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Sleep is the inhibition of the main parts of the cerebral cortex, due to which neurons rest and their functionality is restored.
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Dream. What it is? Sleep is very important. A person deprived of sleep feels tired, becomes irritable and, in advanced cases, begins to hallucinate. Dream - protective device body, protecting it from excessive irritation, making it possible to restore performance.
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Regular alternation of sleep and wakefulness is a necessary daily cycle of any living organism. A person spends 1/3 of his life sleeping. Life is impossible without sleep. In the experiments, a dog without food could live for 20-25 days, although it lost 50% of its weight, and a dog deprived of sleep died on the 12th day, although it lost only 5% of its weight. Insomnia is painful. It is no coincidence that in ancient China they were sentenced to death penalty sleep deprivation.
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Why do you need to sleep? Man awake for a long time, goes through periods severe fatigue, but can overcome them and continue to function without sleep. However, people who are deprived of sleep for long periods of time become increasingly disoriented and tired mentally and physically. After about 10 days complete absence death comes from sleep.
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Why do you need to sleep? Apparently, we sleep not only because our body needs rest. To do this, it would be enough to just lie down. In fact, your body moves regularly during sleep to prevent muscle stiffness. If we don't sleep for several days in a row, our body's automatic processes can continue to function fairly smoothly. Apparently, the brain is also able to adapt to periods without sleep lasting 2-3 days. But over time, lack of sleep leads to irritability, hallucinations and insanity.
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The nature of sleep. Sleep phases slow sleep muscles are relaxed, breathing is smooth, pulse decreases, body temperature decreases, dreams are realistic, Duration 1-1.5 hours REM sleep Muscles contract Breathing quickens Heart rate increases Increased body temperature Fantastic dreams Duration 15-20 minutes
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Sleep is a cyclical phenomenon. One sleep cycle = NREM sleep + REM sleep. During a 7-8 hour night's sleep, the brain goes through cycles of slow-wave sleep, lasting on average 1 to 1.5 hours, followed by 10-15 minute episodes of REM sleep. Towards the end of the night, if a person is not disturbed, the duration of slow-wave sleep decreases, and the number of episodes of REM sleep increases. During deep sleep In children, the production of growth hormone increases. At this time there are also recovery processes and dead cells are replaced.
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Dreams Tatyana believed in the legends of the common folk of antiquity, And dreams, and card fortune-telling, And the predictions of the moon.
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And Tatyana has a wonderful dream, She dreams that she is Walking through a snowy meadow, Surrounded by sad darkness. But suddenly the snowdrift began to move, and who appeared from under it? A big, disheveled bear; Tatyana ah! and he roared, and extended his paw with sharp claws to Her..
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Dreams and dreams Throughout the 20th century, psychologists tried to find scientific explanation dreams. Often in our dreams we see the most unexpected, sometimes funny, sometimes scary, and even ridiculous pictures and events. When we wake up, we are surprised: “I’ll dream about something like this!” And some, recalling what they saw, see in it some mysterious, perhaps prophetic, meaning. And they are trying to find an interpretation for it.
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Dreams and dreams Fortune telling and predictions from dreams were common in Egypt and India, in ancient Greece and Rome; The belief in “prophetic” dreams flourished especially magnificently in the Middle Ages. In the last century many dark people used dream interpreters - “dream books”. They believed in dreams. They believed that dreams could be “prophetic”; they could predict something for a person. I saw a fire in a dream - to a scandal, meat - to illness. What is the reason for this coincidence?
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Dreams and visions Advanced scientists have long expressed the idea that there is nothing mysterious in dreams, that they are the result of the revival of what was actually experienced in a dream.
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Sleep is an indicator of physical and mental state human health. Lack of sleep, like prolonged sleep, is harmful to the body. An adult should sleep on average 7-8 hours. Lack of sleep and prolonged sleep make a person lethargic and lazy. Drowsiness is the result of overwork, fatigue, and insomnia is a sign of various diseases.
