Nephritis(nephritis) - the disease is characterized by inflammation of the kidneys (often on an immune basis) with a subsequent violation of their function. All parts of the nephron, the interstitial tissue of the kidney, blood vessels and nerve endings can be involved in the inflammatory process. Depending on the degree of damage to the main structures of the kidneys, glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis. According to the size of the lesion, nephritis is focal and diffuse, along the course - acute and chronic.

Etiology. main reason jade are various infections, an allergenic factor, penetrating radiation or the ingress of radioactive substances into the body. Of all the parenchymal organs, the kidneys are the most sensitive to radiation, especially in young animals. Jade can develop when feeding spoiled hay, coniferous branches, young birch leaves, alder, as a result of improper use of certain medicinal substances (turpentine, tar, phosphorus, arsenic, antibiotics, etc.), as well as a complication of various gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases .

Symptoms . In acute nephritis, general depression, loss of appetite, fever, pain in the kidney area, frequent urination in small portions are noted. In severe cases, swelling of the subcutaneous tissue appears in the area of the eyelids, dewlap, abdomen, limbs, increases blood pressure with increased second tone on the aorta. With the development of uremia, thirst increases, dry mouth, vomiting appears. In chronic course, there is fast fatiguability, fatness decreases, signs of heart failure, uremia increase, edema progresses and anemia develops.

Urine increased density, cloudy and often with flakes. It contains blood cells, casts, deflated epithelium, protein, sugar, and often microorganisms. In the blood - leukocytosis.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis . Characteristic signs are an increase in body temperature, pain during urination and palpation in the kidney area, a sharp decrease in urine output. Of decisive importance is the laboratory study of urine.

It is necessary to differentiate nephritis from pyelonephritis and nephrosis. Pyelonephritis is characterized by persistent fever, frequent urination and excessive pain. In urine, along with blood cells, a large number of renal pelvis cells and microbes. With nephrosis, there is no pain, the temperature is not elevated, increased urination, in the urine high content protein and deflated epithelium of the convoluted tubules.

Treatment. Improve the maintenance and feeding of sick animals. Assign food rich in vitamins. Limit protein intake and table salt. To improve diuresis and metabolic processes, a 40% glucose solution, gemodez, polyglucin is administered intravenously at a dose of 0.5-1.0 ml/kg of animal weight. Diuretics and disinfectants are also prescribed: potassium acetate inside at 0.04-0.1 g / kg, temisal, respectively, at 0.01-0.02 g / kg, intravenously 20-25% solution of magnesium sulfate at a dose of 0 ,2-0.4 ml / kg, hexamethylenetetramine - orally and intravenously at 0.01-0.04 g / kg.

Be sure to use anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory drugs: novocaine in the form of pararenal blockade and intravenous calcium chloride or gluconate, as well as hormonal drugs (ACTH and corticotropin intramuscularly in large animals 3-10 IU / kg, cortisone inside 0.002-0.003 g / kg, prednisolone inside 1 mg/kg).

To suppress the microflora, sulfonamides (urosulfan, etazol), antibiotics of the penicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin group, as well as nitrofuran preparations are used.

Prevention is to prevent complications of infectious and other diseases, the rational use of substances that have an irritating effect. It is also necessary to protect animals from hypothermia, to increase their natural resistance.

JADE - NEPHRITIS

Damage to the same degree of glomeruli, tubules and kidneys. Subdivided into glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis and nephritis-nephrosis. The disease is registered in all animal species. The most common is interstitial nephritis. Nephrites and pyelonephritis are observed in all animals, but more often in dogs.

In ordinary farms, kidney diseases account for approximately 5%, in specialized complexes - 8% of cases of internal non-communicable diseases. Jades by origin are divided into primary and secondary.

Secondary nephritis often accompanies diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and lungs.

Glomerulonephritis(Glomerulonephritis) - an inflammatory process of the kidneys of an infectious-allergic etiology with a predominant lesion of the glomerular apparatus of the nephron (Fig. 119).

Etiology. The disease occurs as a result of infections, allergic sensitization, hypothermia, poisoning. The main etiological factor of glomerulonephritis is an infection, mainly streptococcal, especially hemolytic streptococcus, to a lesser extent staphylococci and pneumococci. Diffuse lomerulonephritis occurs with anaerobic enterotoxemia.

Rice. Glomerulonephritis in a pig

Nephritis is also considered as an allergic post-infectious disease. Also important is the specific renal allergy, which is based on the processes of autosensitization.

An important reason for the development of the disease is hypothermia and dampness in the premises. They can play the role of a decisive factor in a sensitized organism, it is possible that it converts inactive antibodies into active ones, that is, activates them. There is a possibility of serum and vaccine nephritis.

Sensitizing reasons can be the quality of feed, conditions of detention, etc.

Inadequate feeding of animals leads to a decrease in the nonspecific resistance of the organism, to a loss of fatness. Emaciated animals are predisposed to developing nephritis in them. Cases of animals suffering from nephritis when giving them shoots have been noted. coniferous trees, birch leaves, alder and spoiled feed. In the occurrence of nephritis in animals, mycotoxicosis and candidomycosis play a role. There may be cases of development of nephritis in case of poisoning of animals with various kinds of chemicals.

Pathogenesis glomerulonephritis is complex. It is believed that a foreign substance that enters the blood (a bacterial toxin, a chemical agent, a drug or its metabolite, pathological proteins formed as a result of fever, the administration of sera, vaccines, etc.), being eliminated by the kidneys, enters the primary urine, then reabsorbed by the tubules, damages the tubercular basement membrane and combines with its proteins, thus turning into a renal antigen and causing an immunological reaction.

In the initial period of the course of glomerulonephritis, there is a decrease in the concentration function of the kidneys, and subsequently in the filtering function, which primarily affects the excretion of nitrogenous products and other factors of interstitial metabolism.

With the development of nephritis in animals, azotemic uremia occurs. The mechanism of its development is not entirely clear, there is no doubt that uremia itself is a manifestation of pronounced renal failure. With her diuresis is reduced. All this leads to a delay in the body of animals of nitrogenous metabolic products.

The content of residual nitrogen and especially urea in the blood serum increases by 5-10 times. Along with this, hypochloremic uremia also develops. The loss of chlorine and sodium from the body is accompanied by tissue dehydration (exicosis). Under these conditions, the processes of protein breakdown sharply increase. This is accompanied by an increase in the blood not only in the content of amino acids and ammonia, but also in the products of incomplete hydrolysis in the form of polypeptides, which are very toxic. They have a toxic effect on the vascular system, cause an increase in capillary permeability, a reflex drop in blood pressure and vasotropic bradycardia. A rapid decrease in the concentration of chlorine in the blood and extracellular exsicosis lead to hypovolemia, a further reduction in glomerular filtration volume to an increase in the level of residual nitrogen, and the development of acidosis.

There is a violation of the acid-base balance in the direction of a sharp acidotic shift, due to the delay in the body of predominantly volatile acids and ketone bodies.

It should also be noted that the stomach and intestines are involved in compensating for impaired renal function in nephritis. Prolonged intoxication contributes to protein-granular degeneration of liver cells and the occurrence of liver failure. This leads to changes in protein metabolism. In particular, the cause of hypoalbuminemia in glomerulonephritis is the accelerated breakdown of albumin, the violation of its synthesis by the liver and the increased permeability of the kidney capillaries due to congestion. The release of protein from the vascular bed is noted, it is excreted in the urine, and proteinuria develops.

With the emerging partial compensatory function of the gastrointestinal tract with azotonemia, uremic gastroenteritis develops, the release of nitrogenous substances by the skin and oral mucosa.

