-regulation: affect, stress, emotional burnout, frustration, passion

Inability to regulate one's own emotional states, coping with affects and stress serves as an obstacle to effective professional activity, violates interpersonal relationships at work and in the family, interferes with the achievement of goals and intentions, and disrupts human health.

There are special techniques that help cope with strong emotions and prevent them from turning into passion. To do this, it is recommended to notice and realize an unwanted emotion in time, analyze its origins, release muscle tension and relax, breathe deeply and rhythmically, attract a pre-prepared “duty image” of a pleasant event in your life, and try to look at yourself from the outside. Affect can be prevented, but this requires endurance, self-control, special training, and a culture of interpersonal relationships.

A means of preventing emotional burnout is the optimization of working conditions and psychological correction for early stages emotional disturbances.

The factor of stressful time also matters. Long-term exposure to stress is especially dangerous. It has been noticed, for example, that over 10-15 years of work in extreme conditions the human body wears out as if it had suffered a severe heart attack. And, conversely, short-term severe stress activates a person, as if “shakes” him.

So, you need to remember the following:

You should not strive to avoid stress at all costs and be afraid of it. It’s paradoxical, but true: the more you try to live and work “always measuredly and calmly,” the more stress will destroy you. After all, instead of gradually and patiently accumulating experience in self-management under stress, you will “run away” from it.

You can compare methods effective management stress with the actions of an experienced climber. If a person, gripped by fear, turns his back to an avalanche and runs away from it, it will overtake him and destroy him. It is necessary to face danger in order to know how to protect yourself from it.

In order to manage your stress, you need to use its beneficial functions and eliminate harmful ones.

With constructive stress, people's accumulated dissatisfaction with each other is released, an important problem is solved, and mutual understanding between people improves.
With destructive stress, relationships sharply deteriorate until they completely break down, the problem remains unresolved, and people experience severe feelings of guilt and hopelessness.

The most successful, both in the profession and in personal life, are people who have learned to control themselves, who have developed psychotechnics of personal self-regulation. They know their strengths and weak sides, know how to restrain themselves, show patience, and slow down their internal “explosions.”

People with developed personal psychotechnics implement four main actions:

Action one: they do not blame anyone: neither themselves nor others. They do not suffer from “reproaches of conscience” and do not “dump” their stressful energy on others.
Action two: they strive to master themselves at the first stage of stress development, when self-control is still preserved and the “stressful element” has not completely taken over. They strive to stop themselves in time. One leading specialist of a large commercial bank expressed this thought like this: “It is important not to get to point B.”
Act three: they study themselves. People with developed self-regulation know well how a stressful state begins to develop in them. In other words, they become aware in time of a change in their internal sense of self during the first stage of stress development.
Act four and most important. People with developed self-regulation intuitively find the optimal strategy in stress. Those who successfully master stress are those who understand that “dumping” dark stressful energy on others is uncivilized and, in a certain sense, unprofitable. The necessary business connections are lost and personal relationships are destroyed. They also understand that directing destructive stress energy at themselves by blaming themselves for their mistakes is not constructive. Really, what changes from this? The matter is still pending, and the problem is not being solved.

To remove emotional stress, need to:

correctly assess the significance of events;
in case of defeat, act according to the principle “it didn’t hurt, that’s what I wanted”;
increase physical activity(many women begin to do laundry or other heavy housework);
form a new dominant, i.e. get distracted;
speak out, cry;
listen to music;
cause a smile, laughter, humor is necessary in order to
to perceive as comic what pretends to be serious;
achieve relaxation.

The main two are pathological and physiological affects.

Pathological affect- a short-term experience that has reached such a degree that a complete clouding of consciousness and paralysis of the will occurs. Pathological affect is a type of affect that completely excludes sanity, and, consequently, criminal liability for the committed act, which represents a temporary mental disorder. With it, a deep clouding of consciousness sets in and the person loses the ability to be aware of and direct his actions. In such cases, the person is declared insane, and therefore cannot bear criminal liability.

Also distinguish physiological affect - such an emotional state of a person in which he is sane, but his consciousness is significantly limited. Unlike pathological affect, with physiological affect the person is aware of his actions and can control them. That is why a person who commits a crime in a state of physiological affect is subject to criminal liability. Physiological affect is characterized as an emotional outburst of a high degree. It takes the human psyche out of its normal state, inhibits conscious intellectual activity, disrupts the selective moment in the motivation of behavior, complicates self-control, and deprives a person of the opportunity to firmly and comprehensively weigh the consequences of his behavior. In a state of passion, the ability to recognize the actual nature and social danger of one’s actions, as well as to manage them, is significantly reduced, which is one of the grounds for recognizing a crime committed in such a state as less socially dangerous than a crime committed in a “calm” state of mind.

Along with the main types of affect, the following are also distinguished:

Classic affect - a rapidly occurring emotional reaction of an explosive nature. Follows directly illegal act the victim, lasts for an extremely short period of time, after which a decline occurs.

Cumulative (accumulative) affect. Unlike classical affect, the first phase of cumulative affect is usually extended over time - from several months to several years. During this time, a psychotraumatic situation develops, which causes the cumulation (accumulation) of emotional stress. An affective explosion in itself can occur due to a minor reason, which plays the role of the “last straw”. This type may occur in timid, indecisive individuals who are inclined to express aggression in a socially acceptable form. This emotional state arises under the condition of a protracted conflict situation, the accumulation of emotional stress over several years, usually in the service sector. Often, during the course of a conflict situation, a person experiences depression, suicide attempts, and other attempts to leave the situation. Against such a background, a peak of emotional arousal can be provoked by even minor influences.

The affectiveness of an individual, the tendency to violent emotional reactions, depends not only on temperament (cholerics in this regard differ sharply from phlegmatic people), but also on the level of her moral education, which presupposes self-control.