Frost-resistant fruit trees and shrubs. Fruit trees and shrubs: overview of species and pruning methods. Dogwood and hazel: useful and beautiful

In this article I will give a description and photo 8 best fruit trees for your garden. And so in order:

Cherry plum

Number 1 among the best fruit trees for the garden is cherry plum. The advantages of this fruit crop include:

• high yield
• unpretentiousness to soil composition
• fast maturation
• drought resistance

The trees grow from 3 to 11 meters in height with a fairly developed root system and a pyramidal crown shape. They can be single or multi-stemmed. Cherry plum wood is red-brown in color, quite hard and durable.

On average, cherry plum lives about 35-50 years and is characterized by excellent productivity (20-40 kilograms of fruit after 3 years after planting).

The leaves are oval and wide. Cherry plum flowers are pink or white, solitary, with an approximate size of 20-30 millimeters. They bloom earlier or at the same time as the leaves.

Fruits weighing from 7 to 60 grams, depending on whether the tree is wild or cultivated (fruit). Depending on the variety of cherry plum, the color of the fruit can range from purple to bright orange. The taste ranges from strongly sweet to sour.

Cherry plum grows quickly up to 10 years, and then slows down. Tops and other overgrown branches quickly form on the tree. Due to the shallow roots, the tree can easily coexist with shallow groundwater (up to 1.6 meters).

Cherry plum is a light-loving fruit tree and does not like shaded places. Recently, many frost-resistant fruit varieties have appeared that can easily tolerate frosts down to -35 degrees.

Cherry plum is widely used in ornamental gardening due to its early, fragrant and abundant flowering.

Cherry plum is not picky about the choice of soil and can bear fruit where other stone fruit crops refuse to do so. Also, cherry plum is not very susceptible to pests and diseases, which is good news.

The best varieties of cherry plum:

• Gek (medium late ripening)
• Granite (mid-late ripening)
• Scythian gold (very early date maturation)
• Columnar (large fruits, universal purpose)
• Cleopatra (medium ripening, high winter hardiness)
• Kuban comet (mid-early variety, large fruits up to 30 grams)
• Avalanche (medium late ripening, fruits up to 30 grams, the stone is easily separated)
• Found (average ripening period, high regular yield)
• Traveler (early, medium and large fruits, yellow flesh with banana flavor)
• Ruby (with high winter hardiness)
• Sigma (also winter-hardy variety)

Cherry

In 2nd place among the best fruit trees for the garden is. Cherry is valued for:

• high yield
• good taste
• fast maturation
• relatively good winter hardiness

The tree begins to bear fruit at 3-4 years of age. If the processing is carried out in a timely manner, then by the 6th year it already brings good harvests. I propagate cherries from ancient times not only by grafting, but also by root shoots.

Exists great amount varieties of cherries and they all differ in the quality of the fruit. Cherry varieties are distinguished by ripening time.

To the most early varieties relate:

• Gutievka (pictured)
• Vyanok
• Oryol early
• Amorel
• Unchilly

TO average The maturation period includes:

• Brunette
• Bystrinka
• Bulatnikovskaya
• Vladimarskaya
• Volochaevka

TO late The ripening period includes varieties such as:

• Apukhtinskaya
• Zhuravka
• Menzelinskaya
• Turgenevka

Cherry can be considered one of the best fruit trees for the garden for its exceptional usefulness. It contains vitamin C in effective doses, riboflavin, folic acid. Cherries contain more iron than apples. And the content of vitamins B2 and B9 prevents the development of diseases such as anemia.

Cherries are consumed both fresh and frozen. From them you can prepare excellent juices, amazing compotes, preserves, jams, wines, ciders, confectionery and dried fruits.

Pear

In 3rd place among the best trees for the garden is. The pear crown has a round or pyramidal shape, prone to overgrowing and thickening. Therefore, you need to approach with special care. The height of the fruit tree varies depending on the variety from 5 to 20 meters. The width of the trunk can reach up to 5 meters.

The pear flowering period begins in late April-May. The flowers are white, 2.5-3 centimeters in size. The pear fruit is oblong in shape and narrows towards the beginning of the ovary, but there are varieties of round shape.

The pear begins to bear fruit 6-7 years after planting. And it bears fruit for 70-100 years. The roots of the pear are sparsely branched and go 40-80 centimeters into the soil. Pears propagate, usually by grafting (read about popular methods of grafting fruit trees in the article). Compared to the apple tree, the pear is a less winter-hardy crop, but there are varieties that can withstand temperatures down to -35 below zero.

Pear varieties are divided into:

• summer
• autumn
• winter

To the best summer These pear varieties include:

• Duchess summer (pictured)
• Space
• Moscow
• Severyanka
• Elegant Efimova

To the best autumn varieties include:

• Central Russian
• Bessemyanka
• Botanical
• Dessert Rossoshanskaya
• Marble
• Chizhovskaya

To the best winter Pear varieties include:

• Alyonushka
• Belarusian late
• Dekanka winter
• January

Plum

At number 4 among the best fruit trees for the garden is. Belongs to the genus of stone fruit plants. About 30 types of plums are common, but 3-5 types are popular in Russia. The most common is home plum.

The height of the plum tree usually grows to 6-12 meters. Depending on the variety, the lifespan of a fruit tree can be 20-30 years. Plum trees begin to bear fruit 2-3 years after planting. Read about planting fruit trees.

The root system is superficial and does not lie deep (30-40 centimeters). Plum buds produce 2-3 flowers. Plums practically do not form empty (dormant) buds.

Plum begins to bloom in mid-May and blooms for 1-2 weeks, which is often combined with spring cooling. The flowers are white, with an approximate diameter of 2 centimeters. Plum is a rather capricious tree for a number of reasons:

• Insufficient winter hardiness (suffers greatly in regions with sharp temperature changes)
• Many varieties are cross-pollinated. For a good harvest in the garden, certain varieties of pollinators are necessary.
• Does not tolerate drought well
• Susceptible to pests and diseases (read how to deal with them)

But with all this, the plum is the most valuable berry and if it receives proper care and care from you, then in return you would receive:

• Exceptional usefulness of the culture (vitamin A, C, P)
• Plum is an excellent honey plant (40 kg of honey from 1 hectare of plum orchard)
• Serves as an excellent rootstock for almonds, peaches and apricots

The best varieties plums:

• Hungarian Moscow
• Volga beauty
• Memory of Timiryazev
• Record
• Smolinka
• Precocious
• Tula black
• Egg blue (pictured)

Apple tree

At number 5 among the best fruit trees for the garden is. There are 36 species in the genus. In Russia, the most popular is the domestic or cultivated apple tree. Depending on the variety, the home apple tree is divided:

• short (up to 3 meters)
• medium height (up to 6 meters)
• vigorous (up to 14 meters)

For vigorous fruit trees, the annual growth is up to 40 centimeters, and for small-growing ones, up to 20 centimeters. The shapes of the crowns of apple trees are very diverse: from wide pyramidal to weeping.

Apple fruits are also varied: from spherical to cylindrical. It begins to bloom in late April-early May. When strong flowering begins, only 10-15% of the apple tree flowers set, the rest fall off. After flowering, the apple tree is treated for diseases and pests (how to do it correctly)

The apple tree is propagated by grafting. The tree begins to bear fruit 2-7 years after planting. And it bears fruit for 20-30 years. The apple tree is distinguished by the highest percentage of yield among all fruit trees.

For humans, an apple is a valuable product. It contains 11-13% sugars (fructose, sucrose and glucose), as well as malic and citric acid. Some quantities contain vitamins B, P, C and other biologically active substances.

The best varieties of apple trees:

• Summer varieties (Brusnichnoe, Grushovka Moskovskaya, Summer striped, Mantet, Lungwort, Melba, Mechta, Red earlier, Narodnoe, Papirovka)
• Autumn varieties (Zhigulevskoe, Korichnoe novoe, Korichnoe striped, Orlovskoe striped, Osenneye striped)
• Winter varieties (Anise striped, Antonovka vulgaris, Veteran, Zvezdochka, Krasivoe, Lobo, Mayak, Orlik, Pepin saffron, Spartan, Welsey)

Cherries

At number 6 among the best fruit trees for the garden is. The tree grows up to 10 meters high. In very rare cases up to 20 meters. Cherry looks very decorative and magnificent thanks to the different palette of leaf colors and powerful crown.

TO undoubted advantages sweet cherries can be attributed to their non-susceptibility to diseases. And unlike cherries, it does not attract pests. The exception is during dry years. And of course, sweet cherry berries are much tastier and healthier than cherries.

