Our body has many organs and systems; in fact, it is a unique natural mechanism. It takes a lot of time to study the human body completely. But get general ideas not that difficult. Especially if this is necessary to understand any of your illnesses.

Internal secretion

The word “endocrine” itself comes from a Greek phrase and means “to secrete inside.” This system human body normally provides us with all the hormones we may need.

Thanks to the endocrine system, many processes occur in our body:

growth, comprehensive development:
metabolism;
energy production;
coordinated work of all internal organs and systems;
correction of certain disorders in body processes;
generation of emotions, behavior management.

The importance of hormones is enormous

Already at the moment when a tiny cell begins to develop under a woman’s heart - unborn child– It is hormones that regulate this process.

We need the formation of these compounds for literally everything. Even to fall in love.

What does the endocrine system consist of?

The main organs of the endocrine system are:

thyroid and thymus glands;
pineal gland and pituitary gland;
adrenal glands;
pancreas;
testes in men or ovaries in women.

All these organs (glands) are united endocrine cells. But in our body, in almost all tissues, there are individual cells that also produce hormones.

To distinguish between united and scattered secretory cells, the general human endocrine system is divided into:

glandular (it includes glands internal secretion)
diffuse (in this case we are talking about individual cells).

What are the functions of organs and cells of the endocrine system?

The answer to this question is in the table below:

Organ	What is he responsible for?
Hypothalamus	Control over hunger, thirst, sleep. Sending commands to the pituitary gland.
Pituitary	Releases growth hormone. Together with the hypothalamus, it coordinates the interaction of endocrine and nervous system.
Thyroid, parathyroid, thymus glands	They regulate the processes of human growth and development, the functioning of his nervous, immune and motor systems.
Pancreas	Monitoring blood glucose levels.
Adrenal cortex	They regulate the activity of the heart and blood vessels and control metabolic processes.
Gonads (testes/ovaries)	They produce sex cells and are responsible for reproduction processes.

The “area of responsibility” of the main endocrine glands, that is, the organs of the glandular ES, is described here.
The organs of the diffuse endocrine system perform their own functions, and at the same time the endocrine cells in them are busy producing hormones. These organs include the stomach, spleen, intestines, etc. All these organs produce various hormones that regulate the activities of the “hosts” themselves and help them interact with the human body as a whole.

It is now known that our glands and individual cells produce about thirty types various hormones. All of them are released into the blood different quantities and with different frequency. In fact, we live only thanks to hormones.

Endocrine system and diabetes mellitus

If the activity of any endocrine gland is disrupted, various diseases occur.

All of them affect our health and life. In some cases, improper hormone production literally changes a person's appearance. For example, without growth hormone a person looks like a dwarf, and a woman without the proper development of reproductive cells cannot become a mother.

The pancreas is designed to produce the hormone insulin. Without it, the breakdown of glucose in the body is impossible. In the first type of disease, insulin production is too low, and this disrupts normal metabolic processes. The second type of diabetes means that the internal organs literally refuse to accept insulin.

Impaired glucose metabolism in the body triggers many dangerous processes. Example:

There was no breakdown of glucose in the body.
To find energy, the brain gives a signal to break down fats.
During this process, not only the necessary glycogen is formed, but also special compounds - ketones.

Hormones are substances produced by the endocrine glands and released into the blood, their mechanism of action. Endocrine system- a set of endocrine glands that produce hormones. Sex hormones.

For normal life a person needs many substances that come from external environment(food, air, water) or are synthesized inside the body. With a lack of these substances in the body, various disorders, which can lead to serious illnesses. Among these substances synthesized endocrine glands inside the body, include hormones .

First of all, it should be noted that humans and animals have two types of glands. Glands of one type - lacrimal, salivary, sweat and others - secrete the secret outward and are called exocrine (from the Greek exo- out, outside, krino– highlight). The glands of the second type release the substances synthesized in them into the blood that washes them. These glands were called endocrine (from the Greek endon- inside), and substances released into the blood are hormones.

Thus, hormones (from the Greek hormaino– set in motion, motivate) – biologically active substances, produced by endocrine glands (see Figure 1.5.15) or special cells in tissues. Such cells can be found in the heart, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, kidneys, liver and other organs. Hormones are released into the bloodstream and have an effect on cells of target organs located at a distance or directly at the site of their formation (local hormones).

