What is shock in medicine? Types of shocks, causes and emergency care. Traumatic shock: classification, degrees, first aid algorithm Inhibited state after shock 5

SHO K I G O P O R O V E N T

The term “shock” means blow .

This is a critical, between life and death, state of the body, characterized by deep disorders and oppression of all vital functions(breathing, blood circulation, metabolism, liver, kidney functions, etc.). Shock may occur when severe injuries, extensive burns and large blood losses. The development and deepening of shock is facilitated by pain, cooling of the body, hunger, thirst, and shaking transportation of the victim.

Shock is the body's active defense against environmental aggression..

Depending on the cause causing the development of a state of shock, there are:

1. Shock due to exposure external reasons: - traumatic, resulting from mechanical injury(wounds, bone fractures, tissue compression, etc.);

- burn associated with burn injury (thermal and chemical burns);

- cold , developing when exposed to low temperature;

- electric , which is a consequence of electrical injury.

2. Shock caused by internal causes:

- hemorrhagic resulting from acute and massive blood loss;

- To ardiogenic , developing during myocardial infarction;

- With eptic, resulting from general purulent infection in organism.

When a person is faced with the threat of death, his body, in a state of stress, secretes great amount adrenaline.

REMEMBER! A colossal surge of adrenaline causes a sharp spasm of the precapillaries of the skin, kidneys, liver and intestines.

The vascular network of these and many other organs will be practically excluded from the blood circulation. And such vital centers as the brain, heart and partly the lungs will receive much more blood than usual. Centralization of blood circulation occurs in the hope that after overcoming extreme situation they will be able to resume normal life activities again.

REMEMBER! Only due to spasm of skin vessels and its exclusion from blood circulation, the loss of 1.5 - 2 liters of blood is compensated.

That is why in the first minutes of shock, thanks to a spasm of precapillaries and a sharp increase peripheral resistance (PS), the body manages not only to maintain the level of blood pressure within the normal range, but also to exceed it even with intense bleeding.

The first signs of shock development:

Sharp paleness skin;

Emotional and motor arousal;

Inadequate assessment of the situation and one’s condition;

No complaints of pain even with shockogenic injuries.

The ability to forget about pain in the moment mortal danger explained by the fact that a morphine-like substance is produced in the subcortical structures of the brain - endomorphinol( internal, own morphine). Its drug-like effect causes a state of mild euphoria and relieves pain even in severe injuries.

On the other hand, pain activates functions endocrine glands and above all the adrenal glands. It is they who secrete the amount of adrenaline, the action of which will cause a spasm of the precapillaries, an increase in blood pressure and an increase in heart rate.

The adrenal cortex secretes and corticosteroids (their synthetic analogue is prednisolone), which significantly accelerates tissue metabolism.

This allows the body to throw out its entire energy reserve in an extremely short time and concentrate its efforts as much as possible to get away from danger.

There are two phases of shock:

- short-term erectile(period of excitation) phase begins immediately after the injury and is characterized by motor and speech arousal, as well as complaints of pain. While maintaining full consciousness, the victim underestimates the severity of his condition. Pain sensitivity is increased, the voice is muffled, the words are abrupt, the gaze is restless, the face is pale, blood pressure is normal or elevated. The excited state quickly (within a few minutes), or less often gradually, turns into a depressed state, accompanied by a decrease in all vital functions.

- torpid phase (period of oppression: lat. torpidum - inhibition) is characterized by general weakness and a sharp drop in blood pressure. Breathing becomes frequent and shallow. The pulse is frequent, uneven, thread-like (barely palpable). The face is pale, with an earthy tint, covered with cold, sticky sweat. The victim is inhibited, does not answer questions, treats others with indifference, pupils are dilated, consciousness is preserved. IN severe cases Vomiting and involuntary urination are possible.

This phase usually ends in death and is considered irreversible.

If the victim does not receive medical assistance within 30-40 minutes, then prolonged centralization of blood circulation will lead to gross disturbances of microcirculation in the kidneys, skin, intestines and other organs excluded from the blood circulation. Thus, what played a protective role at the initial stage and gave a chance for salvation will become the cause of death in 30-40 minutes.

A sharp decrease in the speed of blood flow in the capillaries, up to a complete stop, will cause disruption of oxygen transport and accumulation of under-oxidized metabolic products in the tissues - acidosis, lack of oxygen - hypoxia and necrosis in a living organism individual organs and tissues - necrosis.

