Initial otitis. Acute otitis: causes, symptoms, treatment. Outer and inner ear: causes of inflammation

Otitis media is an inflammatory process of an infectious nature that affects the middle ear and the cavities connected to it. The disease occurs in both adults and children, although children get sick more often, which is associated with the anatomical and physiological features of the internal structure of the ear. Men and women are equally susceptible to this pathology, and people with chronic infections of the oropharynx and nasopharynx suffer more often than others - tonsillitis, caries, sinusitis, sinusitis, etc.

Often the inflammatory process is localized on one side, but in children there is an acute otitis media progresses rapidly and both ears are affected.

Causes

The middle ear has a connection with other parts of the hearing aid, and those, in turn, communicate with the outside world, the nasopharynx and oropharynx, which means that the infection can penetrate in any way - with diseases such as, etc.

Viral or infectious diseases in the acute stage can also lead to the development of a pathology such as acute otitis media. The infection spreads through the mouth or nasopharynx. The reason may also lie in an allergic reaction, in which, due to edema, air flow into the ear cavity is disturbed, which contributes to the development of congestion and the growth of bacteria. Cause acute otitis media can also be catarrhal, the treatment of which was started out of time.

Chronic pathologies with a decrease in the body's defenses can also cause the spread of infection throughout the body and damage to this organ, with the development of inflammation in it.

Predisposing factors are:

general hypothermia of the body (leads to local hypothermia, giving an excellent opportunity for bacteria to actively multiply);
a decrease in protective forces due to, as well as physical and emotional overload;
poor nutrition (lack of nutrients) also leads to a decrease in protective forces;
infections dormant in the body, under favorable conditions, can be activated and cause pathology of the middle ear.

In young patients, the causes of this pathology may be associated with:

an anatomically shortened auditory tube, which allows infection to more easily penetrate the hearing aid;
the fact that the cavity is lined with embryonic tissue, which is an excellent breeding ground for microorganisms;
being in a horizontal position of infants, because of which they often develop congestion;
proliferation of adenoid tissue, which closes the Eustachian tube from the side of the oropharynx;
unformed immune system kids.

Varieties

According to the severity, several types of this disease are distinguished. The most pronounced symptoms are acute otitis media, which occurs when infected with viruses. Usually, along with this lesion in adults and babies, other viral diseases are noted.

If the infection is bacterial, acute suppurative otitis media occurs. Sometimes a viral pathology without proper treatment also goes into, as it joins bacterial infection- Most often this occurs in young patients. It is important to distinguish between these two forms, since treatment for bacterial pathology requires antibiotics, while other drugs are used for viral pathology.

When acute purulent otitis media is not treated in a timely manner, the pus spreads to other cavities adjacent to the middle ear, causing purulent or acute. Pus has proteolytic properties, which means that it is able to dissolve tissues, so its accumulation in the tympanic cavity can lead (without treatment) to the dissolution of the membrane with the formation of holes of different diameters in it, through which the contents will flow out. In addition, pus can penetrate the meninges. That is why acute suppurative otitis media is often complicated, especially in young children. Treatment of this pathology should be timely so that there are no complications.

Catarrhal otitis media is a form dangerous for its complications, in which complete hearing loss can be noted. The causes of such a disease as catarrhal otitis media are frequent respiratory diseases in children and adults. It is not difficult to recognize catarrhal otitis media - the pain with it is in the nature of a shooting, and gives to the temple and teeth.

There is also such a form of the disease as exudative otitis media, which occurs as a result of impaired ventilation due to swelling of the tissues. The accumulation of serous exudate in the tympanic cavity with this form of the disease leads to hearing loss and causes pain in the area of the affected organ, arising from an increase in pressure in it.

With a disease such as exudative otitis media, the density of the fluid in the tympanic cavity increases with time, which can cause partial or complete. Surgical treatment is performed to extract the exudate.

Another variety is chronic suppurative otitis media. They talk about it when the membrane breaks and pus flows out of the patient's ear. Sometimes there can be a lot of discharge, sometimes a little, but in any case, with chronic form symptoms of the disease are not expressed - pain subside, the temperature drops, etc. But chronic purulent otitis media is terrible with its complications, because as a result of a rupture of the membrane, scars subsequently form on it, which prevent the normal passage of sounds, which leads to the development of hearing loss, which is already irreversible.

signs

In the acute form in adults, the following symptoms are noted:

severe pain in the area of the affected ear, which then subsides, then becomes stronger;
swelling of the neck on the side of the lesion;
hearing loss, subsequently with the development of persistent hearing loss;
(38–39);
(weakness, headache, etc.);
the appearance of purulent exudate in such a form of pathology as chronic purulent otitis media.

