Under the influence of what factors does personality develop? Factors influencing personality development

The development and improvement of personal qualities occurs throughout life. According to some scientists, personality is formed in accordance with innate inclinations and abilities, and society plays only a minor role. Representatives of another point of view believe that a person is a product that is formed in the process of interaction with the outside world, and any innate qualities can change under the influence of environmental factors.

Biological factors of personality development

The biological factors of personality formation include the characteristics acquired by the child in the process of intrauterine development. They are caused by many external and internal reasons. The fetus does not perceive the world directly, but is constantly influenced by the feelings and emotions of its mother. Therefore, the first information about the surrounding world is “registered”.

Genetic factors also play an important role. It is believed that heredity is the basis for the formation of personality. These include:
- capabilities;
- physical qualities;
- type and specificity nervous system.
Genetics explains the individuality of each person, his difference from others.

Later, after birth, crises influence the formation of personality. age development. It is during these periods that a turning point occurs, when some qualities lose their relevance, and new ones appear in their place.

Social factors in personality formation

Personality formation occurs in stages, and the stages have common features in all people. First of all, the upbringing that a person receives in childhood has an influence. The further perception of everything around us depends on it. D.B. Elkonin argued that already in the first year of life a child develops “basic trust or distrust in the world around him.” In the first case, the child chooses a positive component for himself, which guarantees healthy personality development. If the tasks of the first year remain unsolved, a basic distrust of the world is formed, complexes and shame appear.

The formation of personality is also influenced by society when there is acceptance and awareness of one’s own role. Socialization lasts throughout life, but its main stages take place in the young adulthood. The formation of personality in the process of communication is carried out through imitation, development of ideals and independence. Primary in the family, and secondary in social institutions.

Thus, the process of personality formation is influenced by hereditary factors and the unique conditions of the microenvironment in which a person is located.

Sources:

Personality education is a long and labor-intensive process, the influence of which is possible up to 23 years of age. However, the foundation for education must be laid in the child before the age of four. Usually everything invested in a child up to this age comes out already in adulthood.

Process

To provide for your children psychological health, parents need to fully satisfy children's needs in games with adults. Children from one to two years old need to engage in any object games (rattles, nesting dolls, etc.). At the age of one and a half to three years, role-playing games, for example, caring for dolls and toys, will be most useful. Children over three years old enjoy playing role-playing games with a plot (games to the store, hospital, school or something similar)


Discipline plays a big role in the successful raising of children. Here it is important to know how to properly raise children without screaming, since children under three years of age do not understand the meaning of their actions at all. They learn about the world through their disobedience. That is why any punishment, including slaps on the head and shouting, will not bring positive results, but on the contrary, they will provoke the development of aggression and goiters in adulthood.


Parents are also often inconsistent in their actions. When the child is in a bad mood, he gets caught up in the slightest mistakes, but when the mood is good, those actions are simply not noticed. Based on this behavior of parents, children cannot learn which of their actions are good and which are bad.

How to raise a child correctly?

The first and most important thing is to never put yourself above your children. They will still have time to see terrible teachers. The job of a good parent is to be a friend and partner. If a child fully respects his parents, then they automatically deserve respect from him, which many want to receive with punishment and yelling.


Secondly, it is important to have great amount patience and learn not to yell at children. Remember - there is no need to punish or shout at the top of your voice for bad deeds. It is much better to talk, find out the reasons and why certain actions are considered bad. Most often, children do stupid things just to attract attention from adults.


And by the end it should be noted main secret successful raising of children - instill in your children faith in themselves. Remember that they need support every second of their lives. Tell them the phrases “I’m proud of you”, “I believe in you”, “You can do it” more often, this will help the child grow up strong and confident in himself and his abilities.

The most important stage in the development of a person’s personal qualities is the actual formation of his personality. Moreover, the formation of a person’s personality begins very early, from infancy, and continues throughout life.

You will need

  • Books on personality psychology, computer with Internet connection.

Instructions

One is not born a person, one becomes a person. Personal qualities are not those qualities that are inherent in a person genetically, but those that are acquired during life as a result of learning, as a result of life experience and social development. These qualities begin to form very early, in infancy and early preschool age; during this period those human properties are laid down that will accompany him throughout his entire life. later life and will form the basis of his personality. Next, the most important stage of personality formation occurs during adolescence, but this process never ends, continuing throughout a person’s adult life. To become and remain a full-fledged person, you need to constantly work on yourself.

Shakespeare said: “The self is our garden, and the will is its gardener.” So let's figure out what our inner garden is and how to care for it. To answer all these questions, which can be classified as rhetorical, let’s figure out what personality formation is and what main factors it consists of.

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Despite the difficulties with definitions, personality formation and its patterns still fall within the scope of psychological knowledge. Therefore, let us take it as an axiom that a personality is a person who has managed to cross a certain level of development. A child who has learned to politely refuse a bully at school. The athlete who broke a new record. A girl who passed the exam to get her dream profession.

In general, anyone who has firmly decided not to remain at the level of a ciliate-slipper can be called a person. Such people decide every day to change their reality as they see fit. But how does the process of personality formation occur? Why can both grow up in the same family? good doctor, and a criminal? Why do those children who seem like future geniuses in elementary school later find themselves on the margins of life? And how does what is called personal development happen?

