The structure of the sternum. Human chest anatomy. Functions and age characteristics

Rib cage by anatomy and structure, it forms a solid framework for reliable protection internal vital organs such as the heart and lungs. Physiological structure The human rib cage includes several types of bones. These are the costal arches that are attached to the back of the spinal column, and in front of the sternum. It is one of the most important parts of the human skeleton.

Such a structure of the chest provides a certain mobility for the ribs. Muscles, nerve endings and other important parts are located between them. anatomical skeleton providing not only support and motor function... Due to the coordinated work of the intercostal muscles, a person has the ability to fully inhale and exhale.

Look at the structure of the human chest in the photo, where all the most important structural parts are illustrated:

Features of the structure of the skeleton and bones of the human chest

Anatomical and topographic information gives an idea of the structural features of the chest, which is a unique articulation of the bones. According to anatomical atlas, according to its structure of bones, the human chest is a part of the body, the bony basis of which is made up of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum.

The structure of the skeleton of the chest is such that it consists of the thoracic spine and 12 pairs of ribs, sternum and costal cartilage. Only the first 7 pairs of ribs reach the sternum; VIII, IX and X ribs with their cartilages are connected to the overlying rib and form a costal arch; Ribs XI and XII end freely. The connection of the handle with the body of the sternum usually occurs at a certain angle, open posteriorly (angle of Louis - angulus sterni seu Ludovici). This angle in the form of a roller is well defined on the sternum during palpation (at the place of attachment of the cartilage of the II rib to the sternum), and in asthenic patients it is even visible. The bony wall of the chest, devoid of soft tissues, especially muscles, is a truncated cone, with a wide base facing abdominal cavity, and the tapering tip - towards the neck.

Look at the structure of the chest in the photo, where the ribs are illustrated, and their attachment to the sternum and spine:

Sternum and ribs in the structure of the chest

Due to the special structure of the chest, the handle of the sternum articulates with the sternal ends of the clavicles and connects (without forming a joint) to the cartilage of the I and II ribs. Body sternum has half moon cutouts for III and. IV ribs. The ribcage has 2 openings: upper and lower. The upper inlet (apertura thoracis superior) is formed by the I thoracic vertebra, I rib and the upper edge of the sternum handle. Due to the fact that the upper edge of the sternum handle together with the jugular notch (incisura jugularis sterni) is approximately at the level of the lower surface of the body of the II thoracic vertebra, the virtual plane laid through the entrance to the chest descends in the anterior direction. Since the apex of the pleura and part upper lobes lungs go beyond the anterior border of the entrance to the chest, we can say that the chest cavity, in fact, extends to the neck.

Below, at the outlet of the chest, the position is opposite: the border of the exit from the chest is indicated by a line running from the xiphoid process in both directions along the costal arches. Further, this conventional line, in contact with the apex of the last three ribs, ends at the back of the spinous process of the XII thoracic vertebra. The exit from the chest is covered by the diaphragmatic muscle, part of which starts from the lower ribs. The two vaults of the diaphragm with their tops face the food cavity, thus, already in the subphrenic (still protected by the Ribs) space, the abdominal organs are located.

The ribs in the structure of the chest are connected by the posterior ends to the vertebrae; from here they go outward, fixing themselves in the region of the costal tubercle to the transverse processes, and then sharply curling forward and downward, forming obtuse costal angles (angulus costae). In front (in the cartilaginous part), the ribs rise obliquely upward.

Muscles in the structure of the chest

WITH inside ribs and intercostal muscles are lined with intrathoracic fascia (fascia endothoracica), to which the parietal pleura is adjacent. In addition to the intercostal muscles, the chest in its structure is covered with the following main muscle layers: large and small pectoral muscles, broad, serrated and trapezius muscles. The intertwining teeth of the anterior dentate and external oblique muscles form a zigzag line on the lower-lateral surface of the chest wall - the Gerdi line - a relief toothed contour of the beginning of the anterior serratus on the lateral surface of the chest.