Depending on the stage, the disease can manifest itself in different ways. There is an initial stage, in which all the above symptoms are present, and the patient may complain of severe pain on the affected side (shooting character). The treatment of pathology is carried out precisely during this period of the course of the disease and gives good results, but if the disease is not treated, the second stage develops - perforative. As the name implies, in the second stage there is a breakthrough of the tympanic membrane, after which the symptoms weaken - the temperature drops, the pain decreases, the condition stabilizes. And the third - reparative, in which there is a complete exudate and healing of the membrane with the formation of scars, leading to hearing loss.

The symptoms of such a pathology, as, are similar to those indicated, with the only difference being that the membrane does not melt, so there is nowhere for the exudate to flow out and the person experiences severe pain that analgesics do not stop.

If the exudate (serous or purulent) spreads in depth, complications develop, the symptoms of which may be different, depending on the affected organs. A person may experience nasal congestion, an inflammatory formation behind the ear, characterized by soreness (mastoiditis). The most severe complication is meningitis, in which pus enters the brain, causing neurological symptoms in adults and young patients.

Symptoms of this disease in very young children are as follows:

refusal to eat (from the breast or bottle);
irritability and tearfulness;
sleep disturbance;
severe pain when pressing on the base of the ear.

Catarrhal and other forms, including chronic purulent otitis media, are not the only pathologies that can cause similar symptoms in babies, so before starting treatment, you need to examine the child and make sure that the cause of the manifestations lies precisely in this disease.

Diagnostics

A visual examination allows the diagnosis to be established, in which a protruding or, conversely, retracted tympanic membrane, its redness and severe soreness in the ear are noted.

Instrumental research methods are also used, namely otoscopy. With a disease such as chronic purulent otitis media, the doctor can see a hole of different diameters in the membrane and pus pouring out of the cavity behind it. The study of hearing allows you to identify such a pathology as exudative otitis media, since visible signs it is not available, except for the protrusion of the eardrum.

Features of treatment

Treatment of pathology begins with the treatment of diseases that caused it, if any. In adults, it is a sore throat, tonsillitis, or viral rhinitis, sinusitis. In children, otitis media often becomes a complication and, as well as diseases such as tonsillitis and scarlet fever.

Treatment includes taking medications, the main of which are antibiotics. In such forms of the disease as exudative otitis media, acute purulent and chronic purulent otitis media, medications are indicated penicillin series as well as cephalosporins. In their absence, antibiotics of the macrolide group are prescribed.

In other forms, glucocorticoids are prescribed that can reduce inflammation, antihistamines, removing edema, vasoconstrictor. Medical treatment is combined with special procedures washing and blowing the middle ear cavity. As mentioned above, if the patient has exudative otitis media, an operation is indicated - myringotomy.

Surgical treatment is indicated when the disease does not respond conservative therapy progresses rapidly or when complications develop.

There are two types of surgical treatment - paracentesis and antrotomy. Most often, paracentesis is performed, which consists in opening the eardrum and draining the contents of the cavity. Anthrotomy is performed only in the case of severe mastoiditis in adults, or anthritis in young children.

Otitis media is inflammation and swelling of the ear. It can be chronic or acute, purulent or catarrhal. Most often, this disease occurs in children. According to statistics, approximately 80% of children under 3 years of age have had otitis media at least once.

Manifested by pain in the ear (throbbing, shooting, aching), elevated temperature body, hearing loss, tinnitus, mucopurulent secretions from the outer ear canal.

Otitis media is the most common cause of hearing loss (hearing loss). This disease affects people of all ages, but children are most susceptible to the disease, due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the Eustachian tube.

Causes of otitis media

Inflammatory process at the level of the middle ear is most often secondary. This means that, initially, the infection enters the tympanic cavity from other departments that communicate with it. Secretory otitis media occurs when fluid from a cold or an allergic reaction enters the middle ear through the Eustachian tube.

Depending on location pathological process there are three types of otitis media:

interior;
outer;
otitis media.

The two main causes of otitis media are infection and spread of inflammation from the nasopharynx to the middle ear, as well as ear trauma. Also, the disease can occur due to:

skin injuries of the external auditory canal;
after exposure to contaminated water;
performing surgical operations in the area of the nasopharynx or nasal cavity;
as a consequence of , ;
with infectious diseases, kidney disease, hypothermia.

Otitis media can be caused by various pathogenic microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, fungi (otomycosis) and various microbial associations.

Symptoms of otitis media

First of all, otitis media and its symptoms will depend on the form and location of the inflammatory process. The general picture of acute otitis media and its symptoms can be characterized by the following features:

ear pain is sharp, strong and sometimes unbearable, radiating to the temporal and parietal region;
hearing loss,
hyperthermia;
elevated temperature;

After 1-3 days from the onset of the disease, a gap is formed in eardrum, suppuration begins. During this period, the temperature drops, the pain decreases, the general condition improves.

