Arterial collapse. Sudden cardiovascular collapse and death. Causes of hypovolemic collapse

Cardiovascular collapse is a form of heart failure that occurs due to a sharp drop in tone blood vessels. At this time, there is a rapid decrease in the mass of circulating fluid, therefore, the blood flow to the heart decreases. Arterial-venous pressure drops, which in turn leads to depression of vital important functions body.

Collapse translated from Latin means “fallen”, “weakened”. Its development is acute and rapid. Sometimes accompanied by loss of consciousness. This manifestation is quite dangerous, as it can lead to sudden death person. It happens that only a few minutes pass after an attack before irreversible ischemic changes, sometimes - hours. However modern methods Treatments for some forms of collapse help to increase the life expectancy of patients with this disorder.

Causes of collapse

Among the main reasons for an unexpected fall vascular tone are called:

large blood loss;
acute infections;
intoxication;
overdose of certain medications;
consequence of anesthesia;
damage to circulatory organs;
severe dehydration;
impaired regulation of vascular tone;
injuries.

Symptoms

The clinical picture is clearly expressed. Taken together, the symptoms can immediately identify the pathology without confusing it with other diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

sudden and rapid deterioration in health;
severe and sharp headache;
noise in ears;
darkening of the eyes;
general weakness due to low blood pressure;
pallor;

the skin quickly becomes cold, becomes damp, and acquires a bluish tint;
violation respiratory function;
weak palpation of the pulse;
body temperature drops;
sometimes there is loss of consciousness.

Note that a distinction is made between vascular and cardiac collapse. The first is less dangerous to the patient’s life, but it also requires an adequate response.

Therapeutic measures

At the slightest sign of collapse, you should immediately seek qualified help. Mandatory hospitalization is required with further treatment of the underlying disease causing atony.

First therapeutic measures will be aimed at restoring vascular tone, blood volumes, pressure, and circulation. Applicable conservative method– drug therapy.

And yet, in order to avoid relapse, it is imperative to undergo a course of treatment for the underlying disease causing the collapse.

Staying at home and hoping that everything will go away on its own will not work. Also, do not increase your blood pressure on your own by taking over-the-counter medications. The appointment should be made by a cardiologist based on the results of high-quality diagnostics. Fast reaction and timeliness of therapeutic assistance provided is the key to saving human life!

In medicine collapse om (from the Latin collapse - fallen) characterizes the patient’s condition during a sharp fall blood pressure, vascular tone, as a result of which the blood supply deteriorates vitally important organs. In astronomy there is a term “gravitational collapse", which implies hydrodynamic compression of a massive body under the influence of its own gravity, which leads to a strong decrease in its size. Under "transport" collapse om" is understood traffic jam, in which any violation of the movement of vehicles leads to a complete blocking of vehicles. On public transport- when one vehicle is fully loaded, the number of waiting passengers is close to the critical point. Economic collapse- this is an imbalance between supply and demand for services and goods, i.e. a sharp decline in the economic condition of the state, which appears in the decline of the production economy, bankruptcy and disruption of established production relations. There is a concept “ collapse wave function,” which means an instantaneous change in the description of the quantum state of an object.

In other words, the wave function characterizes the probability of searching for a particle at any point or period of time, but when trying to find this particle, it ends up at one specific point, which is called collapse om.Geometric collapse om is a change in the orientation of an object in space, fundamentally changing it geometric property. For example, under collapse ohm rectangularity is understood as an instant loss of this property. The popular word “ collapse» did not leave the developers indifferent computer games. So, in the game Deus Ex collapse This is the name of an event taking place in the 21st century, when a crisis of power has matured in society with the very rapid development of science, the creation of revolutionary nanotechnologies and intelligent cyber systems. In 2009, the film “Collapse” by the American director K. Smith was released on television. The film is based on a television interview with Michael Rupert, the author of acclaimed books and articles and an accused conspiracy theorist.

