What is the name of the measles vaccine DPT? Measles vaccination: who is protected and for whom vaccination is vital. Vaccination of children against measles

Here is a list of vaccinations that were given in childhood to generations of citizens of the USSR and Russia born in the post-war period.

The composition of vaccinations and the vaccination schedule have changed over time. To obtain the necessary information, you must indicate the person’s year of birth.

Certificate of mandatory vaccinations

Note: Revaccination against tuberculosis is carried out with a negative skin test(Mantoux test)

The list includes all vaccinations (except the annual flu shot) required for all children in the country in different periods their lives, according to the rules of their respective years.

In some regions, additional vaccinations were given (for example, against tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax etc.), which are not listed here. New vaccinations could be introduced earlier in certain regions than throughout the country (for example, vaccination against measles has been carried out en masse since 1968, but was included in the vaccination calendar for the entire country only in 1973).

A brief history of changes in the national vaccination schedule

All generations born after the war were vaccinated against tuberculosis, diphtheria and polio. Also, all children born before 1979 were vaccinated against smallpox.

1957 - introduction of vaccination against whooping cough in the first year of life and mass vaccination of children under 5 years of age.
1960-1961 — introduction of vaccinations and mass vaccination of children and adults against polio.
1967 — introduction of tetanus vaccinations for children, including high school students.
1968-1973 — mass vaccination campaigns against measles; since 1973 - routine measles vaccination in the first year of life.
1980 - abolition of smallpox vaccination due to the complete elimination of this disease in the world. Introduction of vaccination against mumps(pigs).
1998 - administration of a two-time rubella vaccination, re-vaccination against measles and hepatitis B vaccination.
Since 2001— vaccination of children and adults against measles (repeatedly), rubella and hepatitis B. By now, all generations born since 1988 should be vaccinated against hepatitis B.
2011 — vaccination against hemophilus influenzae for children at risk.
2014 — vaccination against pneumococcal infection.

Diphtheria and measles: immunization coverage and incidence

In Russia in the second half of the eighties, the level of vaccination of children under 1 year of age was not high - only 50-60% against diphtheria and 76-92% against measles (according to OECD data).

Since 1990, it has been increasing, and by 2000 it reached 96-99%, which corresponds to the level of countries with developed healthcare and even several percentage points higher than in many of them (for example, in the USA since 2000 94-96% children were vaccinated against diphtheria and 90-92% - against measles).

At the same time, the incidence of diphtheria has been low since the seventies, with the exception of the period 1992-1997, when it increased tenfold. At present, diphtheria can be considered practically suppressed.

Incidence of diphtheria and measles in Russia

Per 100 thousand people

XX Vaccination coverage of children under 1 year of age
(percentage)

Data: incidence - Rosstat, vaccination coverage - OECD.

It may be surprising that the peak incidence of diphtheria in the mid-nineties coincided with a period of increased vaccination. But we must keep in mind that the given data on vaccination coverage refer to children under 1 year of age, and mainly adults were sick, i.e. people who were either not vaccinated in childhood or had already lost their immunity, because at that time Over time, revaccination of adults was not provided.

The incidence of measles also remained high for many years after mass vaccination of children began. Individual outbreaks have been observed until recently, mainly among unvaccinated people. various reasons adults and children.

We thank our readers for their comments on VKontakte, which helped improve this article.

Which annually claims hundreds of thousands of lives around the world. Only the measles vaccination can help protect against this serious disease. Let’s take a closer look at how long vaccination lasts, how long the body’s resistance to measles lasts, and what this disease actually is.

Measles

An RNA virus is considered the causative agent of the disease. In general, measles is more of a childhood disease, but if an unvaccinated adult becomes infected with the virus, the course of the disease for him is most complex, leaving behind various complications. The virus spreads when the patient coughs, sneezes with particles of mucus, or when talking with saliva. An infected person becomes contagious even when he himself does not feel symptoms of the disease, that is, in incubation period. The only protection is the measles vaccination. How long it acts in the body is a question that interests many. You are guaranteed to be protected for 10-12 years, as doctors say.

If the virus has entered an unprotected body, the patient begins to notice symptoms that are more typical of many respiratory diseases:

fever (temperature up to 40 degrees);
sore throat, sore throat;
dry cough, runny nose;
weakness, malaise;
headache.

TO specific signs measles symptoms include the following:

conjunctivitis and photophobia;
severe swelling of the eyelids;
rashes on the mucous membranes of the cheeks appear on the second day (whitish small spots like grains of semolina, which disappear after a day);
on the 4-5th day - a rash on the skin, first it appears on the face, then spreads down throughout the body.

Possible complications of measles

Vaccination against measles will save you from the disease. As long as it works, the body will be protected from infection. In unvaccinated children, and even more often in adults, measles causes serious complications:

measles or bacterial infection often causes pneumonia;
bronchitis;
sinusitis;
keratitis (every 5th patient loses vision);
meningitis and meningoencephalitis;
otitis and eustachitis (later - hearing loss);
pyelonephritis.

There is no effective antiviral treatment for measles. Only vaccination carried out in advance can save a person! In 0.6% of cases, measles is complicated by brain damage (encephalitis), and 25% of patients die.

When to vaccinate

In Russia, vaccination against measles has been introduced into the scheduled vaccination calendar. A child is vaccinated at the age of 1-1.3 years. Revaccination is carried out at 6 years of age.

Due to the fact that the growth of the disease in 2014 in Russia led to severe consequences among the adult population, it was decided to vaccinate the population. According to the national program, up to the age of 35, free vaccination from measles. How long does the drug last? The immunity of a vaccinated person is on average resistant to the disease for up to 12 years (sometimes longer).

What should people over 35 do? Vaccination is carried out to everyone, but on a paid basis. The monovaccine is administered twice with a three-month interval. If you once received one vaccine, you need to get vaccinated again. Revaccination is not carried out for adults.