Hormones are produced in small quantities, but long time remain active and are distributed throughout the body through the bloodstream. The main functions of hormones are:

– maintenance internal environment body;

– participation in metabolic processes;

– regulation of growth and development of the body.

A complete list of hormones and their functions are presented in Table 1.5.2.

Table 1.5.2. Basic hormones

Hormone	Which gland produces	Function
Adrenocorticotropic hormone	Pituitary	Controls the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone	Adrenal glands	Participates in the regulation of water-salt metabolism: retains sodium and water, removes potassium
Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)	Pituitary	Regulates the amount of urine excreted and, together with aldosterone, controls arterial pressure
Glucagon	Pancreas	Increases blood glucose levels
A growth hormone	Pituitary	Manages the processes of growth and development; stimulates protein synthesis
Insulin	Pancreas	Lowers blood glucose levels; affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the body
Corticosteroids	Adrenal glands	Have an effect on the entire body; have pronounced anti-inflammatory properties; maintain blood sugar levels, blood pressure and muscle tone; participate in the regulation of water-salt metabolism
Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone	Pituitary	Control reproductive functions, including sperm production in men, egg maturation and menstrual cycle among women; responsible for the formation of male and female secondary sexual characteristics (distribution of hair growth areas, volume muscle mass, skin structure and thickness, voice timbre and perhaps even personality traits)
Oxytocin	Pituitary	Causes contraction of the muscles of the uterus and mammary ducts
Parathyroid hormone	Parathyroid glands	Controls bone formation and regulates the excretion of calcium and phosphorus in urine
Progesterone	Ovaries	Prepares the inner lining of the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg, and the mammary glands for milk production
Prolactin	Pituitary	Induces and maintains milk production in the mammary glands
Renin and angiotensin	Kidneys	Control blood pressure
Thyroid hormones	Thyroid	Regulate the processes of growth and maturation, the speed of metabolic processes in the body
Thyroid-stimulating hormone	Pituitary	Stimulates the production and secretion of hormones thyroid gland
Erythropoietin	Kidneys	Stimulates the formation of red blood cells
Estrogens	Ovaries	Control the development of female genital organs and secondary sexual characteristics

The structure of the endocrine system. Figure 1.5.15 shows the glands that produce hormones: hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in women) and testes (in men). All glands and cells that secrete hormones are combined into the endocrine system.

The link between the endocrine and nervous systems is the hypothalamus, which is both a nerve formation and an endocrine gland.

It controls and combines endocrine regulatory mechanisms with nervous ones, being also the brain center autonomic nervous system . The hypothalamus contains neurons capable of producing special substances - neurohormones regulating the release of hormones by other endocrine glands. The central organ of the endocrine system is also the pituitary gland. The remaining endocrine glands are classified as peripheral organs of the endocrine system.

Follicle-stimulating And luteinizing Hormones stimulate sexual function and the production of hormones by the gonads. The ovaries of women produce estrogens, progesterone, and androgens, and the testes of men produce androgens.

Everyone knows that every person has an endocrine system. What it is? The endocrine system is a collection of certain human (or animal) organs that produce the necessary hormones for the body. An important feature of the endocrine system is that it controls the functioning of almost all organs, supporting and adapting the human body to changing conditions.

The endocrine system (endocrine glands) performs the following functions:

controls the functioning of all human organs and systems;
adapts the human body to changing conditions;
regulates the development and growth of the body;
helps preserve and properly use the body’s energy;
provides reproductive function body;
helps differentiate gender differences;
supports the mental and emotional organization of a person.

Human endocrine system

So what is the endocrine system? Biology, which deals with the structure and functioning of animal organisms, distinguishes the glandular and diffuse apparatus in the human endocrine system. The glandular apparatus produces peptide and steroid hormones, as well as thyroid hormones. Endocrine substances of the glandular apparatus are produced within one organ, released into the lymph or blood.

