The jugular vein (JV) or superior cardiac vein is a system of paired cervical vessels that drain blood from the deep superficial vessels of the head, brain, and neck into the system of the superior vena cava.
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Classification, structural features and functions
The nuclear power system consists of three pairs. Internal jugular vein(Internal jugular) is a pair of main large canals with a diameter of 11 to 21 mm. They drain the largest volume of carbon dioxide-rich blood through the sinus (expansion) from meninges, cranial cavity, cerebral and ocular areas that nourish it.
The walls are easily collapsible, thin, in the lumen above and below the lower bulb there are two valves.
Influxes of internal nuclear waste:
- facial;
- thyroid, running along the arteries;
- pharyngeal;
- lingual.
The external jugular vein is a paired vessel of smaller diameter that is located close to the surface of the skin, starting from the corner lower jaw. It is clearly visible when turning the head, coughing or straining, screaming, since it lies in subcutaneous tissue. Provides blood drainage from the back of the head, facial skin, and chin.
Often used in medical practice for infusion pharmacological solutions through a catheter.
The anterior jugular vein (Jugularis anterior) is formed from small skin canals in the chin area, from where it descends. It was revealed that often the anterior canals on both sides merge into the median jugular vein.
Location and functions
The YaV is a structure of several branches - two internal, external and anterior.
The internal jugular vein begins with the superior extension (bulb) at the cranial foramen, passes along the side of the neck next to the bed carotid artery, reaching the node of the lower bulb - the area of its connection with subclavian artery behind the sternoclavicular joint.
In the lower segment of the cervical trunk, the internal jugular vein lies in a fascial pocket surrounded by lymph nodes, next to the vagus (vagus nerve) and carotid artery.
The external JV, lying in a separate recess of the lower region (gutter), runs along the front of the neck, then down to the confluence with the subclavian.
A pair of anterior PUs run from the front on both sides, going down to the sternum, where they unite into an anastomosis (arch). Two tributaries flow either into the external PU before its connection with the subclavian, or into the latter.
The jugular vein performs the following “basic tasks”:
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Diseases
Pathological conditions of nuclear weapons are especially dangerous due to their location near the brain. The most severe and frequent pathologies are typical for all large canals. This:
- phlebitis;
- ectasia;
- thrombosis.
Phlebitis
Symptoms different types phlebitis:
Causes of the inflammatory process:
Ectasia
The condition of pathological expansion of the lumen of the vessel (ectasia) in a separate area is not associated with the age of the patient and can be congenital.
It develops for the following reasons:
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If the patient has ectasia, the symptoms at the onset of the disease are subtle. The first symptoms are a painless enlargement of the vessel with a visible fusiform swelling at the bottom and the formation of a bulge in the form of a “blue bag” at the top.
Cervical thrombosis
It is the formation of platelet clots that block or impede circulation in the vessel.
The reason may be:
The internal jugular vein is more often susceptible to thrombosis when blocked by an infected thrombus or when prolonged compression during a serious injury.
The main danger is embolism or detachment of a blood clot from the wall. The thrombus moves through the vessels and, blocking the coronary, pulmonary or cerebral canals, causes the death of the body.
The main symptom of complete blockage of the lumen is sharp pain in the neck and collarbone area, radiating to the arm, increasing swelling and bulging, bluish skin, itching, feeling of coldness and soreness.
Methods of treating pathologies
Ectasia with in good condition The patient requires careful monitoring by specialists (phlebologist, hematologist, surgeon).
In case of progression of expansion and negative influence on the body as a whole, the abnormal fragment is “closed” with a graft that restrains subsequent expansion, or is removed surgically, connecting healthy areas.
If inflammation (with phlebitis) is not complicated by suppuration, use heat in the form of compresses, ointment and capsules of Troxevasin, Heparin, Ichthyol, Camphor ointment.
For purulent phlebitis, use:
Often, with insufficient effectiveness conservative treatment, resection (excision) of the affected area is performed.
In case of thrombosis use:
Surgical intervention in case of venous thrombosis, it is performed infrequently.
If indicated, a method is used to resolve thrombotic masses - endovascular thrombolysis or removal with minor tissue excision (transluminal thrombectomy).