Emergency immunization

Regardless of the vaccination calendar and schedule, emergency immunization is carried out in the following cases:

In the source of infection, all persons in contact with the patient are vaccinated within three days (free of charge). Unvaccinated children over one year of age are included.
For a newborn, if anti-measles antibodies are not detected in the mother’s blood. The baby is re-vaccinated at eight months, and then according to the calendar.
When traveling abroad, a measles vaccination must be done one month before departure. Special attention those traveling to Georgia, Thailand, Ukraine, where over the past 3 years many cases of measles with a fatal outcome have been recorded. Field services know how long the measles vaccination lasts. Vaccination will be noted in your documents, and this will allow you to travel abroad without fear for many years.
Unvaccinated women who are planning a pregnancy, since during pregnancy, measles is very dangerous for the fetus.
Persons from 15 to 35 years old who do not have proof of vaccination and if they are in risk groups (teachers, health workers, students).

Where is the vaccine given?

When administering the measles vaccine, you must follow some rules that every physician must know about, as well as how long the measles vaccine lasts.

For children, the drug in an amount of 0.5 ml is injected into the subscapular region or just below the middle third of the outer surface of the shoulder.

For adults, the vaccine is injected into the muscle or subcutaneously into the upper third of the shoulder. The drug is not recommended to be administered into the gluteal region due to an excess of subcutaneous fat. Intradermal contact is also undesirable. Injection into a vein is strictly contraindicated!

Vaccination of both children and adults should always be carried out with written consent. If there is a refusal to vaccinate, it must also be made in writing. The waiver must be renewed annually.

How long does the measles vaccine last?

So, for how long after a measles vaccination is our immunity strong against this terrible disease? If we talk about adults, the average validity period lasts 12-13 years. There are cases where a period of 10 years is indicated. If we delve into this issue more deeply, it is worth saying that everything is individual. “Post-vaccination immunity” (there is such a concept) can be different for each individual, for some it will be 10 years, for others 13 or even more. There was a recorded case where a patient showed antibodies to measles already 25 years after vaccination.

It is also important to understand that if you are vaccinated, this will not provide a 100% guarantee of protection. According to the vaccine developers themselves, you simply have a much higher chance of not getting sick than those who are not vaccinated.

How long does it take for the measles vaccine to take effect? This happens as soon as your body forms immunity (antibodies) to the disease. On average, this occurs after 2-4 weeks after vaccination. Each case is individual.

Measles vaccination contraindications

We have found out how long the measles vaccine lasts in adults; now we will figure out which ones exist. The most serious ones include the following:

It is not recommended to administer the vaccine to pregnant women. If there is a need, it is necessary to consult with specialists.
Vaccination is contraindicated for patients with AIDS, HIV, as well as those who have diseases that affect Bone marrow or the lymphatic system.
You should not get vaccinated if you this moment you have an aggravation of any of your chronic diseases.
If you have general ailments or diseases, also postpone vaccination.
Vaccination is also contraindicated if it has previously caused complications for you.
Be sure to check with your doctor to see if the medications you are taking are compatible with this vaccine.
Allergy to egg white.
Malignant neoplasms.
Antibiotic intolerance.

Common effects of measles vaccination in adults

Adults begin to feel the effects of vaccination on the first day. There may be pain at the injection site, redness of the skin, and some thickening. Similar symptoms are common with other types of vaccination, for example, against hepatitis B.

Further, depending on your immunity, often on the fifth, and for some on the tenth day, lethargy, fatigue, and body temperature rise. This is considered normal because your body begins to produce antibodies to measles. You need to inform your doctor about your condition, he will competently explain the cause of the ailment and fill you in on how long the measles vaccine is valid. These are the main consequences of the measles vaccine that all normal, healthy people experience.

Side effects of vaccination

In rare cases, adverse reactions to the vaccine occur, some of which can be considered severe. You can’t do this without the help of doctors. They may be as follows:

A toxic reaction can occur 6-11 days after vaccination. The temperature rises, a sore throat occurs, intoxication occurs, and a rash appears. The period may last five days, but it should be distinguished from any infectious diseases.
Convulsive or encephalic reaction. High temperature and seizures. Most pediatricians do not classify these symptoms as severe complications.
Post-vaccination encephalitis. Symptoms resemble those of other infections: dizziness, headaches, nausea, confusion, agitation, convulsions, neurological symptoms.
Allergic reactions to vaccine components. Quincke's edema. Hives. Joint pain.
Exacerbation allergic diseases. Bronchial asthma.
Anaphylactic shock.
Pneumonia.
Myocarditis.
Meningitis.

After all of the above, many may have the impression that vaccination is dangerous. But that's not true. Many side reactions are formulated purely theoretically. For example, a complication in the form of encephalitis can occur once in a million. If measles occurs, the risk of complications increases thousands of times.

How long does it take for the measles vaccine to take effect? As soon as antibodies are formed in the body (from 2 to 4 weeks). If during this time you do not feel any side effects in the body, a trip to the doctor is not necessary.

Treatment of complications after vaccination

How long does the measles vaccine last? For a long time (from 10 to 13 years) you will be protected from the disease. It is worth considering that the body’s reactions, even if they occur, pass quickly, after a few days, but complications after the disease itself can be disastrous, even fatal.

If negative reactions occur, consult your doctor.
Symptomatic medications will help to cope with the consequences: antiallergic, antipyretic.
If the complication is severe, it is better to treat it in a hospital. The doctor will prescribe you corticosteroid hormones.
If bacterial complications arise, antibiotics will help to cope with them.