The anatomical and physiological features of the endocrine system of the glandular apparatus are represented by the following organs:

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland. These organs are located in the human cranial region and perform storage and control functions. In particular, the pituitary gland plays the role of the main controlling organ, which regulates the functioning of all other organs of the endocrine system.
Thyroid. Located in the front of the human neck, the thyroid gland is responsible for the production of iodine-containing hormones, which are necessary for regulating metabolism and growth of the body. The follicles that make up the gland contain the hormones thyroxine, triiodothyronine and calcitonin.
Parathyroid glands. This gland, located near the thyroid gland, carries out nerve and motor functions the body by regulating calcium levels in the body.
Pancreas. Located in abdominal cavity between duodenum and the spleen, this gland produces pancreatic juice, as well as hormones such as glucagon, insulin and ghrelin (the hunger hormone).
Adrenal glands. Located on top of the kidneys, these glands regulate the synthesis of carbohydrates, the breakdown of proteins, and also produce adrenaline.
Gonads. These are male testicles and female ovaries, which produce male (androgynous) and female (estrogens) hormones.
Epiphysis Located in the skull, this organ produces melatonin (affects the order of sleep phases) and norepinephrine (affects blood circulation and the nervous system).
Thymus. Located between the lungs, this thymus produces hormones that regulate cell development and maturation immune system.

Thus, it is the main endocrine system. The anatomy of the diffuse endocrine system is scattered throughout the body, since its hormones are found in almost every tissue of the body. The main organs that will be included in the list of the diffuse endocrine apparatus should be considered the liver, kidneys, stomach, intestines and spleen.

Patients often experience pathology of the endocrine system, expressed in hypofunction, dysfunction or hyperfunction of the endocrine glands. These pathologies can manifest themselves in the following diseases:

diabetes and excess weight (pancreatic diseases);
hypercalcemia, parathyroid osteodystrophy (diseases of the parathyroid gland);
diseases of the immune system (diseases of the thymus gland);
thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer, cretinism (thyroid disease);
benign and malignant tumors (apudomma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, somatostatinoma);
hypertension, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular diseases(adrenal gland diseases);
fibroids, infertility, mastopathy, endometriosis, cystosis, ovarian cancer (gonadal diseases).

Endocrine system of children and animals

The endocrine system in children determines growth and development, and is also involved in neurohumoral regulation body. Physiologically, the endocrine system in children is represented by the same organs as in an adult, but with the difference that the functioning of the glands does not work at full capacity. Thus, up to a certain point, the gonadal system secretes only a small part hormones, and teenage years On the contrary, their production is explosive. Any deviations in the functioning of the organs of the endocrine system must be investigated and treated, since the consequences can be disastrous for the entire organism as a whole and affect future life.

The endocrine system of animals is represented by a different set of endocrine glands, depending on which class of the animal world they belong to. So in insects, the endocrine glands already control metabolism, as well as puberty, growth and behavior of the organism. In vertebrates, endocrine organs are involved in ion balance, metabolism, immunity, and wound healing. Sex hormones play a major role in the lives of animals, which are aimed at producing estrogen, progesterone and testosterone, which are responsible for the reproduction of offspring.

The human body consists of endocrine glands that synthesize hormones into the blood. It is necessary for the implementation of humoral regulation and consists of individual organs called glands.

The physiology of the endocrine system is built on controlling the interaction of the endocrine and nervous systems through the synthesis of certain substances. This can be seen in the interaction between glucose and insulin, which is necessary to maintain the desired balance of substances in the blood. This control is carried out using substances called hormones.

The concept of effector systems allows us to distinguish between the nervous and endocrine systems. Effectors of the nervous system activate a specific muscle or group of muscles, effector cells of the endocrine system activate hormone receptors. Effectors have one important feature: they trigger hormonal synthesis with the help of special cells that make up the endocrine organ.

The peculiarity of the human body is that hormones can be produced not only by endocrine cells, but also by other cells, only in small quantities.

Endocrine cells, brought together, turn into a gland that regulates metabolic processes in the human body. The anatomy of the glands divides them into endocrine and exocrine. The first release hormones into the lymph and blood.

Main anatomical feature exocrine glands– excretory ducts necessary to bring secretions to the surface, for example, salivary glands secrete saliva, sweat - sweat.

Endocrine glands and their features

What does the human endocrine system consist of, what are its anatomical features? general characteristics The endocrine system includes a description of the glands presented in the table below.

Pineal gland	Thymus	Pituitary	Pancreas
Diffuse endocrine system includes the pineal gland, a gland related to the epithalamus. The organ produces the hormones serotonin, melatonin, and adrenoglomerulotropin.	The thymus consists of two lobes, produces the hormones thymosin and thymopoietin and is an important part of the immune system.	The pituitary gland is the highest vegetative center of the human body, controlled by the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland takes part in controlling the functioning of internal organs and some parts of the brain. The pituitary gland consists of three parts: the neurohypophysis, the intermediate lobe, and the adenohypophysis. The pituitary gland produces hormones: prolactin and samototropin.	The pancreatic hormones glucagon and insulin are produced in the islets of Langerhans. Insulin regulates fat and carbohydrate metabolic processes, glucagon is responsible for the level of glucose in the blood serum. The alpha cells of the pancreas are essential for the proper functioning of the liver.