The fruits are sweet, spherical in shape, up to 2 centimeters in diameter. Cherries begin to bloom in early April and bear fruit from the end of May.

When planting a fruit tree, you need to choose a place so as to protect it as much as possible from northern winds, even if you have a winter-hardy variety. You should not plant cherries in shady places - they really love light.

As for the soil, peaty, clayey and sandy soils. Optimally medium loamy or sandy loam with a high content of fertile substances. Cherries do not tolerate stagnation of water, so it is not advisable to plant them in areas with close groundwater.

The best varieties of cherries:

• Golden Loshitskaya
• Zhurba
• Zaslonovskaya
• Muscat
• Beauty (pictured)
• Northern
• Victory
• Festival
• Folk

Apricot

At number 7 among the best fruit trees for the garden is. The tree reaches a height of 3 to 15 meters with a trunk diameter of 25-40 centimeters. The shape of the apricot crown is back pyramidal. Apricots begin to bloom in late April, before the leaves open. Flowers with white or pinkish petals are about 3 centimeters in diameter.

Apricot fruits ripen in August. The fruits are fleshy, juicy, round or ovoid, about 5 centimeters in diameter, with velvety skin.

Apricot grows most intensively in the first 5 years of life. And the growth per year is 70 centimeters. The tree begins to bear fruit at 4-7 years of age and continues until 35-40 years.

Despite the fact that apricot prefers to grow in southern countries, our breeders have developed many large-fruited and frost-resistant varieties.

Here the best varieties of apricots, intended for the central region of the Russian Federation:

• early ripening (end of July: Iceberg, Alyosha, Lel, Tsarsky)
• mid-ripening period (first half of August: Aquarius and Countess)
• late ripening (second half of August: Monastyrsky, Favorit)

Quince

At number 8 among the best fruit trees for the garden is. Quince is an ancient fruit crop. A small tree similar to a shrub, approximately 2.5-3 meters high. The trunk diameter is 50 cm. The leaves are large, oval, dark green.

Quince flowers are also large, white or pink. Flowering begins at the end of May. It begins to bear fruit at 3-4 years of age. The pear-shaped fruits are dark yellow in color and have a pleasant aroma. Ripen at the end of September.

Quince is a heat-loving and light-loving fruit tree, so it is not very suitable for central Russia. It takes root mainly in the southern regions with frosts down to -15. But some quince varieties can withstand up to -35. It requires good watering (read how to properly water trees), then it bears fruit well and the fruits do not become smaller. Disadvantages also include low resistance to diseases and pests. Read how to deal with them.

Quinces are propagated by cuttings, shoots, layering and grafting. The best varieties of quince are:

• Collective
• Krasnoslobodskaya
• Teplovskaya
• Anzherskaya

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Natalya Mironova 04/22/2015 | 16152

What fruit trees are considered the best for planting in the garden? Selection criteria vary, but the most common is the garden’s ability to produce fruit throughout the entire summer-autumn season, from early cherries to late varieties of apples.

Let's try to figure out what needs to be planted and when to natural vitamins were always on your table. About this in the article.

Cherries

The tree belongs to the early flowering stone fruit plants, the sweet fruits of which help to cope with spring vitamin deficiency. Cherries contains ascorbic and malic acids, carotene, pectins, flavonoids, coumarin, vitamins and other beneficial substances that have a beneficial effect on capillary walls, blood clotting and general state body.

If the size of the garden allows you to plant 3 or 4 trees cherries, then you should choose varieties that allow you to get a harvest from the first ten days of June to the end of July. In the middle zone, the most suitable varieties for cultivation are: early - Homestead, Chermashnaya; mid-early – Fatezh, Ovstuzhenka; mid-late – Tyutchevka; late – Bryansk pink.

Cherry

This unpretentious and hardy tree blooms and bears fruit after the cherry, and the latest varieties give their owners a harvest until mid-August. Contained in fruits cherries vitamins, pectins, antioxidants, organic acids, micro- and macroelements help strengthen protective functions body, prevent premature aging, improve brain activity and the process of hematopoiesis.

IN folk medicine Not only fruits are used, but also stalks, leaves, twigs and tree bark. Cherry has incomparable gastronomic value.

To the most famous cherry varieties include: early – Bulatnikovskaya, Volochaevka, Zagoreevskaya; mid-early – Assol, Griot Moscow; mid-late – Anthricite, Zhukovskaya, Turgenevka, Kharitonovskaya; late – Apukhtinskaya, Bolotovskaya.

Pear

The tree blooms at the end of April and, depending on the variety, can delight with its flowering throughout May. With a low calorie content, fruits pears have significant nutritional value, and the presence of fiber has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. That's why pear often included as part of a weight loss diet. Pear Sweeter than an apple, but contains much less sugar, which allows it to be used in the diet of people with diabetes.

Pear fruits contain vitamins C, A, PP, K, tannins, essential oils, micro- and macroelements that provide positive influence to all vital human organs.

The most common varieties recommended for growing in the middle zone are: summer - Spiritual, Duchess summer; autumn – Fun, Dessert Rossoshanskaya; winter – Belarusian late, Alyonushka.

Plum

The fruits of early varieties ripen in early July, and of late varieties - in late September - early October. Plum is considered an extremely useful crop due to the presence of vitamins C, A, B1, B2, P, potassium, phosphorus, organic acids and other valuable substances. Plum has a beneficial effect on intestinal motility, and compotes and decoctions prepared from it are used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of kidney diseases, atherosclerosis, gout and rheumatism.

The most famous varieties of plums grown in the middle zone include: early - Opal, Morning, Volga beauty, Red early ripening; average – Blue gift, Renklod Tambov, Egg blue, Kantemirovka; late – Memory of Timiryazev, Hungarian Moscow, Tula black, Alexy.

Apple tree

The tree is a real decoration of the garden during flowering, and the fruits are valued due to the presence of apple and citric acid, vitamins C, B1, B2, P, E, carotene, calcium, potassium, iron, manganese, pectin and sugar. Apples help reduce cholesterol in the blood and remove oxalic acid from the body, have a general strengthening effect, reduce negative impact radiation and take part in the normalization of metabolic processes.

Also, the value of apples lies in the fact that their winter varieties can be stored for future use, especially Pepin saffron, which has a shelf life of up to 6 months.

The best varieties of apple trees include: summer - White filling, Moscow pear, Golden Chinese; autumn – Borovinka, Volga beauty, Scarlet anise; winter – Antonovka vulgare, Anise new, Bashkir handsome man.

By planting a garden with just five species of the above trees, you can meet the body’s need for vitamins, macro- and microelements throughout almost the entire year.

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By purchasing fruit trees and shrubs for a garden plot, its owner is laying the foundation for truly strategic plantings. They determine the appearance of the area adjacent to the house for many years to come, and with proper care they become the main source of fruit crops.

What fruit and berry crops are gardeners most often interested in? How to place the plants you like on the site and find the right neighborhood for them?

Fruit trees and shrubs: photos and names of popular crops

Due to the length of the country, spread across several natural zones at once, it is almost impossible to designate a single list of trees and shrubs. And yet there are species for which gardeners always try to find a suitable place. Photos and names of these fruit trees and shrubs are well known even to those who are far from gardening.

Among fruit trees, the undisputed leaders are apple trees of different varieties and ripening periods. Next come pears and the most common stone fruits: cherries and plums.

Fruit and berry bushes, found almost everywhere, include raspberries, various types of currants, and gooseberries. Today it is actively gaining popularity:

• healing sea buckthorn;
• felt cherry;
• early honeysuckle.

Blackberries are moving into the orchard; increasingly, chokeberry, shadberry and other crops can be found in the plots, which some time ago were perceived as secondary or planted only for landscaping.

The list of shrubs for the garden is much wider than the list of trees given above. No wonder. An orchard made entirely of trees will produce its first harvest no earlier than in 5–7 years, and shrubs are ready to please the gardener already in the second or third year after planting.

An additional advantage of shrubs is their relatively small size and less labor intensive care. However, no one will be able to replace pears with currants. Therefore, without trees, a garden will never be complete.

It is believed that in the northern regions gardeners are limited in their choice by the harsh climate, but the further south they go, the more diverse the population of garden plots becomes.

Indeed, starting from the Central Black Earth region, in the ranks of fruit and berry crops it is not uncommon:

• apricot;
• cherry plum;
• mulberry;
• various types of nuts;
• cherry and its hybrid with cherry.