This stage very quickly gives way to agony and death. .

COMPLEX OF ANTI-SHOCK MEASURES.

It is necessary to free the victim from the action of the traumatic factor;

Ensure bleeding stops;

To stabilize breathing, provide an influx fresh air and give a position that allows breathing;

Give painkillers (analgin, baralgin, pentalgin);

Give drugs that tonic the activity of the heart vascular system(corvalol - 10-15 drops, cordiamin, tincture of lily of the valley);

The victim should be kept warm;

Give plenty of warm drinks (tea, coffee, water with added salt and baking soda- 1 teaspoon of salt and 0.5 teaspoon of soda per 1 liter of water);

Immobilize injured body parts;

In case of cardiac and respiratory arrest, urgent resuscitation measures (ventilation, external massage hearts);

THE VICTIMS MUST NOT BE LEFT ALONE!

Shock represents pathological process, which occurs as a response human body to exposure to extreme stimuli. In this case, shock is accompanied by disturbances in blood circulation, metabolism, breathing, and functions. nervous system.

The state of shock was first described by Hippocrates. The term "shock" was coined by Le Dran in 1737.

Shock classification

There are several classifications of the state of shock.

According to the type of circulatory disorders, they distinguish the following types shock:

cardiogenic shock, which occurs due to circulatory problems. In the case of cardiogenic shock due to lack of blood flow (impaired cardiac activity, dilation of blood vessels that cannot hold blood), the brain experiences a lack of oxygen. In this regard, in a state of cardiogenic shock, a person loses consciousness and, as a rule, dies;
hypovolemic shock - a condition caused by a secondary decrease in cardiac output, acute shortage circulating blood, decreasing venous return to the heart. Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is loss of plasma (anhydremic shock), dehydration, or loss of blood (hemorrhagic shock). Hemorrhagic shock can occur when a large vessel is damaged. As a result, blood pressure quickly drops to almost zero. Hemorrhagic shock occurs when the pulmonary trunk, inferior or superior veins, or aorta rupture;
redistributive - it occurs due to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance with increased or normal cardiac output. It can be caused by sepsis, drug overdose, anaphylaxis.

According to severity, shock is divided into:

shock of the first degree or compensated - the person’s consciousness is clear, he is communicative, but a little inhibited. Systolic pressure is more than 90 mm Hg, pulse is 90-100 beats per minute;
shock of the second degree or subcompensated - the person is inhibited, the heart sounds are muffled, the skin is pale, the pulse is up to 140 beats per minute, the pressure is reduced to 90-80 mm Hg. Art. Breathing is rapid, shallow, consciousness remains. The victim answers correctly, but speaks quietly and slowly. Antishock therapy is required;
shock of the third degree or decompensated - the patient is inhibited, adynamic, does not respond to pain, answers questions in monosyllables and slowly or does not answer, speaks in a whisper. Consciousness may be confused or absent. The skin is covered with cold sweat, pale, and acrocyanosis is pronounced. The pulse is threadlike. Heart sounds are muffled. Breathing is frequent and shallow. Systolic blood pressure less than 70 mm Hg. Art. Anuria is present;
fourth degree shock or irreversible – terminal state. The person is unconscious, heart sounds cannot be heard, skin gray with a marbled pattern and congestive spots, bluish lips, pressure less than 50 mm Hg. Art., anuria, pulse is barely noticeable, breathing is rare, there are no reflexes or reactions to pain, the pupils are dilated.

According to the pathogenetic mechanism, the following types of shock are distinguished:

hypovolemic shock;
neurogenic shock - a condition that develops due to damage spinal cord. The main signs are bradycardia and arterial hypotension;
traumatic shock - pathological condition which threatens human life. Traumatic shock occurs with fractures of the pelvic bones, traumatic brain injuries, severe gunshot wounds, abdominal injuries, large blood loss, operations. The main factors causing the development of traumatic shock include: loss of a large amount of blood, severe pain irritation;
infectious-toxic shock - a condition caused by exotoxins of viruses and bacteria;
septic shock is a complication of severe infections, which is characterized by a decrease in tissue perfusion, which leads to impaired delivery of oxygen and other substances. Most often develops in children, the elderly and patients with immunodeficiency;
cardiogenic shock;
anaphylactic shock– immediate allergic reaction, which is a state of high sensitivity of the body that occurs upon repeated exposure to an allergen. The rate of development of anaphylactic shock ranges from a few seconds to five hours from the moment of contact with the allergen. At the same time, in the development of anaphylactic shock, neither the method of contact with the allergen nor the time matter;
combined.