Thyroid	Parathyroid glands	Sex glands
The human thyroid gland synthesizes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin, which stimulate energy, fat and protein metabolism, affecting the growth and development of the child’s body, and the functioning of the heart apparatus.	The parathyroid glands or parathyroid glands are a paired organ that synthesizes parathyroid hormones and parthin, which are necessary to maintain normal level calcium in the blood. Disruption of the parathyroid glands and their normal structure leads to destruction bone tissue, the appearance of kidney stones and memory problems, in severe cases Titania develops, leading to death.	The human gonads, testes in men and ovaries in women, secrete male and female hormones into the blood. The testes secrete androgens, the ovaries secrete estrogens.

Pathophysiology of the endocrine system examines the dysfunction of the glands and subsequent altered levels of hormone secretion and destroyed endocrine cells.

Changes in the level of hormone synthesis are caused by the reasons indicated in the table:

Violation of self-regulation and relationships in the system of endocrine glands	The problem is caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.
Inability to synthesize and transmit hormones	Caused by a violation of the structure of the glands due to injuries, hemorrhages and thrombosis, as well as as a result of intoxication due to various acute infections. For example, the adrenal glands can be damaged by mumps, rubella, and tuberculosis.
Development of autoallergic problems	Problems arise when the barriers separating the endocrine organ and the blood are destroyed as a result of allergic processes.
Blocking cell metabolism	Leads to changes in the production of hormones as a result of the lack of enzymes necessary for this; the cause of this problem is often a genetic defect.
Depletion of the system or its individual organs	A lack of iodine or vitamin A can lead to exhaustion.
Violation of the process of hormone deposition	Associated with thyroid depletion.

The pathophysiology of the endocrine system includes its own research methods, which include:

blood test for hormone levels;
radiography;
palpation;
CT scan;

The diffuse endocrine system has its own characteristics and is represented by cells scattered throughout the human body that synthesize aglandular peptides. Each organ has endocrine cells, the largest number of which are in the mucous membranes and in the digestive organs.

Diseases of the diffuse endocrine system are called apudopathy:

gastrinoma;
insulinoma;
carcinoid;
medullary thyroid oncology.

Most often, a person is affected by carcinoid; the neoplasm can occur in the appendix, intestines, bronchi, gallbladder, pancreas. Carcinoid – malignant tumor, which has a nested structure, releasing serotonin, histamine, bradykinin, substances that destroy the heart, liver and lungs.

Endocrine system of children

The child’s endocrine system has a complex structure that adapts to environmental factors and the functioning of internal organs.

Anatomy endocrine organs A child is no different from an adult; the main hormonal center is the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic hormones regulate the functions of the pituitary gland.

The structure of the child's pituitary gland:

The anterior lobe synthesizes somatotropic, thyrotropic, adenocorticotropic, and follicle-stimulating.
The middle and intermediate lobes secrete melatropin.
The posterior lobe synthesizes vasopressin and oxytocin.

Next important organ, normal operation which supports the growth and development of a growing organism - the thyroid gland. In newborns it weighs up to 5 g, adolescence the mass of the gland increases to 14 grams, the thyroid gland fully matures by the age of fifteen.

An essential organ in the anatomy of the endocrine system in children is the pancreas, which produces insulin and glucagon, substances that affect blood glucose levels. The pancreas also synthesizes somatostatin, which is necessary for physical development and growth of children.

IN anatomical structure, in addition to the thyroid and pancreas, one can also note the adrenal glands, which are necessary for normal development skeleton, immunity and psyche.

The parathyroid glands are a paired organ in structure, the peak of activity of which occurs in the first two years of a child’s life; the secreted parathyroid hormone regulates phosphorus and calcium metabolism. A decrease in calcium levels leads to seizures, tooth decay and increased excitability in children. Increased level calcium - kidney stones, weakness and muscle pain, constipation.

The formation of sexual characteristics is carried out by the gonads, the laying of which occurs over nine months in the mother’s womb. The female or male genotype is fully formed by the time the child is born.