The list of shrubs is replenished with grapes, yoshta, dogwood and perennial fruit-bearing vines.

But if until recently gardeners in the middle zone and more northern regions were forced to content themselves with a very modest list of fruit and berry crops, today things are changing radically.

Nurseries have long and successfully offered fruit trees and shrubs for the Moscow region that were previously not available in the Non-Black Earth Region. The boundaries of the distribution of southern crops have seriously shifted to the north, not only due to climate change, but also thanks to the targeted work of breeders.

It is this bait that inexperienced gardeners fall for, wanting, at all costs, to limited area receive "Garden of Eden". You can understand them! But it is not enough to purchase seedlings; it is important to plant and grow them correctly, taking into account all the needs of the plants and the characteristics of the territory.

Rules for placing fruit trees and shrubs in a garden plot

Young seedlings planted in the garden increase in growth year after year. After a few years, when the time for fruiting comes, the crowns grow by 1.5–2 meters. And mature trees take up even more space.

It is not enough to select the most winter-hardy, productive varieties; you need to accurately plan the future orchard.

It is better to do this on a sheet of paper, based on measurements of the distances from the landing zone to the nearest buildings, roads, and fences of neighboring properties. When planting fruit trees and shrubs in a garden plot, it is necessary to take into account not only the aesthetic preferences of the owner, but also mandatory standards. They regulate the distances from large plants to residential and outbuildings, transport routes, communications and the land survey line running between sections.

So, for example, from an apple or pear tree to a residential building or garage there should be at least 3.5–4 meters. This distance is explained by the safe operation of the structure and the need for constant care of large garden crops. For shrubs the distance is less and is one and a half meters, which makes it possible:

• unhindered maintenance of walls, windows and other structures and communications;
• do not be afraid of excessive humidity in close contact with vegetation;
• care for fruit and berry crops, harvest, prune and replant them.

In addition to the mandatory ones dictated common sense and safety restrictions, there are other rules that are worth considering when planning an orchard.

It is extremely important to adhere to the distances between seedlings in rows, and also to take into account the deadline for growing a particular crop in one place.

Useful and harmful proximity of fruit trees and shrubs in a garden plot

Knowledge of the needs of individual plant species and their characteristics is of considerable importance for the future of planting:

1. Some crops prefer to grow in the sun, while others easily adapt to the shade.
2. For some fruit trees and shrubs in the garden plot, an open, windswept place is suitable, while for others you will have to find shelter.
3. Plant requirements for fertility and watering vary.

It is unlikely that in a limited area of ​​land it will be possible to satisfy all the needs of green pets. In a small country garden, inevitably some shrubs end up under the canopy of growing trees. To ensure that such proximity does not affect the yield, the location for planting shade-loving fruit trees and shrubs in the garden is determined in advance.

Such crops include black currants, honeysuckle, low-growing berry bushes, such as cranberries, blueberries and lingonberries. If the shady corner of the garden is well ventilated, viburnum will thrive here. Blackberries and raspberries are grown in partial shade.

Gardeners have long noticed that even in comfortable conditions, garden plants sometimes refuse to bear fruit at full strength, look depressed and grow poorly. It turns out that the reason for this behavior is an incorrectly chosen neighborhood. As in nature, in an orchard, trees, shrubs and herbaceous crops form close communities. The given options for successful and dangerous neighborhoods of fruit trees and shrubs in the table will help create best conditions for each type and get the most out of it.

You can arrange the plantings so that closely related plants are nearby. This solution will be extremely useful, for example, for cherries and petioles, many varieties of which are self-sterile and require a pollinator to produce a harvest. A similar picture is observed when growing sea buckthorn. True, here there must be one male bush for several female plants.

In addition, for sea buckthorn, which readily reproduces by root cuttings, blackberries and raspberries, it is better to find a place away from the rest of the garden plantings, otherwise the powerful shoots of these crops will take over half the garden within a year.

What summer resident doesn’t dream of having a garden where there are fruits and berries all year round, and minimal care - without frequent pruning, fertilizing, spraying and watering?

To get such an unpretentious garden, you need, first of all, to solve several theoretical problems regarding the choice of crops, and then move on to practical implementation: planting and... tending to a vegetable garden, landscape, recreation area. And along the way, harvest the most unpretentious, but very tasty and healthy garden crops.

In compiling this list, we were guided by the words of old and experienced gardeners, who say: in order to have time at the dacha for relaxation, you must first of all plant fruit and berry crops that will not require constant care and your attention.

General approaches to creating a garden of unpretentious fruit crops

First of all, you need to make a list and select seedlings of perennial undemanding crops of well-known and, importantly, well-established varieties in your area on the market or from specialized companies.

Easy-to-care varieties of fruit and berry crops should be:

• zoned, resistant to the weather vagaries of the area, region (temperature changes, spring frosts, fogs, etc.),
• cold-resistant, so that every year you don’t have to bother with covering them for the winter and opening them in the spring, if you live in the northern regions,
• be distinguished by longevity, so as not to bother yourself with frequent planting of new crops,
• not requiring many years of crown formation,
• not requiring annual pruning and tying to supports.

The most unpretentious, but very useful and necessary crops for the garden without hassle

From fruit trees the most unpretentious are: cherry plum, apple tree, walnut (walnut, Manchurian, black, heart-shaped, hazel, etc.).

From shrubs– serviceberry, dogwood and sea buckthorn, which can be formed into trees or left as tall shrubs.

The following berry plants require virtually no maintenance and produce fairly high environmentally friendly yields: raspberries, chokeberries, blackberries, sea buckthorn, and serviceberry.

Thus, a large part of the garden and berry garden, consisting of necessary but unpretentious plants, will free up time for relaxation and caring for more capricious crops and exotics. Of course, a garden for the “lazy” requires maintenance, but most of it at the initial stage, when it is planted.

Let's take a closer look at fruit crops that require minimal care.

The Ranetka apple tree is a variety of small-fruited apple tree obtained by crossing the Siberian berry apple tree with European varieties and its hybrids. Ranetka is sometimes called ranet tree.

For a certain period of time, in pursuit of exotic and fashionable varieties of fruit trees, the ranet tree was undeservedly forgotten. Today, interest in it has returned and more and more summer residents are growing ranetki in their gardens. Ranetki are especially popular in the cold regions of the Far East, the Urals, Krasnoyarsk, Altai, Omsk, Novosibirsk, and Leningrad region.

In the regions of the European part of the Russian Federation, the CIS and other countries, acquaintance with the lovely “thumbelina” is just beginning, although today breeders have introduced more than 100 varieties and hybrids into cultivation.

Ranetki are the leaders among unpretentious garden crops in terms of their attitude to winter weather disasters, low temperatures, and care.

Features of Ranetka

The main feature that distinguishes the apple tree in the family is its small fruit (the fruit weighs 10-15 g). Through the efforts of breeders, the Ranetka variety was obtained by crossing the Siberian berry apple tree (the second name is berry apple tree) or its hybrids with European large-fruited varieties or hybrids (Chinese).

Ranetka were transferred and assigned to other varieties and hybrids best qualities wild Siberian apple tree, which can withstand frosts down to -55°C.

The Ranetka varieties resulting from hybridization have high winter hardiness and tolerate frosts of -45..-47 °C. When propagated, they are distinguished by early fruiting, annual high yields, and resistance to diseases and pests. And also: the unusual taste of ranetki preserves, jams, dried lozenges, juices, practically no summer worries. Ranetka is a wonderful unpretentious crop and garden decoration!

Useful properties and use of ranetki

Ranetki are exceptionally rich biologically active substances, necessary for a person in the long northern cold months. The dry matter content is almost 24%, glucose and fructose - 12%, up to 2% pectin substances, which contribute to the gelling of fruit juices. Pectins enhance the removal of heavy metals from the human body, stop bleeding, accelerate the healing of stomach ulcers, and have antimicrobial properties.

Ranetka fruits are consumed fresh and for processing. Excellent jams, compotes, and dried fruits are obtained from whole fruits of ranet trees. Ranetki are used as rootstocks when producing low-standard crops.

Ranetka landing

When planting a ranetka seedling, fertilizer may not be applied, but it is necessary to provide sufficient area for growth and development. The distance between vigorous varieties of ranetki is determined by an area of ​​3.5-4x3.5-4 m and even more. A smaller area, within 3x2 m, is occupied by varieties on dwarf rootstocks.

Caring for ranetka

During the growing season, ranetki require virtually no care. During prolonged dry weather, you can water and (if desired) fertilize with nitrophoska 30-50 g/tree.