Prolonged uremic intoxication of the bone marrow leads to inhibition of hematopoiesis and the development of hypochromic anemia.

Damage to the heart vascular systems s is manifested by hypertension, accompanied by a rise in diastolic pressure. Circulatory disorders and cardiac hypertrophy are directly dependent on hypertension.

The strongest change in blood circulation develops with a combination of hypervolemia (increase in blood mass) with spasm of arterioles. Due to the development of hypervolemia, hypertension and spasms cerebral vessels animals often develop eclampsia.

Numerous and long exposures, disturbing kidney activity, cause the development of uremic polyneuropathy. At the same time, the animals show adynamia, apathy, drowsiness, inactivity, impaired coordination of movements, reduced reflexes, sweating is pronounced, and subsequently a coma develops. The duration of coma with nephritis in animals can be from several minutes to 2-3 days.

Jade is one of the most severe forms renal pathology in animals, in which a number of organs and systems are involved in the process, and, first of all, humoral, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal tract, liver, blood systems, nervous system and almost all types of metabolism.

Glomerular atrophy due to urinary stasis in chronic interstitial nephritis

a - atrophied glomeruli; 6- proliferation of interstitial tissue.

Symptoms. According to clinical signs, three forms of glomerulonephritis are distinguished: hematuric, nephrotic and mixed.

The hematuric form of the disease is characterized by hypertension, hematuria and edematous syndrome.

The nephrotic form is accompanied by edema, proteinuria and cylindruria.

The mixed form (protein-hematuric) is characterized by persistent hypertension, edematous syndrome, gross hematuria, and proteinuria.

Allocate mild and severe course of the disease.

Light form nephritis is almost asymptomatic and is recognized only during urine tests. Usually the disease begins with the oppression of the animal, weakness, decrease or lack of appetite, increased thirst.

Body temperature is in the upper range of normal or slightly increased, the pulse is quickened, blood pressure is high (17.0/6.0 hPa).

With vibration percussion in the region of the kidneys, pain is noted.

Subcutaneous tissue loose in the lower wall of the abdomen. Rare urination, slight albuminuria in the urine, qualitative tests for sugar, blood, bile pigments and urobilin are positive.

In urinary sediments, erythrocytes, leukocytes, renal epithelium and hyaline casts are found. The number of erythrocytes, the amount of hemoglobin in the blood is reduced, while the number of leukocytes is increased.

At severe course diseases, the animals are exhausted, they lie more. The body temperature is lowered, the pulse is slowed down, the number respiratory movements reduced. There is slight swelling in the region of the lower abdominal wall, the heart sounds are poorly heard, the emphasis of the second tone on the aorta is noted. There is oliguria, turning into anuria. Turbid urine, with the presence of protein, sugar, bile pigments, urobilin, erythrocytes, leukocytes and renal epithelium, hypochromic anemia.

In the stage of renal failure, signs of brain damage dominate. There is marked adynamia, apathy, drowsiness, inactivity. Hearing and vision are reduced. Sensitivity disorder is accompanied by attenuation of reflexes (ear, corolla and eye). At the same time, hypoproteinemia, dysproteinemia, hyperazotemia, hypochloremia and anemia are noted.

Flow. Acute glomerulonephritis after a few (8~10) days or after
1-2 weeks with timely treatment ends with recovery, more often it becomes chronic, lasting for months. Lethality is low.

Animal corpses are often emaciated. The subcutaneous tissue is edematous, in the serous cavities there is often a transudate.

The kidneys are usually enlarged, plethoric (Fig. 121). The cortical layer is expanded and has many scattered red dots and dark red spots.

Histologically, expansion and filling with blood of large and small vessels, swelling and partial desquamation of the vascular endothelium, an increase in the size of most glomeruli, degeneration of the tubular epithelium. In the capsule of Shumlyansky-Bowman there are epithelial cells subjected to granular degeneration.

Superficial lymph nodes (submandibular, knee folds) are slightly enlarged, flabby, gray-yellow in color, the pattern is smoothed, the surrounding tissue is edematous. Mucous membranes are edematous. The heart is slightly enlarged due to the left side. The epicardium is flabby, edematous, there are petechial hemorrhages. Pinpoint hemorrhages on the endocardium and valves. The liver is slightly enlarged, flabby. It has dark brown color, dryish, the pattern is weakly expressed. The spleen is wrinkled, the capsule is folded, under it there are multiple petechial hemorrhages, dryish on the section. The stomach (abomasum) contains liquid chyme with an admixture of mucus, the mucous membrane is gray-red, slightly swollen, eroded in places. The intestinal mucosa is hyperemic.

Diagnosis acute nephritis does not present difficulties. Take into account the data of anamnesis, the results of a clinical examination and laboratory tests of urine and blood. The diagnosis is established on the basis of identifying the nature of the symptoms: hematuria, hypertension and edema. In the blood, azotemia, hypochloremia and anemia are established. Acute nephritis is characterized by oliguria and the following changes in urine: the presence of protein in it up to 1%, erythrocytes, leukocytes, renal epithelium. Urine the color of meat slops.

Chronic nephritis in a horse:

a - newly formed connective tissue; b - thickening of the outer leaf of the Baumen's capsule and its hyalinization; c - Malpighian body, which turned into a connective tissue neoplasm and underwent hyalinization.

Glomerulonephritis is differentiated from nephrosis according to the following data. Nephrosis usually occurs without hematuria, increased arterial blood pressure, hypotrophy of the heart. In the urine with nephrosis, the protein content is up to 2 percent or more, there are no erythrocytes, leukocytes, there is a renal epithelium and cylinders.

Forecast favorable to cautious. An unfavorable prognosis should be expected when oliguria is noted from the very beginning of the disease, turning into anuria with symptoms of renal failure.

Treatment. Complex. It should be aimed at eliminating the causes of the disease, combating inflammatory processes and intoxication, restoring diuresis, correcting the water and electrolyte balance and acid-base balance of the body.

Particular attention in the treatment is paid to the proper maintenance and feeding of sick animals. They are placed in a dry, warm and well-ventilated room, and the cleanliness of the skin is monitored. Feed is prescribed with a possibly lower content of sodium chloride in it, watering is limited.

It is better to give carnivores milk, bread, cereals from oatmeal and pearl barley, boiled vegetables.

At drug treatment sick animals are given antibiotics first. penicillin series(penicillin, bicillin-3, bicillin-5, ampicillin, oxacillin, ampioks) in therapeutic doses. In this case, the degree of impairment of the functional activity of the kidneys should be taken into account. Antibiotics of the penicillin series are prescribed to eliminate or reduce the microbial-inflammatory process in the renal tissue. Clinical observations of the results of treatment of animals with glomerulonephritis show that the use of antibiotics alone does not completely solve this problem.

One of the ways to increase the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for nephritis is their combined use, as well as pathogenetic therapy. Against the background of antimicrobial therapy, it is recommended to carry out novocaine blockade of borderline sympathetic trunks and celiac nerves according to V.V. Mosin or pararenal blockade. Specified blockades applied on the background developing inflammation in the kidneys, stop it, correct the resulting functional disorders in the body, increase the defenses and cause the recovery of animals in a shorter time.

In a severe disease, along with the blockade, it is necessary to use the means of substitution and symptomatic therapy. A certain place in the complex treatment of acute nephritis in herbivores is occupied by vitamin therapy and, first of all, the appointment of vitamins A, B, E, and better combined - trivitamin, trivit or tetravit, in carnivores - vitamins of group B.

To neutralize and remove toxins from the body of patients, they should inject gemodez intravenously at a dose of 0.3 ml / kg of body weight of the animal. Positive results were obtained in the treatment of nephritis in calves by intravenous administration medicinal mixture, consisting of a 6% solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone - 100 ml, a 20% glucose solution - 50 ml and a 40% solution of hexamethylenetetramine - 10 ml.