With an unfavorable development of the disease, pus can break through not outside, but inside, the cranial cavity, provoking the development of a brain abscess, meningitis and other dangerous diseases.

The symptoms of chronic otitis media are similar, but less pronounced. As a rule, pain is present, hearing loss is more significant than in the acute stage.

Children get sick more often, due to the structural features of the middle ear, and often a purulent process can develop in a day or two. The child often cries, cries out, holds his ear, cannot sleep. In such cases, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Treatment of otitis media

First of all local treatment disease depends on its form. Treatment of otitis media should be immediate, due to the risk of developing serious consequences: the spread of the disease into the cranial space or inner ear what could threaten total loss hearing.

Subject to timely access to a doctor, the treatment of otitis media is successfully carried out medicines and physiotherapy procedures. For treatment, anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics are widely used, as well as antipyretic drugs if the patient has high temperature. To relieve swelling of the nasal mucosa, be sure to instill vasoconstrictor drops.

If the tympanic cavity does not drain on its own within the first three days, a dissection of the tympanic membrane is indicated.

In general, the home treatment regimen for otitis media consists of the following components:

bed rest;
nasal vasoconstrictors;
antimicrobials;
antibacterial agents;
physiotherapy treatment;
warm compresses;
vitamins.

Acute purulent otitis requires the use of antibiotic therapy, as well as the evacuation of pus from the middle ear cavity. After completing the main course, the patient is prescribed restorative and resolving therapy. Treatment of chronic otitis media also consists of anti-inflammatory and antibacterial therapy, with enhanced immunocorrection.

It should be noted that the treatment of otitis at home should be carried out only with the permission of an otolaryngologist. Do not self-medicate. When they don't help conservative methods- resort to surgery.

Ear drops for otitis media

The use of any of these drugs is allowed only after receiving appropriate advice from a doctor.

Garazon, Sofradex, Dexon, Anauran - glucocorticosteroid drops;
Otinum, Otipaks - anti-inflammatory drops;
Otofa, Tsipromed, Normax, Fugentin - antibacterial drops.

To achieve maximum therapeutic effect it is recommended to combine the use of drops with antibiotics, they should be prescribed by a specialist after the diagnosis is established.

Main preventive measures otitis in children and adults are the prevention and timely treatment of inflammatory diseases of the nose and nasopharynx, chronic diseases of the nose, paranasal sinuses. Properly carry out the toilet of the nose.

- acute or chronic inflammation in various parts of the ear (external, middle, internal). Manifested by pain in the ear (throbbing, shooting, aching), elevated body temperature, hearing loss, tinnitus, mucopurulent discharge from the external auditory canal. Represents a danger in the development of complications: chronic hearing loss, irreversible hearing loss, paresis facial nerve, meningitis, inflammation of the temporal bone, brain abscess.

General information

- acute or chronic inflammation in various parts of the ear (external, middle, internal). Manifested by pain in the ear (throbbing, shooting, aching), elevated body temperature, hearing loss, tinnitus, mucopurulent discharge from the external auditory canal. It is dangerous in the development of complications: chronic hearing loss, irreversible hearing loss, paresis of the facial nerve, meningitis, inflammation of the temporal bone, brain abscess.

ear anatomy

The human ear is made up of three sections (outer, middle and inner ear). The outer ear is formed by the auricle and the auditory canal, which ends with the tympanic membrane. The outer ear picks up sound vibrations and sends them to the middle ear.

The middle ear is formed by the tympanic cavity, which is located between the opening of the temporal bone and the tympanic membrane. The function of the middle ear is to conduct sound. The tympanic cavity contains three sound ossicles (hammer, anvil, and stirrup). The malleus is attached to the eardrum. The eardrum vibrates when sound waves are applied to it. Vibrations are transmitted from the eardrum to the anvil, from the anvil to the stapes, and from the stapes to the inner ear.

The inner ear is formed by a complex system of channels (cochlea) in the thickness of the temporal bone. The inside of the cochlea is filled with fluid and lined with special hair cells that convert the mechanical vibrations of the fluid into nerve impulses. The impulses are transmitted along the auditory nerve to the corresponding parts of the brain. The structure and functions of the ear departments differ significantly. Inflammatory diseases in all three departments, they also proceed differently, therefore, there are three types of otitis media: external, middle and internal.

Otitis externa

Therapy for chronic otitis media

The primary task is to ensure sufficient drainage of the tympanic cavity. To do this, polyps and granulations are removed from the middle ear cavity. The cavity is washed, proteolytic enzymes are injected into it. The patient is prescribed sulfonamides and antibiotics, immunity is corrected, and foci of infection in the ENT organs are sanitized. If allergic otitis is suspected, use antihistamines. Place apply electrophoresis, microwave therapy.