Any location for the ranetka is suitable, even with shading.

Ranetka propagation is carried out by grafted seedlings.

Varieties of ranetki for country cultivation

When choosing varieties of ranetki, pay attention to Siberian souvenir, Zolodolinskoe, Kulundinskoe, Memory of Isaev. Ranetka varieties are distinguished by high winter hardiness Yellow long-legged, Tuvinka, Siberian Bagryanka, Tender Transbaikal, Dobrynya, Ranetka Canning, Titovka hybrid.

At your disposal are more than 100 varieties of ranetka, characterized by exceptionally high winter hardiness.

2. Cherry plum

Cherry plum, or Spreading plum, is one of the initial forms when the domestic plum appears.

Transcaucasia and Western (Southwestern) Asia are considered the homeland of wild cherry plum. The domestication of cherry plum began around X-XIII centuries. Over time, the distribution area reached the countries of Western Europe and Asia. Currently, cherry plum is cultivated in regions with a suitable climate of Malaya and Central Asia, in the Baltic states, Belarus, Moldova, Primorye, Ukraine.

Cherry plums are successfully grown in gardens and dachas in the northern regions of Asian Russia. Cherry plum is practically not damaged by prolonged cold in the Moscow region, Central and North-Western regions of the Russian Federation and the countries of the European part of the continent.

To guarantee a ripe harvest of fruits, mainly early varieties of cherry plum are grown.

Features of cherry plum

Cherry plum is one of the ancestors of the domestic plum. Differs from the true plum in smaller fruits and increased acidity. For this feature, cherry plum, for example, is used instead of vinegar in winter preparations. The culture is very unpretentious and quickly takes root in any conditions. She doesn't care about the type of soil. The culture is drought and frost resistant. Varieties obtained from crossing cherry plum with sloe have advanced the culture to the northern regions of not only Russia, but also European countries, where released varieties can withstand frosts down to -32..-36°C without loss.

Useful properties and use of cherry plum

Cherry plum is a fruit crop with a high content of sugars, organic acids, carotene, and vitamins. It is used as a fresh product and for canning in the form of compotes, juices, jam, jelly, marshmallows, marmalade and even slivyanka (alcoholic drink).

Cherry plum seedlings from seeds are used as a rootstock for apricots, peaches, and varietal plums.

Planting cherry plum

Only planting cherry plum seedlings causes certain troubles. The soils suitable for cherry plum are different, but neutral in pH. Therefore, acidic soils are neutralized with chalk, and gypsum is added to alkaline soils during planting.

The roots of the cherry plum do not tolerate flooding, so it is better to place the seedlings on a hill, and if groundwater is close to them, arrange good drainage or plant them on an artificial hill. When planting, the root collar of the cherry plum should be located above the soil level. Up to 2 buckets of water are poured into the planting hole, and the planting is mulched with a thick layer of straw, high-moor peat, compost, humus, and finely chopped dry herbs.

Cherry plum care

Cherry plum produces sufficient yields even without care. The crop is practically not damaged by pests and very rarely gets sick. In drought, the cherry plum does not shed its ovary.

Naturally, ordinary work with cherry plum during the warm season, you still need to do it (destroy weeds, water during prolonged drought, carry out sanitary pruning, do not forget to harvest on time, etc.).

For better pollination in the garden, it is better to plant 2-3 trees of different varieties of cherry plum. In order not to take up extra space for the garden, it is more practical to choose varieties on a dwarf rootstock.

Cherry plum is propagated by seeds, its seedlings are used as rootstocks, and also by grafting, like other garden crops. It is easy to propagate by layering.

Cherry plum varieties for growing in the country

Cultivated varieties created by breeders make it possible to grow cherry plum in regions with a fairly cold climate. Breeding techniques have significantly improved the quality of the fruit, but its characteristic sweet and sour taste cannot yet be removed.

Early varieties of cherry plum: Tent, Zlato Skifov, Gift to St. Petersburg, Nesmeyana, Monomakh etc. The fruits ripen in the third ten days of July - the first ten days of August.

Medium varieties of cherry plum: Sarmatka, Apricot, Kuban comet, Peach, Karminnaya Zhukova, Chuk and others. Ripen in the first half of August.

Late cherry plum varieties: Cleopatra, Huck, The beauty of Oryol region. The fruits ripen in the third ten days of August - the first half of September. Note! In cool summer conditions, these varieties do not always have time to ripen.

Of the proposed varieties, cherry plums have increased winter hardiness, low growth (2.5-3.0 m), easy (and not very easy) separation of the stone from the pulp in the following: Cleopatra, Kuban Comet, Zlato Skifov. They withstand the climate of central Russia well.

The cherry plum variety Kuban Comet is self-fertile, does not require pollinators, and is zoned for the North-Western and Central Black Earth regions.

3. Irga

Irga or Korinka, like the apple tree, and cherry plum belongs to the rose family. Saskatoon has been known as a fruit plant in Europe since the 16th century. At first, shadberry was cultivated in England, then in Holland. The berries were used to make wine, reminiscent of Cahors.

The distribution area of ​​the serviceberry extends across all regions of Western Europe. Iga is successfully grown by amateur gardeners in Russia, Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine.

In Russia, the most common species is the round-leaved serviceberry, which initially grew in the Crimea and the Caucasus, and then began to quickly gain popularity in the southern, central and northern regions of the Russian Federation almost everywhere except the Arctic.

It easily tolerates frosts of -40..-50°C, and during flowering serviceberry, short frosts of -5..-7°C do not harm the flowers at all.

Features of irgi

Irga is one of the unpretentious garden crops. It easily tolerates drought and frost, does not require watering, is not affected by pests and diseases, and annually produces high yields of fruits that are sweet to the point of cloying.

The unpretentiousness of the serviceberry is associated with its biological characteristics. The root system of the serviceberry occupies an area in the soil much larger than the above-ground part and sufficiently provides the plant with moisture and nutrients. Irga is responsive to feeding and watering, but can easily take care of itself on its own.

Irga easily tolerates pruning, shading, high air pollution, strong winds, and can be used as a living fence for an area. Irga is distinguished by both durability (the bushes live up to 70 years) and rapid growth.

Useful properties and uses of irgi

Irga is distinguished by a high content of sugars in its fruits (up to 12%), organic acids, including ascorbic acid - up to 40%, and vitamins. Food and medicinal value cultures determined its location in the hierarchy of useful berry plants. High therapeutic effect have decoctions and tinctures of serviceberry leaves, flowers, fruits, bark, both fresh and dried. Home remedies increase the elasticity of blood vessels, prevent varicose veins, and lower blood pressure. Decoctions are used for sore throats, disorders and inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.

Juices, jellies, jams, compotes, wine are prepared from serviceberry berries, and consumed fresh in the summer.

Planting serviceberry

Irga is a fast-growing crop, and after planting permanent place it forms a harvest for 3-4 years. The best time to plant irgi is autumn. Planting and care are usual, as for other fruit-bearing shrubs.

Reproduction of serviceberry

Irgu is propagated by seed and vegetative methods. Seedlings obtained from seeds are used as dwarf rootstocks for pears and apple trees.

Vegetatively, shadberry is propagated by root shoots, dividing the bush, and cuttings (green cuttings are used).

Varieties of serviceberry for growing in the country

For regions with severe frosts, varieties of serviceberry of Canadian selection that can withstand temperatures down to -45°C are suitable: Regent, Altaglow, Pembina, Slate, Strata, Parkhill. In varieties of irgi Blumoon And Bluesun in some especially cold winters with prolonged frosts of -37..-38°C, the tips of the shoots freeze, which quickly recover after pruning.

In the southern regions, conditions of central and central Russia and other regions of the CIS with the same climate, serviceberry varieties grow and bear fruit magnificently Bluesun, Pembina, Mandan, Slate, Blumoon, Surprise. Some gardeners successfully grow these varieties of serviceberry even further north.

4. Dogwood

Dogwood in the wild is distributed in the Crimea, Transcarpathia, Moldova, and the Caucasus. Translated into Russian, dogwood means “red” for the scarlet color of the fruits, rich in anthocyanins.

The dogwood's homeland is Western Asia, where in the wild the shrubs occupy significant areas of undergrowth and edges of mountain forests. It is typical for dogwood plants to begin flowering very early - March-April, as soon as daytime temperatures exceed +6..+10°C. The growing season of dogwood is long – up to 120 days or more.

Currently, the plant is cultivated in Asia Minor, Southern and Eastern Europe, France, Italy, Japan, China, North America.