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Does sleep change? It is traditionally believed that the need for sleep decreases with age, and that people over 65 years of age sleep on average no more than 5 and a half hours. However, research shows that the need for sleep remains constant. Sleep duration is not related to either gender or physical activity, neither with diet nor with intelligence. This is a deeply personal characteristic, perhaps related to childhood habits or psychology.
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Sleep hygiene So that sleep can the best way fulfill your vital important function, favorable conditions are necessary. Try to always go to bed at the same time, do not eat much at night. An hour before bedtime, stop all serious mental activities and heavy physical work, better take a walk, at least a little. Everyone, especially children, needs to sleep in as quiet a place as possible. Be sure to sleep in a well-ventilated room, or even better, with the window open. Do not cover your face with a blanket or pillow, and generally do not cover yourself too warmly. By following these simple tips, you will learn to fall asleep quickly, and your sleep will be deep and complete.
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Sleep Disorders There are several sleep disorders. One of the most common is insomnia. Its usual reason nervous fatigue, prolonged intense mental work, sometimes excitement caused by troubles, and sometimes pleasant experiences, noisy games or reading before bed. A hearty dinner a large number of Liquids drunk shortly before bed can also cause insomnia. The best remedy from insomnia - correct mode work and rest, regular stay at fresh air, sufficient exercise stress. Sometimes if you have insomnia, it can be helpful to take a warm foot bath at night. If all these measures do not help, you need to seek help from a doctor.
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What to sleep in? According to doctors and psychologists, the question of what to sleep in has no of great importance. It is only important that the body breathes normally and that your night clothes do not interfere with the normal flow of air and temperature regulation. If you like to sleep in warm pajamas, go ahead, it’s more comfortable to go to bed naked, please. Aromas for falling asleep Chamomile essential oils promote good sleep, tea tree, tangerine leaves and calendula. Need a little drop essential oil on the pillow or on both sides of the bed, or 2 hours before bedtime, you can light an aroma lamp in the room. You can also gently rub a few drops into your feet, palms, back of your head, or into your temples. What to sleep in? According to doctors and psychologists, the question of what to sleep in is not of great importance. It is only important that the body breathes normally and that your night clothes do not interfere with the normal flow of air and temperature regulation. If you like to sleep in warm pajamas, go ahead, it’s more comfortable to go to bed naked, please. Aromas for falling asleep Essential oils of chamomile, tea tree, tangerine leaves and calendula promote good sleep. You need to drop a little essential oil on the pillow or on both sides of the bed, or 2 hours before bedtime you can light an aroma lamp in the room. You can also gently rub a few drops into your feet, palms, back of your head, or into your temples.
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Kozhushko Nikita
The presentation contains information about the mechanisms of sleep and dreams
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Dreams and visions Prepared by Nikita Kozhushko, a student of class 8 “A”
Sleep is a periodic physiological state of the brain and body of humans and higher animals, externally characterized by significant immobility and disconnection from stimuli of the outside world. A person spends about a third of his allotted life time sleeping. When he sleeps, he has dreams - subjectively experienced psychic phenomena, periodically occurring during natural sleep. Interest in dreams is characteristic of all eras human culture. A dream is the subjective perception of images (visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory) that appear in the mind of a sleeping person (presumably some other mammals). During sleep, a person who sees a dream usually does not understand that he is dreaming and perceives the dream as an objective reality.
Human mental activity consists of conscious and unconscious activity. During the day we perform some actions, solve issues - this is the conscious level of our psyche. But sometimes our actions become automatic, for example, when we carry out our usual morning routine. All internal organs humans also work on a subconscious level, otherwise we would have to constantly monitor the activity of the heart, lungs, etc. And at night the kingdom of the unconscious begins: we do not remember and are not aware of our actions during sleep. That is why dreams are forgotten so quickly, because they also come to us from the unconscious.
During the day, our brain cells work actively, expending their energy, and by the end of the day their ability to respond to external stimuli is significantly reduced, we first feel tired, and then sleep sets in - inhibition of the cerebral cortex. During sleep, nerve cells fully restore their function and are ready to begin their work in the morning. active work. A person’s need for sleep is no less important to him than the need for food. A person can live without food for about two months, and without sleep - no more than two weeks.