At the lower end of the median groove, in the area of the sub-sternal angle (angulus infrasternalis), there is an epigastric fossa (fossa epigastrica seu scrobiculus cordis). The cavity or angle is divided by the xiphoid process, palpable in depth, into the right and left costoxiphoid angles (angulus costoxiphoideus), which are laterally limited by the joint formed by the cartilage of the VII rib and the sternum. Puncture of the deepest point of the pericardium is carried out by introducing a needle to a depth of approximately 1.5-2 cm precisely in the angulus costoxiphoideus - at the Larrey point. The chest wall is supplied with blood due to the internal artery breast, anterior and posterior intercostal arteries, as well as axillary. The chest wall is innervated by segmental spinal nerves(nervi intercostalis) and branches brachial plexus... The trapezius muscle in the structure of the chest is innervated by the accessory nerve of Willis - nervus Willisii.

Ribs , costae (Fig. 36-39), 12 pairs, - narrow, curved bone plates of various lengths, symmetrically located along the sides of the thoracic spine.

In each rib, a longer bony part of the rib, os costale, is distinguished, a short cartilaginous - costal cartilage, cartilago stalis, and two ends - the front, facing the sternum, and the posterior, facing the spinal column.

The bony part of the rib has a head, neck and body. The head of the rib, caput costae, is located at its vertebral end. It has the articular surface of the rib head, fades articularis capitis costae. This surface on the II-X ribs divides the horizontally running ridge of the rib head, cri-sta capitis costae, into the upper, smaller, and lower, large, parts, each of which is respectively articulated with the costal fossa of two adjacent vertebrae.

The neck of the rib, collum costae, is the most narrowed and rounded part of the rib, carries on the upper edge the crest of the neck of the rib, crista colli costae (I and XII ribs do not have this ridge).

On the border with the body, 10 upper pairs of ribs on the neck have a small rib tubercle, tuberculum costae, on which the articular surface of the rib tubercle, fades articularis tuberculi costae, is located, articulating with the transverse costal fossa of the corresponding vertebra.

Between the posterior surface of the rib neck and the anterior surface of the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra, a costal-transverse opening, foramen costotransversarium, is formed (see Fig. 44).

The rib body, corpus costae, extending from the tubercle to the sternal end of the rib, is the longest section of the bony part of the rib. At some distance from the tubercle, the body of the rib, bending strongly, forms an angle of the rib, angulus costae. At the I rib (see Fig. 36, A), it coincides with the tubercle, and on the remaining ribs the distance between these formations increases (up to the XI rib); body XII does not form an edge. The body of the rib is flattened throughout. This makes it possible to distinguish two surfaces in it: inner, concave, and outer, convex, and two edges: upper, rounded, and lower, sharp. On the inner surface along the lower edge runs a rib groove, sulcus costae (see Fig. 37), where the intercostal artery, vein and nerve lie. The edges of the ribs describe a spiral, so the rib is twisted around its long axis.

At the anterior sternal end of the bony part of the rib there is a fossa with a slight roughness; costal cartilage is attached to it.

Costal cartilage, cartilagines costales (there are also 12 pairs), are a continuation of the bony parts of the ribs. From ribs I to II, they gradually lengthen and connect directly to the sternum. Top 7 pairs of ribs - true ribs, costae verae, lower

5 pairs of ribs - lodge ribs, costat spurn, a

XI and XII ribs - oscillating ribs, costae fluitantes. The cartilages of the VIII, IX and X ribs do not fit directly to the sternum, but each of them joins the cartilage of the overlying rib. The cartilages of the XI and XII ribs (sometimes X) do not reach the sternum and with their cartilaginous ends lie freely in the muscles of the abdominal wall.

Some features have two first and two last pairs of ribs. The first re-bro, costa prima (I) (see Fig. 36, A), is shorter but wider than the rest, has almost horizontally located upper and lower surfaces (instead of the external and internal at other ribs). On the upper surface of the rib, in the anterior section, there is a tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle, tu-berculum T. scaleni anterioris (the place of attachment of the indicated muscle). Outward and posterior to the tubercle lies a shallow furrow subclavian artery, sulcus a. subclaviae (a trace of the artery of the same name, a. subclavia), behind which there is a slight roughness (the place of attachment of the middle scalene muscle, m. scalenus medius). Anteriorly and medially from the tubercle, there is a weakly pronounced groove subclavian vein, sulcus v. subclaviae. The joint surface of the head of the I rib is not divided by a ridge; the neck is long and thin; the costal angle coincides with the rib tubercle.

The second rib, costa secunda (II) (see Fig. 36, B), has a roughness on the outer surface - tuberosity of the anterior dentate muscle, tuberositas m. serrati anterioris (the place of attachment of the tooth of the specified muscle).