Dogwood occupies significant areas in Ukraine and Moldova. It is found in many regions of Russia with an average winter temperature of -30..-35°C, distributed in the middle zone of the European and Asian parts of Russia.

Features of dogwood

Dogwood under natural conditions is formed by a multi-stemmed deciduous shrub. Maintenance-free dogwood bushes and trees grow in one place for up to 100 years. They are drought-resistant and do not require watering even during long dry periods. Diseases and pests do not affect dogwood.

Very early flowering is a clear decoration in places where unpretentious dogwood thickets are distributed, withstanding frosts down to -30..-35°C. Dogwood is a good honey plant that does not require complex care and will be a clear help for beekeeping enthusiasts. When the above-ground mass freezes, dogwood quickly restores the crown from the root shoots.

The fruits of all types of dogwood - drupes, ripening from August to October, have a tart, astringent, sweet and sour taste with a pleasant refreshing aroma. The beauty and elegance of the autumn colors of dogwood shrubs attract landscape designers who use the crop in solitary plantings and hedges.

Useful properties of dogwood

In terms of the composition of useful substances, especially vitamins, dogwood is superior to rowan berries, lemon and gooseberries. In folk medicine, dogwood fruits and leaves are used for gastrointestinal diseases, colds, and inflammation of hemorrhoids. Normalize blood pressure and prevent sclerosis. Good phytoncide. Dogwood is also widely used in the food industry.

Dogwood planting and care

Planting and care are usual, as for all shrub crops. Considering that root system young plants are shallow (up to 40-50 cm); in the first years, dogwood needs maintenance watering. With age, the need for them disappears.

Dogwood successfully tolerates transplants. Fruiting begins at 5-6 years. To speed it up, the conditions for providing nutrients and moisture are tightened in the second half of the growing season.

Dogwood propagation

Dogwood reproduces by seeds, root suckers, grafting, cuttings, layering. When propagated by seed, the first harvest is formed in the 5th-6th year and is mainly used to obtain a large amount of planting material for landscape design. With vegetative propagation, the first dogwood crop is harvested for 2-3 years.

Dogwood varieties for growing in the country

For cultivation in the countryside, dogwood varieties have been bred that form large fruits and come in different colors (multicolored, white, blue, blue-violet, bright red).

• Vladimirsky(fruits are red, black-red),
• Vydubetsky(fruits are dark red, oval-pear-shaped),
• Grenadier(fruits are red-black oval-cylindrical),
• Evgenia, Elena(fruits are bright red, almost black, oval in shape),
• Coral(fruits are pink, yellow, pink-orange, red, wide-round),
• Alba(white fruits)
• Nikolka(very early, red-black fruits),
• Gentle(yellow, pear-shaped fruits)

and others.

5. Sea buckthorn

Sea buckthorn in natural conditions is represented by dioecious shrubs or trees of medium height. Sea buckthorn is one of the plants whose medicinal properties used by healers back in ancient Greece.

Sea buckthorn occupies vast areas in Western and Central Asia, Mongolia, China, Pakistan and India, the Caucasus, and Europe. In Russia it grows in the European part, in the Asian part its thickets occupy significant areas in the Western and Eastern Siberia, in Altai. There is a lot of sea buckthorn in the North Caucasus. Sea buckthorn grows mainly on floodplain soils of rivers and along the shores of lakes, where there is enough moisture and sun. Sea buckthorn fruits are used as a food product, medicinal product and for livestock feed.

Features of sea buckthorn

Sea buckthorn can withstand frosts down to -45°C, which makes it possible to grow it in the coldest regions. It has become widespread due to the high value of the fruits from which it is obtained. sea ​​buckthorn oil, used for medicinal purposes.

Sea buckthorn blooms in May, the fruits ripen in August - September. Refers to precocious. The first harvest can be harvested already in the 3rd year of growth and development.

Useful properties and uses of sea buckthorn

Sea buckthorn is a multivitamin crop with a high content of vitamins, minerals, sugars, organic acids, tannins, fatty oils.

Fatty oils of sea buckthorn with unsaturated and saturated fatty acids used for medicinal purposes in the official pharmacopoeia. Decoctions and infusions are prepared from the leaves and bark of sea buckthorn, used in folk medicine to treat many diseases.

Jelly, juices, and homemade liqueurs are prepared from the fruits. Leaves and young shoots of sea buckthorn are used for tanning and dyeing leather and fabrics yellow and black. The powerful root system of sea buckthorn secures ravine slopes, landslides, and road slopes well.

Sea buckthorn is a very unpretentious crop, and its only disadvantage is the rapid reproduction of root shoots.

Planting and caring for sea buckthorn

Sea buckthorn seedlings and saplings are usually planted in spring or autumn, depending on the climatic conditions of the region. The rest of the care is the same as for irga, dogwood and other shrubs.

Sea buckthorn propagation

Sea buckthorn is propagated by seeds, which must undergo stratification, and by vegetative means - by root shoots and cuttings.

Varieties of sea buckthorn for growing in the country.

Breeders have developed more than 40 varieties of sea buckthorn, including large-fruited ones: Openwork, Pearl oyster, Augustine. Considering that sea buckthorn is a dioecious crop, male pollinating varieties have been bred Dwarf And Aley.

For regions with unfavorable conditions (long-term frosts above -38..-40°C), the following varieties of sea buckthorn can be recommended: Darling, Nugget, Inya, Altai, Giant.

For the Middle Band - Elizabeth, Orange, Fragrant.

6. Raspberry

Raspberries can also be classified as unpretentious garden crops. With minimal care (planted, watered, harvested, pruned in the fall), this shrub continues to delight not-so-careful owners. In the wild, raspberries grow everywhere from the southern outskirts of the European part of the CIS and Western countries to cold Siberia in Eurasia.

Raspberries belong to crops that have a fragmented distribution area, which historically led to different types of plants in this family. But each type of raspberry, having botanical differences, in general, gives a lot of pleasure as a valuable product and an indispensable medicine for colds.

In nature, raspberries occupy damp shady places, forest edges, ravines, but still prefer fertile soils. At dachas, raspberries can be placed in an inconvenient location, where they fit into the overall landscape long years will supply the owners with tasty and healthy berries.

Features of raspberries

Unlike frost-resistant crops, raspberries do not tolerate severe frosts, love snow shelters, but are quickly restored by root shoots. Raspberries are good for being unpretentious in care and produce yields even when completely abandoned.

Useful properties and uses of raspberries

Raspberries are widely used in folk medicine for all colds. But official medicine recommends using only common raspberries for preparing medicinal decoctions and tinctures. Its varieties should be grown in your rational garden.

Raspberry fruits and leaves are rich in organic acids, a wide range of vitamins and microelements, and sugars. They are used as an antipyretic, diaphoretic, and antimicrobial agent. A decoction of the roots is a good antiallergic remedy. A decoction of flowers is drunk for neuroses.

Fresh, frozen and dry raspberries are widely used in cooking. Drinks, jams, juices, and wine are prepared from fresh berries.

Raspberry care

The most unpleasant property of raspberry bushes is crawling to new habitats. Over time, raspberries can take over the entire small area.

Experienced gardeners recommend planting raspberries in trenches, fencing them with waste slate and other materials to the depth of the bulk of the roots. Regulate the growth of raspberries in trenches by autumn pruning. Another tip: plant a raspberry garden with garlic, then the garden bed will be freed up for other crops, but raspberries prefer not to grow beyond the garlic.

During the growing season (especially in dry weather), raspberries need to be watered, but during the hot summer this is still a pleasant task.

In a country farm, it is best to propagate raspberries by dividing the bush and root suckers.

Raspberry varieties for growing in the country

Early raspberry varieties: Early Dawn, Abundant, Giant, Cascade, Michurinskaya. Variety Yellow Giant or simply Giant– best for the conditions of the North-Western regions. Very convenient for unpretentious garden is a variety of early raspberries Mirage. Fruits all summer. It practically does not react to unfavorable weather conditions. All care is spring pruning by 15-25 cm and loosening the bushes, which can be combined with fertilizing.

Medium raspberry varieties: Arbat, Pride of Russia, Cleopatra, Kirzhach, Maroseyka, Sibirianochka, Golden Giant yellow-fruited.

Late raspberry varieties: Samara dense, Companion, Peresvet, Stolichnaya, Mirage. These varieties are excellent for winter harvesting.