Collapse

Collapse is an acute vascular failure, which is characterized by a sharp decrease in vascular tone and a drop in blood pressure.

Collapse is usually accompanied by impaired blood supply, hypoxia of all organs and tissues, decreased metabolism, and inhibition of vital functions of the body.

Causes

Collapse can develop as a result of many diseases. Most often, collapse occurs due to pathology cordially- vascular system(myocarditis, myocardial infarction, thromboembolism pulmonary arteries etc.), as a result of acute loss of blood or plasma (for example, with extensive burns), dysregulation of vascular tone during shock, severe intoxication, infectious diseases, diseases of the nervous system, endocrine systems, as well as in case of overdose of ganglion blockers, neuroleptics, sympatholytics.

Symptoms

The clinical picture of collapse depends on its cause, but the main manifestations are similar to collapse of different origins. There is a sudden progressive weakness, chilliness, dizziness, tinnitus, tachycardia (rapid pulse), blurred vision, and sometimes a feeling of fear. The skin is pale, the face becomes sallow in color, covered with sticky cold sweat; with cardiogenic collapse, cyanosis (bluish color of the skin) is often noted. Body temperature decreases, breathing becomes shallow and rapid. Blood pressure decreases: systolic - to 80-60, diastolic - to 40 mm Hg. Art. and below. As the collapse deepens, consciousness is disrupted, heart rhythm disturbances often occur, reflexes disappear, and the pupils dilate.

Cardiogenic collapse, as a rule, is combined with cardiac arrhythmia, signs of pulmonary edema (breathing difficulties, cough with copious foamy, sometimes pink-tinged, sputum).

Orthostatic collapse occurs when there is a sudden change in body position from horizontal to vertical and quickly stops after transferring the patient to a lying position.

Infectious collapse, as a rule, develops as a result of a critical decrease in body temperature. Skin moisture and severe muscle weakness are noted.

Toxic collapse is often combined with vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, signs of acute renal failure(swelling, difficulty urinating).

Diagnostics

The diagnosis is made based on the clinical picture. Studying hematocrit and blood pressure over time gives an idea of the severity and nature of the collapse.

Types of disease

Cardiogenic collapse - as a result of decreased cardiac output;
Hypovolemic collapse - as a result of a decrease in circulating blood volume;
Vasodilatory collapse - as a result of vasodilation.

Patient Actions

If a collapse occurs, you should immediately contact the ambulance service.

Treatment of collapse

Treatment measures are carried out intensively and urgently. In all cases, a patient with collapse is placed in a horizontal position with legs raised and covered with a blanket. A 10% solution of caffeine sodium benzoate is administered subcutaneously. Needs to be eliminated possible reason collapse: removal of toxic substances from the body and administration of an antidote for poisoning, stopping bleeding, thrombolytic therapy. With thromboembolism of the pulmonary arteries, acute heart attack myocardium, paroxysm is stopped with medication atrial fibrillation and other heart rhythm disturbances.

Pathogenetic therapy is also carried out, which includes intravenous administration saline solutions and blood substitutes for blood loss or blood thickening in patients with hypovolemic collapse, introduction hypertonic solution sodium chloride during collapse against the background of uncontrollable vomiting and diarrhea. If it is necessary to urgently increase blood pressure, norepinephrine, angiotensin, and mesaton are administered. In all cases, oxygen therapy is indicated.

Complications of collapse

The main complication of collapse is loss of consciousness varying degrees. Mild fainting is accompanied by nausea, weakness, and pale skin. Deep fainting may be accompanied by convulsions, increased sweating, involuntary urination. Fainting can also result in injury from a fall. Sometimes collapse leads to the development of a stroke (a disorder cerebral circulation). Possible various damages brain.

Repeated episodes of collapse lead to severe brain hypoxia, worsening concomitant neurological pathology, and the development of dementia.