Symptomatic treatment for nephritis depends on the severity of the disease and on the infection of a particular syndrome. Particular attention should be paid to the cardiovascular system. To maintain cardiac activity, solutions of caffeine, camphor oil and cordiamine should be used.

A relatively new method of treating nephritis in animals is the use of corticosteroid hormones (prednisolone, prednisone and hydrocortisone) at a dose of 1 mg/kg of animal body weight twice a day, for | 8 days. The proposed hormonal preparations have anti-inflammatory and desensitizing effects.

In order to improve diuresis, reduce the action and relieve tonic contraction of blood vessels in the kidneys, a 20-25% solution of magnesium sulfate is used at a dose of 100-200 ml or a 10% solution of calcium gluconate 30-50 ml.

To improve diuresis, decoctions and tinctures of bearberry leaves, calendula, juniper fruits, rose hips are used.

The use of etiotropic, pathogenetic, substitution and symptomatic therapy in the complex treatment of animals with nephritis contributes to the creation of favorable conditions for the restoration of vitamin, nitrogen and water-electrolyte metabolism, as well as the acid-base balance of the body and the functions of organs involved in metabolic processes.

Prevention. Eliminate the impact of the pathogenic factor, which is the infection.

Particular attention should be paid to the prevention of primary - gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases of infectious and non-infectious origin.

AT general prevention pay attention to the procurement, preparation and storage of feed, as well as checking their quality. Poor-quality feed (damaged by fungi, rotten, sour) should not be included in the diet.

In addition, conditions that cause hypothermia are eliminated, temperature, humidity and gas conditions in the premises are observed. Regular walks, cleaning of animals and cleaning of premises are recommended.

An important point is a planned medical examination. According to the results of selective laboratory tests, kidney disease is detected. Drugs are used, the action of which is aimed at increasing the defenses of the animal body (heterogeneous blood, trivitamin or tetravit, a mixture of horse citrate blood, tetravit and norsulfazol sodium, etc.).

The effectiveness of private measures in the prevention of renal complications largely depends on the timely implementation of general non-specific measures for infectious and non-communicable animal diseases.

Interstitial nephritis(Nephritis interstitialis acuta) - inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidneys.

Interstitial nephritis is an independent disease that has its own nature, most often an immune, clinical picture, patterns of development. In conditions clinical practice relatively rarely diagnosed. Due to these circumstances, there is no exact data on the frequency and prevalence of this disease. Therefore, in most cases, this form of nephritis is diagnosed during forced slaughter or during the slaughter of animals in meat processing plants.

The process may be focal or diffuse. In the diffuse form, both kidneys are involved in the process with the development of necrosis of the tubular epithelium and acute renal failure.

Etiology. Slowly developing nephritis is more often interstitial. This is due to long-term medication (antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.). The acute course of the disease occurs with an overdose of antibiotics. a wide range actions (gentamicin, kanamycin, polymyxin, neomycin, neovitin, streptomycin, etc.).

Perhaps its occurrence in connection with the transferred infection, as well as the reaction to the introduction of vaccines and sera.

It can also be in animals with chronic glomerulo- and
pyelonephritis.

Pathogenesis. Most researchers believe that the disease has an immune origin and kidney damage is a manifestation general reaction. A foreign substance entering the blood (drug, chemical agent, bacterial toxin, etc.), being eliminated by the kidneys, enters the primary urine, combines with its protein, turns into an antigen and causes an immunological reaction with the fixation of immune complexes in the membrane.

Chronic nephritis in a large cattle

a - shriveled slices

A reflex spasm of tubular vessels, an increase in intratubular pressure, and a decrease in renal blood flow develop. Squeezing of the tubules gradually leads to their atrophy and death. There is a decrease in glomerular filtration and increasing edema, which leads to a decrease in water reabsorption and the development of polyuria.

The concentration function of the kidneys is also impaired due to cellular infiltration and inflammatory changes in the main substance of the medulla. As the foci of infiltration increase, it is possible gradual development connective tissue. In the future, the acute process often becomes chronic.

Symptoms. Acute interstitial nephritis is accompanied by symptoms of the underlying disease that caused it. Occurs more often against the background of acute infectious gastroenteritis, acute nonspecific bronchopneumonia, colibacillosis, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, candidiasis, etc., with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics on the 3-5th day after their administration in loading doses.

In sick animals, a decrease in appetite is noted, the body temperature in the first days depends on the underlying disease, at first it is slightly increased, and then returns to the limits. physiological norm, Blood tests reveal a slight leukocytosis, a decrease in the number of red blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin.

Diffuse chronic interstitial nephritis in a dog

Violation of the nitrogen excretion function of the kidneys is accompanied by an increase in the content of residual nitrogen and urea in the blood serum by 1.5-2 times. The disorder of water-electrolyte metabolism is manifested by hypochloremia, hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. Edema is absent in most cases. Polyuria is noted. characteristic feature is a decrease in the relative density of urine to 1.010, which remains at a low level for several months. Changes in the urinary sediment are uncharacteristic, sometimes leukocytes are found, rarely erythrocytes, cylinders and renal epithelium.

Pathological changes. The kidneys are enlarged. The capsule is difficult to remove. The surface of the cortical layer is bumpy. On the cut, they may have gray-white dots of various sizes. Histological examination reveals significant cellular infiltration of the connective tissue, accumulation of plasma cells, lymphoblasts and fibroblasts, dystrophic and atrophic changes in the parenchyma.

In the interstitial tissue of the kidney, plethora, edema of the stroma, serous exudate with single neutrophilic leukocytes, pronounced dystrophic and necrotic changes in the epithelium of the tubules are noted. In the medulla, their infiltrates are usually more pronounced than in the cortical.

Diagnosis. Diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis is difficult. When making a diagnosis, it is taken into account that acute renal failure develops after taking medication in the course of treating the underlying disease. There is prolonged polyuria, urine with a low relative density.

It should be differentiated from glomerulonephritis, in which the triad of symptoms is pronounced: hypertension, hematuria, edema. Frequent urge to urinate against the background of oliguria and even anuria. Urine has the color of a meat washout, contains erythrocytes, leukocytes, epithelium renal tubules. During the period of anuria, acute renal failure develops, leading to uremic coma and even death of animals.

Flow illness for a long time. Full recovery of the functional activity of the kidneys occurs 2-3 months after treatment. With incomplete treatment, the process becomes chronic.

Forecast favorable with timely treatment. If acute interstitial nephritis develops against the background of another disease, it is doubtful.

Treatment. In the initial period of the disease, antibiotics of the penicillin series (penicillin, bicillin, ampioks, etc.) are prescribed.

During the period of antibiotic treatment, to reduce their sensitizing effect, the use of antihistamine and desensitizing drugs - diphenhydramine, suprastin, tavegil, etc. is indicated. These drugs must be prescribed in combination with ascorbic acid and calcium preparations.

This combination medicinal products, in addition to the desensitizing effect, has the ability to reduce the permeability of capillary walls and, therefore, prevents the development of tissue edema, sharply reduces their toxicity. Histamine has not only a desensitizing, but also an anti-inflammatory effect.

Symptomatic treatment includes the use of diuretics. Purine derivatives (eufillin, diuretin, caffeine, etc.) have a diuretic effect, improving renal hemodynamics and enhancing glomerular filtration.

It is advisable to use herbal remedies - decoctions of black elderberry, bearberry leaves, corn stigmas, St. John's wort, juniper berries, etc.

In order to normalize metabolic processes, vitamins A, D, E, ascorbic acid are prescribed, for carnivores - vitamins Bj, B12.