Experienced gardeners often do not choose varieties based on ripening time, but use varieties of remontant raspberries, which manage to provide a harvest for everyone. For gardeners who prefer minimal care for their crops, the following remontant varieties can be considered a priority: Bryansk miracle, Hercules, Apricot, Atlant, Gold autumn, Ruby necklace, Indian summer, Eurasia, Polka.

Most suitable variety raspberries for all regions, including the Moscow region, where the climate can change dramatically throughout the year, is Hercules. The variety reproduces quickly and is resistant to fungal and bacterial diseases. Not picky about conditions environment and care during the growing season. Pay attention to the Polka raspberry variety. Fruits from July to November. Suitable for all regions, including northern ones.

7. Chokeberry

Chokeberry, or chokeberry, is distinguished by its exceptional unpretentiousness. Chokeberry is one of the few garden crops that has anti-allergenic properties and is widely used not only in folk but also in official medicine.

The eastern part of North America is considered the homeland of chokeberry. Chokeberry came from America to Europe in the 18th century, and then found its niche on the lands of Russia. The founder of northern gardening I.V. Michurin recommended chokeberry for northern fruit growing.

Aronia chokeberry successfully grows and bears fruit in all regions with suitable climatic and soil conditions. The high winter hardiness of chokeberry contributed to the successful growth not only in the southern, but also in the more northern regions of Eastern and Western Siberia, in the Urals, near St. Petersburg.

Features of chokeberry

Aronia chokeberry belongs to the group of low trees or shrubs (2-4 m tall). At a young age, the crop has a compact crown. With age, the crown becomes spreading, which should be taken into account when planting.

For rational gardens, chokeberry is an indispensable crop. It is distinguished by rapid growth, precociousness, and an exceptionally high content of nutrients for the human body. When choosing a place to plant chokeberry, you need to take into account that it does not tolerate saline and swampy soils, or rocky soils. Grows normally on sandy, insufficiently fertile and acidic soils. Groundwater is not an obstacle for planting, since chokeberry roots go 0.5-0.7 m deep into the soil. It is undemanding in care.

Chokeberry blooms from the second half of May to mid-June. Ripens in August, September depending on the growing region. Ripe fruits are black in color with a tart aftertaste, slightly astringent with a pleasant sourness. To form a high yield, chokeberry needs good lighting (this must be taken into account when choosing a planting site).

By autumn, chokeberry leaves acquire red-purple and very elegant tones. Landscape designers classify culture as decorative and use it in the decoration of parks and other public recreation areas.

Useful properties and uses of chokeberry

The fruits of chokeberry include a huge list of useful substances, including vitamins B, PP, E, which contribute to the rejuvenation of the body. High content microelements, pectins, tannins, sugars, organic acids, sorbitol (cyclic alcohols) helps strengthen blood vessels, improves the formation and outflow of bile, removes heavy metals from the body, is used as an antiallergic agent, helps with measles, scarlet fever and other diseases. Preparations from the fruits of chokeberry are used for capillary toxicosis, allergic vasculitis, and eczema. Jams, jams, candied fruits, wine, compotes, and juices are prepared from the fruits of chokeberry.

Planting chokeberry

Planting seedlings and grafted chokeberry seedlings in a permanent place can be done in the spring before buds open and in the fall, depending on the region. The planting process and preparatory work are the same as for other fruit crops.

Care for chokeberry

Young plants need watering and loosening and are responsive to fertilizing. Without care, they continue to grow and reproduce normally.

Aronia chokeberry has one unpleasant drawback: it needs annual destruction of root suckers, otherwise it can capture large territories.

Propagation of chokeberry

Chokeberry is a self-pollinating crop. Propagated by seeds and vegetatively. Seeds need stratification before sowing, so they are sown in the fall, embedded in the soil 1.0-1.5 cm. Shoots appear in May. Chokeberry is propagated by seeds as an ornamental crop to obtain a large amount of planting material.

For propagation in the country, layering, dividing the bush, cuttings, and grafting are used, which ensure the early fruiting of the crop. Already in the 3rd year you can harvest the first test harvest of chokeberry. Aronia chokeberry fruits are harvested at their biological ripeness.

Varieties of chokeberry for growing in the country

Breeders from many foreign countries are working on the selection of chokeberry. They proposed varieties with high quality indicators: Viking, Aron, Hakkiya, Dabrovice, Kutna and others.

Of the varieties bred by Russian breeders, the most famous is the variety Aronia Michurina, which is named after the creator.

Breeders have proposed chokeberry varieties of hybrid origin, which are successfully grown in gardens of the southern and northern regions - Nero, Black-eyed, Rubina, Altai Large-fruited, Grandiolia, Estland etc. It should be noted that all varieties are extremely similar in appearance and differ mainly in taste.

Blackberries are known in Russia under two names: gray blackberries and bushy blackberries (or ordinary). The gray blackberry is also called dewberry or sundew, and the bushy one is called bramble.

About 200 species of blackberries occupy vast areas in Eurasia and North America, which is considered the birthplace of this crop. 52 species are common in the Russian Federation. Abundant thickets of wild blackberries are found in the Caucasus, the Urals, and Altai. The sweet berries and vegetative parts of blackberries have long been used by humans for fresh food and cooking. medicinal drinks. But only in the 19th century did the first varieties appear for the cultivation of blackberries cultivated as an agricultural crop.

Features of blackberries

Blackberries belong to the group of shrubby plants with a height of 1.0 to 3.0 meters. The plants are unpretentious to care and produce fragrant fruit crops in any conditions. Blackberry fruits, depending on the variety, have different colors: yellow, black, red. The fruits are shiny or slightly bluish.

The underground part of the blackberry consists of the main rhizome and adventitious roots, going 0.5-1.5 meters deep into the soil. The roots occupy an area around the bush of up to 2-3 meters and form dense root shoots. Blackberry belongs to drought-resistant plants, thanks to roots deeply penetrating into the soil.

Cultivated varieties make it possible to grow blackberries in middle zone and beyond at winter temperatures down to -25..-28°C.

Based on the formation of the above-ground mass, blackberries are divided into 2 types: creeping (dewberry) and erect (bramberry). Creeping blackberries have larger and juicier fruits than erect ones. Its shoots bend in an arc and, having reached the soil, take root at the tops. Cumaniki do not have this feature. Perennial wood in blackberries does not form and, after bearing fruit, its stems die. They are cut down in the fall. This feature allows you to grow blackberries without winter shelter, even in regions with severe frosts.

Useful properties of blackberries

Blackberry fruits contain B vitamins, vitamins P, C, E, provitamin A, as well as a hematopoietic complex of microelements (tungsten molybdenum, copper, manganese). Recommended for use in cases of anemia. The leaves contain flavonoids and inositol. The content of useful substances in the fruits, flowers and leaves of blackberries is used in the treatment of anemia, colds, to improve memory, the functioning of coronary vessels, etc. Blackberry fruits are used fresh or prepared in compotes, juices, jams.

Planting and caring for blackberries

Blackberries grow on any soil, but prefer medium loamy, fertile, without close groundwater. Planting rooted seedlings is carried out in the same way as raspberries.

Planting and caring for blackberries is similar to raspberries. When planting thornless varieties, winter shelter is necessary due to their low winter hardiness.

Blackberry propagation

Blackberries are propagated in dachas and home gardens and berry plantings vegetatively - by cuttings, layering, and shoot tips.

Creeping forms of blackberries are usually propagated from the top. In July, the tops of the shoots are carefully tilted and secured with a V-shaped wooden pin in a 10-15 cm depression in the soil with the top up. The tip of a branch with 2-3 leaves is left above the soil. The soil is kept constantly moist. Biological products are added to the irrigation water: Kornevin, Planriz, which promote rapid root growth.

In autumn, the rooted tops of blackberries are covered with mulch to prevent freezing. They are separated from the mother plant the next year, sometimes after 2 years.

To obtain a larger amount of planting material, pin a young blackberry shoot with swollen buds in early spring. When the buds open, side shoots form. As soon as they grow to 10-15 cm, they are also pinned down and covered with soil. By autumn, rooted blackberry seedlings are obtained, which the following year are separated from the mother plant and planted in a permanent place.

Blackberry varieties for growing in the country

At the dacha, it is more advisable to grow hybrid varieties of blackberries. They are distinguished by their productivity, exquisite taste, frost resistance and resistance to diseases and pests. The most famous remontant blackberry variety Ruben with good resistance to frost.

Gardeners' favorite - thornless blackberry variety Waldo with early ripening of berries. It develops well and bears fruit in dense plantings. Among other thornless varieties with early ripening fruits, we can recommend Loch Mary, Loch Tay.