Help with shock

When providing first aid for shock before the ambulance arrives, it must be borne in mind that improper transportation and first aid can cause a delayed state of shock.

Before the ambulance arrives, you must:

if possible, try to eliminate the cause of shock, for example, free trapped limbs, stop bleeding, extinguish clothes that are burning on a person;
check the victim’s nose and mouth for the presence of foreign objects and remove them;
check the victim’s pulse and breathing; if such a need arises, perform artificial respiration and cardiac massage;
turn the victim's head to the side so that he cannot choke on vomit and suffocate;
find out if the victim is conscious and give him analgesic. Having ruled out an abdominal injury, you can give the victim hot tea;
loosen the victim’s clothing around the neck, chest, and waist;
warm or cool the victim depending on the season.

When providing first aid for shock, you need to know that you should not leave the victim alone, let him smoke, or apply a heating pad to the injury sites so as not to cause blood flow from vital organs.

Prehospital ambulance for shock includes:

stopping bleeding;
ensuring adequate ventilation of the lungs and airway patency;
anesthesia;
transfusion replacement therapy;
in case of fractures - immobilization;
gentle transportation of the patient.

As a rule, severe traumatic shock is accompanied by improper ventilation of the lungs. An airway or Z-shaped tube may be inserted into the victim.

External bleeding must be stopped by applying a tight bandage, tourniquet, clamp to the bleeding vessel, or clamping the damaged vessel. If there are signs internal bleeding, then the patient needs to be taken to the hospital as quickly as possible for emergency surgery.

Medical care for shock must meet the requirements of emergency treatment. This means that those agents that produce an effect immediately after their administration to the patient should be immediately used.

If you do not provide assistance to such a patient in time, this can lead to the occurrence of gross violations in microcirculation, lead to irreversible changes in tissues and cause human death.

Since the mechanism of shock development is associated with a decrease in vascular tone and a decrease in blood flow to the heart, then therapeutic measures, first of all, should have the goal of increasing arterial and venous tone, as well as increasing the volume of fluid in the bloodstream.

Since shock can be caused different reasons, then measures must be taken to eliminate the causes of this condition and against the development of pathogenetic mechanisms of collapse.

Modern man constantly experiences a state of stress. Sometimes, when the shock is too great, we say that we are in a state of shock. This is of course not true. Our bodies have a natural ability to successfully cope with stress.

But sometimes situations of great shock occur, when natural compensatory mechanisms They can’t cope with stress and simply refuse. This causes a breakdown, which is called a state of shock (shock).

A state of shock is very often observed after an accident. In this case, several severe stresses suddenly arise at once, to which the body does not have time to prepare and adapt in time.

Unexpected stresses after an accident include the unexpectedness of the incident, pain, the presence of injuries, unpreparedness for such a situation, a feeling of hopelessness of the situation. All these factors provoke a depressed state of the victim. The body of a person experiencing shock begins to produce harmful substances.

In addition, there is an imbalance of all systems and organs that begin to work in an unstable, stressful mode. First, the body makes attempts to fight negative environmental factors. If this struggle is not supported in time, it gradually decreases, disappears, and is replaced by a state of shock.

In the event of an accident, this condition is the victim’s body’s reaction to injury and poses a great danger, as it provokes even greater deterioration general condition the victim. Shock after an accident can appear immediately after the accident, or several hours later.

Severity of shock conditions

First degree of severity

At this degree, the person is conscious and can communicate with others, although a slight inhibition of reactions and actions is noticeable. Arterial pressure may decrease, pulse - from 90 to 100 beats per minute. The first degree of shock severity usually has a favorable prognosis.

Second degree of severity

The victim is conscious, but there are slow reactions and poor contact with others. A person can answer questions correctly, while his voice is quiet and he answers slowly. Pale skin, especially lips, fingers, nose, ears. Systolic blood pressure may be 80 mmHg. The prognosis of the condition is dangerous; urgent anti-shock actions are necessary.