In the absence of effect, anthrodrainage is performed (a hole is formed in the region of the mastoid process of the temporal bone and followed by drainage). With cholesteatomas, the spread of the process to the bone and internal structures is shown surgical removal the focus of inflammation. If possible, the sound-conducting structures are preserved, if not, tympanoplasty is performed. With a preserved tympanic ring, it is possible to restore the tympanic membrane (myringoplasty).

Prevention of otitis media

Preventive measures include the normalization immune status, prevention of acute respiratory viral infections and other infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Patients with chronic otitis media must protect the ear canal from hypothermia and water ingress.

Otitis media (labyrinthitis)

Has a bacterial or viral nature. It is usually a complication of otitis media or meningitis.

A characteristic symptom of internal otitis is a sudden severe attack of dizziness that develops 1-2 weeks after an infectious disease. The attack may be accompanied by nausea or vomiting. Some patients with otitis media complain of tinnitus or hearing loss.

Internal otitis must be differentiated from diseases of the brain that can cause dizziness. To exclude tumors and strokes, MRI and CT of the brain are performed. Electronystagmography is performed and special study to assess the auditory response of the brainstem. To identify hearing impairment audiometry is performed.

Treatment of otitis media is mainly symptomatic. To eliminate nausea and vomiting, antiemetics (metoclopramide), antihistamines (mebhydrolin, chloropyramine, diphenhydramine) are prescribed. Scopolamine patches are used locally. Steroids (methylprednisolone) are used to reduce inflammation, to relieve anxiety - sedatives(lorazepam, diazepam). With internal otitis media of a bacterial nature, antibiotic therapy is indicated. Symptoms of the disease usually disappear gradually over one or more weeks.

With inefficiency conservative treatment internal otitis media, surgery is performed: labyrinthotomy, opening of the pyramid of the temporal bone, etc.

Constantly heard, especially from young mothers, one hears such a word as otitis media. Usually, it means an inflammatory process located at the level of the ears. But in order to understand what otitis media is and to clearly imagine the overall picture of the disease and its consequences, you must at least read this article.

With the further development of the pathological process, inflammation passes to the bone of the mastoid process. The general condition is much worse. Inside the tympanic cavity, and in the mastoid cells, a large amount of pus accumulates, which significantly increases the pressure inside them. If drainage is not performed, then purulent masses can break through: through the eardrum, through the meninges, with induction severe complications in the form of an inflammatory brain pathology. Ways of penetration of pus into the cervical region are also possible.

Local symptoms in this stage of the disease are:

Feeling of pressure in the ear.
Unbearable pain head and parotid space.
On examination, you can clearly see the ear anteriorly, and the protrusion and severe redness with a cyanotic shade behind the auricles. If you press on this area, then there will be a sharp pain.
A sharp drop in body temperature and relief general condition patient, combined with suppuration from the ear will indicate that there is a rupture in the eardrum.
Hearing is significantly impaired.

Chronic suppurative otitis media

This is a disease characterized by a chronic lesion of the middle ear region, and is manifested mainly by three characteristic symptoms.

First, periodic acute purulent processes melt the eardrum. It collapses and ceases to function normally.
Secondly, pus is constantly present in the tympanic cavity, which flows out through extensive holes in the tympanic membrane.
Thirdly, in a chronic inflammatory process, not only the eardrum is destroyed, but also the auditory ossicles. The function of sound conduction is disturbed and the patient's hearing loss is constantly progressing.

The disease is common in the general population. Usually initial signs diseases manifest themselves from childhood. A frivolous attitude to the treatment, a late visit to the doctor, or persistent colds that reduce, general resistance body - all this is a predisposing factor in the development of a chronic purulent-inflammatory process in the middle ear.

Diagnosis of otitis media

Diagnosis of lesions of the middle ear consists of a set of survey data on the onset of the disease, characteristic symptoms, as well as important information is obtained with special instrumental research.
The presence of general symptoms of inflammation in combination with local signs of the presence of an infectious process indicate a pathology in the middle ear. Of the instrumental diagnostic methods, simple otoscopy has become widespread.

Otoscopy- This is one of the most common and publicly available methods for studying the external auditory canal and the outer part of the tympanic membrane. Otoscopy reveals pathological changes associated with inflammatory processes occurring in the middle ear. The otoscope is a cylinder, one end of which is narrowed, and the other funnel-shaped expands for the convenience of examining the external auditory canal. Modern otoscopes are equipped with optical systems that allow you to magnify the visible image.