The eleventh and twelfth ribs, costa XI et costa XII (see Fig. 39), have articular surfaces of the head not separated by a crest. On the XI rib, the angle, neck, tubercle and costal groove are weakly expressed, and on the XII they are absent.

Sternum

The sternum, sternum (Fig. 40, 41), is an unpaired elongated bone with a somewhat convex anterior surface and a correspondingly concave posterior surface. The groove occupies a section of the anterior chest wall. On it, a handle, a body and a xiphoid process are distinguished. All these three parts are interconnected by cartilaginous layers, which ossify with age.

The handle of the sternum, manubrium sterni, is the widest part, thick at the top, thinner and narrower at the bottom, has a jugular notch on the upper edge, incisura jugularis, easily palpable through the skin. On the sides of the jugular notch are the clavicular excesses, incimrae claviculam, - the places of articulation of the sternum with the sternal ends of the clavicles.

Slightly lower, on the lateral edge, is the notch of the 1st rib, incisura costalis I, - the place of fusion with the cartilage of the 1st rib. Even lower there is a small depression - the upper section of the rib notch of the II rib; the lower portion of this notch is located on the body of the sternum.

The body of the sternum, corpus sterni, is almost 3 times longer than the handle, but narrower than it. The body of the sternum is shorter in women than in men.

The anterior surface of the sternum has traces of the fusion of its parts in the process of embryonic development in the form of weakly expressed transversely running lines.

The cartilaginous junction of the upper edge of the body with the lower edge of the arm is called the synchondrosis of the arm of the sternum, syn-chondrosis manubriosternalis (see, Fig, 235), while the body and arm converge, forming a tu-poi, an open posterior angle of the sternum, angulus sterni. This protrusion is at the level of the junction of the II rib with the sternum and is easily probed through the skin.
On the lateral edge of the body of the sternum, there are four complete and two incomplete costal notches, incisurae costales. - the junction of the sternum with the cartilage of the II-VII ribs. One incomplete notch is located at the top of the lateral edge of the sternum and corresponds to the cartilage of the II rib, the other - at the bottom of the lateral edge and corresponds to the cartilage of the VII rib; four complete notches lie between them and correspond to the III-VI ribs.
The sections of the lateral sections, lying between two adjacent costal notches, have the form of half-moon depressions.

The xiphoid process, processus xiphoi-deus, is the shortest part of the sternum, can be different in size and shape, with a forked apex or with a hole in the middle. Sharp or blunted apex faces either anteriorly or posteriorly. In the upper-lateral part of the xiphoid shoot, there is an incomplete notch articulating with the cartilage of the VII rib.

The xiphoid process forms with the body of the sternum a synchondrosis of the xiphoid process, synchondrosis xiphostemalis (see Fig. 235). To the old! And the xiphoid process, ossified, grows together with the body of the sternum.

Sometimes, above the handle of the sternum, in the thickness of the sub-lingual muscle group or in the medial pedicle of the chest, but with an invisible muscle, there are 1-3 sternum bones, ossa suprasternal. They are articulated with the handle of the sternum.

Two grooves are formed on the sides - dorsal grooves: deep muscles of the back lie about them. On inner surface chest, between protruding bodies on-bells And coals if pefiep, will also rejoice

Two grooves - pulmonary grooves, sulci pulmonates; they are adjacent to the vertebral part of the costal surface of the lungs (see Fig. 44).

The spaces bounded above and below by two adjacent ribs, in the front by the lateral edge of the sternum and behind by the vertebrae, are called intercostal spaces. spatia interco-stalia; they are made by ligaments, intercostal muscles and membranes.

RIB CAGE

The chest, compares thoracis (Fig. 42-45), is made up of the thoracic region of the vertebral column, ribs (12 pairs) and chest,

The thorax forms a chest cavity, cavitas thoracis, in the form of a truncated cone, facing downward with a wide base, and a truncated apex upward. In the noreal cage, the front, back and side walls are spread, the upper and lower openings that limit the chest cavity. the anterior wall is shorter than the rest of the walls, formed by the sternum and cartilage of the ribs. Situated obliquely, it protrudes more anteriorly with ions in the lower sections than in the upper ones. The posterior wall is longer than the anterior one, formed by the thoracic vertebrae and portions of the ribs from the holons to the corners; its direction is almost vertical.
On the outer surface of the posterior wall by a group of cells, between the spinous processes of the vertebrae and the corners of the ribs, two grooves are formed on both sides - dorsal grooves: deep back muscles lie about them. On the inner surface of the chest, between the protruding bodies along the bells And if pefiep coals, two grooves will also enjoy - pulmonary grooves, sulci pulmonates; they are adjacent to the vertebral part of the costal surface of the lungs (see Fig. 44).