Third degree of severity

The victim is conscious. However, most often the posture is motionless, there is no contact with others, or they are very inhibited. The person does not respond to pain. The skin of the lips, fingers, and earlobes is pale.

Systolic blood pressure is about 70 mm, diastolic can be around zero, or show a negative value. The pulse is up to 180 beats per minute, and is felt only in large arteries.
The prognosis for the condition is very dangerous. It is necessary to carry out urgent anti-shock measures.

Fourth degree of severity

In this case, the victim is unconscious. The skin is very pale, there are no reactions to pain, the skin is covered with gray (cadaverous) spots, due to a decrease in the amount of blood in the cells of the body and brain. In addition, this occurs due to stagnation in the capillary vessels.

The victim's pupils are dilated. Systolic pressure is 50 mmHg, diastolic pressure may be near zero or even negative. The pulse is weak, palpable in large arteries. Breathing is weak, sobbing, convulsive. The prognosis for the condition is very unfavorable.

How to recognize a state of shock and provide the necessary assistance?

It often happens that after an accident a person has no visible injuries, but is most likely in a state of shock. How to recognize this?

Usually, when in a state of shock, a person is somewhat inhibited. He may seem unnaturally calm, answering questions addressed to him slowly, with effort, after some time. The skin is pale, the pulse is rapid. These are all signs of first-degree shock.

In this state, you need to try to protect the victim from others, take him to a quiet place, provide him with a warm drink (if you are sure that the digestive organs are not damaged), let him warm up, and lie down quietly. Examine the victim for hidden injuries or damage. The fact is that in a state of shock a person may inadequately assess the situation and not notice his own injuries. In any case, the victim should be taken to the hospital.

In case of more serious shock conditions, characterized by severe lethargy, a significant drop in blood pressure, loss of consciousness, it is necessary to immediately call an emergency medical team. This must be done even if the accident victims have no visible injuries.

In our life full of dangers, every person must be able to correctly assess the situation and learn first aid techniques to save the life of a victim during an accident. Such skills are an indicator of psychological, moral, social responsibility person. Therefore, do not be indifferent to others and treat yourself responsibly. And, of course, do not violate the rules of road accidents, do not get into emergency situations.

Shock is a specific condition in which there is a sharp lack of blood to the most important human organs: the heart, brain, lungs and kidneys. Thus, a situation arises in which the available volume of blood is not enough to fill the existing volume of blood vessels under pressure. To some extent, shock is a state that precedes death.

Causes

The causes of shock are due to a violation of the circulation of a fixed volume of blood in a certain volume of vessels, which are capable of narrowing and expanding. Thus, among the most common causes of shock are a sharp decrease in blood volume (blood loss), a rapid increase in blood vessels (vessels dilate, usually in response to sharp pain, exposure to an allergen or hypoxia), as well as the inability of the heart to perform its assigned functions (cardiac contusion during a fall, myocardial infarction, “bending” of the heart during tension pneumothorax).

That is, shock is the body’s inability to ensure normal blood circulation.

Among the main manifestations of shock are a rapid pulse above 90 beats per minute, a weak thread-like pulse, a decreased blood pressure(up to its complete absence), rapid breathing, in which a person at rest breathes as if he were performing heavy physical activity. Pale skin (skin becomes pale blue or pale yellow), lack of urine, and severe weakness in which a person cannot move or speak are also signs of shock. The development of shock can lead to loss of consciousness and lack of response to pain.

Types of shock

Anaphylactic shock is a form of shock characterized by a sharp dilation of blood vessels. The cause of anaphylactic shock can be a certain reaction to an allergen entering the human body. This could be a bee sting or the injection of a drug to which the person is allergic.

The development of anaphylactic shock occurs when an allergen enters the human body, regardless of the quantities in which it enters the body. For example, it does not matter at all how many bees have bitten a person, since the development of anaphylactic shock will occur in any case. However, the location of the bite is important, since if the neck, tongue or facial area is affected, the development of anaphylactic shock will occur much faster than with a bite to the leg.

Traumatic shock is a form of shock characterized by an extremely serious condition of the body, provoked by bleeding or painful irritation.

Among the most common causes of traumatic shock are pale skin, sticky sweat, indifference, lethargy, and rapid pulse. Other causes of traumatic shock include thirst, dry mouth, weakness, anxiety, unconsciousness or confusion. These signs of traumatic shock are to some extent similar to the symptoms of internal or external bleeding.