The main changes during otoscopy are as follows:

With tubootitis, the tympanic membrane is retracted inward, since the rarefaction of air creates vacuum conditions in the tympanic cavity.
With exudative or purulent otitis media, the tympanic membrane, on the contrary, swells outward, due to pus or mucus accumulated in the tympanic cavity. Its color changes from pale gray to bright red.
If suppuration is present, then otoscopy will most likely reveal defects in the wall of the tympanic membrane.

With mastoiditis, to confirm the diagnosis, as well as to identify intracranial complications, appoint the performance of x-rays of the head in special lateral projections. At the same time, they discover various defects in the bones around the mastoid process.

Chronic sluggish processes in the middle ear are often accompanied by partial hearing loss, therefore, in such cases, auditory functions are examined. Hearing is checked with the help of special devices - audiometers, as well as tuning forks.

Audiometry
In order to find out the cause of acute otitis media, it is mandatory to check the nasal cavity, nasopharynx for the presence of infectious diseases and other pathological changes.

Treatment of otitis media

Treatment of acute otitis media is not an easy task. A timely and correct diagnosis will make it easier for the doctor to perform medical measures. early treatment and A complex approach necessarily lead to favorable results already at the initial stages of treatment procedures.

An integrated approach provides for the creation of favorable conditions for the normal functioning of the auditory tubes, since air flows into the tympanic cavity through them, and infection from the nasopharynx is also possible. To this end, first of all, an effective treatment of sinusitis, rhinitis, adenoids, and other pathological processes occurring in the upper respiratory tract is prescribed.

Blowing and washing of the auditory tubes is performed using a special catheter inserted through the mouth into the tympanic cavity. Introduced into the lumen of the auditory tube medicines designed to reduce inflammation and kill pathogenic bacteria.

The main drugs used to treat acute otitis media are as follows:

Glucocorticoids. Hormonally active drugs (prednisolone, dexamethasone) - reduce the swelling of inflamed tissues, reduce the activity of the inflammatory process

Antibacterial drugs. These are antibiotics that are administered intramuscularly, and, if necessary, inside the tympanic cavity, after preliminary washing with antiseptic drugs. Modern doctors otolaryngologists prefer to use penicillin antibiotics (augmentin, penicillin), and cephalosporins (cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone and others). The macrolide group of antibiotics (clarithromycin, azithromycin) is also widely used in cases where there are no drugs from the above groups.

Precautions should be taken in choosing an antibiotic by carefully reading the instructions for its use, since there are some that are toxic to hearing. For example, a group of aminoglycosides is very toxic to hearing. It includes drugs such as: gentamicin, neomycin, and streptomycin.

Antihistamine medicines. These are anti-allergic drugs that are taken in cases where the disease was preceded by any allergic process in the nasal cavity. An allergic reaction causes swelling of the tissues, increased mucus formation, while the nasopharyngeal cavity swells and closes the lumen of the auditory tubes, which causes the appearance of congestion and the occurrence of an infectious disease of the middle ear cavity. Antiallergic drugs include: clemastine, tavegil, suprastin and many others.

Vasoconstrictor drugs. In order to expand the lumen of the auditory tubes and thereby increase their patency, solutions of naphthyzinum, galazolin, or sanorin are used topically.

These drugs are instilled into the nose several times a day. Infants must first clean the nasal passages by lubricating the nasal cavity with sterile vaseline. At the same time, the formed dry crusts soften and can be easily removed.

Surgery

In cases where conservative methods of treatment do not help, they resort to surgery. There are cases of lightning-fast development of acute purulent otitis, in which the general condition of the patient is significantly impaired, there is a high risk of developing complications in the form of infection under the membranes of the brain, the development of an abscess of the brain, or generalization of the infection. If the tympanic cavity is not opened in time and its purulent contents are not removed, the consequences can be disastrous.

Paracentesis- one of the types surgical intervention, in which the tympanic membrane is opened and purulent masses are pumped out of the tympanic cavity. After that, drugs are administered through a catheter.

Anthrotomy- also surgical method treatment, which consists in opening the entrance (cave, antrum) of the cells of the mastoid process and draining with antiseptic solutions. Anthrotomy is indicated for the development of acute mastoiditis in adults, or anthritis in young children, according to urgent indications.

The method of surgical intervention, and the volume of the operation performed, is determined by the doctor strictly according to indications. After operations on the middle ear, as a rule, a special drainage tube is left in the cavity to be cleaned, for subsequent rinsing with antibiotics or other antiseptic solutions. Drainage is carried out until signs of intoxication disappear and purulent masses cease to form.
The choice of treatment methods depends entirely on the current clinical situation, the attending physician, anatomical and physiological features, as well as the patient's condition.

Prevention of otitis media

Prevention is a set of measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of a disease, or complications associated with the chronic course of the disease. Prevention of the appearance of otitis media includes a set of measures that increase immunity, harden the body. It also includes rules general hygiene, not be exposed to hypothermia and other factors that reduce the body's defenses.