In severe nephritis with symptoms of acute renal failure, 5% glucose solution and 0.9% sodium chloride solution are administered intravenously.

Prevention. Complex. To increase the body's defenses, the creation of good sanitary and hygienic conditions in the premises, as well as regular exercise.

Attention deserves the prevention of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, especially of viral origin.

Important are the correct selection of the dose of drugs, compliance with the terms of use, the frequency of administration, taking into account synergism, side effects.

Nephritis (nephritis) is a diffuse inflammation of the kidneys with a primary lesion of the vascular glomeruli and a violation of the excretion of nitrogenous slags from the body. Depending on the course, acute and chronic are distinguished, and on localization - focal and diffuse nephritis. Etiology. Nephritis can occur when animals are ill with infectious diseases (plague, leptospirosis), poisoning with phosphorus, mercury, arsenic preparations, intoxication, and exhaustion. Hypothermia is essential in the occurrence of nephritis.

Pathogenesis. Under the influence of etiological factors, a spasm of the vessels of the kidneys occurs, and ischemia of the organ occurs. The production of the hormonal substance rennin by the kidneys is enhanced, from which hypertensin is formed, which has a pronounced vasoconstrictive effect. General hypertension develops, capillary permeability is impaired renal glomeruli, their filtration capacity decreases, as well as diuresis, which can lead to the development of azotemichesky uremia
.Symptoms. At the onset of the disease, appetite decreases, depression, and an increase in body temperature are observed. Dogs often adopt an unnatural posture. Pressure on the kidneys and their palpation in the lumbar region cause anxiety in animals. Edema of the abdomen, intermaxillary space, thighs, eyelids, dyspeptic phenomena, and vomiting are noted. Visible mucous membranes are pale. Thirst often increases. There is cyanosis of the mucous membranes. On the part of the respiratory organs, shortness of breath, congestive moist rales, and sometimes a slight cough are recorded. In connection with the presence of fever and overflow with blood, the systems of the small circle reveal bronchitis and bronchopneumonia.

At the first signs of the disease, there is a frequent urge to urinate. Oliguria or anuria develops rapidly. Urine cloudy, from light red to brown, usually high density, contains many erythrocytes, leukocytes, tubular epithelium, cylinders and salts. Urine pH changes.

Acute nephritis is characterized by a short-term excretion of a large amount of protein in the urine, then during the entire period of the disease, the protein is excreted in a small amount. The blood is diluted (contains a lot of water), the density of whole blood and especially serum is reduced.
Diagnosis. Based on history, clinical picture, laboratory research. In differential terms, nephrosis, pyelonephritis should be excluded. With nephrosis, there is no soreness of the kidneys, hematuria, blood pressure is not elevated. With pyelonephritis, there are many cells of the renal pelvis and microbes in the urine.
Home veterinarian Minsk, for the diagnosis and treatment of nephritis.
Treating Jade in Dogs and Cats
The diet consists mainly of dairy products (milk, cottage cheese, milk porridge). Limit the amount of salt in feed.

Diuretics are used: dichlothiazide orally for dogs 3-4 mg/kg 1-2 times a day, furasemide orally for dogs 8-10 mg/kg, cats - 5-6 mg/kg 1 time per day, clopamide orally for dogs 8-10 mg /kg 1 time per day, spirolactone for dogs 9-11 mg/kg 2 times a day, diacarb inside dogs at 25-30 mg/kg 1 time per day, potassium acetate inside dogs at 0.09-0.1 g/kg , ammonium chloride inside at 50-60 mg / kg.

As antimicrobial therapy, antibiotics and sulfa drugs are used. Of the antibiotics, phenoxymethylpenicillin is used at a dose of 10,000 IU / kg of body weight orally 2-3 times a day; oxacillin at a dose of 30-50 mg/kg 3-4 times a day, ampicillin intramuscularly inside 25-30 mg/kg 3-4 times a day, ampiox intramuscularly 3-5 mg/kg 2-3 times a day, lincomycin hydrochlorite intramuscularly 10 mg / kg, and inside 25 mg / kg 2 times a day, linco-spectin intramuscularly 1 ml per 5 kg 1 time per day, gentomycin sulfate in a 4% solution intramuscularly at a dose of 1.1 ml per 10 kg of body weight 1 time per day, amoxicillin (clamaxil, vetrimoxin, etc.) intramuscularly 15 mg/kg once a day, cephalosporins (cefozalin, cefotaxime, kefzol, cobactan, etc.) at a dose of 15-20 mg/kg, tylosin intramuscularly at a dose of 2 -10 mg / kg once a day, rifompicin intramuscularly at a dose of 8-12 mg / kg twice a day, quinilone derivatives (nortril, baytril, enroxil, enroflox and others) at a dose of 5 mg / kg.

In case of heart failure, a 20% solution of caffeine-sodium benzoate is injected subcutaneously twice a day for dogs at 0.5-1.5 ml, for cats at 0.1-0.2 ml, camphor oil- dogs 1-2 ml, cats 0.25-1 ml, cordiamine 0.1-0.12 ml / kg or intravenous administration of corglicon, strophanthin K.
Veterinarian Minsk.

diffuse nephritis calf treatment

Introduction

Chapter 1. Acute diffuse nephritis in calves

1 Definition of disease. Etiology. Clinical signs of acute diffuse nephritis in calves

2 Pathogenesis of acute diffuse nephritis in calves. Pathological changes in the kidneys

Chapter 2. Diagnostics. Treatment. Prevention of acute diffuse nephritis in calves

Chapter 3. Medical history of a calf diagnosed with acute diffuse nephritis

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The relevance of the work. In agricultural animals, kidney pathology occurs within 5.3% in commercial farms and 8.2% in specialized complexes. Causes that cause nephritis can be poisoning with nephrotoxins or toxic substances, such as turpentine, tar, herbicides, feeding coniferous branches, birch leaves, alder, reeds, the use of certain drugs (arsenic preparations, FOS, creolin), insect bites. According to I.M. Belyakov, the sensitizing role is usually played by hypothermia, poor-quality feed and unsatisfactory living conditions.

Acute diffuse nephritis can occur with leptospirosis, foot and mouth disease, babesiosis, theileriosis of cattle; parenchymal mastitis, endometritis, vaginitis, traumatic reticulo-peritonitis and pericarditis, phlegmon, surgical sepsis, burns, blockages of the intestine, and the direct dependence and constancy in the development of nephritis on the intensity of the infectious process are not typical.

The pathogenesis of the disease is not well understood. Acute nephritis is characterized by metabolic disorders, functions of the endocrine, nervous and vascular systems. As a rule, first of all, there is a violation of blood circulation in the vascular apparatus of the kidneys. Morphological changes in the kidneys in nephritis are represented by the proliferation of mesangial, endothelial and epithelioid cells of the glomerulus, thickening and splitting of the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries, sclerosis of the vascular loops, degeneration of the epithelium of the tubules. Clinical signs are very diverse, so they are usually combined into syndromes: acute glomerular inflammation syndrome, cardiovascular syndrome, edematous syndrome, cerebral syndrome. Complications arising from nephritis include: acute cardiovascular failure (left ventricular, cardiac pulmonary edema); eclampsia (loss of consciousness, clonic and tonic convulsions); hemorrhage in the brain; acute visual impairment (sometimes blindness due to spasm and swelling of the retina).

The purpose of the work: to study the features of acute diffuse nephritis in calves, to make a medical history of a calf with a diagnosis of acute diffuse nephritis.

Subject of work: acute diffuse nephritis.

Object of work: a calf with a diagnosis of acute diffuse nephritis.

Work tasks:

.Give the concept of acute diffuse nephritis.

.To study the etiology of acute diffuse nephritis in calves.