Hemorrhagic shock is a form of shock in which there is emergency of the body, developing as a result of acute blood loss.

The degree of blood loss has a direct impact on the manifestation hemorrhagic shock. In other words, the strength of the manifestation of hemorrhagic shock directly depends on the amount by which the circulating blood volume (CBC) decreases in a fairly short period of time. A blood loss of 0.5 liters, which occurs over the course of a week, will not provoke the development of hemorrhagic shock. IN in this case Anemia clinic is developing.

Hemorrhagic shock occurs as a result of blood loss in a total volume of 500 ml or more, which is 10-15% of the circulating blood volume. A loss of 3.5 liters of blood (70% of the blood volume) is considered fatal.

Cardiogenic shock is a form of shock characterized by a complex of pathological conditions in the body, provoked by a decrease in contractile function hearts.

Among the main signs of cardiogenic shock are interruptions in the functioning of the heart, which are a consequence of a violation heart rate. In addition, with cardiogenic shock, there are interruptions in the functioning of the heart, as well as pain in the chest. Myocardial infarction is characterized by strong feeling fear with thromboembolism pulmonary artery, shortness of breath and acute pain.

Other signs of cardiogenic shock include vascular and autonomic reactions that develop as a result of a decrease in blood pressure. Cold sweat, pallor, followed by blueness of the nails and lips, as well as severe weakness are also symptoms of cardiogenic shock. Often there is a feeling strong fear. Due to the swelling of the veins, which occurs after the heart stops pumping blood, the jugular veins of the neck become swollen. With thromboembolism, cyanosis occurs quite quickly, and marbling of the head, neck and chest is also noted.

In cardiogenic shock, loss of consciousness may occur after breathing and cardiac activity ceases.

First aid for shock

Timely rendered health care in case of severe injury and trauma, it can prevent the development of a state of shock. The effectiveness of first aid for shock largely depends on how quickly it is provided. First aid for shock is to eliminate the main causes of the development of this condition (stopping bleeding, reducing or relieving pain, improving breathing and cardiac activity, general cooling).

Thus, first of all, in the process of providing first aid for shock, one should address the causes that caused this state. It is necessary to free the victim from the rubble, stop the bleeding, extinguish burning clothing, neutralize the damaged part of the body, eliminate the allergen, or provide temporary immobilization.

If the victim is conscious, it is recommended to offer him an anesthetic and, if possible, drink hot tea.

In the process of providing first aid for shock, it is necessary to loosen tight clothing on the chest, neck or belt.

The victim must be placed in such a position that the head is turned to the side. This position allows you to avoid retraction of the tongue, as well as suffocation with vomit.

If shock occurs in cold weather, the victim should be warmed up, and if in hot weather, he should be protected from overheating.

Also, in the process of providing first aid for shock, if necessary, the victim’s mouth and nose should be freed from foreign objects, and then indoor massage heart and artificial respiration.

The patient should not drink, smoke, use heating pads or bottles with hot water, and also to remain alone.

Attention!

This article is posted for educational purposes only and does not constitute scientific material or professional medical advice.

What is shock? This question can confuse many. The often heard phrase “I’m in shock” does not even come close to reminiscent of this condition. It should be said right away that shock is not a symptom. This is a natural chain of changes in the human body. A pathological process that forms under the influence of unexpected stimuli. It involves the circulatory, respiratory, nervous, endocrine system and metabolism.

Symptoms of pathology depend on the severity of damage caused to the body and the speed of response to it. There are two phases of shock: erectile and torpid.

Shock phases

Erectile

Occurs immediately after exposure to a stimulus. It develops very quickly. For this reason it remains invisible. Signs include:

Speech and motor stimulation.
Consciousness is preserved, but the victim cannot assess the severity of the condition.
Increased tendon reflexes.
The skin is pale.
Blood pressure is slightly increased, breathing is rapid.
Oxygen starvation develops.

During the transition from the erectile phase to the torpid phase, an increase in tachycardia and a drop in pressure are observed.

The torpid phase is characterized by:

Disruption of the central nervous system and other vital organs.
Increased tachycardia.
A drop in venous and blood pressure.
Metabolic disorders and decreased body temperature.
Malfunction of the kidneys.