General hardening procedures are that:

The body is constantly exposed to medium physical activity, that is, you need to actively engage in sports or do gymnastics in the morning.
The body-swallowing actions also include wiping the body with a cool, damp towel, and for those who have strong immunity, dousing can also be done. cold water after taking a shower.
Being outdoors and sunbathing are definitely an important factor that boosts the immune system of the body.

Compliance with a diet rich in all nutritious ingredients, vitamins and minerals protects the body from the harmful effects of pathological environmental factors.

Clothing must be in season. In this regard, those periods of the year are dangerous when it is cool in the street in the morning and hot in the afternoon. At the same time, the body experiences increased stress in the form of significant changes in body temperature and can easily get sick with any cold.

to the local preventive measures include: hygienic care of the external auditory canals, monitoring the cleanliness of the oral cavity, timely treatment of any colds of the upper respiratory tract.
For children with a history of acute otitis media, periodic examinations by a family doctor will prevent the occurrence of complications associated with hearing loss.

How to treat otitis media with folk remedies?

Otitis media or inflammation of the middle ear is a very common condition. Most often, children suffer from it due to anatomical features However, the disease also occurs in adults. The main symptom is usually mild ear pain. Not all patients pay attention to it and postpone a visit to the doctor. Treatment of otitis media at home with folk remedies is not recommended. The fact is that inflammation is most often caused by an infection that has entered the middle ear through the Eustachian tube ( from the nasal cavity). Microbes multiply behind the eardrum and can damage sensitive anatomical structures in the middle ear. Therefore, at the first symptoms of otitis media, it is necessary to consult a doctor to start qualified medical treatment.

Folk remedies in the treatment of this disease can be used with the permission of the attending physician. First you need to determine the nature of the inflammatory process and check the integrity of the eardrum. The fact is that some folk methods involve instilling various infusions or solutions into the ear. If the purulent process has damaged the eardrum, then the remedy can penetrate directly into the middle ear, causing increased pain and aggravating the course of the disease. Any infusions and decoctions of medicinal herbs should be dripped into the ears only when the eardrum is intact.

Of the folk remedies used in the treatment of otitis media, the most effective are the following:

Propolis infusion. In the pharmacy you can buy ready-made propolis infusion at 96-degree ethyl alcohol. Ordinary cotton swabs are moistened with 20% infusion and gently inserted into the ear canal by 1-2 cm. Swabs are changed every day or twice a day. The tool helps to destroy microbes, reduce inflammation, and heal tissues. It can also be used after purulent otitis ( if middle ear pus has been surgically removed).
Garlic. A few small cloves of garlic are baked with lard until the cloves soften. After that, the garlic clove is cooled to a moderately hot temperature ( bearable) and inserted into the external auditory meatus. The procedure is repeated 1-2 times a day for 10-15 minutes. It destroys pathogenic microbes. This method is not recommended for the accumulation of pus in the tympanic cavity ( purulent otitis media).
elderberry flowers. Dry elderberry flowers are scalded with boiling water and, not allowing to cool, are applied to the ear, wrapped in bags. Warming up is done 2-3 times a day with the permission of the attending physician.
plantain juice. Juice should be squeezed from young carefully washed plantain leaves. 2-3 drops of juice are instilled into the sore ear ( can be diluted with water in equal proportions). This reduces pain.
Melilot officinalis. Dry leaves of sweet clover are mixed in equal proportions with dry chamomile flowers. For 2 tablespoons of a mixture of these herbs, 200 - 250 mg of boiling water is needed. Insist them in a large glass or mug ( maybe in a thermos), covered with a saucer on top. After 40 - 60 minutes, a clean cotton swab is dipped in the infusion and inserted into the ear canal. The procedure is repeated 2-3 times a day for a week.
walnut leaves. From young washed leaves walnut squeeze juice. It is diluted in equal proportions with boiled water and instilled into the sore ear 2-3 drops 1-2 times a day. The remedy is recommended for the accumulation of pus in the tympanic cavity.
Pomegranate juice with honey. Pomegranate juice ( better squeezed at home) is heated with a little honey. When the honey is melted, the juice is well mixed and cooled to room temperature. Dip a swab into the resulting mixture and smear the walls of the ear canal with it. This helps relieve pain and inflammation.

It is also recommended to use gargles based on medicinal herbs ( chamomile, St. John's wort, etc.). Special charges for such rinsing can be found in pharmacies. The point is that the infection especially in children) enters the middle ear mainly from the nasopharynx. If otitis media has developed, this suggests a parallel ongoing infectious process on the tonsils. It is against him that these rinses are directed. Such an integrated approach to treatment will avoid chronic infection.