This process is influenced by several factors, which throughout life form a lace of circumstances, ups and downs. But first things first.

Formation of a person’s personality: 5 main factors

There are four sources from which a person can gain experience. This is heredity, the environment, the child’s teaching by adults, and one’s own experience. Personal development indicators depend on the quality of these sources. And there is also another factor that some researchers put in a separate line - this is emotional attachment.

1. Heredity, or biological in man

Heredity is the first condition that determines human existence. We are not disembodied spirits. The most important thing a person has is a body. To increase self-esteem, psychologists recommend that many clients define self-love as love for their body.

The characteristics of the psyche are determined by a part of the body - the brain. Genes are the “building blocks” from which personality is then formed. IN Lately the biological factor - namely, the factor of heredity - is underestimated. Let's look at an example. A person suffers from social phobia. What are his actions? If he wants to end his personal nightmare, he turns to those who specialize in solving such problems - that is, to psychologists. It's logical. If you have a toothache, go to the dentist. If the washing machine breaks down, they call a technician who will fix it.

Using Aristotelian logic, a client, exhausted from social fears, comes to see a psychotherapist. Then he comes again, then again and again. During psychotherapy, the result appears - it becomes easier to communicate with people. However, often after stopping visits to a psychologist, everything returns to normal. Our hero gets hooked on therapeutic sessions. Their results are undoubtedly good. One problem - they are short-lived. As well as the client’s financial resources.

Where is the “dog buried” here? The reasons for this character's social phobia lie in genetics. In other words, he needs not only and not so much psychotherapy as tranquilizers or antidepressants. And the psychologist’s unsuccessful attempts to “train” the client again do not bring lasting results. Typically, homework assignments for psychologists for social phobia are “relax in the middle of a hypermarket filled with people,” “approach fifteen random passers-by to ask them what time it is,” “go into a store and not buy anything there.”

Some American researchers specializing in neurobiology argue that such “psychotherapy” is nothing more than torture for a social phobic who requires pharmacotherapy. Drug treatment aims to psychological characteristics, which are a manifestation of individual psychological problems that have a biological basis.

2. Environment

The process of personality formation is seriously influenced by an external factor - the environment. It represents those conditions that do not depend on the individual himself. A striking example is the sad fate of the outstanding mathematician Hans Henrik Abel. In his honor, the Norwegians established the Abel Prize for mathematicians (the poor fellows cannot qualify for the Nobel, so the award was created separately for them).

In 1826, Abel published his work, which described a method for solving fifth-degree equations. She automatically elevated him to the rank of the greatest mathematicians in the whole world. But what was the environment where the scientist was born and lived? His parents drank constantly and quarreled. The family lived on the brink of poverty. Abel's abilities were noticed only school teacher. Equations of the fifth degree were one of those mysteries that attracted the attention of mathematicians from early youth.

The best minds have been working on them for decades. But only thanks financial assistance teachers, the future genius was able to enter the university. Abel's fate was truly full of tragedy: he contracted tuberculosis and died from the disease at the age of 26. Question: how many more discoveries could a mathematician make if not for the factor environment?

Personality is not simply a function of the body's nervous system. From birth, the psyche is bombarded by the most diverse factors. The English psychologist John Locke proposed calling the child’s psyche “tabula rasa”, or “ Blank sheet" This concept means that a child is born without experience - he receives all knowledge through sensory perception of the external world. Despite the fact that Locke's theory does not claim to be absolute, it contains a share of common sense.

3. Teaching a child by adults

Personality formation is impossible without the transfer of experience. Psychology calls this process internalization. This term refers to the transfer of experience by adults to a child, during which personal development and maturation of the internal structures of the psyche occur. For example, thanks to internalization, an adult can think to himself without disturbing others. The outstanding Russian psychologist Lev Semenovich Vygotsky believed that any component of the psyche, before becoming part of it, first occurs as a form of cooperation between a child and an adult. This could be communication or imitation.

A clear example of the principle of interiorization can be the so-called Mowgli children. Growing up with animals, such children have a very poor prognosis regarding possible rehabilitation. If a child under five years of age has not communicated with adults, his chances of mastering human speech are close to zero. One of these feral children was a Nigerian boy named Bello. His parents abandoned him after birth. The boy was adopted by a troop of chimpanzees, and in 1996 he was found among the jungle.

The two-year-old child was mentally retarded and had very low performance development. Bello was also physically handicapped. The child could not learn to talk to people - he avoided them. Bello was placed in a boarding school, where he behaved very restlessly - throwing objects at other children and fighting. Over time, his behavior got a little better. But Bello's behavior remained in many ways similar to the behavior of monkeys. He didn't learn to speak. Bello died six years after entering the boarding school of unknown causes.

Therefore, the formation of personality is possible only if the child is entirely under the care and guidance of an adult. Group and cultural experiences play a major role in children's development.

4. Own experience

Another important factor that influences the formation of personality. “One is not born a person, one becomes a person,” said Russian psychologist A.N. Leontyev (apparently paraphrasing Simone de Beauvoir, who considered this phrase an axiom of the development of femininity). Be that as it may, the process of personality formation is always active.