.Consider the pathogenesis and clinical signs of acute diffuse nephritis in calves.

.To study the methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of acute diffuse nephritis in calves.

.Compile a medical history of a supervised calf diagnosed with acute diffuse nephritis.

Research methods: literature analysis on the topic, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, observation, medical research.

Scope and structure of work. Course work is presented on 33 pages of printed text. The coursework consists of an introduction, three chapters, including paragraphs, conclusions and a list of references. The list of references includes 40 sources.

Chapter 1. Acute diffuse nephritis in calves

1 Definition of disease. Etiology. Clinical signs of acute diffuse nephritis in calves

Rice. 1. Kidneys of an animal with acute diffuse nephritis.

Acute diffuse nephritis often occurs during infection of animals with pathogens. infectious diseases. These pathogens are leptospira, vibrios, streptococci, diplococci, pneumococci, staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, listeria, adenoviruses, plague viruses, panleukopenia, parainfluenza, rhinotracheitis, hepatitis, enteroviruses, as well as their toxins. The decisive role in the etiopathogenesis of acute diffuse nephritis is played by allergic reaction(sensitization) as a result of the action of an infectious agent and its toxins on the body of an animal. The causative agents of infection can enter the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys in several ways - lymphogenous (through the lymph), hematogenous (through the blood), from neighboring tissues and from the genitals. Genital tract infections are the most common and important cause of acute diffuse nephritis in animals.

There is a large group of nephrotoxins that easily penetrate and damage the glomeruli of the kidneys - heavy metals, zoocoumarins, ratindan, zinc phosphide, turpentine, mineral fertilizers and chemical active substances some poisonous plants. Sensitizing causes can be - the nature of feeding, conditions of detention (drafts, high humidity, cold floors), as well as operations, injuries, physical overload, swimming in water bodies with cold water etc. Contributes to the development of acute diffuse nephritis and improper administration of vaccines, sera, antibiotics, immunoglobulins, etc. to calves. The nephrotoxins also include metabolic products, birch leaves, alder leaves, tar, spoiled feed, alcohol, insecticides, etc.

Acute diffuse nephritis is characterized by pain in the back and lower back on both sides of the animal's abdomen; an increase in body temperature; oliguria (a small amount of urine when urinating); reddish color of urine or the color of "meat slops", sometimes with streaks of blood; proteinuria (protein in the urine), microhematuria (less often macrohematuria); the appearance in the urine of cylinders (hyaline, granular, erythrocytic) epithelial cells; decrease in glomerular filtration; leukocytosis, increased ESR; an increase in the content of alpha and gamma globulins in the blood).

In acute diffuse nephritis, the cardiovascular syndrome manifests itself in the form of shortness of breath; arterial hypertension(sometimes ephemeral), it is possible to develop acute left ventricular failure and the appearance of a picture of cardiac asthma and pulmonary edema; signs of bradycardia; change in the fundus - narrowing of the arterioles, sometimes swelling of the nipple optic nerve, petechial hemorrhages. In acute diffuse nephritis, an edematous syndrome may occur, characterized by edema, mainly in the muzzle, intermaxillary space, edema appears more often in the morning, in severe cases, hydrothorax, hydropericardium, ascites are possible. In acute diffuse nephritis, cerebral syndrome also occurs. It is accompanied by soreness of the head, vomiting, weakness, decreased vision, increased muscular and nervous excitability of animals, motor restlessness; sometimes hearing loss, loss of sleep. The extreme manifestation of the cerebral syndrome in acute diffuse nephritis is eclampsia, the main features of which are: after a noisy deep breath, first tonic, then clonic convulsions of the respiratory muscles and diaphragm appear; complete loss of consciousness, severe depression; cyanosis of visible mucous membranes; overflow of the jugular vein; pupil dilation; foamy saliva flowing from the mouth, sometimes stained with blood; breathing is noisy, hard; pulse rare tense, high blood pressure; increased muscle rigidity. Complications arising from acute diffuse nephritis in animals include: acute cardiovascular failure (left ventricular, cardiac pulmonary edema); eclampsia (loss of consciousness, clonic to tonic convulsions); hemorrhage in the brain; acute visual impairment (sometimes blindness due to spasm and swelling of the retina).

2 Pathogenesis of acute diffuse nephritis in calves. Pathological changes in the kidneys

Pathological and anatomical changes in the kidneys of animals with acute diffuse nephritis: on a dissecting table initial stages glomerular lesions are difficult to establish, since the size, pattern and color of the kidneys are normal.

Only a careful examination of the organ, especially with side illumination, allows one to establish changes in the glomeruli protruding on the cut surface of the organ in the form of gray grains of sand. The kidneys are enlarged, flabby to the touch, the cortical layer is wide, moist, pale gray or gray-yellow in color, with a pronounced border, with a medulla of the organ, which is colored darker (usually dark red).

The outcome of acute diffuse nephritis is twofold: either the organ is restored, or the process takes chronic course and ends with sclerosis and shrinkage of the kidneys (shrunken kidney). Coagulated protein, erythrocytes, fibrin fibers and proliferation of epithelial cells are found in the capsule.

Rice. 2. Changes in the kidneys in acute diffuse nephrotoxic nephritis: A - discomplexation of the epithelial cells of the cortical substance of the animal's kidney; B - pycnosis of nuclei; the formation of cylinders due to cellular detritus in the kidney of a sick animal.

A macroscopically shriveled kidney has a smaller volume, a light color, a dense texture and a bumpy appearance. Its fibrous capsule is removed with difficulty along with the parenchyma of the organ. The cortical layer is strongly narrowed and is sometimes represented only by a thin border. In the kidney parenchyma itself (especially in the medulla), a large number of small cystic cavities can be observed.

Chapter 2. Diagnostics. Treatment. Prevention of acute diffuse nephritis in calves

Acute diffuse nephritis in calves is detected on the basis of such clinical data as the appearance of edema along the entire body of the animal, especially after suffering a sore throat or acute respiratory disease, increased blood pressure. Establishing the diagnosis is helped by the identification of protein, erythrocytes and cylinders in the urine of a sick animal, an increase in the titers of antistrentolizin-0 (ASL-0), antistreptohyaluronidase (ACT).

Most often, recovery occurs within a month to a year. A transition to a chronic form and vice versa is possible, which depends on the individual characteristics of the animal, the timeliness of diagnosis, therapy, exposure to infections, hypothermia and physical overstrain. Signs of transition to a chronic form: the preservation of any extrarenal symptom and protennuria during the year.

The causes of death of an animal from acute diffuse nephritis can be: circulatory failure, renal eclampsia, cerebral hemorrhage, acute renal failure.

For the treatment of acute diffuse nephritis, first of all, it is necessary to normalize the maintenance and feeding of sick calves. They must be placed in a warm, dry, draft-free room, and patients are often prohibited from walking. Provide thorough skin care - cleaning with rubbing and massage.

During the first two days of the disease, hunger is recommended, then a limited amount of easily digestible, low-salt feed is prescribed - lactic acid, cereals from various cereals, boiled and raw vegetables and fruits. Feed should contain more carbohydrates and increased amount potassium and calcium ions, which have a diuretic, hypotensive effect, stimulating the contractile function of the myocardium. The diet should include ascorbic acid, retinol, tocopherol and B vitamins.

If acute diffuse nephritis has developed against the background of a general or due to an exacerbation of a focal infection, it is necessary to use antibiotics - penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, etc. Of penicillins, it is better to prescribe sodium or potassium benzyl penicillin, ampicillin, ampix, isnpen or oxacillin. A gentle therapeutic effect in this pathology is possessed by: klaforan, fortum, kefzol, cefamezin, etc. In parallel, nitrofurans, palin, 5-NOC or sulfonamides are prescribed.