Prevention

Prevention consists of treating the underlying pathology, constant monitoring of patients in in serious condition. It is important to take into account the characteristics of the pharmacodynamics of medications (neuroleptics, ganglion blockers, barbiturates, antihypertensives, diuretics), individual sensitivity to drugs and nutritional factors.

Collapse: what is it?

Collapse is an acute vascular insufficiency, which is characterized by a sharp drop in arterial and venous pressure caused by a decrease in the mass circulating in the blood circulatory system, a drop in vascular tone or a reduction in cardiac output.

As a result, the metabolic process slows down, hypoxia of organs and tissues begins, and the most important functions of the body are inhibited.

Collapse is a complication of pathological conditions or serious illnesses.

Causes

There are two main causes:

Sudden massive blood loss leads to a decrease in the volume of circulation, to its inconsistency with the throughput capabilities of the vascular bed;
Due to exposure to toxic and pathogenic substances the walls of blood vessels and veins lose their elasticity, and the overall tone of the entire circulatory system decreases.

Steadily growing manifestation acute failure vascular system leads to a decrease in the volume of circulating blood, acute hypoxia occurs, caused by a decrease in the mass of oxygen transported to organs and tissues.

This in turn leads to a further drop in vascular tone, which provokes a decrease in blood pressure. Thus, the condition progresses like an avalanche.

Reasons for triggering pathogenetic mechanisms in different types collapse are different. The main ones:

internal and external bleeding;
general toxicity of the body;
sudden change in body position;
reducing the mass fraction of oxygen in the inhaled air;
acute pancreatitis.

Symptoms

The word collapse comes from the Latin "colabor", which means "falling". The meaning of the word accurately reflects the essence of the phenomenon - a drop in blood pressure and the fall of the person himself during collapse.

Basic Clinical signs collapses of various origins are basically similar:

Prolonged forms can lead to loss of consciousness, dilated pupils, and loss of basic reflexes. Failure to provide timely medical care can lead to serious consequences or death.

Kinds

Despite the fact that in medicine there is a classification of types of collapse according to the pathogenetic principle, the most common classification is based on etiology, distinguishing the following types:

infectious - toxic, caused by the presence of bacteria in infectious diseases, which leads to disruption of the heart and blood vessels;
toxic– the result of general intoxication of the body;
hypoxemic, which occurs when there is a lack of oxygen or under conditions of high atmospheric pressure;
pancreatic caused by trauma to the pancreas;
burn occurring after deep burns of the skin;
hyperthermic, occurring after severe overheating, sunstroke;

dehydration caused by loss of fluid in large volumes;
hemorrhagic caused by massive bleeding, in Lately viewed as a deep shock;
cardiogenic associated with pathology of the heart muscle;
plasmorrhagic, arising due to plasma loss during severe forms diarrhea, multiple burns;
orthostatic, which occurs when the body is brought into a vertical position;
enterogenous(fainting) that occurs after eating in patients with gastrectomy.

Separately, it should be noted that hemorrhagic collapse can occur both from external bleeding and from invisible internal: ulcerative colitis, stomach ulcer, spleen damage.

With cardiogenic collapse, stroke volume decreases due to myocardial infarction or angina pectoris. There is a high risk of developing arterial thromboembolism.

Orthostatic collapse also occurs when standing in an upright position for a long time, when the blood is redistributed, the venous part increases and the flow to the heart decreases.

Collapse due to poisoning is also possible medicines: sympatholytics, neuroleeptics, adrenergic blockers.

Orthostatic collapse often occurs in healthy people, in particular in children and adolescents.

Toxic collapse can be caused professional activity associated with toxic substances: cyanides, amino compounds, carbohydrate oxide.

Collapse in children is observed more often than in adults and occurs in a more complex form. may develop against the background of intestinal infections, influenza, pneumonia, anaphylactic shock, adrenal dysfunction. The immediate cause may be fear, injury and blood loss.