A person's experience is always unique. Everyone perceives the world in their own way - this picture does not necessarily have to coincide with the real state of affairs. This approach was followed by world-class American clinical psychologist Carl Rogers. He argued: the world exists for a person only as he can see it. Everyone chooses their own coordinate system. A good person strives for self-actualization, the development of what is inherent in him by God (or evolution, which is not so important in this context).

One does not have to go far to confirm the views of the founder of humanistic psychology. There are a lot of everyday examples. There are people who, it would seem, could change their lives, since all the reins of power lie in their hands. But for unknown reasons, the upstairs neighbors continue to argue about the same thing, day after day, year after year. Thirty-year-old alcoholic Vasya drinks and complains of loneliness. But Aunt Masha, for whom, it would seem, things are going very badly, does not lose heart and every day takes care of twenty cats that bring her joy. These characters differ from each other in no more than the picture of the world that is present in their heads - and, therefore, has been influencing the formation of the personality of these people for many years.

Carl Rogers believes that the only force that motivates a person to move on is the tendency to maximize his abilities. If an individual is able to see himself as he is in reality, the scientist speaks of the maximum congruence (correspondence) of his perception of the world. The acceptance of others directly depends on self-acceptance - the kinder a person is to himself, the better he will treat others.

5. Attachment is another condition for development

But all these personality formation factors recognized by official psychology must necessarily be supplemented by one more condition. For development - both general mental and personal - a child’s attachment to an adult is necessary. In the vast majority of cases - to the mother. L. Petranovskaya, a specialist in the psychology of orphans, made a special contribution to the understanding of this concept.

Attachment, says the psychologist, is a prerequisite for a child’s personality to develop. Interest in the world around us, the formation of any abilities and skills are strung, like the rings of a child’s pyramid, onto the core of attachment. If this foundation is not there, then from the outside the pyramid may seem stable. But at the first touch its rings will crumble. Personal development becomes impossible.

Child from orphanage– this is the child who does not know what a mother’s love and security are. If only he could feel himself under reliable protection emotional connection with his mother, then his harmonious development would take place. But since there is no “core”, in any collision the child’s will crumbles. The teachers cannot give him what he needs.

The attachment program is most important factor, in the very early age. It is inherent in humans, as in other mammals, biologically. If a baby mammal is not under the care of a female mother, then every second he experiences mortal terror. In the world wildlife the young are always attached to the adult animal. They are exploring the world- but only if they are sure that the mother is not far from them.

Conclusion

The formation of personality is influenced by a whole tandem of factors. What will a person become? Depends both on the “baggage” that his ancestors and parents awarded him, and on his own efforts. Personality formation is a process that continues throughout life, and any stop here can mean degradation and stagnation. Anyone who does not want to be on the sidelines of life will have to make a lot of effort. Let's listen to the words of Brian Tracy: “Take control! You feel positive about yourself to the extent that you consider yourself in control of your own life.”

        environmental factors (family, cultural factors)

        genetic (mediated at a certain stage)

        climatic conditions and dietary style

        random factors (10)

The basis of personal cognition, and therefore the formation of a person as an individual, are mental processes: sensation, perception, representation, thinking, imagination, attention, memory, emotions, feelings, will. Sometimes speech is added to this list.

The entire set of specified mental processes in the literature it is often divided into groups;

1. Cognitive (sensation, perception, representation, thinking, imagination, attention).

2. Mnemonic (memory).

3. Emotional-volitional (emotions, feelings, will) (5).

Main factors of personality development

What reasons influence the development of personality, lead to its decline, and what reasons contribute to its development? Personal development has a certain influence the nature surrounding her(habitat). Here we can cite the undeniable fact that a temperate climate for personal development is more favorable than the harsh climate of the north and the hot climate of the tropics.

It is unlikely that anyone will dispute, along with climate, the importance of other meteorological as well as geographical conditions. Great deserts, unsuitable for human life, and all those areas where a person has to spend a lot of strength and energy fighting the surrounding nature are not conducive to the development of personality. Likewise, unfavorable soil and meteorological conditions, characterized by the endemic development of certain common diseases, cannot but have a detrimental effect on the development of the individual, worsening the physical health of the body.

The first and main condition proper development personality is the nature of the organism, the heritage of its fathers or those anthropological features that form the basis for the development of personality.

Hardly anyone can doubt meaning of race in the above respect. The best example is the fact that of the three human races, the black, despite its numerousness, has not reached the same degree of cultural development as the other two races.

Another example of influence anthropological features on the development of the individual are the peoples of ancient Hellas, who achieved an amazing culture and no less amazing personal development and then died due to special historical conditions. Despite the fact that the same geographical conditions have remained as they were in Greece in past centuries, despite the fact that the center of civilization still remains, as before, on the European mainland, the modern Greeks, due to the new anthropological characteristics they acquired, during the period of long slavery, apparently, they do not promise to become a great people, which they undoubtedly were in ancient times.

Another factor that influences personality development deserves no less attention. This - biological factor, associated with the conditions of conception and development of the human body.

In any case, one cannot fail to take into account the fact that only the harmonious development of body and spirit ensures the correct improvement of the personality. If physical development is naturally weak, if a person from an early age is exposed to physical adversity and a number of common infectious diseases, especially with a protracted course, if at the same time he develops such general painful lesions rooted in insufficient and improper nutrition of the body as anemia, scrofula, rickets and others, then the full flowering of the personality will be delayed to one degree or another.