Consciousness as an integrative mental process is suppressed in sleep. In general, in general, mental activity is suppressed during sleep, periodically recovering during the experience of dreams, often followed by their forgetting. A person or animal is not aware of the fact of sleep, does not realize where they are now, and is uncritical of the “events” of the dream and their sequence. However, immediately after awakening, “order is restored”: if a person had a nightmare or other overly emotional dreams, then emotions disappear almost immediately after awakening. A person who is blind from birth uses other senses during sleep - touch, hearing and smell. The fingertips will make fluttering movements, trying to outline the shape of the object perceived in the dream, be it the roundness of a pearl or the elongation of a stick. People who are sighted from birth, but who later become blind at one time or another in their lives, continue, of course, to have visual dreams.
With suppressed consciousness, the sleeper is deprived of the opportunity to approach the dream critically. A person sometimes sees absolutely fabulous, incredible dreams. In the brain of a sleeper, like in a movie, for a short time Sometimes the whole human life passes. And no matter what fantastic pictures unfold in a dream, they all seem genuine, real. A person may, for example, dream of a long-dead relative or a character from a movie he watched. Sleep is a tool for self-regulation of the body. Sleep is only an outwardly passive period of life, a period of relaxation, rest and processing of received information. The state of sleep was created by nature as a tool for adaptation to external influences. During sleep, conditions are created for the functional modeling of objects in reality. In a dream, repetition and consolidation of memorized material occurs.
Sleep has two phases: slow and fast. An encephalogram shows the presence of two phases of sleep: slow, sometimes called orthodox or passive, and fast - paradoxical or active. During the sleep period, 4–6 cycles of alternation of these phases are observed. The duration of one cycle is 1.5 - 2 hours.
For slow phase the most characteristic is a general inhibition of the body. The slow phase is characterized by decreased activity brain activity. Externally, this is expressed in a decrease in the respiratory rate and general condition peace. This is the deep sleep phase. During this period, the body is inhibited and isolated from a large amount of external information. The main task of the slow phase of sleep is to rest the body. REM sleep phase - self-tuning phase mental activity. The transition to REM sleep is characterized by a sharp increase in brain activity. Its external signs are an increase in the respiratory rhythm, a transition to excited state, movements eyeball etc. It is this phase that is accompanied by vivid dreams. Dreams help relieve a tired brain, process information received the day before, and transfer it into long-term memory.
Nowadays, some people firmly believe that every dream predicts the future, while others consider this complete nonsense. Where is the truth? Our unconscious desires, feelings, needs and intentions are located in the depths of our unconscious, like at the bottom of a deep well. Sometimes they are brought to the top and brought to consciousness in the form of various images. Unraveling the images that the subconscious conveys to us is an art. Dreams are the “royal road” to our unconscious. This is what the founder of psychoanalysis said, Sigmund Freud, who put a lot of effort into studying the symbolism of dreams. It has long been believed that dreams carry some kind of encrypted message. As a rule, in ancient and traditional cultures there was a belief that this message related, first of all, to the future of a person or his environment. Dreams were sent to man by higher beings (gods, etc.) precisely for this purpose. Interpretation of dreams based on special dream books.
Sigmund Freud is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis, which had a significant influence on psychology, medicine, sociology, anthropology, literature and art of the 20th century. Freud's views on human nature were innovative for his time and throughout the researcher's life they continued to cause resonance and criticism in the scientific community. Interest in the scientist’s theories continues to this day. During his life, Freud wrote and published great amount scientific works- the complete collection of his works consists of 24 volumes. Sigmund Freud 05/06/1856 – 09/23/1939
The method Freud used to interpret dreams is as follows. After he was told the content of the dream, Freud began to ask the same question about individual elements (images, words) of this dream - what comes to the narrator’s mind about this element when he thinks about it? The person was required to communicate all the thoughts that came into his head, regardless of the fact that some of them may seem ridiculous, irrelevant or obscene. The rationale behind this method is that mental processes strictly determined. Biological meaning sleep, says Freud, is rest: the body, tired during the day, rests in a state of sleep. But the psychological meaning of a dream is not identical to its biological meaning. The psychological meaning of the dream is the loss of interest in the outside world. In a dream, a person stops perceiving the outside world, stops acting in the outside world. He returns for a time to the intrauterine state, in which he is “warm, dark and nothing irritates him.”