First aid

At the first sign of collapse, you should immediately call an ambulance. Qualified doctor will determine the severity of the patient,, if possible, establish the cause of the collapsive state and prescribe primary treatment.

Providing first aid will help alleviate the patient’s condition, and possibly save his life.

Necessary actions:

place the patient on a hard surface;
raise your legs with a pillow;
throw back your head, ensure free breathing;
unbutton the collar of the shirt, free it from everything that constrains it (belt, strap);
open the windows, provide airflow fresh air;
bring ammonia to your nose, or massage your earlobes, dimple of the upper lip, temples;
stop bleeding if possible.

Prohibited actions:

give drugs with a pronounced vasodilator effect (nosh-pa, valocordin, glycerin);
hit the cheeks, trying to bring him to his senses.

Treatment

Non-inpatient treatment is indicated for orthostatic, infectious and other types of collapse, which are caused by acute vascular insufficiency. In case of hemorrhagic collapse caused by bleeding, urgent hospitalization is necessary.

Treatment of collapse has several directions:

Etiological therapy designed to eliminate the causes that caused the collapsive state. Stopping bleeding, general detoxification of the body, eliminating hypoxia, administering adrenaline, antidote therapy, and stabilizing the heart will help stop further deterioration of the patient’s condition.
Techniques pathogenetic therapy will allow you to return the body to its usual working rhythm as quickly as possible. Among the main methods, it is necessary to highlight the following: increasing arterial and venous pressure, stimulating respiration, activating blood circulation, administering blood replacement drugs and plasma, blood transfusion, activating the central nervous system. nervous systems s.
Oxygen therapy used for poisoning carbon monoxide accompanied by acute respiratory failure. Operational implementation therapeutic activities allows you to restore the most important functions of the body and return the patient to normal life.

Collapse is a pathology caused by acute vascular insufficiency. Different kinds collapse have a similar clinical picture and require urgent and qualified treatment, sometimes surgical intervention.

Vascular collapse in general case is a complication of serious pathological conditions, as a result of which metabolism is inhibited and hypoxia of tissues and organs occurs, as well as the cessation of normal functionality of the entire organism. In addition, blood flow to the heart decreases and occurs.

For this reason, it is important to know how to recognize the presence of this

People often confuse the concepts of collapse and shock, but they differ in that in the first, the victim’s condition does not change, and in the second, excitement precedes the decline.

Causes

In medicine, the following probable causes of collapse are identified:

intoxication with pathogenic and toxic substances;
sudden change in body position;
loss of a large volume of blood, which can be both external and internal;
acute pancreatitis;
infectious processes in the body, which include pneumonia, typhoid fever and so on;
insufficient amount of oxygen in the absorbed air.

And also the cause of collapse can be puberty in girls, stroke electric shock, diseases abdominal cavity and epidural and spinal anesthesia.

When acute insufficiency of the vascular system occurs in the body, an acute lack of oxygen in the blood begins to occur, which leads to hypoxia of tissues and organs.

This process, in turn, leads to a drop in normal vascular tone, resulting in a sharp drop in blood pressure.

Symptoms

The word “collapse” itself is translated as a fall, that is, its meaning directly reflects the essence of the process, because not only does it fall blood pressure, but also the man himself. Collapse has its own symptoms:

clarity of consciousness, but indifference to everything that happens around;
rapid but weak pulse;
cramps of fingers;
dizziness;
the mucous membrane acquires a bluish tint;
during the collapse skin lose elasticity;
facial features become sharper;
the heart rhythm is lost;

sharp deterioration in general condition;
release of sticky and icy sweat;
stun;
sudden deterioration of vision;
the skin becomes very pale;
severe dry mouth;
vomit;
unexpected urination;
low body temperature.

If you don't provide it on time medical care, then a person in a state of collapse loses consciousness and basic reflexes. In severe forms, acute failure syndrome or death is inevitable.

When examining the blood, the doctor reveals that its volume is significantly reduced, and the hematocrit, on the contrary, is increased.