Personal development has a significant impact unfavorable economic conditions, consistently leading to physical weakening of the body, fundamentally undermining the body’s nutrition and disrupting the proper development of the brain, and, consequently, the personality.

Further, an important factor leading to personality development is social activity. Where there is no social activity, there is no complete development of personality. Without social activity, a person stops at a certain stage of his development; she is a passive member of society, deprived of that initiative that serves as the key to the normal development of social life and the sustainable development of statehood. Peoples whose social activities are absent or poorly developed prepare in their midst less developed and more passive individuals compared to other peoples, which ultimately affects all branches of culture.

To this we must add that the natural consequence of the absence of properly organized social activity in the form of self-government is idleness and inactivity, which in this case finds especially favorable conditions mainly in the wealthier classes of society. Meanwhile, idleness, no matter what it is caused by, naturally leads to a decrease in mental performance, to an irreparable loss of mental material during inactivity, to insufficient improvement of neuropsychic mechanisms, which is also proven, among other things, by psychometric studies. Idleness also leads to moral and physical degeneration, especially if it is accompanied by its natural companions - alcoholism, drug addiction, depraved acts and other excesses. Gradually, personality degradation occurs.

In terms of personal development, they deserve no less attention education and training.

Just as proper physical nutrition is necessary for the proper development of the body, spiritual nutrition is necessary for mental development, which leads to personal development. It is clear that for the integral development of the individual, proper upbringing and training constitute an essential basis.

It should be especially emphasized that the foundations of a future personality are formed in preschool age, and, therefore, correct and rational education should begin from the first days of a person’s life. Otherwise, significant changes may occur in the character of the individual, his worldview (due to certain conditions), which in the future may negatively affect both the person himself and the people around him.

The correct direction of mental development also plays an important role in the formation of personality. Since ignorance and lack of education leads to underdevelopment of the individual.

Education is understood as the purposeful development of each growing person as a unique human individual, ensuring the growth and improvement of the moral and creative powers of this person.

The real basis of personality is that special structure of the subject’s total activities that arises at a certain stage in the development of his human connections with the world.

Personality formation involves development goal setting process and, accordingly, the development of the subject’s actions. Actions, becoming more and more enriched, seem to outgrow the range of activities that they implement and come into conflict with the motives that gave rise to them. As a result, there is a shift of motives to goals, a change in their hierarchy and the birth of new motives - new types of activities; previous goals are psychologically discredited, and the actions corresponding to them either cease to exist altogether or turn into impersonal operations.

Of course, the formation of personality is a continuous process, consisting of a number of successively changing stages, the qualitative features of which depend on specific conditions and circumstances.

Personality as a social individual always fulfills a certain set of public functions. Each of these functions is carried out through a unique social behavior, constructed in the form of well-known behavioral procedures and the motivations that determine them. These procedures, motives and social functions of the individual as a whole are determined by the norms of morality, law and other phenomena of social development. Any human activity is carried out in a system of object-subject relations, that is, social connections and interrelations that form a person as a social being - a person, subject and object of the historical process.

Of the numerous, including not yet fully resolved, issues of personality development, we will focus on one problem that is important both from a philosophical and from a specific scientific point of view, namely the problem of the driving force of human development. In the process of development, the body's blind forces of attraction turn into conscious needs, instinctive adaptation to nature and the social environment becomes more and more conscious and systematic, including not only adaptation to reality, but also its transformation.

It is known that development is a constant struggle of opposites found in every this moment in a certain temporary unity.

Since a person reflects and expresses social relations, he is not independent in his behavior and activities. Being an object, a person is at the same time a subject of knowledge and practice. The degree of independence, of course, varies from person to person. It, first of all, depends on the history of their development, on political-economic and socio-pedagogical conditions, as well as on the level that a person has reached in the process of development. Independence– one of the most important prerequisites for the correct formation of personality.

Social conditions shape personality as a system of relationships. They determine both the content of personality and its structure and form.

The formation of a person as an individual requires from society a constant and consciously organized improvement of the system of public education, overcoming stagnant, traditional, spontaneously formed forms.

Personality form characterize the peculiarities of the way it implements its content, its relationships. Decisiveness or indecisiveness, courage or cowardice, constancy or instability, hardness or pliability, integrity or inconsistency, harmony or internal contradiction - all this external manifestations, form, correlation of various components of personality content.

The formation of a person as an individual is associated with a relatively high level of neuropsychic development, which is necessary internal condition this becoming.

Personal development is, first of all, its social development. Social development leads to mental development. But this latter has a strong influence on the social development of the psyche, prepares and anticipates the future social development of the individual, and determines its usefulness.

Personality – multifaceted, multi-level, multi-quality education. Part of her mental life occurs at an unconscious level, at the level of the free flow of associations, spontaneously formed impulses, involuntary “movements of the soul”, etc. But as the personality, developing, masters more and more advanced ways of transforming the surrounding world, it increasingly acts as a subject not only your behavior, but also your inner world, your mental life. The main characteristic of the subject is a person’s experience of himself as a sovereign source of activity, capable, within certain limits, of intentionally carrying out changes in the world around him and himself.