Types of vaccines

Measles vaccine is made from live but very weakened measles viruses. In medicine, both single vaccines (for measles) and combined ones (for measles, mumps and rubella) are used. The vaccine virus itself is not capable of causing the disease in the body; it only promotes the production of measles-specific antibodies. Peculiarity :

To prevent the drug from losing its potency, it should be stored at a temperature no higher than +4 degrees.
Unused vaccine is destroyed according to special rules.
The composition includes egg white and antibiotics. This may cause allergic reactions in some people.

In Russian clinics, domestically produced drugs are used for vaccination - mumps-measles vaccine and measles monovaccine. Single vaccines have less adverse reactions.

We found out how long it takes for the measles vaccine to work, what side effects and contraindications there may be. Well, now let’s talk about how to prepare for vaccination so that vaccination is as successful as possible.

What's the best way to get vaccinated?

You need to come for vaccination absolutely healthy, without any signs or manifestations of ARVI.
Before vaccination, ideally you will visit a doctor and undergo all general tests.
After the vaccine is administered, do not visit for three days. crowded places, so as not to catch any foreign virus.
Is it possible to swim? Yes, but do not rub the injection site. It's better to take a shower rather than a bath.
After vaccination, you should not introduce any new foods or dishes into your diet, so as not to provoke allergic reactions.

How long does the measles vaccine last? For more than ten years in your life you can be calm. A terrible disease is unlikely to affect the body, because thanks to vaccination you have developed a strong immunity to measles.

Many adults are confident that vaccinations are exclusively a measure for children to prevent all kinds of diseases. However, people who work in educational institutions, hospitals and food preparation areas know that there are many vaccines available for adults to help protect against various diseases in adulthood. Among them is a vaccine against measles, which is known to be a highly contagious infectious disease. Let's look at how many times adults are vaccinated against measles, and is it necessary at all?

Do adults need a measles vaccine??

I think those readers who recently studied the symptoms of measles in adults on the site initial stage, has no doubt about the positive answer to the question posed. Yes, measles is traditionally considered a childhood infection. If a child gets sick with it, he will have lifelong immunity. If this does not happen, the infection may well be transmitted to an adult, and very easily. But at the same time, in adult patients, measles is much more complicated than in children. Recently, the site also published material that discussed the consequences of measles vaccination for adults:

Pneumonia (measles or bacterial);
- bronchitis;
- otitis;
- hepatitis;
- sinusitis;
- keratitis (there is a possibility of even loss of vision);
- pyelonephritis;
- eustacheitis (fraught with hearing loss and even total loss hearing);
- meningitis;
- meningoencephalitis.

At the same time, the most dangerous complication measles infection in adults is considered a lesion nervous system, which is classified as meningoencephalitis. There is no specific treatment for this condition and it can be fatal.

The only one possible method prevention of measles in adults - vaccination. Thus, readers of Popular About Health can themselves draw the correct conclusion about the need for such a vaccination in adulthood.

Who needs the measles vaccine??

Carrying out such vaccination is extremely important for those who did not receive a measles vaccine in childhood and also did not have this disease. It is worth noting that the risk group for the incidence of this disease includes people who are in contact with a significant number of children or adolescents.

When are adults vaccinated and how many times??

In accordance with the framework of the adopted national program, doctors carry out routine measles vaccination according to schedule. Thus, in Russia there is a specific vaccination schedule.

Adults under thirty-five years of age who have not previously had measles and have not been vaccinated (or do not have information about previous vaccinations) are vaccinated free of charge. Also, all those (regardless of age) who have been in contact with a patient with measles and have not previously been vaccinated and have not had such an illness are vaccinated free of charge. Everyone else gets vaccinated for a fee.

Adult patients are vaccinated twice, maintaining a three-month interval between vaccine administrations. In the event that an adult has already been vaccinated once before, vaccination is still carried out from the very beginning in accordance with a two-time schedule.

There is no routine revaccination for adult patients. A cycle of two vaccinations allows you to obtain lasting immunity for at least twelve years, but generally longer. Doctors recommend that those who care about their health, ten years after vaccination, donate blood for an antibody titer and, depending on the results obtained, decide on the need for revaccination against measles (the vaccination is repeated if the analysis shows a lack of immunity).

Additional Information

Every adult needs to remember that:

Any vaccination is possible only at the stage of remission of all ailments;

Vaccination is best carried out in parallel with the prophylactic use of antihistamines;

In the presence of allergic diseases, vaccinations should be carried out exclusively in those medical institutions that are equipped with all necessary equipment to provide emergency assistance.

Most contraindications to measles vaccinations are temporary, they can be eliminated and vaccination can then be carried out. There are only three cases where medical exclusion from vaccinations is absolute. These include the presence of:

Allergic reactions to vaccine components;

Oncological diseases.

Thus, measles vaccination should also be carried out in adulthood. This method of prevention is the only one in an effective way prevention of this disease.

For many centuries, due to its high mortality rate, measles was considered one of the most dangerous diseases childhood. In Russia, every fourth child died from measles, which gave rise to calling this disease the childhood plague. Preventive measures against measles have been carried out since 1916. After the development of the measles vaccine, morbidity and mortality were reduced hundreds of times. However, even in our time, the mortality rate from measles is high. According to the World Health Organization, about 900 thousand (!) children die from measles every year around the world.

As is known, viruses that cause infections are able to reproduce only in certain cells of the human body, which determines the symptoms of the disease, and its severity depends on the number of cells damaged by the virus. The measles virus has a special predilection for the cells of the respiratory system, intestines, and, importantly, for the cells of the central nervous system. You can get measles at any age; among unvaccinated children, children from 1 to 5 years old are more likely to get measles. Up to one year old, babies rarely get sick due to the small number of contacts and the presence of passive immunity received from the mother during pregnancy. This immunity lasts no longer than 1 year after birth. If the mother has not had measles, the child may become ill in the first months of life.