As for the pupils, they react poorly to light stimulation and tremor of the fingers occurs.

Variety

If we are talking about classification by etiology, then vascular collapse has the following varieties:

Infectious-toxic collapse, as the name implies, the cause of its occurrence is an infection leading to disruption of the cardiovascular system and its failure.
Hypoxemic collapse, which occurs due to a lack of oxygen in the inhaled air, occurs as a result of exposure to high altitude conditions and when flying on an airplane.
Toxic collapse.
Pancreatic collapse occurs due to trauma to the pancreas.
Burn collapse.
Hypovolemic collapse, which occurs due to dehydration, loss of blood and plasma.

Hyperthermic collapse is caused by overheating of the body.
Dehydration collapse occurs due to large loss of fluid.
Hemorrhagic collapse is associated with a large loss of blood volume, and the bleeding can be either external, resulting from injury, or internal, due to damage gastrointestinal tract or spleen.
Cardiogenic collapse, it is directly related to improper functioning of the heart muscle, a shining example such a state is .
Orthostatic collapse occurs due to a change in body position from horizontal to vertical. In addition, this condition occurs as a result of a long stay in an upright position.
Plasmoragic collapse occurs due to diarrhea and extensive burns.
Vasodilatory collapse, which is characteristic of severe hypoxia, endocrinopathy, when the amount of histamine, kinins and adenosine is exceeded.
Enterogenous collapse resulting from food intake in people suffering from gastrectomy.

As for the toxic variety, it occurs not only due to intoxication with heavy metals and chemical compounds in the air, but also due to taking certain medications.

Children are more likely to experience this pathology because even a long vertical position, intestinal infections, fear and flu become the causes of collapse. No matter what signs those around you encounter from the above, it is important not to get confused and provide first-aid to the victim.

First aid

As soon as a person shows signs of collapse, emergency assistance must be called immediately, the doctors of which determine probable cause its development.

But before they arrive on the scene, it is vital that first aid for a collapse is provided correctly, for this you should familiarize yourself with the following simple steps:

Place the victim in a horizontal position, so that the legs are slightly higher than the level of the head. This manipulation will help ensure blood flow to the heart and head;
the head should be slightly tilted back and the neck and waist should be freed from any items of clothing and accessories that block the access of air;
provide oxygen access by opening windows or doors;
bring him back to consciousness using ammonia. If you don’t have it at hand, you can use massaging the hole over upper lip and earlobes;
stop existing bleeding by pulling the limb above the injury site.

But at the same time, it is important not to make such mistakes as trying to revive them with blows to the cheeks, and in no case should you suggest taking drugs with a vasodilating effect.

Treatment

When signs of collapse are noticed, it is necessary to mandatory call ambulance, even despite the fact that the improvement after the procedures described above led to the restoration of consciousness and capacity of the victim.

The treatment process includes techniques such as:

Etiological, which involves detoxification, administration of adrenaline, antidote therapy, assistance in stabilizing cardiac function.
Pathogenetic, including increased low blood pressure, transfusion suitable blood, assistance in restoring respiratory function, administering intravenous blood replacement drugs, restoring the function of the nervous system.
Oxygen, used for carbon monoxide intoxication.

During treatment, Prednisolone is administered intravenously from sixty to ninety milligrams, but if its use is not effective, then add:

Cordiamine - no more than two milliliters;
10% caffeine - in the same dosage;
10% solution of sulfocamphocaine - the same amount;
1% Mezaton - no more than two milliliters;
0.2% solution of Norepinephrine - one milliliter.

If the cause is low cardiac output syndrome, then the specialist prescribes intravenous administration of antiarrhythmic drugs.

As for manifestations that cannot be assessed initially, a specialist eliminates them with the help of painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Many disorders of the cardiovascular system occur suddenly, against a background of relative well-being. One of these acute life-threatening conditions is vascular collapse. About the mechanisms of development, symptoms and emergency care we will talk about this pathology in our review and video in this article.