Typically, the formation of personality is attributed to later periods of a person’s life - adolescence, adulthood, and sometimes to preschool age. However, personality is not just discovered at a certain stage of human development, but is built gradually, so it is necessary to look for its origins at the earliest stages ontogeny.

Soon after the birth of a child, events occur that are important for the formation of his future personality: the formation of communication during contacts with his immediate environment. Communication is directly related to the development of children’s personality because even in its original immediate emotional form it leads to the establishment of connections between the child and the people around him and turns out to be the first component of that ensemble of social relations that constitutes the essence of personality.

When identifying the concept of “individual” in personality psychology, first of all, they answer the question in what way a given person is similar to all other people, that is, they indicate what unites a given person with the human species. The concept of “individual” should not be confused with the opposite concept of “individuality”, with the help of which the answer is given to the question of how a given person differs from all other people. “Individual” means something whole, indivisible. When characterizing “personality,” they also mean “integrity,” but one that is born in society. One is born an individual, but one becomes a person. (A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinstein)

In the development of personality, the following three points are distinguished:: individual human properties as prerequisites for personality development, socio-historical way of life as a source of personality development and joint activity as the basis for the implementation of a person’s life in the system of social relations. Behind each of these points are different and as yet insufficiently correlated areas of personality study.

Formation and development of personality determined by the totality of the conditions of social existence in a given historical era. Personality is the object of many economic, political, legal, moral and other influences on a person of society at a given moment of its historical development, therefore, at a given stage of development of a given socio-economic formation, in a certain country with its national composition.

Personal development represents the process of formation of increasingly complex, enriching, deepening connections with reality, accumulation in the brain of the potential for actions and experiences. Personal development is the development of the psyche, which means it is the development and complication of mental processes and the accumulation of experience - mental potential. Experience is carried out in the form of accumulation:

  3. Personality and the process of its formation is a phenomenon that is rarely interpreted in the same way by different researchers in this area.

    Personality formation is a process that does not end at a certain stage of human life, but continues constantly. The term “personality” is a rather multifaceted concept and therefore there are no two identical interpretations of this term. Despite the fact that personality is mainly formed in the course of communication with other people, the factors influencing the formation of personality are in the process of its formation.

    For the first time, the factors of human formation became the subject of philosophical and pedagogical research in the 17th century. At this time, scientific pedagogy was born, the founder of which was Ya.A. Comenius. He proceeded from the idea of ​​the natural equality of people and the presence of natural talents in them that needed development. Upbringing and education, according to Comenius, should precisely contribute to the improvement of human nature. J. Locke tried to comprehend the multidimensionality and complexity of the problem of personality development factors. In his philosophical and pedagogical essay “On the Control of the Mind,” he recognized the presence of various natural abilities in people. By the most important means He considered their development to be exercise and experience. “We are born with abilities and powers that allow us to do almost everything,” Locke wrote on this occasion, “but only the exercise of these forces can give us skill and art in anything and lead us to perfection.” Of course, you can disagree with this opinion, even based on the idea that if you don’t have a voice, you’re unlikely to become a singer.

    Based on this, we can identify one of the factors influencing the formation of personality. This is a biological factor. Many teachings assign it a primary role.

    Indeed, the influence of the biological factor on the formation of personality cannot be ignored simply because a person is a living organism, whose life is subject to both the general laws of biology and the special laws of anatomy and physiology. But it is not personality traits that are inherited, but certain inclinations. Inclinations are a natural disposition to a particular activity. There are two types of inclinations: universal (structure of the brain, central nervous system, receptors); individual differences in natural data (features of the type of nervous system, analyzers, etc.). A child's hereditary qualities, such as abilities or physical qualities, leave an imprint on his character, the way he perceives the world around him and evaluates other people. Biological heredity largely explains the individuality of a person, his difference from others, since there are no two identical children from the point of view of their biological heredity. Even twins have differences.

    Domestic pedagogy does not deny the influence biological factor on the formation of personality, but does not assign a decisive role to it, as behaviorists do. Whether the inclinations will develop and become abilities depends on social conditions, training and upbringing, i.e. the influence of heredity is always mediated by training, upbringing and social conditions. This thesis is also true with regard to the individual differences that underlie individual abilities.

    Thus, natural characteristics are important prerequisites, factors, but not driving forces in the formation of personality. The brain as a biological formation is a prerequisite for the emergence of consciousness, but consciousness is a product of human social existence. The more complex an education is in its mental structure, the less it depends on natural characteristics.

    Thus, we can highlight the next factor in personality formation – social. Natural data alone is not enough to become an educated and well-mannered person.

    Aristotle also wrote that “the soul is an unwritten book of nature; experience writes its writings on its pages.” D. Locke believed that a person is born with a pure soul, like a board covered with wax. Education writes on this board whatever it pleases (tabula rasa). The French philosopher C. A. Helvetius taught that all people from birth have the same potential for mental and moral development, and differences in mental characteristics are explained exclusively by different environmental influences and different educational influences. The social environment is understood in this case metaphysically, as something unchangeable, fatally predetermining the fate of a person, and a person is considered as a passive object of environmental influence.

    In the process of interaction with the external environment, the inner essence of a person changes, new relationships are formed, which in turn leads to another change. From an early age, a child is greatly influenced by upbringing, education, parents, and society.