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The internal jugular vein (v. jugularis interna) is a paired large vessel that begins in the area of the jugular foramen of the skull. It collects blood from the organs of the head and neck, taking the following branches.
1. Sigmoid sinus (sinus sigmoideus) of the dura mater.
2. The cochlear canaliculus vein (v. canaliculi cochleae) begins in the cochlea and flows into the beginning of the jugular vein.
3. Pharyngeal veins (vv. pharyngeae) originate from the pharyngeal plexus. Veins flow into this plexus auditory tube, soft palate, dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa.
4. The lingual vein (v. lingualis) is a pair, merges from the dorsal and deep veins of the tongue, the sublingual vein and the vein that is a companion to the hypoglossal nerve. At the large horn of the hyoid bone they merge into one trunk of the lingual vein.
5. The superior thyroid vein (v. thyroidea superior) is steamy, begins with 2-3 trunks from upper section thyroid gland. The superior thyroid veins anastomose with the veins of the larynx and sternocleidomastoid muscle.
6. The middle thyroid vein (v. thyroidea media) begins with 1-2 trunks from the isthmus of the thyroid gland. Collects venous blood from the thyroid gland and venous plexus tissue of the neck in the area of spatium suprasternale.
7. The sternocleidomastoid veins (vv. sternocleidomastoideae), numbering 3-4, flow into the internal jugular vein along its entire length. Anastomose with the branches of the external jugular vein.
8. The superior laryngeal vein (v. laryngea superior) exits through the membrana thyrohyoidea. Often anastomoses with the superior thyroid and sternocleidomastoid veins.
9. The facial vein (v. facialis) accompanies the facial artery. The vein is formed by the fusion of the angular vein, suprafrontal and supraorbital veins. These veins anastomose with the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins. The facial vein also collects blood from the upper and lower eyelids, nose, upper and lower lip, parotid salivary gland, chin and deep facial area. Below the angle of the lower jaw it connects with v. retromandibularis, and then flows into v. jugularis interna.
10. The mandibular vein (v. retromandibularis) is formed from the superficial and middle temporal veins, deep temporal vein, pterygoid plexus, veins parotid gland and temporomandibular joint.
The veins listed are tributaries of the internal jugular vein (v. jugularis interna), having a diameter of 12-20 mm, which expands near the jugular foramen and at the junction with the subclavian vein. The vein wall is thin and therefore collapses easily; there are one or two valves in the lumen. The vein lies lateral to a. carotis interna, a. carotis communis and vagus nerve, surrounded by deep lymph nodes of the neck. At the level of the sternoclavicular joint, it forms a venous angle (angulus venosus) with the subclavian vein. The ductus thoracicus flows into the left venous angle, and the ductus lymphaticus dexter into the right. The vein is covered in front by m. sternocleidomastoideus.
The external jugular vein, jugularis externa, is formed at the level of the angle of the mandible under auricle by merging two venous trunks: a large anastomosis between the external jugular vein and the mandibular vein, v. retromandibularis, and the posterior auricular vein formed behind the auricle, v. auricularis posterior (see below). The external jugular vein from the place of its formation descends vertically along the outer surface of m. sternocleido-mastoideus, lying directly under the platysma. Approximately in the middle of the length m. sternocleidomastoideus, the external jugular vein reaches its posterior edge and follows it; before reaching the collarbone, it penetrates through the fascia of the neck and flows either into subclavian vein, v. subclavia, or into the internal jugular vein, and sometimes into the venous angle - the confluence of v. jugularis interna with v. subclavia. The external jugular vein contains valves. The following veins drain into the external jugular vein.
- The posterior auricular vein, auricularis posterior, collects venous blood from the superficial plexus located behind the auricle. She has a connection with v. emissaria mastoidea.
- Occipital vein, v. occipitalis, collects venous blood from the venous plexus of the occipital region of the head, which is supplied by the artery of the same name. It drains into the external jugular vein below the posterior auricular vein. Sometimes, accompanying the occipital artery, the occipital vein flows into the internal jugular vein.
- The suprascapular vein, g. suprascapularis, accompanies the artery of the same name in the form of two trunks, which connect and form one trunk, flowing into the terminal section of the external jugular vein or into the subclavian vein.