“Motor activity” - A walk in the evening before bedtime is especially important for a child. A change in the amount of physical activity was noted in different academic quarters. Motor mode child. Correct human motor activity. Team games are well disciplined: volleyball, basketball, football. In addition to charging physical education include outdoor games.
“Humoral regulation” - Objectives: The role of hormones in metabolic processes. "A growth hormone". Addison's disease ("bronze disease"). 1. What is humoral regulation? 4.What ensures the coordinated work of all parts of our body? 5. What properties do hormones have? "Hormone active actions" 3. Endocrine glands.
“Stress” - It’s a good idea to massage the bridge of the nose in the corners of the eyes on both sides. Cramps, in turn, lead to constipation or diarrhea. The effect of stress on MUSCLES. Stressful information enters the brain, in particular, through the organs of vision. So how does stress affect the body, and how can we help ourselves? Dysbacteriosis may develop.
“Endocrine system” - Scheme of the neurosecretory system. Histological budova nadnirnikiv. Epiphysis. The posterior lobe is the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, closely connected with the hypothalamus and the neuroectodermal axis. Nerve impulses have a strong impact on the secretion of hormones and the body’s state. Clitines are the target of hormones. B-clitina. Hormones in the human body.
“Schoolchild’s daily routine” - Write it down in your notebook. The daily routine of a modern schoolchild is a biology lesson in 8th grade. An irrationally organized regime leads to... Physical activity as a component of the daily routine. Dream. What is a daily routine? A representative from each group introduces classmates to the results of the group’s work. Tasks. Analysis of student surveys.
“Dreams” - Types of sleep: Slow-wave sleep. Revelation from above. Why don't we remember dreams? We dream in the REM phase. How many dreams do we see per night? We see an average of 4-5 dreams per night. In what phase of sleep do we dream? Quick sleep. Own daytime activities. What are dreams? Premonition of the soul. Dream.
There are 21 presentations in total
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Psychology of dreams
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Since ancient times, the human mind has been occupied by questions: what is sleep, what causes it, and why do all people and animals experience an irresistible need for it?
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The ancient Egyptians believed that dreams were warnings from the gods. They treated them as gateways to another world. In order to see “divine” dreams, special temples were erected.
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The ancient Greeks distinguished two types of sleep. Meaningful Dreams, in their opinion, were sent by the gods to help make important decisions. The rest of the dreams were personal, to which divine powers had nothing to do
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The ancient Romans went further in their teachings about dreams. The fortuneteller Artemido-Rus wrote the first dictionary of dreams. His works, consisting of five volumes, contained more than 3,000 dreams and their explanations based on stories real people. The historian Plutarch claimed that Julius Caesar's wife, Calpurnia, dreamed of her husband's murder the night before it actually happened.
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In ancient China, people believed that the city of dreams floats in the air between heaven and earth. In addition, one of the earliest Chinese dream books says that many factors must be taken into account when interpreting dreams, such as what year is on the calendar, what is the position of the planets and much more.
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At the peak of the development of world religions, dreams began to be interpreted in accordance with the religious makeup of a particular society. Only the forms and names have changed: in a dream the soul still travels, but the spirits that come into the dream are called demons (in Christianity) or asuras (in Buddhism).
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Philosophers of the Enlightenment, within the framework of the growing scientific materialistic worldview, tried to give dreams their own characteristics. T. Hobbes saw phantoms of past sensations in dreams, reverse side human imagination
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R. Descartes believed that this is the result of the activity of the sleeper’s senses, corresponding to his desires. However, the series prophetic dreams led him to believe that they contained a deeper secret
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I. Kant was a supporter of the idea that dreams are a meaningless prejudice and a consequence of upset digestion.