    The importance of the social environment as a factor in personality formation was emphasized by D. Toland. In his opinion, no person can live well, happily, or in general without the help and assistance of other people. Toland believed in the power of education and upbringing and proposed providing all people with the same opportunities for education, travel, and communication. The relationship between personality formation factors caused controversy among the French philosophers K.A. Helvetius and D. Diderot. In his treatise “On the Mind,” Helvetius found out what nature and education can do to develop the mind. He viewed nature as a force that endowed man with all the senses. Differences in the natural organization of people exist only in the sense that their sense organs are organized differently. In people whom Helvetius called normally organized, mental superiority is not associated with greater or lesser superiority of feelings. More subtle feelings, in his opinion, can influence not the vastness of the mind, but its kind and make one a botanist and another a historian. What actually causes the mental inequality of people who are “normally organized on average”? Helvetius is inclined to explain the existing differences by reasons of a spiritual nature and, above all, education and the form of government. The result of the philosopher’s thoughts on this topic was the well-known formula: “We owe what we are to upbringing.” J. J. Rousseau identified three main factors in the formation of personality: nature, people and surrounding things. Nature develops the child’s abilities and feelings, people teach how to use them, and the surrounding things contribute to enriching the experience.

    As a result, one more factor can be identified that influences the formation of personality - this is activity and self-development.

    Recognition of the activity of the individual as the leading factor in its formation raises the question of purposeful activity, self-development of the individual, i.e. continuous work on oneself, on one’s own spiritual growth. Self-development provides the opportunity to consistently complicate the tasks and content of education, implement age-specific and individual approaches, form the creative individuality of the student and at the same time carry out collective education and stimulate self-government of the individual with his further development.

    A person develops to the extent that he “appropriates human reality”, to the extent that he masters the accumulated experience. This position is of great importance for pedagogy. The formative influences of the environment, training and upbringing, and natural inclinations become factors in the development of the individual only through his active activity. “A person,” writes G. S. Batishchev, “cannot be “made,” “produced,” “fashioned” as a thing, as a product, as a passive result of influence from the outside - but one can only determine his inclusion in activity, cause his own activity and exclusively through the mechanism of his own activity, joint with other people, he is formed into what this (social, essentially collective) activity (labor) makes him..."

    The nature of the development of each individual, the breadth and depth of this development under the same conditions of training and upbringing depend mainly on her own efforts, on the energy and efficiency that she displays in various types of activities, of course, with appropriate adjustments for natural inclinations. This is what in many cases explains the differences in development individuals, including schoolchildren who live and are brought up in the same environmental conditions and experience approximately the same educational influences.

    We can conclude that all these factors are interconnected. If we exclude even one, then we will not get an educated and well-mannered person.

    The development of a person as an individual is not only a complex, but also a contradictory process, occurring under the influence of both external influences, so internal forces, which are characteristic of man, which means his formation from a simply biological individual into a conscious being - a personality.

    The interaction of heredity and environment in human development plays an important role throughout his life.

    External factors include, first of all, the natural and social environment surrounding a person, and internal factors include biological and hereditary factors.

    But it acquires particular importance during periods of formation of the organism: developmental psychology distinguishes five types of formation: embryonic, breast, childhood, adolescence and youth. It is at this time that an intensive process of development of the body and personality formation is observed. Petrovsky A.V. Age-related psychology. M. Enlightenment. 1973

    Heredity determines what an organism can become, but a person develops under the simultaneous influence of both factors - heredity and environment.

    Most scientists believe that human adaptation is carried out under the influence of two programs of heredity: biological and social. All signs and properties of any individual are the result of the interaction of his genotype and environment. Disagreement arises when it comes to the role of heredity and environment in research mental abilities person. Some believe that mental abilities are inherited genetically, others say that the development of mental abilities is determined by the influence of the social environment. It should be noted that every person is both a part of nature and a product of social development.

    Zenkovsky V.V. in his work “Tasks and Means of Education,” he proposed the following scheme of personality development factors:

    • 1. Heredity:
      • a) physical (talents, moral potential of parents, psychophysiological characteristics);
      • b) social;
      • c) spiritual;
    • 2. Wednesday:
      • a) social heredity (traditions);
      • b) social environment (social circle);
      • c) geographical environment.
    • 3. Education:
      • a) social;
      • b) activity (self-education).Zenkovsky V.V. Tasks and means of education // Russian school abroad. Historical experience 20s. M., 1995. P - 90

    In the process of human development and the establishment of numerous contacts, the formation of his personality occurs, reflecting the social side of his development, his social essence.

    The driving forces of human development are the contradictions between human needs that arise under the influence of objective factors, ranging from simple physical, material needs to higher spiritual ones, and the means and possibilities of satisfying them. These needs create motives for one or another type of activity aimed at satisfying them, encourage communication with people, and search for means and sources to satisfy their needs.

    Factors influencing human development can be controllable and uncontrollable.

    Often social processes and phenomena cannot be fully disclosed without involving knowledge about the mechanisms of individual and group behavior of people, the patterns of formation of behavioral stereotypes, habits, social attitudes and orientation, without studying moods, feelings, psychological climate, without analysis of moods, feelings, psychological climate, without analysis of such phenomena as imitation, suggestion, without research into the psychological properties and characteristics of the individual, his abilities, motives, character, interpersonal relationships. In certain studies of social processes, the need arises to take into account psychological factors, and it becomes especially acute when the researcher moves from general laws to special ones, from global problems to specific ones, from macroanalysis to microanalysis.