The essence of the problem

Vascular collapse is a form of cardiovascular failure that develops against the background of a sudden decrease in the tone of the arteries and veins. Translated from the Latin word collapsus, the term translates as “fallen.”

The pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease are based on:

decrease in BCC;
decreased blood flow to the right side of the heart;
a sharp drop in pressure;
acute ischemia of organs and tissues;
inhibition of all vital functions of the body.

The development of collapse is always sudden and rapid. Sometimes only a few minutes pass from the onset of pathology to the development of irreversible ischemic changes. This syndrome is very dangerous because it is often fatal. However, thanks to timely first aid and effective drug therapy The patient can be saved in most cases.

Important! The concepts of “collapse” and “shock” should not be confused. Unlike the first, shock occurs as a response of the body to extreme irritation (pain, temperature, etc.) and is accompanied by more severe manifestations

Causes and mechanism of development

There are many factors influencing the development of pathology. Among them:

massive blood loss;
acute infectious diseases (pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, typhoid fever);
some diseases of the endocrine and nervous systems (for example, syringomyelia);
effect on the body of toxic and poisonous substances (organophosphorus compounds, CO - carbon monoxide);
side effects of epidural anesthesia;
overdose of long-acting insulin, ganglion blockers, blood pressure lowering agents;
peritonitis and acute infectious complications;
acute impairment of myocardial contractility during infarction, arrhythmias, dysfunction of the AV node.

Depending on the cause and mechanism of development, four types are distinguished.

Table: Types of collapse

Type of collapse	Description
	Caused by decreased cardiac output
	Triggered by a sharp decrease in circulating blood volume
	Cause acute condition– sudden decrease
	Violation of blood redistribution during sudden change body position in space

Note! Most people on the planet have developed orthostatic collapse at least once. For example, many are familiar with the slight dizziness that develops when abruptly getting out of bed in the morning. However, in healthy people everything unpleasant symptoms pass within 1-3 minutes.

Clinical symptoms

A person develops:

sharp rapid deterioration in health;
general weakness;
severe headache;
darkening of the eyes;
noise, buzzing in the ears;
marbled pallor of the skin;
breathing problems;
sometimes – loss of consciousness.

Principles of diagnosis and treatment

Collapse is a dangerous and extremely unpredictable condition. Sometimes when sharp decline Blood pressure counts in minutes, and the cost of delay can be too high. If a person develops signs of acute circulatory system failure, it is important to call an ambulance as early as possible.

In addition, everyone should know the algorithm for providing first aid to patients with collapse. For this purpose, WHO specialists have developed simple and understandable instructions.

Step one. Assessment of vital signs

To confirm the diagnosis, it is enough:

Carry out a visual inspection. The patient's skin is pale, with a marbled tint. She is often covered in sticky sweat.
Feel the pulse in the peripheral artery. At the same time, it is weak, thread-like or not detectable at all. Another sign of acute vascular insufficiency is tachycardia - an increase in the number of heart contractions.
Measure blood pressure. Collapse is characterized by hypotension - a sharp deviation of blood pressure from the norm (120/80 mm Hg) to the lower side.

Step two. First aid

While the ambulance is on its way, carry out urgent measures, aimed at stabilizing the patient’s condition and preventing acute complications:

Lay the victim on his back on a flat, hard surface. Raise your legs relative to your entire body by 30-40 cm. This will improve blood supply to the heart and brain.
Ensure sufficient oxygen supply to the room. Remove clothing that restricts breathing and open the window. At the same time, the patient should not freeze: if necessary, wrap him in a blanket or blanket.
Let the victim smell a cotton swab soaked in ammonia (ammonia solution). If you don’t have medicine at hand, rub it on your temples, earlobes, and also the hollow located between your nose and upper lip. These activities will help improve peripheral circulation.
If the cause of collapse was bleeding from open wound, try to stop the bleeding by applying a tourniquet or finger pressure.