The torpid phase can enter a terminal state, which in turn causes cardiac arrest.

Clinical picture

Depends on the severity of exposure to irritants. In order to properly provide assistance, it is necessary to assess the patient's condition. The classifications of shock according to the severity of manifestation are as follows:

First degree - the person is conscious, answers questions, the reaction is slightly inhibited.
Second degree - all reactions are inhibited. Traumatized in consciousness, he gives the correct answers to all questions, but speaks barely audibly. Breathing is rapid, there is a rapid pulse and low blood pressure.
The third degree of shock - a person does not feel pain, his reactions are inhibited. His conversation is slow and quiet. Does not answer questions at all, or answers in one word. The skin is pale, covered with perspiration. Consciousness may be absent. The pulse is barely palpable, breathing is frequent and shallow.
The fourth degree of shock is a terminal state. Irreversible may occur pathological changes. No reaction to pain, dilated pupils. Blood pressure may not be audible, breathing with sobs. The skin is gray with marbled spots.

The occurrence of pathology

What is the pathogenesis of shock? Let's look at this in more detail. To develop a response, the body must have:

Time period.
Disorders of cellular metabolism.
Reducing the amount of circulating blood.
Damage incompatible with life.

Under influence negative factors reactions begin to develop in the body:

Specific - depend on the nature of the impact.
Nonspecific - depend on the strength of the impact.

The first ones are called the general adaptation syndrome, which always proceeds in the same way and has three stages:

Anxiety is a reaction to damage.
Resistance is a manifestation of defense mechanisms.
Exhaustion is a violation of adaptation mechanisms.

Thus, based on the above arguments, shock is nonspecific reaction body to a strong impact.

In the mid-nineteenth century, N.I. Pirogov added that the pathogenesis of shock includes three phases. Their duration depends on the patient's response and duration of exposure.

Compensated shock. The pressure is within normal limits.
Decompensated. Blood pressure is reduced.
Irreversible. Organs and systems of the body are damaged.

Now let's take a closer look at the etiopathogenetic classification of shock.

Hypovolemic shock

Develops as a result of decreased blood volume, low fluid intake, diabetes mellitus. The reasons for its appearance can also be attributed to incomplete replenishment of fluid losses. This situation occurs due to acute cardiovascular failure.

The hypovolemic type includes anhydremic and hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic is diagnosed with large loss of blood, and anhydremic - with loss of plasma.

Signs of hypovolemic shock depend on the amount of blood or plasma lost by the body. Depending on the this factor they are divided into several groups:

Circulating blood volume dropped by fifteen percent. A person in a supine position feels normal. When standing, your heart rate increases.
With a twenty percent blood loss. Blood pressure and pulse become lower. In the supine position, the pressure is normal.
BCC decreased by thirty percent. Pallor of the skin is diagnosed, the pressure reaches one hundred millimeters of mercury. Such symptoms appear if a person is in a lying position.

The loss of circulating blood is more than forty percent. To all the signs listed above, a marbled skin color is added, the pulse is almost not palpable, the person may be unconscious or in a coma.

Cardiogenic

In order to understand what shock is and how to provide first aid to the victim, you need to know the classification of this pathological process. We continue to consider the types of shock.

The next one is cardiogenic. Most often it occurs after a heart attack. The pressure begins to drop significantly. The problem is that this process is difficult to control. In addition, the causes of cardiogenic shock can be:

Damage to the structure of the left ventricle.
Arrhythmia.
Blood clot in the heart.

Degrees of the disease:

The duration of shock is up to five hours. The symptoms are mild, rapid heart rate, systolic pressure - at least ninety units.
The duration of the shock is from five to ten hours. All symptoms are pronounced. The pressure drops significantly, the pulse increases.
The duration of the pathological process is more than ten hours. Most often this condition leads to death. The pressure drops to a critical point, the heart rate is more than one hundred and twenty beats.

Traumatic

Now let's talk about what traumatic shock is. Wounds, cuts, severe burns, concussions - everything that is accompanied serious condition human, causes this pathological process. Blood flow in veins, arteries, and capillaries is weakened. Gets lost a large number of blood. The pain syndrome is pronounced. There are two phases of traumatic shock:

The second phase, in turn, is divided into the following degrees:

Easy. The person is conscious, there is slight lethargy and shortness of breath. Reflexes are slightly reduced. The pulse is rapid, the skin is pale.
Average. Lethargy and lethargy are clearly expressed. The pulse is increased.
Heavy. The victim is conscious, but does not perceive what is happening. The skin has an earthy gray color. The tips of the fingers and nose are bluish. The pulse is increased.
State of pre-agony. The person has no consciousness. It is almost impossible to determine the pulse.