Hybrid varieties of raspberries and blackberries are widely used by blackberry lovers: El Dorado, Erie, Old Brighton, Loganberry.

Unique hybrid Chief Joseph, forming bright black berries weighing up to 40 g.

Ezhemalina Tiberi(a hybrid of blackberries and raspberries) produces dark red fruits up to 5 cm long.

When choosing a blackberry variety for growing in the country, it is necessary to purchase zoned varieties that will require less shelter and other unforeseen care measures during the growing season and during wintering.

9. Walnut

Walnut is native to Central Asia. Known under Russian names - Greek nut, Voloshsky nut, royal nut. For its valuable nutritional qualities it is called the tree of life, the food of heroes.

In the wild, the walnut occupies a significant range in countries with warm and hot climates. Currently growing in Russia, the Caucasus, southern Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova. Breeders are promoting the culture to the middle zone and northern regions of Russia, the CIS, and Europe. Today, walnut harvests are obtained near St. Petersburg, in the Moscow region, Vyazma, and the Tula region.

In addition to walnuts, in such a rational garden in central Russia they harvest ripe crops of Manchurian, black, heart-shaped nuts that can withstand frosts of -40..-50°C.

Features of walnut

Walnut is a large tree, up to 25 m high, with a spreading crown. This is a southern plant and tolerates southern climates and southern winters well. Currently the culture is advanced further north. Selected varieties walnut(variety “Ideal”) are able to withstand frosts and keep buds and wood alive at -32..-36°C. However, with prolonged frosts of -25..-28°C, the walnut may still freeze.

Walnut loves bright places with constant sunlight. Does not tolerate dense plantings or close-lying groundwater. Does not grow well in compacted and waterlogged soil. The best soils for walnuts are carbonate loams and light fertile soils.

Walnuts ripen in September-October. In mature nuts, the pericarp bursts into several parts and is separated from the stone.

Useful properties and uses of walnuts

Walnuts are grown for their edible kernels, which contain a wide range of useful substances, including essential oil, giving a special smell to walnut orchards and individual plantings.

The fatty oil of walnuts determines the high value of walnut kernels as a food and medicinal product.

Walnut fruits are a very valuable food product. Useful material fruits and nut leaves are used in the folk treatment of many diseases: gastrointestinal tract, gynecological, kidney, bladder, sore throat, vitamin deficiency, atherosclerosis.

Planting and caring for walnuts

Planting and care are usual for grafted and self-rooted seedlings (i.e., seedlings obtained by rooting cuttings or from root shoots). Walnut does not require special crown formation, constant fertilizing and watering. If spatial isolation is observed, the walnut practically does not get sick and is not damaged by pests. It is considered an unpretentious plant, especially for southern regions.

Walnut propagation

The walnut reproduces by seed and vegetative means. Characterized by the powerful development of the tap root system in the first year of life, eventually reaching 4 m in depth, which makes it easy to tolerate dry periods and does not require watering.

It is more practical to propagate walnuts vegetatively, including by stump shoots. Copper plants form the first harvest in 2-3 years.

When propagating walnuts from seeds, the formation of the crop begins at 8-10-12 years. In favorable conditions, plants can live in one place for up to 300-400 years.

Walnut varieties for growing in the country

For the southern regions, the most popular are: early variety of walnut Dessert, Elegant, mid-season Aurora. Early ripening walnut varieties produce good yields Abundant And Harvest.

The vast majority of varieties from Moldova and Ukraine are frost-resistant, but are still intended for southern regions with mild winters: Moldavian, Codrene, Kishinevsky, Brichansky, Prykarpatsky and etc.

Currently, breeders have developed a number of walnut varieties for the conditions of the central zone of the European and Asian parts of the Russian Federation. Early varieties are recommended for these regions Dawn of the East, Breeder, Baikonur, Pinsky.

Interesting variety of walnut Ideal, which forms 2 harvests in one growing season and is one of the most frost-resistant varieties, and a walnut variety Giant, the properties of which make it possible to cultivate the crop throughout the Russian Federation.

For summer cottage cultivation, it is better to use early-ripening walnut varieties, which form a harvest for 2-3-4 years. Early ripening varieties include Aurora, Breeder, Dawn of the East, Pinsky, State Farm, Five-year plan, Petrosyan's favorite.

How to choose the best varieties of fruit trees and bushes for the Moscow region. The Moscow region is divided into three agroclimatic regions based on heat, moisture supply, terrain and soil type.

The first agroclimatic region includes the following areas: Taldomsky, Dmitrovsky, Zagorsky, Lotoshinsky, Shakhovskoy, Volokolamsky, Klinsky, Mozhaysky, Ruzsky and the western part of Solnechnogorsk, Istrinsky, Odintsovo and Naro-Fominsk.

The second agroclimatic region includes the central part of the Moscow region. Based on the type of soil cover, this area is divided into two subdistricts:

With loamy soils - this includes administrative districts such as Pushkinsky, Mytishchi, Shchelkovsky, Balashikha, Krasnogorsky, Khimki, Lyuberetsky, Ramensky, Voskresensky, Leninsky, Podolsky, Chekhovsky, Serpukhovsky, Stupinsky and the eastern part of Solnechnogorsk, Istrinsky, Odintsovo and Naro-Fominsky :

With sandy and sandy loam soils - this includes Noginsky, Pavlovo-Posadsky, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Shatura administrative districts, most of the Yegoryevsky and a small part of the Voskresensky and Ramensky (left bank of the Moscow River) districts.

The third agroclimatic region is the warmest, it occupies the southeastern part of the Moscow region; here are the following administrative districts: Kashirsky, Lukhovitsky, Kolomensky, Zaraisky, Serebryano-Prudsky and the small southeastern part of Yegoryevsky.

The best varieties of fruit trees and shrubs in three agroclimatic regions of the Moscow region

The condition of fruit crops in each of the listed areas will be different after harsh winters. The growth, development and longevity of the same variety in each of these areas will also be different. Therefore, when zoning fruit crops, each variety is considered taking into account the requirements of the variety itself and the agroclimatic conditions of the given area.

For berry crops, the zoning of varieties within the region is not significant, since they all winter well with heavy snow cover.

The area of ​​a large garden is never equal in its relief, i.e. it has low and high areas. Even under the most favorable growing conditions, fruit trees of the same variety growing in different places in the garden will be damaged differently after a harsh winter. For example, the varieties Melba and Pepin saffron were severely frozen in the lowlands during a harsh winter and were not damaged in higher areas.

This circumstance must certainly be taken into account both when selecting varieties and when placing fruit trees in the garden.

The garden is not always located in conditions suitable for optimal growth and development of such main crops as apple trees, cherries, and strawberries. And even in difficult location conditions and poor soil, the gardener has the opportunity, by selecting species and changing agricultural technology, to grow on his own personal plot some berry plants. Thus, in a forest plot you can cultivate currants, actinidia, lingonberries, rose hips, lemongrass, blueberries, walnuts, etc. In conditions where fruit crops, apple and pear, are subject to severe freezing at the snow level, it is necessary to use highly winter-hardy skeleton-forming agents. In this case, varieties of apple and pear trees grafted into their crowns provide more guaranteed yields than when growing ordinary trees.

Finally, in especially warm and protected places, gardeners can successfully grow grapes and apricots, although not getting a harvest every year. But for a true gardener this is not the main thing, especially if it is known that even in the south of the country apricots do not produce ten harvests in ten years.

Currently, there is a large set of crops and varieties of fruit and berry plants, which, with skillful combination and correct agricultural technology, make it possible, from mid-June to the end of October, in the conditions of the Moscow region, to have fresh fruits and berries, and winter varieties of apples (with correct mode storage) - from October to May of next year.

The census of orchards (1970) in the Moscow region gave very interesting data on the variety set for the main crop - the apple tree. It turned out that in industrial gardens there are 16.6% of trees ripening in summer, 36.7% in autumn, 36.4% in winter and 9.9% in late winter. Apples of summer consumption can be stored and used fresh for 5-30 days, autumn - 60-75, winter - up to 120 and late winter - up to 200 days. Approximately the same set of apple trees in the orchards.

If we proceed from the daily consumption rate of apples, then the number of trees with different ripening periods should be calculated for a home garden as follows: out of ten trees, one tree should be of summer ripening, two - autumn, three - winter and four - late winter. And of course, to preserve apples of winter and late winter varieties, appropriate cellars, basements or other winter-proof premises with the most favorable regime for the preserved varieties must be prepared.