With severe intoxication and the development of edema, bloodletting (up to 10-100 ml of blood) is indicated, which not only reduces the amount of salt and water, but also leads to a significant restructuring of the reactivity of the animal's body. After bloodletting, a 5-20% glucose solution is injected subcutaneously or intravenously. In cardiovascular insufficiency, in addition to glucose solutions, agents containing cardiac glycosides are used: spring adonis grass, digalen-neo, digitoxin, digoxin, corglicon, cordigit, strophanthin in appropriate doses.

For stimulation of a diuresis and easing of a hypertension widely use; temisal 0.2-2 grams 3-4 times a day; veroshpiron 0.045-0.2 grams in 2-4 doses; furosemide intramuscularly or intravenously, 20-80 mg 1 time per day (preferably in the morning) for 7-10 days, and in severe renal failure, the dose is increased to 200 mg 1-2 times a day for a week, as well as decoctions and infusions of bearberry , half-burnt, juniper fruits, blue cornflower flowers, lingonberry leaves, etc.

Magnesium sulphate solutions should be used with caution. It is a salt-reducing, blood pressure lowering, vasodilator and diuretic. It is administered intramuscularly in the form of 10-25% solutions with an equal amount of 0.5% novocaine solution 2-3 times a day for one or three weeks.

Treatment regimens for acute diffuse nephritis: as anti-inflammatory, desensitizing and anti-allergic, it is imperative to include glucocorticoids - cortisone acetate intramuscularly or 0.02-0.05 grams 1-2 times a day; hydrocortisone according to the instructions; prednisolone inside at 0.02-0.05 grams 1-2 times a day; hydrocortisone according to the instructions; prednisolone inside at 0.02-0.05 g / day (in 2-3 doses), then the dose is reduced to 0.001-0.025 grams; intravenously or intramuscularly, 2 ml 2-3 times a day, then the dose is gradually reduced. Prednisone, salts and depomedrol, etc. are prescribed less frequently.

To relieve attacks of renal colic and the inflammatory process, cystone, indomethacin, baralgin, spazgan, no-shpu and other analgesics and antispasmodics are used according to the instructions. When blood or erythrocytes appear in the urine sediment, it is necessary to use specific hemostatic and blood-clotting drugs: aminocaproic acid at the rate of 0.1 g / kg of animal weight every 4-6 hours intravenously (drip) up to 50-100 ml of a 5% solution per one injection; vikasol inside at 0.01-0.3 g / day or intramuscularly (intravenously) at 0.2-1 ml of a 1% solution 2-3 times a day for 3-4 days in a row; dicynone intravenously or intramuscularly, 0.3-2 ml of a 12.5% solution 1-3 times a day until recovery, as well as a 10% solution of gluconate and calcium chloride intravenously 1-2 times a day, 1-10 ml for one introduction. Symptomatic therapy sometimes includes narcotic, anabolic drugs, adrenoblockers, etc.

For the prevention of acute diffuse nephritis in animals, it is necessary to make a timely and correct diagnosis with a mandatory laboratory examination of urine, to identify and eliminate the cause of the disease. At the time of treatment, hypothermia of animals and the ingress of toxic and irritating substances into their bodies with food, water or medicines are not allowed.

Chapter 3. Medical history of a calf diagnosed with acute diffuse nephritis

Clinical Status

Style: calf

Gender: male

Breed: Simmental

Date of birth of the animal: 06/15/12

1. Age: 3 months

Nickname: Gosha

Color: fawn-motley

Animal weight - 115 kg

Pet owner and address: -

Start date of curation of the animal: 03.09.12

Curation end date: 09/18/12

Preliminary diagnosis: acute nephritis

Final diagnosis: acute diffuse nephritis

Anamnesis vitae. The calf was born in June 2012. He is kept in the barn in the yard, planed boards are used as a floor, the calf has a permanent and spacious individual place - a stall 2.5x2 m. The stall is located in the opposite corner from the door, with a feeder to the window.

With early age the calf is accustomed to eating concentrated feed. They began to be fed from the third week of a calf's life - wheat bran, ground and sifted oats (oatmeal), linseed cake or meal. On average, a calf consumes about 0.8 kg of feed per day. The calf was accustomed to hay from the age of 15, using good cereal-forb, small-stemmed, green hay for this. In summer, the calf was released to the pasture, where he was accustomed to eating green grass. Starting from 1.5 months of age, the calf was fed chopped root crops (carrots, rutabaga, beets), potatoes were introduced into the diet from 2 months of age. The calf was regularly brushed and bathed once on warm sunny days. All necessary vaccinations and deworming done.

2. Amamnesis morbi. According to the owner, for the past week the calf has had a poor appetite, for the last two days he has refused to eat at all, the calf is lethargic and depressed. Hiding in dark places all the time long time lies. Two days ago, the urine became reddish, urination is frequent, in small portions. Which was the causal appeal of the owners for veterinary care. No drugs were used. Also, there were no diseases of infectious, invasive or non-contagious pathology.

Clinical examination

Examination of the lymph nodes. Submandibular, slightly enlarged, mobile, dense consistency, painless. Inguinal - mobile, painless, oval-round shape, not enlarged.

Examination of mucous membranes. The mucous membrane of the conjunctiva is pink, shiny. Without damage. The mucous membrane of the mouth is pale pink, pigmented. The body temperature of the animal in the rectum at the time of admission is high 39.5 º WITH.

The cardiovascular system. On palpation, the cardiac region is painless. Percussion determined the following borders of the heart: anterior - along leading edge 3rd rib; upper - along the line of the scapular-shoulder joint; back - up to the 7th rib. Absolute dullness of the heart in the 5th - 6th intercostal space. On auscultation, heart sounds are loud, clear, and clear. The arterial pulse on the inner side of the thigh is rhythmic, accelerated, the frequency is 140 beats/min. The arteries are well filled, the gradual rise of the pulse wave and the same decrease in it, the wall of the artery is harsh. Blood pressure 110/70 mm. rt. Art. The cardiac impulse is moderately pronounced, limited, rhythmic, moderately strong, distributed locally. In the left half of the chest there is an apical impulse of moderate strength, slight fluctuations of the chest wall are felt. Lateral cardiac impulse is rhythmic, well palpable.

Respiratory system. The examination of the nasal cavity did not reveal serous outflows. Breathing is superficial, rhythmic, chest-abdominal, deep, symmetrical, rapid. There is no cough. The shape of the chest is symmetrical; when breathing, both sides of the chest rise and fall evenly. Respiration rate: 27 breaths. dv./min. Palpation of the larynx and trachea is painless. Palpation of the lung fields along the intercostal space from top to bottom is painless. On percussion, a clear lung sound is heard. Auscultation revealed increased vesicular breathing.

Digestive system. There is no appetite, no thirst, food and water intake is free. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is pale pink, without damage. Tongue wet, pink with white coating. The position of the teeth corresponds to the age of the animal. Palpation of the pharynx is painless. Salivary glands not enlarged, painless. The shape of the abdomen is symmetrical. The abdominal wall is painless, moderately tense. Deep palpation reveals the stomach. On palpation of the intestinal area, there is no pain; on percussion, the sound is tympanic.

Intestinal motility is moderate, peristaltic noises are heard. The intestines are painless, moderately full. Part of the liver is palpated on the right side under the diaphragm, not enlarged, painless, the surface is smooth, the consistency is dense, elastic, the sound is dull on percussion. The spleen is not palpable. The anus is toned, pale in color, clean. The act of defecation occurs every day once. The smell of feces is specific for this type of animal, brown.