All these funds should be used with the knowledge of the attending physician and in parallel with pharmacological preparations for more strong action. none medicinal plant in terms of antimicrobial effect cannot be compared with modern antibiotics, That's why folk remedies in the treatment of otitis play rather an auxiliary role. At the same time, many herbs accelerate tissue healing. This effect is very useful after suffering from otitis media ( especially with tear or perforation of the eardrum). In these cases, the use of folk remedies will help restore hearing faster.

What ear drops are best for otitis media?

Exists various groups pharmacological preparations that are available in the form of ear drops. Each of these groups has its own effect on the organ of hearing and is used in various types of otitis media. Self-use of any drops without examination by a doctor can be dangerous, as the patient is not able to correctly make a correct diagnosis. Exists different types inflammation in the middle ear, and each of these types has its own characteristics in the treatment.

With otitis media, ear drops are the optimal form of drug administration for the following reasons:

Fast action. Taking medicines by mouth in the form of tablets and capsules) or injections is associated with a certain delay in the therapeutic effect. This is due to the fact that the active substances are first absorbed at the injection site, then enter the bloodstream and only with the blood are delivered to the affected area. Ear drops immediately deliver the active substance to the focus.
Good local effect. Ear drops fall through the ear canal to the eardrum. In most cases, with otitis media, there are no holes in it. However, the drug is quickly absorbed by the walls and the membrane itself and has a good effect on the tissues of the tympanic cavity, where the pathological process usually occurs.
Ease of drug administration. Often, to achieve a good effect from the treatment, it is necessary to administer the drug regularly. This is especially important in the treatment of antibiotics. Microbes do not die from a single contact with the drug. Need to support it high concentration within a few days. Drops are convenient in that the patient can use them independently at work, at home or on the road. When prescribing, for example, injections, hospitalization may be required if no one can regularly administer the medicine to the patient at home.
low probability adverse reactions . Almost all drugs used for otitis media are also available in the form of tablets or solutions for intramuscular injections. However, this administration of the drug assumes that the drug is absorbed by the body and enters the ear with the bloodstream. At the same time, it will also enter other organs and tissues, which increases the likelihood various complications and side effects. When using drops, the drug is absorbed through the mucous membrane in small quantities, and only it small part enters the bloodstream.

With a serious course of the disease, ear drops may not give the desired effect. Then the introduction of the necessary drugs through a special catheter in the Eustachian tube is recommended. This is an unpleasant procedure performed by an ENT doctor. As a result medicinal solutions enter directly into the tympanic cavity. A similar effect is possible with perforation of the tympanic membrane, when ear drops enter the tympanic cavity through a hole in the membrane. This usually happens during a purulent process.

In the form of ear drops with otitis media, the following medications can be used:

Antibiotics. Antibiotics are the basis of treatment for any infectious process. With otitis media right choice an antibiotic can only be done by an ENT doctor after examining the patient. Some antibiotics ( cephalosporin, augmentin) can be toxic to the auditory nerve. Their use will only aggravate the course of the disease. The most common are norfloxacin, rifampicin, chloramphenicol, clotrimazole ( antifungal drug ), ciprofloxacin, miramistin ( antiseptic). For the exact choice of antibiotic, it is necessary to establish to which drug the infection is most sensitive.
Painkillers. Most often, ear drops contain a small amount of lidocaine. It has a strong local anesthetic effect and is safe to use. In rare cases, some people may have hypersensitivity ( allergy) to this drug.
Anti-inflammatory. To quickly relieve inflammation, glucocorticoid drugs are used. Drops based on dexamethasone, beclomethasone are used.
Scar stimulants. Sometimes, after perforation of the tympanic membrane, scarring of the opening is delayed. Then a solution of iodine or silver nitrate 40% is prescribed in the form of drops. They cauterize the edges of the hole and granulations begin to form there. The process of scarring of the membrane is accelerated.

In practice, there are many factors that influence the choice of drops for the treatment of a particular patient. The most important of them are the stage of the process, the type of infection, the presence of allergies in the patient, the presence of perforation of the eardrum. To achieve maximum effect, doctors often prescribe so-called combined preparations. Such drops contain substances from various pharmacological groups, and therefore the effect of them will be complex. The most common drugs are Otipax, Otinum, Otofa, Sofradex and others. However, without examination by an ENT doctor, the use of any of them can only aggravate the situation.

Do I need to warm the ear with otitis media?

One of the most common means of dealing with ear pain is warming it with dry heat. Dry heat is understood as flour, sand or other similar substances wrapped in cloth and heated to a temperature of 50-60 degrees. In otitis media, dry heat treatment can have a variety of effects. The fact is that inflammation in the middle ear can be of a different nature. In some forms of the disease, heat really helps, while in others it can, on the contrary, aggravate the situation.