The lateral walls are longer than the front and in days, formed by the bodies of the ribs and are more or less convex.

The spaces bounded above and below by two adjacent ribs, in the front by the lateral edge of the sternum and behind by the vertebrae, are called intercostal spaces. spatia interco-

Chest, compares thoracis. bounded by the indicated walls, it has two holes - upper and lower, which start with apertures.

The upper aperture of the chest, arepiga thoracis superior (see Fig. 133), is smaller than the lower one, bounded in front by the upper edge of the arm, from the sides by the first ribs and behind by the body of the I thoracic vertebra. It has a transverse oval shape and is located in a plane inclined from back to front and downward. The upper edge of the handle of the sternum is at the level of the interval between the II and III thoracic vertebrae.

The lower aperture of the chest, arepiga thoracis inferior, is bounded in front by a sword-like process and formed by the cartilaginous ends of the false ribs by the costal arch, from the sides - by the free ends of the XI and XII ribs and the lower edges of the XII ribs, from the back - by the body of the XII thoracic vertebra.

The costal arch, arcus costaiis, at the xiphoid process forms an open submerged angle, angutus infraslernaHs (see Fig. 42).

The shape of the chest in different people is different (flat, cylindrical or conical). In persons with a narrow chest, the sub-sternal angle is sharper and the intercostal dash, and the rib cage itself is longer than in persons with a wide chest. The rib cage in men is longer, wider and more tapered than in women. The shape of the chest also depends on age.

- a part of the skeleton that performs the most important functionality. The structure of the human chest is carefully thought out by nature and verified to the smallest detail.

The rib cage is an integral part of the skeleton

Where is the rib cage?

Is an integral part upper skeleton... This structure is the most large department spine, originates from the collarbones and ends just below the lungs.

Functions

The cell acts as a natural shield that protects the organs inside.

The rib cage is needed to secure the organs

Her competence includes 3 more important functions:

Retains internal organs in the required position, which is the key to their correct functioning.
Implements breathing movements due to the ability to rhythmically expand and contract.
Participates in the motor process.

The ribs are very elastic due to their curved shape and rarely break. Even with a fracture, these bones usually do not need additional fixation and quickly grow together.

Chest structure

Description of structure (anatomy): the rib cage is a frame that is formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of costal plates, and the sternum. Back wall the frame is made up of the vertebrae and the heads of the ribs, the anterior one is the sternum with costal cartilages attached to it, the lateral surfaces consist only of ribs.

The upper border of the osteochondral structure is 1 thoracic vertebra, top area sternum and 1 pair of ribs, lower - 12 thoracic vertebra, bend of 10 pairs of ribs and the lower part of the sternum.

The sternum is the sternum that sits in the center of the front of a person's chest. The bone is connected to 7 pairs of ribs through a cartilaginous articulation. The male sternum is flat and wide, while the female sternum is longer and narrower.

The sternum and ribs are movably connected, due to which the lungs can expand freely.

The ribs behind are attached to the corresponding vertebrae using the costal-vertebral joint, the first 7 pairs are attached to the sternum by means of cartilage. The remaining 5 pairs of ribs are not attached to the sternum: 8, 9 and 10 pairs with the front ends grow to the previous pair of ribs, the last 2 pairs are attached only to the vertebrae.

1 pair of ribs articulating with the handle of the sternum ( top), the other 6 - with the body of this bone. The clavicles are also articulated with the handle of the sternum. The clavicles do not belong to the osteochondral framework: they are part of the shoulder girdle.

The muscular structure of the framework provides its mobility and the ability to expand and contract. The cavity is covered with the dentate and trapezius, intercostal, pectoralis minor and pectoralis major muscles, broad muscle.

V chest cavity are:

lungs;
heart;
blood arteries;
esophagus;
trachea;
thymus.

Chest shape is normal

In newborns, the frame has a convex shape, but with the growth of the skeleton, it acquires a flatter outline.