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Sigmund Freud
Austrian psychologist, psychiatrist and neurologist, founder psychological school-therapeutic direction in psychology
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Analysis of S. Freud's theory of dreams
In The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud described how dreams help the psyche protect itself and achieve a sense of satisfaction. “Dreaming is a way of releasing a person’s unfulfilled desires through his consciousness without awakening the physical body.”
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Daytime experiences are transformed into dreams through the activity of dreaming, and thus the dream is an innocent payment for the possibility of sleep. A dream does not happen by itself. The appearance of a dream is associated with certain problems facing a person, although this is not explicitly revealed in the context of the dream.
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Almost every dream can be understood as a wish come true. Dreaming is an alternative way to satisfy the demands of the unconscious.
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Based on a detailed analysis of dozens of dreams, correlating them with events in a person’s life, Freud was able to show that dream activity is the processes of: condensation, selection bias, distortion, transformation, permutation, movement and other modifications of the original desire
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These changes make the modified desire acceptable to the ego if the original desire was generally unacceptable to the waking consciousness. In the context of psychoanalysis, the therapist helps the patient in the interpretation of dreams to facilitate the discovery of unconscious motives.
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Individual associations with one's own dreams are more important than any preconceived set of interpretation guidelines
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Carl Gustav Jung
Swiss psychiatrist, student of Sigmund Freud, founder of one of the areas of depth psychology. Developed the doctrine of the collective unconscious
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Dream theory K.G. cabin boy
According to Jung, dreams play an important additional (or compensatory) role in the psyche. " General function dreams - to try to restore our psychological balance of producing dream material, which restores in a subtle way the general mental balance.”
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Jung approaches dreams as living realities. They must be gained through experience and carefully observed. Otherwise it is impossible to understand them. Paying attention to the form and content of dreams, Jung tried to reveal the meaning of dream symbols and at the same time gradually moved away from the reliance on free associations in the analysis of dreams characteristic of psychoanalysis.
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There cannot be a simple mechanical system for interpreting dreams, since a dream is associated with symbols that have more than one meaning. Dream analysis should be undertaken taking into account the attitudes, experience and biography of the dreamer. The help of an analyst is important, but in the end only the dreamer can know what the dream means.
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Jung divides dreams into “big”, “medium” and “small”. A “small” dream is a nocturnal fragment of fantasies that come from the subjective and personal sphere and is limited to the influence of one day. Such dreams are easily forgotten because they reflect daily fluctuations in mental balance.
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In “average” dreams, one can distinguish a structure similar to the structure of a drama: a description of a place, the development of intrigue, a climax or twists and turns, a decision or result. “Big” (important) dreams of meaning are often remembered throughout life and have a great influence on psychic experience. They contain symbolic images that we encounter throughout human history.
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Dreams are created important compensation. They are not obvious and not clear. Dreams are a natural accident, and nature is not inclined to adapt to human consciousness. We can enhance the effect of compensation by understanding the dream, and this is necessary because the voice of the unconscious so easily becomes inaudible
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By the beginning of the twentieth century, along with discoveries in the field of electricity, with the development of natural science, biology, and physiology, physiological models of dreams were formed
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Greatest discoveries THEM. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlov in Russia placed the understanding of dreams on a stable materialistic foundation. And although such scientific activity has intensified a lot of research in the field of psychology and served to create entire scientific directions, the danger of reductionism arose and was realized - reducing the complex problem of consciousness and the psyche only to physiology.
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According to Pavlov, dreams are the result of excited foci nerve cells brain in the process of inhibition. Although such a theory gave an understanding of the connection between the mental and the somatic, it was quite limited and flawed, like any other physiological model that explains the human psyche and consciousness exclusively from a materialistic position.
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An important event appeared in 1927 scientific discovery Hans Berger, who showed that the difference in electrical potentials of the brain can be measured and recorded in the form of a graph - an encephalogram A in 1937. A. Loomis, E. Harvey and J. Hobart first carried out an electroencephalographic description of sleep
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