    There are also psychological factors, which, of course, do not determine social processes; on the contrary, they themselves can be understood only on the basis of an analysis of these processes. But these factors, depending on specific conditions, have either positive or bad influence on certain events in the life of both society and the individual. Lomov B.F.. Psychology in the system of scientific knowledge. Moscow: 1985, p. 17

    In the process of development, the emerging personality is involved in different kinds activities such as: play, work, study, sports, while entering into communication with parents, peers, strangers, while showing his inherent activity. This contributes to the acquisition of a person’s personality by certain social experiences.

    Despite the fact that personality is mainly formed in the course of communication with other people, a number of factors influence the process of personality formation: heredity, physical environment, cultural influence, social environment, individual experience.

    * The first factor is heredity, since the formation of personality is primarily influenced by the genetic characteristics of the individual received at birth. Hereditary traits are the basis for the formation of personality. An individual's hereditary qualities, such as abilities or physical qualities, leave an imprint on his character, the way he perceives the world around him and evaluates other people. Biological heredity largely explains the individuality of a person, his difference from other individuals, since there are no two identical individuals in terms of their biological heredity.

    Biological heredity determines both what is common, what makes a person human, and what is different, what makes people so different both externally and internally. Heredity refers to the transmission from parents to children of certain qualities and characteristics inherent in their genetic program.

    Heredity also presupposes the formation of certain abilities in any area of ​​activity based on the natural inclinations of the child. According to the data of physiology and psychology, a person’s innate abilities are not ready-made abilities, but only potential opportunities for their development, i.e. makings. The manifestation and development of a child’s abilities largely depends on the conditions of his life, education and upbringing. A clear manifestation of abilities is usually called giftedness, or talent.

    The great role of heredity lies in the fact that a child inherits a human body, a human nervous system, a human brain and sense organs. Body features, hair color, eye color, skin color are passed on from parents to children - external factors that distinguish one person from another. Some features of the nervous system are also inherited, on the basis of which a certain type of nervous activity develops. Babansky Yu. K. Pedagogy. M., 1983. P - 60

    * The second factor influencing the formation of a person’s personality is the influence of the physical environment. It is obvious that the natural environment around us constantly influences our behavior and participates in the formation human personality. For example, we associate the emergence of civilizations, tribes, separate groups population. People who grew up in different climates are different from each other. Most a shining example This is illustrated by the comparison of mountain dwellers, steppe dwellers and jungle dwellers. Nature constantly influences us, and we must respond to this influence by changing our personality structure.

    Search reasonable balance in the relationship between man and nature is impossible without understanding the relationship in which nature and society actually exist today, as well as the weight of each of these components. Humanity, despite all its current power and independence, is integral part and the continuation of the evolution of nature. Society is inextricably linked with it and is unable to exist and develop outside of nature, first of all, without surrounding a person environment. The influence of the natural environment on the life of society is especially pronounced in the sphere of production. All material production, which allowed man to distinguish himself from nature, is based fundamentally on the natural component. Nature is the natural basis of human life and society as a whole. Outside of nature, man does not exist and cannot exist.

    The interaction of society with nature has not only utilitarian, production significance for humans, but also health, moral, aesthetic, and scientific significance. Man not only “grows” from nature, but, by producing material values, at the same time “grows” into it. In addition, nature, among other things, has its own amazing charm, charm, which to a large extent makes a person an artist, a creator. In particular, from this creative attitude towards it, not least of all, a sense of homeland, unity with their land, and patriotism arises in one or another people.

    Researchers of this problem have often been tempted to consider a person primarily as a representative of a biological species, and society as a collection of individuals. Hence, the main thing in their actions is submission to biological laws. At the same time, the social component in a person and in society was assigned a secondary role.

    Some researchers have attributed the physical environment to critical importance in personality development.

    Such scientists as the philosopher G.V. Plekhanov and historian L.N. Gumilyov in his theoretical developments form a good basis for ethnocentric, nationalist consciousness, but cannot but deny the decisive influence physical factor for personality development.

    * The third factor in the formation of a person’s personality is considered to be the influence of culture. Any culture has a certain set social norms and shared values. This set is common to members of a given society or social group. For this reason, members of every culture must be tolerant of these norms and value systems. In this regard, the concept of a modal personality arises, embodying those general cultural values ​​that society instills in its members in the course of cultural experience. Thus, modern society, with the help of culture, strives to form a social personality that easily makes social contacts and is ready to cooperate. The absence of such standards puts a person in a position of cultural uncertainty, when he does not master the basic cultural norms of society.

    The famous sociologist Pitirim Sorokin, in a work published back in 1928, summarized the theories of many scientists - from Confucius, Aristotle, Hippocrates to the contemporary geographer Elliott Huntington, according to which group differences in the behavior of individuals are mainly determined by differences in climate, geographical features and natural resources. Sorokin P. A. Sociological theories of modernity. Per. and preface S. V. Karpushina M.: INION, 1992. P - 193

    Indeed, in similar physical and geographical conditions, Various types personalities, and, conversely, it very often happens that similar group characteristics of personalities develop in different conditions environment. In this regard, we can say that the physical environment can influence the cultural characteristics of a social group, but its influence on the formation individual insignificant and incomparable with the influence on the personality of the culture of the group, group or individual experience.