All of the varieties listed below are widely propagated in nurseries in the Moscow region (Table 1-4).

Table 1. Apple tree varieties for the Moscow region

Apple variety	Maturation period
		III in the southeast	II in the center	I in the northwest
Melba	summer	seedling	crown grafting	crown grafting
Breading	summer	seedling	crown grafting	crown grafting
Mantet	summer	seedling	seedling	seedling
Ottawa-272	summer	seedling	crown grafting	crown grafting
Streifling	autumn	seedling	seedling	seedling
Bessemyanka Michurinskaya	autumn	seedling	seedling	seedling
Cinnamon Striped	autumn	seedling	seedling	seedling
Dessert Petrova	autumn	seedling	seedling	seedling
Melba red	autumn	seedling	crown grafting	crown grafting
Autumn joy	autumn	seedling	seedling	seedling
Streifling red	autumn	seedling	seedling	seedling
Antonovka vulgaris	winter	seedling	seedling	seedling
Cinnamon new	winter	seedling	seedling	seedling
Welsey	winter	seedling	crown grafting	crown grafting
Pepin saffron	winter	seedling	crown grafting	crown grafting
Slava Michurinsk	winter	seedling	crown grafting	crown grafting
Knight	winter	seedling	seedling	crown grafting
Lighthouse	late winter	seedling	crown grafting	crown grafting
Lobo	late winter	seedling	seedling	seedling
Star	late winter	seedling	crown grafting	crown grafting
Sunrise	late winter	seedling	seedling	crown grafting
Northern synapse	late winter	seedling	seedling	crown grafting
Saffron	late winter	seedling	seedling	crown grafting

Table 2. Cherry varieties for the Moscow region

Cherry variety	Maturation period	Growing and growing conditions according to agroclimatic regions
		III in the southeast	II in the center	I in the northwest
Bagryannaya	early	seedling	seedling*	seedling*
Vladimirskaya	average	seedling	seedling	seedling*
Griot Moscow	average	seedling	seedling*	seedling*
Change	average	seedling	seedling*	seedling*
Vole	average	seedling	seedling	seedling
Consumer goods black	average	seedling	seedling*	landing is impractical
Lyubskaya	late	seedling	seedling*	landing is impractical
Shubinka	late	seedling	seedling	seedling*

* - Only in favorable places, i.e. protected area, southern or southwestern slope, fertile soils, good water and air drainage, etc.

Table 3. Pear varieties for the Moscow region

Julienne	Maturation period	Growing and growing conditions by agroclimatic region
		III in the southeast	II in the center	I in the northwest
Besse-myanka	average	seedling	seedling	landing is impractical
Yakovlev's favorite	average	seedling	crown grafting	landing is impractical
Dressy Efimova	average	seedling	crown grafting	landing is impractical
Autumn bergamot	average	seedling	seedling	landing is impractical
Venus	average	seedling	crown grafting	landing is impractical
Northerner	average	seedling	crown grafting	landing is impractical
Thin-branch	early	seedling	seedling	landing is impractical

Table 4. Plum varieties for the Moscow region

Plum variety	Maturation period	Growing and growing conditions by agroclimatic region
		III in the southeast	II in the center	I in the northwest
Hungarian Moscow	average	seedling	seedling	landing is impractical
Tula black	average	seedling	seedling	landing is impractical
Memory of Timiryazev	average	seedling	landing is impractical	landing is impractical
Red early ripening	average	seedling	seedling	landing is impractical
Early pregnancy	average	seedling	seedling	landing is impractical
Spark	early-late	seedling	landing is impractical	landing is impractical
Record	late	seedling	landing is impractical	landing is impractical

Early currant varieties: Pamyat Michurin, Golubka, Black Lisavenko, Exhibition, Nyaryadnaya, Altai dessert, Early sweet (white); medium: Leah fertile, Stakhanovka Altai, Bradthorpe, Dutch red, Chulkovskaya (red) and late variety Pobeda.

Early gooseberry varieties: Moscow red, Pink; medium: Russian, Smena, Kolkhozny, Krasnaya Zarya; late: Finik, Lada, Finnish I.

Medium raspberry varieties: Novost, Kuzmina, Newburg, Kaliningradskaya, Kostinbrodskaya; mid-late variety Ottawa and late variety Latham.

Early strawberry varieties: Krasavitsa Zagorya, Vnuchka, Early Maheraukha, Zarya, Leningradskaya early; medium: Festival, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Ideas, Purple, Redcoat; later: Talisman, Zenga Zengana.

Choosing a new variety of fruit trees for your garden

Interest in new varieties usually appears after the garden is planted and produces crops, when it is already possible to judge a particular variety by comparing it with the one in the garden. However, this does not mean that a new variety will be able to grow well in a particular garden; what is important is how it behaves in the conditions of a given garden. For comparison, of course, only the most winter-hardy varieties are suitable in the first place. If the new variety is equal in winter hardiness to Moscow Grushovka, Streifling or Antonovka vulgaris, then it can be planted in the garden; if it is less winter-hardy than Pepin saffron, Melba or Welsey (which, for example, grow in the garden), then it is not advisable to plant a new variety in the garden. It is more reliable to grow it after grafting into the skeleton of some resistant variety. We advise you to be guided by the same considerations when choosing new varieties of other crops.

Experienced gardeners who have been gardening for many years develop new varieties themselves. Obtaining hybrid seeds is quite simple for an experienced gardener, but from large mass It is not easy to select the best plants, the most resistant to diseases and pests, the most winter-hardy and the highest-yielding plants.

A serious difficulty lies in the objectivity of assessing your brainchild. As a rule, the gardener does not have the best varieties under control, and also required number plants to obtain reliable data. Therefore, the variety he created; which has not undergone proper competitive variety testing, is not readable by new specialists and is not recommended for wide distribution. But if a variety is studied and turns out to be the best based on a set of characteristics, then it receives citizenship rights for a certain area.

You should not forget about these gardening features if you are going to breed a new variety.

Productivity of fruit trees and shrubs

Starting in July, the garden is literally filled with fruits and berries. There's nothing you can do about it. Seasonality in gardening is seasonality. Let us be prepared for such a pleasant and at the same time labor-intensive annual inevitability.

To harvest fruits, you can use, firstly, home canning. This method of storing fruits is now gaining more and more fans. It's simple, cheap, convenient and, on top of that, fun. In practice, 3-4 times less sugar is required than for jam, and less time is spent; The taste and dietary qualities of canned fruits are extremely high, and in winter and spring such fruits are an indispensable third dish on our table. For home canning you need a seaming machine, glass jars and lids. Fruits and berries can be processed into juices. A press is used for this purpose, but you can use a juicer or juicer.

Secondly, storage facilities must be prepared for apples ready for winter consumption.

To do this, it would be good to know the ripening times of the apple trees planted in the garden, and to do this, write down or indicate on the site plan all the varieties planted. The variety of an adult apple tree can be determined by formal characteristics, for example, the fruits are “...large, slightly greenish, with stripes, very tasty” - a variety of apples with this characteristic is called Dessert Petrova.

We also recommend recording and marking on the site plan what age the trees are, what and when fertilizers were applied, in what doses, what poisons, when and in what time frame pest control was carried out, what crops the trees and shrubs produce, etc. For example, lime should be applied once every 8-10 years. Has lime been applied to the entire garden at once and where exactly is the border of the unlimed area? Same with ash. Usually there is not much of it, and you have to add ash to individual areas as it accumulates. And it is better to mark on the plan exactly which areas it was applied to and which areas were not fertilized at all.

Or, for example, when planting trees, only some planting pits are filled with the full norms of organo-mineral fertilizers, and the remaining pits are filled with only peat mixed with soil. After two or three years, it becomes possible to supplement the peat with manure and mineral salts through focal (according to the projection of the crown) application. And in this case, notes or a plan will be very useful. We recommend storing all fertilizers and pesticides with a secure label, under lock and key, out of the reach of children.

About collecting fruits and berries

In the garden, it is important to successfully select varieties according to the ripening period and plant a reasonable number of plants in order to have time to harvest, take it home, and process it. If a berry or fruit hangs for too long, it will fall off.

For the proper organization of labor when picking fruits and berries, it makes sense to know how many (approximately) berries or fruits one person can collect in an hour (Table 5). Depending on the yield, the speed of harvesting fruits and berries also changes.

Table 5. How many kg of berries or fruits can one person pick in an hour?

For example, two adults can harvest 70 kg of fruit in an hour of work in the garden with an average harvest of crops such as apples and pears, and up to 10 kg of strawberries.