Symptoms and course of measles

The measles virus enters the body through the mucous membrane respiratory tract and conjunctiva. From the moment of infection to the first symptoms of the disease, it usually takes 8-12 days, in some cases this period extends to 28 days. At the onset of the disease, symptoms similar to colds appear: increasing general malaise, lethargy, headache, the child becomes whiny and refuses to eat. Typical appearance sick person: puffy face, red, watery eyes. The patient is bothered by a runny nose and dry cough. The temperature rises to 39-40° and does not decrease, despite antipyretic measures. On days 1-2 of the disease, small whitish spots appear on the mucous membrane of the cheeks (it is their detection that helps the pediatrician diagnose measles even before a widespread rash appears on the child’s body). And then, from 4-5 days from the onset of the disease, a gradual spread of the rash is noted: first behind the ears, on the face, neck, over the next day the rash appears on the torso and arms and on the 3rd day appears on the child’s legs. The rash appears as small red spots, they can merge into large spots, between which healthy skin is visible. As the rash spreads, the temperature remains elevated and the cough intensifies. In the first days of the disease, some children develop severe measles pneumonia.

Over the next 3-5 days, with a favorable course, the symptoms of the disease decrease and the temperature drops. The course of measles and the intensity of rashes in different children, depending on individual characteristics immune system vary from mild to severe, life-threatening forms.

It should be said that the measles virus significantly weakens the immune system and this, along with damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and digestive tract, creates conditions for the addition of a bacterial infection. The child may develop complications: inflammation of the middle ear ( otitis media), larynx (laryngitis), up to the development of its edema (measles croup), bacterial pneumonia, etc. In one child out of 1-2 thousand cases, measles is complicated by brain damage. Complications most often occur in children under 5 years of age.

Prevention

The only effective way to protect a child from measles, as well as from many other infectious diseases, is vaccination.

The main place in the prevention of measles is given to active immunization, i.e. introduction of live, highly weakened viruses into the body. It should be noted that the vaccine virus is so weakened that it is not dangerous either for the vaccinated person or for those around him. After grafting, slightly more weak immunity than if the child got sick naturally, but it is enough to reliably protect your child from this disease for life.

If your unvaccinated child, who is over 6 months old, comes into contact with someone who has measles, you can protect him by giving him a live measles vaccine within the next 2-3 days.

For very young children (3 to 6 months of age and older, if there are contraindications to live measles vaccine) as emergency prevention normal human immunoglobulin is used (a preparation containing protective antibodies obtained from the serum of people who have had measles or donors). Such immunization is passive; antibodies introduced from outside circulate in the child’s blood for no longer than 2-3 months, after which active immunization can be carried out.

Vaccination rules

Vaccination against measles is carried out twice: the first - at the age of 12-15 months, the second - at 6 years, before school. Using a second dose of the vaccine helps protect those children who have not been vaccinated previously, as well as those who have not developed sufficiently stable immunity after the first dose. For reference: vaccination against measles in countries with high incidence is carried out at the age of 9 and even 6 months in order to protect infants, in whom the disease is especially severe. The timing of vaccination against measles coincides with vaccination against rubella and mumps. The coincidence in time of three vaccinations at once should not confuse you: the immune system of children from the very early age successfully repels collective attacks of a much larger number of microorganisms. The likelihood of adverse reactions does not increase when these vaccines are combined.

Below are vaccines containing measles component and registered in Russia.

Single vaccines (measles component only):

1. Dry measles vaccine (Russia).

2. Ruvax (Aventis Pasteur, France).

Combined vaccines:

1. Mumps-measles vaccine (Russia).

2. MMR II (measles, rubella, mumps) (Merck Sharp & Dohme, USA).

3. Priorix (measles, rubella, mumps) (Smithkline Beecham Biologicals, UK).

Despite the fact that the composition of the vaccines is different, they all demonstrated good level immunogenicity (i.e. the ability to form immunity) and tolerability. The differences relate mainly to two aspects. First: imported drugs are prepared on chicken egg embryos and for this reason are contraindicated for those who have had a strong reaction to chicken egg whites. Russian vaccines do not have this drawback, since they are prepared on Japanese quail embryos. True, in fairness it should be noted that strong allergic reactions to chicken egg whites are extremely rare.

And second: imported drugs are produced in the most convenient combined form and protect against three diseases at once: measles, mumps (mumps) and rubella. And the combined form means fewer ballast substances, fewer injections (and therefore stress for the child), and finally, fewer visits to the doctor. At the district clinic, you will most likely be given an injection only with the domestic mono-vaccine against measles. True, a domestic combined vaccine against measles and mumps has been developed and has already begun to be used (although not everywhere).

In the vast majority of cases, combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccines can only be purchased at pharmacies or commercial vaccination centers.

According to the instructions for the Russian monovaccine, measles vaccine is injected subcutaneously under the shoulder blade or into the shoulder area (at the border of the lower and middle third of the shoulder from the outside). Imported vaccines, again according to the instructions, are administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly (the specific injection site is determined by the doctor). When several monovaccines are used simultaneously, they are administered with separate syringes into the different areas body, and combination vaccines are drawn into one syringe. You have the legal right to choose which vaccines your child will receive, but you will have to pay to purchase vaccines not purchased by the Ministry of Health. You can also go to one of the many vaccination centers where you can choose from several vaccines. If the vaccination is not carried out in your clinic, do not forget to take a certificate of its implementation so that the local pediatrician enters information about it in the outpatient card child at his place of residence. This will save you from unnecessary questions in the future, for example, when your child enters kindergarten or school.

General rules for parents to follow for any vaccination:

Knowing in advance about the timing of vaccination, try to avoid contact with infections; before vaccination, do not expose the child’s body to unnecessary stress (hypothermia, excessive solar radiation, change of climatic and time zones), since any stress changes the reactivity of the immune system.