Urogenital system. External genital organs of a calf without pathological changes correspond to the age and sex of the animal. Expiration from the genitals uncharacteristic for the animal is not observed. The posture during urination is natural, the calf sits up, pushes to excrete urine, urination is frequent 10-12 times, painful, in small portions or drop by drop with an admixture of blood. Urine concentrated with a pungent odor. The walls of the bladder are enlarged, tense. Bladder full, painful. The kidneys are enlarged, smooth, painful, mobile.

Studies of the skull and spinal column. The skull is of the correct form, symmetrical, corresponds to the breed. vertebral column without distortion. Palpation of the costal and vertebral processes revealed no signs of osteomalacia or displacements. The last ribs are whole, dense, without rickets; intercostal spaces are even.

10. Nervous system. The general condition of the animal is depressed. The coordination of movements is correct. Tactile and pain sensitivity is preserved. The animal is phlegmatic, inactive, the head is lowered. There was a trembling of the pelvic limbs, reduced muscle tone. The position of the lips, ears, head, neck, limbs without visible disturbances. The study also revealed good tactile and thermal integrity. Surface reflexes are preserved, but the response to them is slow. Joints are dense, not thickened, painless.

11. Sense organs. The eye position is correct, without deviations. The cornea of the eyes is transparent, shiny, moist. The sclera is gray-pink in color, moderately filled with vessels, moist, shiny. The pupillary reflex is preserved, the eyeballs are correctly located in the eye orbits, the reaction to light is alive; vision is preserved. The animal holds its head and neck naturally and correctly. Palpation of the base of the auricles on the left and right is painless. The patency of the ear canals is not broken. The reaction to environmental stimuli is well expressed. Smell: the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity without pathologies, pale pink. The sense of smell is preserved in full, there is a reaction to irritation. Hearing is not weakened, external auricles complete, regular shape, without redness. There are no unnatural outflows from the auditory openings.

12. Study of the organs of movement. Coordination is not broken. Paralysis and paresis were not observed. The bones, without growths, are painless, not twisted, there are no growths and rosaries. The joints are painless, without deformation, without violations of the integrity, the range of motion in the joints is full.

Laboratory research

.General analysis blood, urinalysis.

General analysis of urine from 3.09.12. The color of the urine of meat slops. Cloudy transparency, specific smell. The consistency of urine is liquid. Relative density 1.034 g/l. The reaction is alkaline. Protein 1, 885 g/l Glucose negative. Billyrubin is negative. Urobillin is negative. Erythrocytes 4-5 in p / s. Leukocytes 15-20 in p / s. The reaction is acidic.

Complete blood count from 3.09.12.

Erythrocytes 5.5*1012 /l

Leukocytes 17.0*109

Neutrophils 7

Band 0

Segmented 61

Lymphocytes 29

Monocytes 3

ESR 5 mm/h

Conclusion: the number of leukocytes is increased.

Blood chemistry.

Biochemical blood test dated 8.07.12.

Tot. Protein 56 g/l

Bilirubin total 4.4 µmol/l

Creatinine 0.08 µmol

Thymol test 2.0 Unit.

AST 14.8 units / l

ALT 21.6 units / l

Conclusion: within the normal range.

Analysis for pathogens of invasive diseases. a) A study on larvae by the method of Berman was not found. b) A study on helminth eggs by the Fülleborn method was not found. c) Examination for helminths, their fragments were not detected by helminthoscopy. d) Darling test for pathogens of protozoal diseases was not detected.

Diagnosis and its rationale

Based on the history and clinical examination of the animal, the diagnosis was made: acute diffuse nephritis. It is detected on the basis of such clinical data as the color of urine - meat slops, pain in the kidney area on both sides, oliguria. Establishing the diagnosis is helped by the identification of protein, erythrocytes and casts in the urine.

Treatment plan

First of all, it is necessary to normalize the maintenance and feeding of a sick calf.

It must be placed in a warm, dry, draft-free room, walking is prohibited. Provide thorough skin care - cleaning with rubbing and massage.

During the first two days of illness, hunger, then a limited amount of easily digestible, salt-poor food.

For treatment used: antibiotic - Enrofloks 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml for 7 days; hemostatic drug - vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day for 6 days; restoring blood and immunity - gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day for 15 days, 6 ml; desensitizing, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drug - prednisone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 2 ml for 3 days; drug stimulating diuresis - furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml for 3 days; a drug that weakens attacks of renal colic - no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml for 5 days; for prophylaxis, Phytoelita- healthy kidneys 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Rp.: Sol. Enrofloxi 5% - 100.0 ml.t.d. 1 in flacon. Subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml for 7 days.: Sol. Gamaviti 10 ml.S. Subcutaneously 1 time per day for 15 days, 6.0 ml., Sol. Prednisoloni 1.0 ml.t.d. 1 in ampul.. according to the scheme. Intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 2.0 ml for 3 days: Sol. Vicasoli 1%-1.0 ml.S. intramuscularly 2 times a day. According to the testimony..: Sol. No-shpa 2.0 ml.t.d. 1 in ampul.. Intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2.0 ml for 3-5 days.: Sol. Furosemidi 2.0 ml.t.d. 1 in ampul.. Intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2.0 ml for 3 days.

Course of the disease

Date °CPulse Respiratory RateSymptomsTreatment 3.09.1239, 514027 Poor appetite, for the last two days he has refused to feed at all, the calf is lethargic, depressed. He hides in dark places all the time, lies for a long time. Urine the color of meat slops, frequent urination 9-11 times a day, sometimes more up to 15 times, in small portions. Respiration and pulse are quickened, body temperature is elevated 39 .5º C. The area of the kidneys is painful on palpation. Place the calf in a warm, dry, draft-free room, provide thorough skin care - cleaning with rubbing and massage. During the first 2 days of illness, hunger is recommended, then a limited amount of easily digestible, poor in salt feed. Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 2 ml; vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml; furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml. 4.09.1239.013527 The general condition of the calf is unchanged, there is no appetite, depression, lethargy. He drinks water willingly. Pain is noted on palpation of the kidney area. Hungry diet. Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 2 ml; vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml; furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml each. Pain is noted on palpation of the kidney area. Hungry diet. Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 2 ml; vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml; furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml. 6.09.1238.912829 The calf is depressed and refuses to eat. The kidneys are enlarged, painful. Urination - portions are large, the frequency decreased to 6 times a day. Enrofloks 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 1.5 ml; vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml; furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml. 7.09.1239,113031 The kidneys are enlarged, painful. Urination portions are large, the frequency decreased to 5 times a day. Enrofloks 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 1.5 ml; vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml; furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml each. The kidneys are enlarged, painful. Urination portions are large, the frequency has decreased to 5 times a day. Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 1.5 ml; vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml; furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml. The kidney area is less sensitive on palpation. Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 1.5 ml; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml. The kidney area is less sensitive on palpation. Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 1 ml; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml. The kidney area is less sensitive on palpation. Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 1 ml; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml each. The kidney area is painless. Gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 0.5 ml. The kidney area is painless. Gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 0.5 ml. The kidney area is painless. Gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 0.5 ml. Gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 0.2 ml. 16.09.1238.612027 The condition of the calf is satisfactory, the appetite is present, the area of the kidneys is painless on palpation. Urination 4 times a day, urine light yellow. Gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 0.2 ml once a day in the morning. Signs of stress disappeared. Urination stabilized 3 times a day. The color of urine is straw yellow. Transparency is transparent. The kidneys are painless. Gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisone intramuscularly 0.2 ml once a day in the morning. Signs of stress disappeared. Urination stabilized 3 times a day. The color of urine is straw yellow. Transparency is transparent. The kidneys are painless. Gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 0.2 ml. For prophylaxis during the 1st month Phytoelita-healthy kidneys 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Rice. 3. Graph of temperature, pulse and respiratory rate of a calf with acute diffuse nephritis on the days of the disease.