- Anterior jugular vein, v. jugularis anterior, is formed from the skin veins of the mental area, from where it goes down near midline, lying first on the outer surface m. mylohyoideus, and then on the anterior surface of m. sternohyoideus. Above the jugular notch of the sternum, the anterior jugular veins of both sides enter the interfascial suprasternal space, where they are connected to each other through a well-developed anastomosis called the jugular venous arch, arcus venosus juguli. Then the jugular vein deviates outward and, passing behind m. sternocleidomastoideus, flows into the external jugular vein before it flows into the subclavian vein, less often into the latter. Alternatively, it can be noted that the anterior jugular veins of both sides sometimes merge to form the median vein of the neck.
The jugular vein is a group of veins located in the neck, the main function of which is to circulate blood from the head and neck to lower limbs. The jugular vein includes the internal, external and anterior veins, which differ from each other in location, size and purpose.
Internal jugular vein
The main function of the internal jugular vein is to collect blood and carbon dioxide from the superior region and transfer it to the vena cava.
Has two ducts:
- intracranial;
- extracranial.
Two veins serve as intracranial ducts: diploic And emissary. Diploic veins are located in diploic canals, hence the names. They are differentiated by location into frontal, anterior, posterior, and occipital.
Emissary veins are veins whose main function is to connect veins with outside skull with veins on the inside.
Thanks to the intracranial ducts, blood flows from the sinuses of the brain to the jugular vein.
The extracranial ducts are the pharyngeal veins, the mandibular veins, the esophagus 
venous veins, thyroid veins.
External jugular vein- a vein through which blood flows from the head to the heart. It is small in size. It becomes noticeable visually and upon palpation, when laughing, coughing and singing.
Consists of two venous trunks. One of them is the connection of the external extracranial jugular vein and its tributary behind the mandibular vein.
The external jugular vein has several branch veins: occipital, suprascapular, transverse, anterior jugular vein.
Anterior jugular vein
Consists of the veins of the sublingual region, carries blood flow to the subclavian vein. Differs in small sizes.
Phlebitis - inflammatory process in the venous wall.
There are several reasons for the occurrence of this disease, the main ones are:
- Problems with KCL injections.
This leads to the fact that the injected composition does not enter the vein itself, but into the area nearby. Inflammation forms in damaged tissues, which causes phlebitis. - Neglecting disinfection of medical devices that come into contact with a vein, such as injection syringes and catheters.
Phlebitis occurs as a consequence of injuries, wounds and other damage. - Chemical burn.
Common among drug addicts, especially when intravenously administered opiate-containing substances.
Phlebitis as a consequence of an abscess
An abscess is a process of tissue suppuration, which is localized in the muscles, under the skin, and in organs due to infection.
Symptoms:
- Begins with a pronounced clinical picture: appears heat, fever, chills, pain appears throughout the body, the patient cannot determine the exact location painful sensations, which makes it difficult to diagnose phlebitis, appears headache and dizziness accompanied by vomiting.
Diagnostics
Phlebitis is diagnosed as follows:
- Ultrasound scanning of veins is a procedure, which consists of examining the condition of the veins, indicated for suspected phlebitis. Allows you to see a complete picture of the state of blood flow in the jugular vein, which helps to identify pathologies and disorders that occur with phlebitis and diagnose accurate diagnosis.
Treatment
Treatment is selected depending on the causes of phlebitis:
- if the cause of jugular vein phlebitis is infection, in this case are assigned the following drugs groups of antibiotics: cephalosporins, tetracyclines. It should be remembered that when taking tetracyclines, the diet is adjusted and dairy products are excluded.
- drugs to increase blood flow. For more effective result such drugs are used in several forms of release simultaneously, that is, tablets for oral administration are usually combined with external ointments. The most popular in terms of frequency of prescription is troxyvosin. It must be used orally in the form of capsule-shaped tablets and topically in the form of a gel.
Possible complications
With timely and adequate treatment full recovery occurs a month after the onset of phlebitis. In the absence of qualified medical care, a number of complications can occur.
Very often, neglected phlebitis causes the development of thrombophlebitis - dangerous disease which increases the risk of thrombosis.