Contraindications for vaccination:

Severe reactions or complications to a previous dose of vaccine.
Severe allergic reactions to the use of aminoglycosides (all measles vaccines contain a small amount of one of the antibiotics from this group).
Severe allergic reactions (anaphylactic shock) to bird eggs.
Any acute illness or exacerbation of a chronic disease. We emphasize that in this case we are talking about postponing the vaccination date, and not about refusing it. However, in some cases (contact with a person with measles), the vaccine can be given to children with light forms respiratory infections(runny nose, redness of the pharynx) and those recovering even in the presence of low-grade fever (up to 37.5 ° C).
Primary or secondary immunodeficiency; condition after infectious diseases that clearly suppress the immune system (influenza, Infectious mononucleosis), within 3-4 weeks.
Patients receiving treatment with drugs that weaken the immune system.
Administration of blood products (whole blood, plasma, immunoglobulin) during the last 8 weeks before the intended vaccination.
Some cancers.

Child's health after vaccination

The measles vaccine rarely causes adverse reactions, and complications in vaccinated people are also very rare.

A small proportion of vaccinated people may have weak adverse reactions in the form of an increase in temperature to 38°C, sometimes there is conjunctivitis and a mild rash. The listed symptoms are possible in the period from 5-6 to 12-18 (different sources give different periods) day; they last for 2-3 days. This is the natural course of the vaccination process.

After vaccination the following are possible: complications:

Allergic reactions of varying degreesseverity. If there is a possibility of their development, the child should be given 10-12 days before vaccination and within the same time after it. antihistamine in the age dosage given in the annotation for a particular medicine.
Convulsions against the background of increased temperature in children predisposed to them. Your doctor may prescribe paracetamol to prevent them.
Damage to the central nervous system, its probability is very low (1 in a million cases of vaccination).

It can be added that complications that develop after vaccination occur in much more mild form than after natural measles.

Measles vaccination and pregnancy

Measles is dangerous for pregnant women - in 20% of cases, measles during pregnancy is complicated by termination of pregnancy and fetal malformations. Because the measles vaccine contains live viruses, pregnancy is a contraindication for vaccination.

Let us remind you that contact with a child who exhibits symptoms of measles infection after vaccination is safe for others, including pregnant women.

A few words in conclusion

At the beginning of the article, a terrible figure was given - 900 thousand children dying from measles every year. As incredible as it may seem, only 100 (!) cases of measles were reported in the United States over the entire last year. In this country, measles is on the verge of complete eradication. And this success was achieved solely thanks to widespread vaccination. Let us also take care of our children.

The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Consultation with a specialist is required!

Measles is a fairly serious infection that, before administration, vaccinations As a measure to prevent the disease, 90% of children under the age of 10 were ill. Measles is contagious and spreadable by airborne droplets or by direct contact. Moreover, the virus infectious, circulates exclusively in the human population. In contrast to the popular belief that for children, measles is a harmless infection that is best dealt with by the child, the mortality statistics for this disease do not look so rosy.

As of today, the mortality rate from measles, even with timely and high-quality treatment, ranges from 5 to 10%. In 2001, on the recommendation of the World Health Organization, vaccinations measles were introduced into the national calendars or immunization programs of many countries, as a result of which by 2008 it was possible to reduce the number of deaths from the infection from 750,000 to 197,000, that is, almost 4 times.

In addition to being fatal, measles can present with adverse consequences such as encephalitis, protein-losing enteropathy, sclerosing panencephalopathy, and slowly progressive pathology of the nervous system. The frequency of these serious complications ranges from 1 case per 1000 cases to 1 per 10,000.

Measles vaccination

To date, measles vaccination has shown high effectiveness in preventing cases of infection, as well as a significant reduction in the number of deaths as a result of the unfavorable course of the disease. Immunization against measles is necessary for all people, especially children under 5 years of age, since it is in this age category the infection is most severe and the risk of death or complications is higher than in older children.

It is known that the course of measles is aggravated by a lack of vitamin A in the body, caused by poor nutrition of an adult or child. Therefore, if the child’s living conditions are far from ideal, and the quality of nutrition does not meet the standards for vitamin and minerals, it is necessary to get vaccinated to prevent infection.

Currently, there are monovalent measles vaccines, which contain only one component, and polyvalent ones. Polyvalent ones contain several components (not only against measles). Today the following polyvalent vaccines with an anti-measles component are produced in the world:
1. Measles, rubella.
2. Measles, rubella, mumps.
3. Measles, rubella, mumps, chicken pox.

The effectiveness of monovalent vaccines against measles and polyvalent ones with a measles component is the same, so the choice of drug is determined by factors of convenience, etc. To the market pharmaceuticals The World Health Organization allows only effective and safe measles vaccinations, so any vaccine can be used. In addition, all measles vaccines have the property of being interchangeable, that is, one vaccination can be carried out with one drug, and the second with a completely different one, this will not affect the effectiveness in any way and will not cause any negative consequences.

The measles vaccine is produced in the form of a specially dried powder - lyophilisate, which is diluted with a solvent before administration. The drug should be stored cold or frozen, at a temperature of –20 to –70 o C, but the solvent should not be frozen.

When using the vaccine, it should be remembered that after diluting the lyophilisate, the finished product, left for 1 hour at a temperature of 20 o C, will lose exactly half its ability to induce immunity against infection. And when the drug, ready for administration, is left for 1 hour at a temperature of 37 o C, it completely loses its properties and actually becomes unsuitable for use. In addition, the measles vaccine loses its properties when exposed to direct sunlight, so it must be stored in painted bottles. After dissolving the vaccine preparation, it should be stored in the refrigerator for no more than 6 hours. After this time, all unused vaccine should be discarded.