Endocrine system human is a collection of special organs (glands) and tissues located in different parts body.

Glands produce biologically active substances - hormones(from the Greek hormáo - I set in motion, motivate), which act as chemical agents.

Hormones are released into the intercellular space, where it is picked up by the blood and transported to other parts of the body.

Hormones influence the activity of organs, changing physiological and biochemical reactions by activating or inhibiting enzymatic processes (processes of accelerating biochemical reactions and regulating metabolism).

That is, hormones have a specific effect on target organs, which, as a rule, other substances are not able to reproduce.

Hormones are involved in all processes of growth, development, reproduction and metabolism

Chemically, hormones are a heterogeneous group; the variety of substances they represent includes

Glands that produce hormones are called endocrine glands, endocrine glands.

They release the products of their vital activity - hormones - directly into the blood or lymph (pituitary gland, adrenal glands, etc.).

There are also other types of glands - exocrine glands(exocrine).

They do not release their products into the bloodstream, but release secretions onto the surface of the body, mucous membranes or into the external environment.

This sweaty, salivary, tearful, dairy glands and others.

The activity of the glands is regulated by the nervous system, as well as humoral factors(factors from the fluid environment of the body).

The biological role of the endocrine system is closely related to the role of the nervous system.

These two systems mutually coordinate the function of others (often separated by a considerable distance of organs and organ systems).

The main endocrine glands are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands and gonads

The central link of the endocrine system is the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Hypothalamus- this is an organ of the brain that, like a control room, gives orders for the production and distribution of hormones in the right quantity and at the right time.

Pituitary- a gland located at the base of the skull that secretes a large number of trophic hormones - those that stimulate the secretion of other endocrine glands.

The pituitary gland and hypothalamus are reliably protected by the bony skeleton of the skull and made by nature in a unique, single copy for each organism.

Human endocrine system: endocrine glands

Peripheral part of the endocrine system - thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads

Thyroid- secretes three hormones; located under the skin in the front surface of the neck, and is protected from the upper respiratory tract halves of the thyroid cartilage.

Adjacent to it are four small parathyroid glands involved in calcium metabolism.

Pancreas- this organ is both exocrine and endocrine.

As an endocrine hormone, it produces two hormones - insulin and glucagon, which regulate carbohydrate metabolism.

The pancreas produces and supplies digestive tract enzymes for the breakdown of food proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Adjacent to the kidneys are the adrenal glands, which combine the activities of two types of glands.

Adrenal glands- are two small glands, located one above each kidney and consisting of two independent parts- cortex and medulla.

Sex glands(ovaries in women and testes in men) - produce sex cells and other main hormones involved in reproductive function.

As we already know, all endocrine glands and individual specialized cells synthesize and secrete hormones into the blood.

The exceptional power of the regulating effect of hormones on all body functions

Their signaling molecule causes various changes in metabolism:

They determine the rhythm of the processes of synthesis and decomposition, implement a whole system of measures to maintain water and electrolyte balance- in a word, create an individual optimal internal microclimate, characterized by stability and constancy, thanks to exceptional flexibility, ability to respond quickly and specificity of regulatory mechanisms and systems controlled by them.

Loss of each component hormonal regulation from common system disrupts the single chain of regulation of body functions and leads to the development of various pathological conditions

The demand for hormones is determined by local conditions that arise in the tissues or organ that are most dependent on a particular chemical legislator.

If we imagine that we are in a mode of increased emotional stress, then metabolic processes intensify.

It is necessary to provide the body additional funds to overcome the problems that arise.

Glucose and fatty acids, easily breaking down, can provide the brain, heart and tissues of other organs with energy.

They do not need to be urgently administered with food, since there are reserves of glucose polymer in the liver and muscles - glycogen, animal starch, A adipose tissue reliably provides us with reserve fat.

This metabolic reserve updated, supported good condition enzymes that use them when necessary and are promptly replenished at the first opportunity, when the slightest excess appears.

Enzymes capable of breaking down the products of our reserves consume them only on command brought to the tissues by hormones.

Dietary supplements regulating the functioning of the endocrine system

The body produces many hormones

They have different structure, they have different mechanisms of action, they change the activity of existing enzymes And regulate the process of their biosynthesis again, determining the growth, development of the body, and the optimal level of metabolism.

A variety of intracellular services are concentrated in the cell - processing systems nutrients, transforming them into elementary simple ones chemical compounds, which can be used at discretion on site (for example, to maintain a certain temperature regime).