In addition, a purulent process can often begin in the area of inflammation of the vein. This is why it is so important to seek medical advice if you have symptoms of phlebitis. medical care. A phlebologist treats and diagnoses phlebitis.
Jugular vein thrombosis in the neck
Causes:
- Some chronic, especially autoimmune diseases, cause thrombosis, for example systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome.
- Cancerous tumors and methods of their treatment, such as chemotherapy, trigger a series of pathological changes leading to thrombosis.
- Women who take oral contraceptives , are most susceptible to thrombosis. For this reason, OK can only be prescribed by a gynecologist after full examination. Also reception hormonal contraceptives Contraindicated for women who smoke and suffer from venous diseases.
- Staying in one position for a long time promotes blood thickening and thrombosis. During air travel, during sedentary work, the body for a long time immobilized, which promotes the formation of blood clots.
- Phlebitis and other diseases in an advanced stage they become the cause of thrombosis.
Symptoms:
- The first and most common symptom of jugular vein thrombosis is a sharp pain in the neck that gets worse when turning the head.
- Also, in the area of the jugular vein, swelling appears on the skin, the jugular vein enlarges, and the veins themselves become noticeable, visible to the light.
- Due to defeat optic nerve vision sharply deteriorates, the patient feels weak, appears It's a dull pain in the arms and legs.
- Then either blood poisoning develops or there is a risk of a blood clot breaking off.
- The detached thrombus, along with the blood flow, enters the lungs and leads to pulmonary embolism.
Diagnostics
The diagnosis of thrombosis is made based on the patient's symptoms and the results of a number of diagnostic methods.
If the above symptoms appear, you must call ambulance, since thrombosis can cause conditions incompatible with life. Differentiating thrombosis from other diseases is quite a difficult task, since these symptoms are common in many other vascular pathologies.
To make an accurate diagnosis, the following studies are carried out:
- Thrombodynamics test.
A method that allows you to determine the level of blood clotting. For laboratory research the patient's venous blood is required. It is considered a highly sensitive method for detecting circulatory pathologies. - TV test.
Allows you to diagnose the stages of blood clotting and determine disturbances in the rate of fibrin formation. - MRI– tomographic examination, allowing to deeply study the condition of the jugular vein.
Treatment
The treatment method is selected depending on the patient’s condition. There are surgical, medicinal, coagulant methods of treating thrombosis.
Possible complications
The most serious condition which causes thrombosis is thromboembolism, it almost always ends in death. Embolism causes myocardial infarction and stroke.
Causes:
- Excessive stress on the body.
The causes of vascular disorders, including ectasia, can most often be heavy loads on the body, such as professional sports, exhausting study or work, all this affects cardiovascular system, which means directly on blood circulation and the condition of blood vessels. - Violation of the work and rest regime.
Absence good sleep, long working hours, night work - becomes the reason large quantity diseases, including affecting the condition of blood vessels. - Hormonal imbalance
uncontrolled reception hormonal drugs, bad habits, strict diets violate hormonal background person, and, therefore, the work of the whole organism. - Vascular dysfunction due to spinal injuries.
Symptoms:
The presence of a swelling in the neck, the first and main feature Phlebectasia. This is an enlarged vessel, which in the early stages of the disease does not cause discomfort or any pain.
Over time, ectasia will begin to progress, causing compressive pain in the neck, as well as changes in the voice, hoarseness may appear, and breathing problems are often observed.
Treatment:
- Treatment depends on the severity of the disease.
- At an advanced stage treatment in a hospital setting is indicated. In rare cases, especially severe course surgical intervention is performed; most often, treatment of ectasia is limited to drug therapy.
- In the treatment of vascular ectasia of the jugular vein Most often, drugs to normalize the functioning of blood vessels, such as thrombo ass and phlegm 600, are combined with injections of trental and antovengin to improve blood circulation.
Possible complications
A complete cure is only possible if ectasia is diagnosed and treated at the very beginning of the disease, so it is important to seek medical help if a person has symptoms resembling jugular vein ectasia.
Jugular vein in a child
Many parents are concerned when they discover that their child's jugular vein in the neck is distended, especially when laughing or crying. Most often, the cause of this deviation is the above-described phlebectasia.