Measles-rubella-mumps vaccination

The measles-rubella-mumps vaccine contains three components that allow you to administer a drug in one injection that initiates the formation of immunity to not one, but three infections at once. This vaccine has low reactogenicity, which is no higher than a monovalent vaccine exclusively against measles.

In the measles-mumps-rubella vaccination, various subtypes of the measles virus can be used, for example, Edmonston, Enders, Peebles, Schwartz, Edmonston-Zagreb, Moraten and AIC - C, CAM - 70, TD - 97, Leningrad - 16, Shanghai - 191. The differences between all these types of vaccine viruses are insignificant and do not exceed 0.6%. At the same time, the maximum variability is observed in strains SAM - 70, TD - 97, Leningrad - 16, Shanghai - 191. Any type of vaccine type of measles creates excellent immunity against the wild measles virus. To date, no variants of transmission of the vaccine type of measles virus from a vaccinated person to another have been identified.

The complex three-component measles-rubella-mumps vaccine contains sorbitol, hydrolyzed gelatin and the antibiotic Neomycin as preservatives and stabilizing substances. Thanks to these stabilizer substances, the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine does not contain the mercury compound thiomersal (merthiolate) as a preservative. Thanks to this, the danger of possible side effects from the ingestion of mercury compounds into the body is completely eliminated, which makes the drug completely safe.

However, the absence of a preservative, merthiolate, imposes strict storage conditions for the vaccine. Until dissolved, the lyophilisate is stored cold or frozen, at a temperature not lower than –70 o C. Before administering the vaccine, the powder is diluted; this solution must be placed in a painted bottle, since the drug is not stable under the influence of sunlight. The prepared solution can only be used within 6 hours, provided it is stored in the refrigerator during this period of time. If the solution stands for 1 hour at a temperature of 20 o C, then it will lose half its properties, and the same period of time at 37 o C - the vaccine will become completely spoiled.

The measles-rubella-mumps vaccine is convenient for vaccination because it reduces the number of injections and trips to the clinic. If a child or adult has already had an infection (for example, measles, rubella or mumps), then you can choose a vaccine without a component that the human body has already encountered. But you can also get the measles-rubella-mumps vaccine - then the component that the person has already had will be simply destroyed by the existing ones immune cells. In this case, the vaccine will not cause harm, but will only help to develop immunity to other infections, the components against which the complex drug contains.

Do you need a measles vaccination?

Vaccination against measles has the following positive properties - it prevents epidemics of infection, reduces mortality and disability, and also helps limit the circulation of the virus in the population. The reactogenicity of the measles vaccine is very low, and there are practically no complications. For example, a complication such as encephalitis occurs in 1 case out of a thousand sick people, and in 1 case out of 100,000 vaccinated people. As you can see, the risk of developing a serious complication in the case of measles vaccination is 100 times less than in the case of a complete infection.

There is an opinion that it is better to get infections such as measles, rubella or chickenpox in childhood, since they are better tolerated and then provide immunity for life. However, this position is very one-sided and irresponsible. Thus, vaccination ensures a significant reduction in the number of circulating viruses in the population, since vaccinated people do not get sick, and the microbe simply has nowhere to live and reproduce. In this case, with an active immunization policy, it is possible to eliminate the measles virus from the human population - then the next generations can easily do without vaccination, as, for example, happened with smallpox, for which they have not been vaccinated since the 80s of the 20th century. Therefore, immunizing children against measles may help grandchildren who may not need it at all. Otherwise, each generation of children will be forced to suffer from measles and other infections, continuing this vicious circle.

Newborn babies are protected from measles for some time, so they are rarely infected. If the mother had measles or was vaccinated against the infection, then the antibodies in the child’s blood remain for 6–9 months, providing him with immunity from the disease. However, this is not a guarantee, since if the antibody titer is low or the virus is highly active, the child can still get this dangerous infection.

Measles is not at all as harmless as is commonly believed, since in 80% of cases this infection is complicated:

otitis media;
laryngitis;
pneumonia.

Often these diseases become chronic and are very painful, forming a constant lack of oxygen in the child and an inflammatory focus. This is due to the fact that the virus disrupts local immunity airways child, as a result of which any bacterial infection can develop very easily and unhindered. Thus, measles seems to increase susceptibility to inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system.

Due to all of the above factors, there is an objective opinion that a child still needs a measles vaccination. It will help protect him from the risk of chronic post-measles inflammatory diseases respiratory system, and will reduce the load on the immune system without forcing it to fight a full-fledged pathogen.

Why measles vaccination is necessary - video

Measles vaccination for adults

Today in Russia the need for measles vaccination in adults is due to two main reasons. Firstly, the country has an unfavorable epidemiological situation; there are a large number of migrants from other regions who are carriers of various infections, including measles. Therefore, in order to activate the immunity against measles acquired in childhood, adults under 35 years of age are given another dose of the vaccine.

Secondly, in a number of regions of Russia, thanks to the efforts made to vaccinate children against measles, it was possible to reduce the number of cases of the disease by 10-15 times. Typically, the vaccine works effectively for 20 years, after which revaccination is necessary. However, when the incidence of measles was higher, the number of circulating viruses was greater, then the immune system of vaccinated people encountered the microorganism, but the person did not become ill with the infection. During such contact of the vaccinated person’s immune system with the wild type of the virus, his defense was activated, and revaccination was not required. And when contact with wild measles virus does not occur, the immune system requires an additional dose of vaccine to maintain immunity to infection. That is why experts in the field of epidemiology and medicine have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to vaccinate adults under 35 years of age against measles.