    * The fourth factor that shapes a person’s personality is the influence of the social environment. It should be recognized that this factor can be considered the main one in the process of forming the personal qualities of an individual. The influence of the social environment is carried out through the process of socialization.

    Socialization is the process by which an individual internalizes the norms of his group in such a way that the uniqueness of that individual or personality is manifested through the formation of his own self. Personality socialization can take various shapes. For example, socialization is observed through imitation, taking into account the reactions of other people, and communication different forms behavior. Socialization can be primary, that is, occurring in primary groups, and secondary, that is, occurring in organizations and social institutions. Failure to socialize an individual to group cultural norms can lead to conflicts and social deviance.

    Socialization of a person in modern world, having more or less obvious features in a particular society, in each of them it has a number of common or similar characteristics.

    Andreeva G.M. and Lomov B.F. They believe that socialization has a two-sided nature and the essential meaning of socialization is revealed at the intersection of such processes as adaptation, integration, self-development and self-realization. Andreeva G.M., Social Psychology M.: Nauka, 1994 P-43

    Understanding the process of assimilating social norms, skills, stereotypes, forming social attitudes and beliefs, learning socially accepted norms of behavior and communication, life style options, joining groups and interacting with their members as socialization makes sense if initially the individual is understood as a non-social being, and his non-sociality must be overcome in the process of education in society, not without resistance. In other cases, the term “socialization” in relation to social development personality is redundant. The concept of “sociality” does not replace or replace the concepts of teaching and upbringing known in pedagogy and educational psychology.

    Highlight next stages socialization:

    • 1. Primary socialization, or adaptation stage (from birth to adolescence the child assimilates social experience uncritically, adapts, adapts, imitates).
    • 2. Stage of individualization (there is a desire to distinguish oneself from others, a critical attitude towards social norms of behavior). IN adolescence The stage of individualization, self-determination “the world and I” is characterized as intermediate socialization, since everything is still unstable in the worldview and character of the teenager. Adolescence(18-25 years old) is characterized as stable conceptual socialization, when stable personality traits are developed.
    • 3. Stage of integration (a desire appears to find one’s place in society, to “fit in” with society). Integration proceeds successfully if a person’s characteristics are accepted by the group, by society.

    If not accepted, the following outcomes are possible:

    • - maintaining one’s dissimilarity and the emergence of aggressive interactions (relationships) with people and society;
    • - changing yourself, “becoming like everyone else”;
    • - conformism, external agreement, adaptation.
    • 4. The labor stage of socialization covers the entire period of a person’s maturity, the entire period of his labor activity, when a person not only assimilates social experience, but also reproduces it due to the person’s active influence on the environment through his activities.
    • 5. The post-work stage of socialization considers elderly age as an age that makes a significant contribution to the reproduction of social experience, to the process of transmitting it to new generations. Stolyarenko L.D., Samygin S.I. 100 Examination answers in psychology Rostov-on-Don. Publishing center "MarT", 2001
    • * The fifth factor that shapes an individual’s personality in modern society, should be considered the individual experience of a person. The essence of the impact of this factor is that every person falls into different situations, during which he is influenced by other people and the physical environment.

    The totality of the results of knowledge accumulated by an individual, obtained in personal practice, personal experience the implementation of previously performed operations, actions, activities and elements of the objective experience of humanity acquired by the individual.

    In this case, genetically transmitted innate instincts and individual experience accumulated during one’s life are used. The accumulation of such experience occurs under the influence of external circumstances.

    A person accumulates individual experience, however, unlike animals, the new original individual experience of a particular person can be preserved even after his death in oral stories, in objects created by man, in verbal and non-verbal documents, using which people of subsequent generations are freed from the need to repeat knowledge, carried out by predecessors. Unlike animals, the achievements of the development of a species are consolidated not so much genetically, but in the form of material and spiritual culture. "This special shape consolidation and transmission to subsequent generations of achievements in development arose due to the fact that, unlike the activities of animals, the activities of people are creative and productive. This is primarily the main human activity- labor." Domestic psychologists L.S. Vygotsky, A.V. Zaporozhets, D.B. Elkonin emphasized: “You need to be born with a human brain in order to become a person, but for human development, communication, training, and education are necessary. This is determined by the social nature of human development.” Vygotsky L.S. Psychology of Human Development Moscow 2005 P-71

    The following stages of self-development can be distinguished:

    • - spontaneous self-development in the process of mastering self-service skills in everyday life under the guidance and help of a close adult;
    • - spontaneous self-development in the process of jointly shared household, play, work and other activities with both adults and children;
    • - conscious self-development in role-playing games and in the implementation of all kinds of hobbies;
    • - conscious self-development in mature creativity and self-creation; formation of a worldview system (picture of the world) based on the emotional and motivational preferences that arose at the previous stages.

    Other social relations become possible and significant for the individual only after he has assimilated (made his own) those elements of the objective experience of humanity in which these relations are embodied.

    Subsequence various situations influencing the formation and development of personality is unique for each person and he focuses on future events based on positive and negative perceptions of past situations. Unique individual experiences are one of the most significant factors in shaping a person’s personality.

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