According to the type and design of the skeleton, several varieties are distinguished. normal form bone frame:

Normosthenic. This structure resembles a truncated cone. The scapula, intercostal spaces, subclavian and supraclavicular fossa are poorly visible. The lower costal arches form a right angle. The sizes of the thoracic and abdominal regions are the same. The normosthenic type is inherent in people of average height.
Hypersthenic. The frame has a cylindrical shape. The lateral and transverse diameters of the cell are practically the same. The lower costal arches form an obtuse angle. The shoulder blades are smoothed. The distance between the ribs is reduced. The abdominal region exceeds the thoracic region in length. The hypersthenic form is typical for short people.
Asthenic. Long rib cage with an acute angle between the costal arches and a large distance between the ribs. The shoulder blades are clearly visible. Chest much the length of the abdominal. The muscular frame is poorly developed. Asthenic type is inherent in tall people.

Normal chest shapes in humans

The asthenic framework is different weak muscles and bones, is more prone to fractures and does not protect organs as well as other types.

Pathology

The bone-cartilaginous framework does not always have the correct structure. Sometimes, in the process of development of the body under the influence of diseases or with a genetic predisposition, it takes on an irregular shape. What do these pathologies look like?

Severe atrophy of the muscular skeleton

Emphysematous chest is characterized by a barrel-shaped curvature of the body

Types of pathology:

Paralytic. This species is similar to the asthenic structure, but differs in pronounced atrophy of the muscular skeleton, asymmetric arrangement of the clavicles and shoulder blades, and different depths of the supraclavicular fossae. The ribcage is flat. Usually such an anomaly is diagnosed in patients with wasting, tuberculosis and Marfan syndrome. Paralytic anomaly is most common in women.
Emphysematous. This pathology is characterized by a barrel-shaped bending of the frame (especially its posterior surface) and an increase in the distance between the ribs. Usually this deformation occurs due to emphysema, due to which the volume of the lungs is greatly increased.
Rachytic (keeled). With this pathology, the distance from the spine to the sternum increases and the frame takes on a convex forward shape. The ribs on the sides seem to be depressed inward, due to which the lower costal arches form a very acute angle. The cartilage connecting the costal plates with the sternum greatly thickens at the points of articulation with the rib, this phenomenon was given the name "rickety rosary". These "rosary" - an age feature, and they stick out only in children when the body grows. Sometimes, with such a pathology, the cartilage of 5-7 vertebrae grows. It looks like lines protruding from under the skin, forming triangles.
The frame has a large funnel-shaped or scaphoid cavity in front. With such a pathology, vital organs are displaced and squeezed in the chest area, their work is disrupted. This type of pathology is the most common and usually occurs in men.

Common chest pathology

Rickets - bulging chest

Any form of deformation entails damage to internal organs and disruption of their functioning.

The chest is formed by many factors: the presence or absence of diseases, profession, age, gender, and even emotional state... Indeed, the bone-cartilaginous framework is a unique structure, the health of which depends not only on genetic predisposition, but also on a person's lifestyle and thoughts.

The human musculoskeletal system is made up of a combination of many bones and the muscles that connect them. The most important parts are the skull, chest, and spinal column.

Bones form throughout life. In the process of growth and development of the body, this section of the skeleton is also transformed. There is a change not only in size, but also in shape.

In order to find out which bones form the ribcage, a general knowledge of all the components of the system is required. To begin with, consider the entire musculoskeletal system.

The human skeleton consists of two hundred bones, the total weight of which is measured in kilograms: 10 for men and 7 for women. The shape of every detail is laid down by nature so that they can perform their functions, of which there are a lot. The blood vessels piercing the bones deliver to them nutrients and oxygen. Nerve endings contribute to a timely response to the needs of the body.

Human skeleton structure

This huge complex can be viewed for a long time and in great detail. Let's dwell on the basics. To make it easier to study the structure of a person, the skeleton is conventionally divided into 4 sections:

Skull;

Torso frame;

Vertebral column;

Upper and lower body.

And the basis for the entire system is the spine. The dorsal spine is formed by five divisions:

Sternum;

Small of the back;

Sacral region;

Functions and basics of the structure of the chest

The bones resembling the figure of a pyramid contain and warn against external mechanical influences vital organs: the heart with blood vessels, lungs with bronchi and tracheal branch, esophagus and numerous lymph nodes.

This section of the skeleton consists of twelve vertebrae, sternum and ribs. The first are constituent parts In order for the connection of the bones of the chest with the vertebrae to be reliable, the surface of each has an articular costal fossa. This method of fastening allows you to achieve great strength.