Adults may refuse vaccinations, citing the following reason: “I’ll get sick, okay, I’m no longer a child - I’ll survive somehow.” However, remember that there are children and elderly people around you, for whom you can become a source of infection. In addition, complications of measles in adults are quite dangerous, since they can be glomerulonephritis, myocarditis and conjunctivitis with damage to the cornea of the eye, hearing loss (deafness). Therefore, as a responsible and mature person, it is necessary to get vaccinated against this infection as an adult. In addition, the measles vaccine is required for all adults who come into contact with a sick person. And since almost all children today are vaccinated, the virus causes illness in adults who have not been vaccinated or have not had the infection.

Vaccination of children against measles

Children should receive the measles vaccine because the infection can cause severe neurological complications or even death. Today, the measles vaccine should be administered no earlier than 9 months of age. This is due to two circumstances - firstly, maternal antibodies protect the child up to 6 - 9 months, and secondly, at six months the baby’s immune system is not yet able to adequately respond to the introduction of the measles vaccine and form immunity - that is, the vaccination will simply be useless .

The introduction of measles vaccination to infants at the age of 9 months leads to the formation of immunity in 85–90% of those vaccinated. This means that 10–15% of children do not develop immunity after vaccination at 9 months, and a second dose of the drug is necessary. When children are vaccinated at the age of 1 year, immunity is formed in 100% of children. Therefore, the World Health Organization considers the optimal time for measles vaccination to be one year old.

However, countries where the epidemiological situation regarding measles is unfavorable are forced to administer the vaccine to children as early as possible, that is, from 9 months of age. The consequence of this tactic is the presence of 10 - 15% of children who did not receive protection from infection after one dose of the drug. In this regard, in countries that introduce measles vaccination at 9 months, repeated immunization is carried out at 15–18 months so that all children can develop immunity to infection. This tactic has shown good efficiency and effectiveness.

In Russia, the epidemiological situation is not so dire, so children as young as 1 year can be vaccinated against measles. It is at this age that vaccination is scheduled in the national vaccination calendar. To prevent possible outbreaks of the epidemic in children's groups, a second dose of the vaccine is administered to activate immunity at 6 years of age, before the child enters school. This measles prevention tactic has made it possible to completely eliminate outbreaks of infection in schools, so today it is almost impossible to observe a situation where the entire class is on sick leave with the same diagnosis. And 10 years ago this situation was quite typical for Russian cities.

Measles vaccination per year

The introduction of measles vaccinations per year is determined by three main factors:
1. By this age, the baby’s maternal protective antibodies, which were transmitted through the placenta, completely disappear.
2. It is the age of 1 year that is optimal for immunization against measles, since immunity is formed in almost 100% of children.
3. Children under 5 years of age are highly susceptible to measles and often become ill and experience infection with subsequent complications.

Therefore, to prevent measles infection in vulnerable children aged 1 to 5 years, it is necessary to get vaccinated as early as possible. After vaccination at 1 year of age, the child receives immunity, which reliably protects him from infection. The measles vaccine is easily tolerated by one-year-old children, rarely causing reactions that appear 5-15 days after the injection and pass very quickly.

In children, measles is dangerous due to its complications on the nervous system, primarily the formation of encephalitis and meningitis, as well as damage to the lungs in the form of severe pneumonia. These complications from measles occur in 1 child out of 1000 infected. And vaccination can cause complications in the form of damage to the nervous system in 1 child per 100,000 vaccinated children.

As the age of the child increases, when the child develops measles, the risk of developing complications from the nervous system decreases, but the risk of other conditions increases, for example, myocarditis, pyelonephritis, optic and auditory neuritis, which can result in a serious deterioration in health and a significant decrease in quality of life.

How many measles vaccinations are needed?

The number of measles vaccinations depends on the age of first vaccination. So, if the first vaccine was administered to a child at 9 months of age, then there will be 4–5 vaccinations in total: the first at 9 months, then at 15–18 months, at 6 years, at 15–17 years, and at 30 years. If the first measles vaccination was given at the age of 1, then there will be 3–4 vaccinations in total, that is, the first one per year, then at 6 years, at 15–17 years, and at 30 years.

If the child has not been vaccinated against measles at one year, then he is given one dose as early as possible (for example, at two, or three, or four years). After this vaccination, the next scheduled one is given at the age of six, before entering school.

If an adult or a child over 6 years of age is vaccinated for the first time, two doses of the drug are administered, with an interval of at least 1 month between them. The optimal interval in this situation between the first and second dose of the vaccine is six months.

Immunization age (vaccination calendar)

According to the national vaccination calendar, measles vaccination is carried out at the age of:

1 year;
6 years;
15 – 17 years old.

If the mother does not have immunity against measles (the woman was not sick and was not vaccinated), then the child’s immunization schedule is as follows:

9 months;
15 – 18 months;
6 years;
15 – 17 years old.

If a child under 6 years of age has not received a measles vaccination according to the schedule national calendar, then vaccination is carried out at the first opportunity. In this case, the second vaccination is given according to the schedule - at 6 years of age, but so that at least six months pass between two doses. The next one is again on schedule: at 15 – 17 years old.

If a child over 6 years of age has not been vaccinated against measles, then two vaccines are administered with an interval of six months as soon as possible. The next vaccination schedule is at 15–17 years of age.

Where can I get a measles vaccination?

The measles vaccination can be given at the vaccination office of the clinic at your place of residence or work. In this case, you need to find out on what days measles immunization is carried out, if necessary, make an appointment and come to get vaccinated. In addition to the municipal clinic, the vaccine can be given at special vaccination centers or private clinics accredited to carry out the data. medical manipulations. If you have allergies or other somatic diseases, the measles vaccine can be provided in specialized immunology departments of multidisciplinary hospitals.

Private vaccination centers provide the service of administering vaccinations at home, when a special team arrives, assesses the person’s condition, and decides whether the drug can be administered or not. This method of immunization allows you to minimize the risk of catching a cold or getting the flu due to being in the corridors of the clinic.