Important! If a person is unconscious, one should not revive him with blows to the cheeks or other painful stimuli. Until he comes to his senses, do not give him anything to drink or eat. Moreover, if possible vascular collapse is not excluded, you should not give drugs that lower blood pressure - Corvalol, Validol, Valocordin, No-shpa, Nitroglycerin, Isoket, etc.

Step three. First aid

Upon arrival of the ambulance, briefly describe the situation to the doctors, mentioning what kind of assistance was provided. Now the victim must be examined by a doctor. After assessment vital functions and determining a preliminary diagnosis, the administration of a 10% solution of caffeine sodium benzoate in a standard dosage is indicated. In case of infectious or orthostatic collapse, this is sufficient for a stable, long-lasting effect.

In the future, urgent measures are aimed at eliminating the causes of vascular insufficiency:

If the collapse is hemorrhagic, it is necessary to stop the bleeding;
In case of poisoning and intoxication, the introduction of a specific antidote (if exists) and detoxification measures are required.
At acute diseases(myocardial infarction, peritonitis, pulmonary embolism, etc.) correction of life-threatening conditions is carried out.

If there are indications, the patient is hospitalized in a specialized hospital for further treatment and prevention serious complications. There, depending on the causes of the disease, intravenous drip administration of adrenaline and norepinephrine is carried out (for rapid promotion blood pressure), infusion of blood and its components, plasma, saline solution(to increase blood volume), oxygen therapy.

Collapse is one of the forms of manifestation of acute vascular insufficiency. Collapse, in which first aid is necessary to quickly alleviate the victim’s condition, due to the characteristics of its own manifestations, makes it impossible for oxygenated blood to flow into the heart and brain.

Collapse can be triggered by serious sudden blood loss, which can occur, for example, due to the rupture of an internal organ, as well as severe bodily injury and sudden disruption in heart rate. Collapse is a condition that occurs as a result of a previous heart attack, a sharp expansion that occurs in peripheral vessels, strong manifestations that are relevant for allergic reactions, as well as acute infectious diseases and drug overdose.

First aid for collapse includes a number of measures that must be implemented before the ambulance arrives. It should be noted that calling a doctor is mandatory in any situation, accordingly, even in one in which there is a temporary improvement in the victim’s condition.

Symptoms of collapse

Among those relevant for this state The symptoms are the following:

A sharp deterioration in health;
The appearance of tinnitus, weakness, headache;
Darkening in the eyes;
Superficial and rapid breathing;
Dim look;
Cold, wet, pale skin;
Weak pulse.

It should be noted that collapse, in which first aid is not provided for one reason or another, can lead to loss of consciousness of a person. Basically, the preservation of consciousness is noted, despite its general fog; in addition, the patient’s complete indifference to what is happening around him is noted. There is also a sluggish reaction of the pupils to light and tremor of the hands.

Collapse: First Aid

Let us dwell in more detail on first aid measures for collapse. First of all, before performing any actions, you need to call an ambulance, and then proceed to resuscitation measures, they are as follows:

The patient must be placed on his back, on a hard surface, with his legs elevated - this will ensure increased blood flow to the heart and brain.
To allow fresh air into the room, you need to open the windows, and the patient needs to be warmed up.
Items that restrict breathing and are too tight to the body should be loosened/unfastened.
If you have a first aid kit and ammonia on hand, in particular, you should let the patient smell it. In the absence of this drug, you need to rub your temples, the pit located above the upper lip and earlobes.
In the event of collapse due to blood loss with the presence of an external wound, first aid involves the need to stop the bleeding.
If the patient is unconscious, it is unacceptable to give him drink and medicine, just as attempts to bring him back to consciousness by hitting him on the cheeks are also unacceptable.
The use of valocordin, validol, corvalol, nitroglycerin and no-shpa for collapse is prohibited, because their action leads to vasodilation.