Acute diffuse nephritis (Nephritis acuta) is a kidney disease, which is based on diffuse inflammatory processes, with damage to the vascular glomeruli. The main causes of nephritis are infectious diseases, poisoning, autointoxication, and an allergic state of the animal organism. The disease is acute. By the nature of the exudate, serous, fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic nephritis are distinguished. The disease occurs in all types of domestic animals. This is an acute immune-inflammatory disease with a primary lesion of the glomerular apparatus of both kidneys. Acute diffuse nephritis often occurs when animals are infected with pathogens of infectious diseases. These pathogens are leptospira, vibrios, streptococci, diplococci, pneumococci, staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, listeria, adenoviruses, plague viruses, panleukopenia, parainfluenza, rhinotracheitis, hepatitis, enteroviruses, as well as their toxins.

The pathogenesis of acute diffuse nephritis is as follows. Toxins of microbes and viruses, especially streptococcus, damaging the structure of the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries, cause the appearance of specific autoantigens in the animal body, in response to which antibodies of classes 10 and I M (anti-renal antibodies) are formed. Under the influence of a non-specific resolving factor, most often cooling, a new exacerbation of the disease, a violent allergic reaction occurs when the antigen is combined with the antibody, the formation of immune complexes, followed by the addition of a complement to them. Immune complexes are deposited on the basement membrane of the glomeruli of the kidney and damage them. There is a release of inflammatory mediators, damage to lysosomes and the release of lysosomal enzymes, activation of the coagulation system, disturbances in the microcirculation system, increased platelet aggregation, resulting in the development of immune inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys. Of decisive importance in the etiopathogenesis of acute diffuse nephritis is an allergic reaction (sensitization) as a result of the action of an infectious agent and its toxins on the body of an animal. The causative agents of infection can enter the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys in several ways - lymphogenous (through the lymph), hematogenous (through the blood), from neighboring tissues and from the genitals. Genital tract infections are the most common and important cause of acute diffuse nephritis in animals.

Sick calf, Simmental breed, male, 06/15/2012 was on curation from 03.09. to 18.09. 2012 with a diagnosis of acute diffuse nephritis. The owner of the calf complained that the calf had had a poor appetite for a week, had refused to eat at all for the last two days, the calf was lethargic and depressed. He hides in dark places all the time, lies for a long time. Two days ago, the urine became reddish, urination is frequent, in small portions. Which was the reason why the owners sought veterinary care. No drugs were used. Also, there were no diseases of infectious, invasive or non-contagious pathology.

Examination was carried out: physical, analysis for pathogens of invasive diseases, KLA, TAM, blood HD.

Treatment was carried out: enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml for 7 days; gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day for 15 days, 6 ml; prednisolone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 2 ml for 3 days; vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day for 6 days; no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml for 5 days; furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml for 3 days. With preventive purpose we prescribe the drug phytoelite healthy kidneys for a month, 1 tablet 2 times a day.

The disease in the calf proceeded with typical clinical signs. The prescribed treatment had the desired effect, because. the animal's condition improved significantly, urination and urine color returned to normal, kidney pain disappeared.

Conclusion

A sick calf named Gosha was diagnosed with acute diffuse kidney nephritis.

When making a diagnosis, the results of a clinical examination of the animal, anamnesis data and a laboratory study of urine were taken into account.

When collecting an anamnesis, the initial clinical symptoms of the manifestation of the disease noticed by the owner were taken into account.

Its duration, the nature of urination disorders were determined, the conditions of keeping, the structure of the diet and the frequency of feeding the animal were specified, and it was found out whether urination disorders had been observed before.

The final diagnosis for acute diffuse nephritis of the kidneys was made on the basis of the totality of the results of the clinical examination of the animal, anamnesis data, clinical, morphological and biochemical studies of urine.

According to the diagnosis, appropriate treatment was prescribed: antibiotic - Enroflox 5% subcutaneously 1 time per day, 5.5 ml for 7 days; hemostatic drug - vikasol 1% intramuscularly 2 times a day for 6 days; restoring blood and immunity - gamavit subcutaneously 1 time per day for 15 days, 6 ml; desensitizing, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drug - prednisone intramuscularly 1 time per day in the morning, 2 ml for 3 days; drug stimulating diuresis - furosemide intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml for 3 days; a drug that weakens attacks of renal colic - no-shpa intramuscularly 2 times a day, 2 ml for 5 days; for prophylactically prescribed for one month Phytoelita - healthy kidneys 1 tablet 2 times a day.

During the treatment, the calf improved general state. According to repeated urine tests, the protein decreased to a minimum, there were 1-2 erythrocytes in the field of view, the density decreased to 1.03.

For prevention, it was prescribed to drink a course of the drug phytoelite - healthy kidneys. And also once a month to take urine tests for 3 months.

Nephritis acute and chronic. With nephritis, inflammatory phenomena dominate in the glomeruli (glomerulonephritis) or in the interstitial tissue (interstitial nephritis). Acute nephritis in farm animals passes as diffuse, focal or purulent with the localization of inflammation in the interstitial tissue, at the same time in both kidneys. Chronic nephritis is usually the result of acute diffuse.

Etiology. Infection with septic development and toxicosis, as well as endogenous and exogenous toxins in non-communicable diseases, colds, burns, feeding poisonous plants, as well as coniferous branches, birch leaves, alder, reeds, the use of certain drugs (arsenic, creolin, etc.) , insect bites (bees, midges, ticks).

Signs. Soreness of the kidneys on palpation in the lumbar region or rectal. Focal nephritis against the background of the clinical picture of the main disease can go unnoticed in the form of proteinuria, hematuria.

Diffuse nephritis is characterized by a clear edematous syndrome. Hematuria manifests itself as dark red-brown or red-brown urine, a positive reaction to blood pigments, the presence of red blood cells in the sediment. Diuresis is reduced to absolute anuria. Hypertension, shortness of breath.

pathological changes. The kidneys are enlarged in acute nephritis and reduced in chronic nephritis, with a histopathological examination - a clearly manifested picture of parenchymal dystrophy.

Diagnostics. The diagnosis of nephritis is based on clinical examination, history and laboratory analysis urine and blood.

Treatment. Prescribe a starvation diet for 1-2 days. At the stage of edema, the supply of table salt and water is excluded or reduced (by 30-50%).

Limit the content of protein, carbohydrate feed in the diet. Produce treatment of the main disease. In case of uremic syndrome - bloodletting (up to 2-3 liters in large agricultural animals), magnesia sulfate is injected intramuscularly in the form of a 25% solution at the rate of 0.2-0.4 ml per kilogram of animal weight or intravenously in the form of a two percent solution at the rate of 3-4 ml per kilogram of body weight, intravenous glucose ( the best way with ascorbic acid) large animals 1-3 grams, small animals - 0.3 grams, heart remedies (strophanthus tincture, foxglove, caffeine) in natural proportions.

For edema, compresses, warm wraps are made, diuretics are prescribed: diuretin 3-4 times a day (large animals 5-10 grams, pigs and small animals 0.5-2 grams), decoctions and infusion of bearberry leaves.

Of the disinfectants, urotropin is used inside for large animals, 5-15 grams, small 0.5-2 grams), white streptocide, 2-8 grams for large and 0.2-1 grams for small animals).

With hypertension, reserpine is administered intravenously (0.005-0.008 grams for horses, 0.0005-0.001 grams for dogs).

A warning. They prevent and timely treat infectious and non-contagious diseases, intoxication, protect livestock from colds and drafts.