Most often, jugular vein aneurysm in children is a congenital pathology.
Treatment is no different from the adult course. The only thing is that in the case of children it is most often used surgical method treatment.
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There are many large vessels located on the human neck, one of them is the external jugular vein. Its main function is to collect venous blood from the neck, brain, eye area and head. Any damage to this vessel can lead to various diseases requiring immediate treatment.
To avoid severe consequences, you need to have an understanding of anatomy circulatory system and, of course, carefully monitor your health.
Brief information
The external jugular vein has a medium diameter and is located quite close to the skin.
This vein is a pair of large vessels:
- auricular vessel (located behind the auricle);
- a vessel connecting the external vein itself and the mandibular venous trunk.
The external jugular vein has branches and valves.
Connected to this vessel:
- transverse jugular veins;
- anterior jugular vein;
- suprascapular and posterior auricular vein;
- occipital branch.
Location
It will most likely be difficult for a person unfamiliar with medicine to immediately understand where exactly the external jugular vein is located. This vessel originates under the auricle (approximately opposite the angle of the lower jaw) and goes down the outer surface of the clavipectoral muscle to its posterior edge. From there, the vein penetrates the fascia of the neck and then drains into the internal jugular vein, either the venous angle or the subclavian vein.
Because of external vein located in close proximity to the skin on the front of the neck, it can be easily seen if a person turns their head, coughs, screams, or strains strongly.
Main functions
The external jugular vein, like the entire system of jugular veins, plays an important role in human life.
This vessel is necessary in order to:
- drain saturated blood carbon dioxide, toxic substances and other breakdown products, from the brain and head towards the heart muscle;
- ensure normal blood circulation in the cerebral area.
If for any reason the functions of the jugular vein are impaired, the body will face serious danger. With minor violations, a person may feel a slight malaise, headaches, etc. More severe violations can lead to the development of dangerous diseases (including brain pathologies), which, in turn, can even provoke death.
Possible diseases
There are several most common diseases of the jugular vein:
- Phlebitis (inflammation of the vein walls). Depending on the degree of the disease, the patient may experience symptoms such as swelling and swelling in the neck, pain, acute inflammatory process (including purulent), impaired blood flow, etc.
- Thrombosis (formation of blood clots that block blood flow). A person diagnosed with thrombosis may experience sharp pains in the area of the collarbone and neck, extending into the arm. Manifestations of the disease also include neck pain, blue discoloration skin, swelling, itching, chills, etc.
- Ectasia (dilation of the lumen of the vessel). The main symptoms of this pathology are enlarged and swollen veins, a feeling of tightness in the neck that appears when tilting and turning the head, pain, breathing problems, and loss of voice.
The main danger of the above diseases is that the affected veins are located in close proximity to the brain. Therefore, any vascular pathologies can lead to disruption of brain function and other more serious consequences.
Causes
There are many reasons why jugular vein diseases develop.
Most often these pathological conditions arise under the influence of the following factors:
- injuries, mechanical damage neck;
- infectious diseases;
- chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system (hypertension, ischemia, etc.);
- cervical osteochondrosis;
- tumors localized in cervical spine spine;
- blood stasis caused by sedentary lifestyle life;
- physical overload;
- taking hormonal medications;
- dehydration, etc.
Treatment methods
A person whose jugular veins are inflamed or painful should definitely consult a doctor. Treatment vascular pathologies usually performed by surgeons, phlebologists and hematologists.
Depending on the type and degree of the disease, the doctor may prescribe to his patient:
- anti-inflammatory and painkillers;
- drugs that thin the blood, resolve blood clots and stimulate blood circulation;
- medicines that tonic the veins and strengthen the walls of blood vessels.
In some cases, the patient will be indicated for surgery. Surgical intervention may involve removing blood clots, excision of affected tissue, etc. You should not be afraid of such manipulations, because Such procedures can not only save, but also prolong a person’s life.
In custody
The functioning of the brain and other nearby organs depends on the condition of the external jugular vein. Anyone should definitely monitor their blood vessels and consult a doctor if any malfunction is noticed. Only a responsible approach to your body will help you maintain health for many years.
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