Our body lives at its optimum temperature conditions- 36-37°C.

Normally, sudden temperature changes do not occur in tissues.

Sudden change in temperature for an organism not prepared for this - factor of devastating destruction, promoting gross violation integrity of the cell, its intracellular formations.

The cage contains power stations, whose activities are mainly specialized in energy accumulation.

They are represented by complex membrane formations - mitochondria.

Specifics of activity mitochondria consists of oxidation, breakdown organic compounds, nutrients formed from proteins (carbohydrates and fats in food), but as a result of previous metabolic transformations, which have already lost the characteristics of biopolymer molecules.

The breakdown in mitochondria is associated with a process that is essential for life.

Further disaggregation of molecules occurs and the formation of an absolutely identical product, regardless of the primary source.

This is our fuel, which the body uses very carefully, step by step.

This allows us not only to receive energy in the form of heat, which ensures the comfort of our existence, but also mainly to accumulate it in the form of the universal energy currency of living organisms - ATP ( adenosine triphosphoric acid).

The high resolution of electron microscopy devices made it possible to recognize the structure of mitochondria.

Fundamental research by Soviet and foreign scientists contributed to the understanding of the mechanism of a unique process - accumulation of energy, which serves as a manifestation of the function of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Currently, an independent branch of knowledge about the energy supply of living beings has formed - bioenergetics, which studies the fate of energy in the cell, the ways and mechanisms of its accumulation and use.

In mitochondria, the biochemical processes of transformation of molecular material have a certain topography (location in the body).

Enzyme oxidation systems fatty acids, amino acids, as well as a complex of biocatalysts that form a single cycle for the breakdown of carboxylic acids as a result of previous reactions of the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, proteins that have lost their resemblance to them, depersonalized, standardized to a dozen similar products, which are concentrated in the mitochondrial matrix- constitute the so-called citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle.

The activity of these enzymes allows accumulation in the matrix mighty force energy resources.

Consequently mitochondria figuratively called power plants cells.

They can be used for reductive synthesis processes, and also form a combustible material from which a set of enzymes, mounted asymmetrically across the inner mitochondrial membrane, extracts energy for the life of the cell.

Oxygen serves as the oxidizing agent in metabolic reactions.

In nature, the interaction of hydrogen and oxygen is accompanied by an avalanche-like release of energy in the form of heat.

When considering the functions of any cellular organelles ("organs" of protozoa), it becomes obvious how their activity and the mode of operation of the cell depend on the state of the membranes, their permeability, the specificity of the set of enzymes that form and serve them. building material these formations.

There is a valid analogy between texts - a set of letters that form words that form phrases, and the method of encrypting information in our body.

This refers to the sequence of alternation of nucleotides (components of nucleic acids and other biological active compounds) in the DNA molecule - the genetic code, which, like an ancient manuscript, contains the necessary information about the reproduction of proteins inherent in a given organism.

An example of encoding language information organic molecules may be the presence of a receptor recognized by the hormone, recognizing it among the mass of various compounds that encounter the cell.

When some compound rushes into a cell, it cannot spontaneously penetrate into it.

The barrier is a biological membrane.

However, a specific carrier is prudently built into it, which delivers the candidate for intracellular localization to its destination.

Is it possible for an organism to have different “interpretations” of its molecular designations – “texts”? It is quite obvious that this is a real path to disorganization of all processes in cells, tissues, and organs.

The “Foreign Diplomatic Service” allows the cell to navigate the events of extracellular life at the organ level, to constantly be aware of current events throughout the body, carrying out the orders of the nervous system with the help of hormonal control, receiving fuel, energy and building material.

In addition, inside the cell there is a constant and harmonious molecular life.

IN cell nucleus cellular memory is stored - nucleic acids, in the structure of which the program for the formation (biosynthesis) of a diverse set of proteins is encoded.

They carry out a construction-structural function, are biocatalysts-enzymes, can transport certain compounds, and act as protectors against foreign agents (microbes and viruses).

The program is contained in the nuclear material, and the work of building these large biopolymers is carried out by a whole conveyor system.

In a genetically strictly defined sequence, amino acids, the building blocks of a protein molecule, are selected and joined into a single chain.

This chain can contain thousands of amino acid residues.

But in the microcosm of a cell it would be impossible to accommodate all required material, if not for its exceptionally compact packaging in space.