Where is the vaccine injection given?

The measles vaccine is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly. The most preferred places for administering the drug are the outer part of the shoulder at the border of the middle and upper third, the thigh or the subscapular region. At one year of age, children are vaccinated in the hip or shoulder, and at 6 years old - under the shoulder blade or in the shoulder. The choice of injection site is determined by the development of the muscle layer and subcutaneous tissue The child has. If there is not enough muscle on the shoulder and a lot of fatty tissue, then the injection is made into the thigh.

The vaccine should not be allowed to get into the skin, since in this case a compaction will form and the drug will enter the blood slowly, as a result of which the manipulation may be completely ineffective. Injection into the buttock should also be excluded, since the fat layer is highly developed here, and the skin is quite thick, which creates difficulties for correct administration vaccine preparation.

Effect of the vaccine

The measles vaccination provides a person with immunity for a fairly long period of time - on average 20 years. Today, research has revealed active immunity against measles in people vaccinated up to 36 years ago. Due to such a long-lasting effect of the vaccine, many people may have a question: “Why revaccination against measles for a 6-year-old child, when only 5 years have passed since the first vaccination?” This need is due to the fact that after the first measles vaccination at 1 year of age, immunity is formed in 96–98% of children, and 2–4% remain without reliable protection. Therefore, the second is aimed at ensuring that children who have not developed immunity at all, or have a weakened one, can receive reliable protection against infection before starting school.

The third immunization is carried out at 15–17 years of age complex preparation against measles-rubella-mumps. At this age, it is most important to revaccinate boys and girls against mumps and rubella, which can negatively affect the ability to bear children, and the measles component is simply additional, stimulating the maintenance and preservation of existing immunity to infection.

Measles after vaccination

The measles vaccine contains live but greatly weakened viruses that are not capable of causing a full-fledged infection. However, after the injection, delayed reactions may occur that resemble symptoms of measles. These vaccine reactions develop 5–15 days after vaccination, occur easily and go away on their own, without any treatment. It is these reactions that people mistake for vaccine-induced measles.

However, a different situation may arise. The vaccination may not have led to the formation of immunity, so a child or adult who comes into contact with the virus can easily become infected and get sick. If measles-like symptoms developed between 5 and 15 days after the injection, then this is a reaction to the vaccine. If symptoms of measles are observed at any other time, then this is a full-fledged infection associated with the failure of vaccine immunity.

After measles vaccination

Since the measles vaccination is a manipulation aimed at causing an active response of the immune system in order to create immunity to infection, it is not surprising that it can provoke the development various reactions from the body. On the first day after injection of the drug, the temperature may rise slightly, compaction and slight soreness may appear at the injection site. These symptoms go away on their own and quickly.

There are also a number of delayed reactions that appear 5 to 15 days after the injection. These reactions are a variant of the norm and do not indicate pathology or disease due to vaccination. Reactions are more often formed on the first dose of the drug, and the second and subsequent ones cause consequences much less frequently.

Reaction to the vaccine

Many people consider natural vaccine reactions to be consequences of vaccination. You can call these phenomena whatever you like - the main thing to remember is that this is not a pathology, but a normal reaction of the human body, determined by its individual characteristics. Let's look at the main reactions to the measles vaccine.

Fever. Temperature can be observed on the first day after vaccination, and on days 5–15. The rise in temperature in some people is insignificant, while in others - on the contrary, up to a fever of 40 o C. The temperature reaction lasts from 1 to 4 days. Since temperature does not help the formation of immunity after vaccination, it must be brought down with paracetamol or ibuprofen. High fever can lead to seizures, especially in children.
Vaccination measles-rubella-mumps - rash. A variety of small pink papular rashes are observed in approximately 2% of vaccinated people 5–15 days after vaccination. The rash can cover the entire body, or be located only in certain places, most often behind the ears, on the neck, face, buttocks, and arms. The rash goes away on its own and does not require treatment. If the child is prone to allergic reactions, then a rash may form on the first day after the injection.

background seizures high temperature;

encephalitis and panencephalitis;

pneumonia;

decrease in the number of platelets in the blood;

pain in the abdomen;

glomerulonephritis;

myocarditis;

toxic shock.

Allergies are associated with the presence of antibiotics in the vaccine - Neomycin or Kanamycin, and fragments egg white(quail or chicken). Seizures are a reflection of high fever and not the influence of vaccine components. Severe complication vaccinations – encephalitis, develops in 1 in 1,000,000 vaccinated people. It should be remembered that encephalitis is also a complication of measles itself, developing in 1 in 2000 patients. Abdominal pain is most often not directly related to the vaccine, but is caused by the activation of existing chronic diseases. Pneumonia is formed due to the entry of bacteria from the upper respiratory tract into the lungs. A decrease in platelet count is a physiological reaction that is asymptomatic and does not cause harm.
Gentamicin, etc.);

allergy to chicken protein and quail eggs;

tumors;

severe reaction to a previous vaccine.

If you have these conditions, you cannot get the measles vaccine.

Imported measles-rubella-mumps vaccine

The main difference between imported vaccines and domestic ones is the presence of chicken egg protein, since it is this substrate that is used to grow viral particles. Russian vaccines contain quail egg protein. There are complex vaccines measles-rubella-mumps imported - MMR-II (American-Dutch), Priorix (Belgian) and Ervevax (English). There is also a monovalent vaccine only against measles - Ruvax (French).

The imported measles-rubella-mumps vaccine allows you to get one shot against three infections. And domestic drugs, as a rule, are administered in the form of two injections - one for measles-rubella, and the second for mumps. In this sense, an imported vaccine is more convenient, since it involves only one injection rather than two. Reactions after vaccinations with domestic and imported vaccines observed in exactly the same number of cases.