Septic

Speaking about the classification of shock, one cannot ignore such a type as septic. This severe manifestation sepsis, which occurs during infectious, surgical, gynecological, urological diseases. Systemic hemodynamics are disrupted and severe hypotension occurs. The state of shock occurs acutely. Most often it provokes surgical intervention or manipulations carried out at the site of infection.

The initial stage of shock is characterized by: a decrease in the amount of urine excreted by the body, elevated temperature body, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness.
Late stage of shock appears the following symptoms: worry and anxiety; decreased blood flow to brain tissue causes constant thirst; breathing and heart rate are increased. Blood pressure is low, consciousness is foggy.

Anaphylactic

Now let's talk about what anaphylactic shock is. This is a severe allergic reaction caused by repeated exposure to an allergen. The amount of the latter may be very small. But the higher the dose, the longer the shock. An anaphylactic reaction of the body can occur in several types.

Skin and mucous membranes are affected. Itching, redness, and Quincke's edema appear.
Disruption of the nervous system. In this case, the symptoms are as follows: headaches, nausea, loss of consciousness, sensory disturbance.
Deviation in work respiratory system. Choking, asphyxia, and swelling of the small bronchi and larynx appear.
Damage to the heart muscle provokes myocardial infarction.

In order to more thoroughly study what anaphylactic shock is, you need to know its classification by severity and symptoms.

Mild degrees last from a few minutes to two hours and are characterized by: itching and sneezing; discharge from the sinuses; redness of the skin; sore throat and dizziness; tachycardia and decreased blood pressure.
Average. Signs of the appearance of this degree of severity are as follows: conjunctivitis, stomatitis; weakness and dizziness; fear and inhibition; noise in the ears and head; the appearance of blisters on the skin; nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain; urinary disturbance.
Severe degree. Symptoms appear instantly: a sharp decline pressure, bluish skin, pulse is almost not palpable, lack of response to any irritants, cessation of breathing and cardiac activity.

Painful

Painful shock - what is it? This condition which is caused severe pain. Typically this situation occurs when: a fall or injury. If to pain syndrome is added profuse blood loss, then death cannot be ruled out.

Depending on the reasons that caused this condition, the body’s reaction can be exogenous or endogenous.

The exogenous type develops as a result of burns, injuries, surgeries and electric shocks.
Endogenous. The reason for its appearance is hidden in the human body. Provokes a response: heart attack, hepatic and renal colic, rupture internal organs, stomach ulcer and others.

There are two phases of pain shock:

Initial. It doesn't last long. During this period, the patient screams and rushes about. He is agitated and irritable. Breathing and pulse are increased, blood pressure is increased.
Torpidnaya. Has three degrees:

First, the central nervous system is inhibited. The pressure drops, moderate tachycardia is observed, reflexes are reduced.
The second - the pulse quickens, breathing is shallow.
The third one is hard. The pressure has been reduced to critical levels. The patient is pale and cannot speak. Death may occur.

First aid

What is shock in medicine? You figured it out a little. But this is not enough. You should know how to support the victim. The faster help is provided, the greater the likelihood that everything will end well. That is why now we will talk about the types of shocks and emergency care that needs to be provided to the patient.

If a person receives a shock, it is necessary:

Eliminate the cause.
Stop the bleeding and cover the wound with an aseptic napkin.
Raise your legs above your head. In this case, blood circulation in the brain improves. The exception is cardiogenic shock.
In case of traumatic or painful shock, it is not recommended to move the patient.
Give the person warm water to drink.
Bow your head to the side.
In case of strong pain You can give the victim an analgesic.
The patient should not be left alone.

General principles of shock therapy:

The sooner treatment measures are started, the better the prognosis.
Getting rid of the disease depends on the cause, severity, and degree of shock.
Treatment should be comprehensive and differentiated.

Conclusion

Let's summarize all of the above. So, what is shock? This is a pathological condition of the body caused by irritants. Shock is a disruption of the body's adaptive reactions that should occur in the event of damage.