What bones form the ribcage

The sternum is a fairly common name for the bone located in front of the ribs. It is considered a component, there are three parts:

lever;
body;
xiphoid process.

The anatomical configuration of the human sternum bone changes over time, this is directly related to the modification of body position and center of gravity. In addition, during the formation of this section of the skeleton, the volume of the lungs also grows. The transformation of the ribs with age allows you to increase the range of motion of the sternum and allow free breathing. Correct development department is very important for normal functioning the whole organism.

The chest, the photo of which can be seen in the article, has the shape of a cone and remains so for up to three to four years. At six, it changes depending on the development of the upper and lower zones of the sternum, the angle of inclination of the ribs increases. By the age of twelve or thirteen, she is fully formed.

The bones of the human chest are affected exercise stress and landing. Physical education will help her become wider and more voluminous, and an improper fit (more related to the posture of schoolchildren at a desk or a computer table) will lead to the fact that the spine and all parts of the skeleton will not develop correctly.

This can lead to scoliosis, stoop, and in some severe cases and to problems with internal organs. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct educational conversations with the child about the importance of posture.

Rib structure

When asked about which bones form the ribcage, they are the first thing that comes to mind. The ribs are an important part of this section of the skeleton. In medicine, all twelve couples are divided into three groups:

true ribs - these are the first seven pairs, attached to the sternum by the skeletal cartilage;
false ribs - the next three pairs are attached not to the sternum, but to the intercostal cartilage;
floating ribs - the final two pairs have no connection with the central bone.

They have a flattened shape and a porous structure. The rib has cartilaginous and bony parts. The latter is defined by three sections: rib body, head and articular surface. All ribs are in the form of a spiral plate. The more its curvature, the more mobile the chest, it all depends on the age and gender of the person.

During intrauterine development a person in rare cases, an anomaly is observed, which leads to the appearance of an additional rib in the neck or lumbar region. Also, mammals have more ribs than humans, this is due to the horizontal position of their body.

Now that we have figured out which bones form the ribcage, we can talk about what tissues they are made of. They differ from each other not only in functions, but also in properties.

Bone

It constructs the skull, limbs and torso. It is also important what determines the shape of the body. It is divided into:

coarse fiber - characteristic of initial stages development;
plastic fabric - participates in the creation of the skeleton.
cartilage tissue - formed by chondracites and cellular substances with high density, they perform a supporting function and are a component of different parts of the skeleton.

Its cells are of two types: osteoblasts and osteocytes. If you look at the composition of this tissue, you can see that 33% of it consists of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The rest falls on inorganic substances such as calcium, magnesium, calcium fluoride and carbonate and others. It is interesting that in our body there is citric acid, 90% of it is contained in bone tissue.

Connective tissue

The bones of the chest are fastened together and with the muscles of the skeleton with the help of cartilage and tendons. These are varieties connective tissue... She happens different types... For example, blood is also a connective tissue.

She is so diverse that it seems that everything in the body is done only by her. Any cells of this type perform the most various functions, depending on what kind of tissue they form:

founding human organs;
saturate cells and tissues;
carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body;
unite all types of tissues, prevent organs from internal damage.

Depending on the functions, it is divided into:

loose fibrous unformed;
dense fibrous loose;
dense fibrous formed.

The connection of the bones of the chest is carried out fibrous tissue from the first group. It has a loose texture that accompanies blood vessels, nerve endings. It fences off the internal organs from each other in the cavity of the chest and abdomen.

The spine is the basis of the skeleton

The spine helps to support the back and is a support for soft organs and tissues. The spine and rib cage are connected important function: it helps to keep the cavity in the desired position.

It is formed from thirty-two to thirty-four vertebrae, which have holes for passing spinal cord... This allows us to protect well the basis of our nervous system.

The intervertebral discs are made up of fibrous cartilage that aids in the mobility of the spine. An important requirement for it is the ability to bend. Thanks to this, it is able to "spring", due to which, impacts, shocks when running and walking are attenuated, protecting the bone marrow from concussions.

Very important functions

Since the musculoskeletal system consists mostly of bone tissue, knowing its role in the body, the same can be said about the body base and about the chest separately. So the functions:

It is important to know what our body consists of and what processes take place in it, what role this or that part of the skeleton plays, how to properly develop and strengthen it. This will help you avoid some ailments and live a full life, playing sports and your favorite things.