Dry heat in otitis media can have the following effects:

Expansion of blood vessels in the ear. Under the action of heat, small vessels dilate and fill with blood. Due to this, tissue nutrition is improved and their regeneration is faster. It is easier for the body to fight infectious processes, since there are more blood cells ( neutrophils, eosinophils and others) migrate to the area of inflammation.
The release of fluid from the vessels. The expansion of blood vessels increases the permeability of their walls. Because of this, the liquid part of the blood ( plasma) without cells can leave the vascular bed. This leads to swelling of the mucous membrane or the accumulation of a small amount of fluid in the tympanic cavity. This effect in some cases can increase pain.
Impact on microorganisms. In the early stages of the disease, when there are few microbes, dry heat can slow down their growth and prevent the development of infectious tissue damage. However, this depends on the type of microorganism. The so-called pyogenic microflora, which leads to the formation of pus, can, on the contrary, accelerate its growth at elevated temperatures. Therefore, dry heat should never be used for purulent otitis media.
Neutralization of pain receptors. Recent studies show that heat modifies the structure of pain receptors in tissues, which reduces pain. This effect is especially noticeable in young children. This is usually effective in the initial stages of the disease. On the late stages with pronounced structural disorders, thermal exposure is not enough to relieve pain.

Thus, the effect of heat in inflammation of the middle ear is dual. On the one hand, it improves blood circulation and relieves pain, on the other hand, it increases the risk of developing a purulent process. Only an ENT doctor can give an unambiguous answer whether it is necessary to apply heat after examining the patient. It is necessary to find out the type of inflammation and its stage. In the early stages, this method is usually justified. With the intensive development of microbes, it is contraindicated due to the risk of severe complications.

Dry heat can be safely used after surgical treatment of otitis media. A few days after the operation usually to remove pus) the edema subsides and you can start warming up. This accelerates tissue regeneration and hearing restoration.

In cases where dry heat is contraindicated, you can consult a doctor and find good alternative. Some physical therapy treatments also have a warming effect. However, due to improper action and careful regulation of the waves, the negative effects of warming can be avoided. On the contrary, the procedures will prevent the development of microbes and stop the accumulation of pus. The expediency of physiotherapy should also be consulted with the attending physician.

Can otitis media cause inflammation of the brain?

Inflammation of the brain is a very rare, but also the most dangerous complication of otitis media. It can occur due to the spread of infection from the tympanic cavity. This usually occurs during purulent processes. Pyogenic microorganisms have a special ability to slowly destroy ( how to melt tissue). Prolonged accumulation of pus in the tympanic cavity can lead to its spread to the mastoid process ( mastoiditis) or into the inner ear ( labyrinthitis). If pus breaks into the cranial cavity, it can endanger the life of the patient.

Actually, inflammation of the brain tissue does not occur. Encephalitis ( inflammation of the brain) occurs more often with other infections. However, the purulent process in the skull causes tissue damage in the immediate vicinity of the brain, which is also very dangerous.

Otitis media in severe cases can give the following complications:

Purulent meningitis. This complication occurs due to purulent inflammation meninges. At the same time, the brain tissue itself is not involved in the pathological process. However, irritation of the dura mater leads to the appearance of severe headaches. Without treatment, the pressure in the cranium greatly increases and the brain is squeezed, which can lead to death.
epidural abscess. Having broken into the cranial cavity, pus can be localized on top of the dura mater. Its local accumulation will lead to the so-called epidural abscess. This complication is dangerous by the further spread of pus or the growth of the abscess cavity, which causes compression of the brain.
brain abscess. Unlike an epidural abscess, this case we are talking about a cavity with pus, located directly in the brain. Such abscesses are very difficult to treat, since surgical access to the cavity is associated with the risk of brain damage. At the same time, there is a high risk of squeezing the brain tissue.
Thrombosis of the venous sinus. Outflow in the brain venous blood through wide cavities- venous sinuses. If pus gets into these sinuses, their thrombosis can occur. Then the blood circulation in the entire area will be disturbed. The veins of the brain begin to overflow with blood, squeezing the sensitive nerve tissue. There is also a problem with the flow of arterial blood, and the brain does not receive enough oxygen. With the spread of pus from the temporal bone ( it is in it that otitis media develops) there is a risk of thrombosis of the lateral and sigmoid sinuses.

Thus, in none of these cases is there inflammation of the nervous tissue of the brain. However, squeezing this tissue is no less dangerous. The transmission of impulses between neurons is disrupted. Because of this, the patient may experience the most various violations- paresis, paralysis, sensory disturbances, respiratory and palpitations disorders. With any options for a breakthrough of pus into the brain, there is a danger to life. Even urgent hospitalization and intervention of specialists cannot always save the patient. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the first manifestations of inflammation in the cranium.

The following symptoms may indicate the spread of a purulent process with otitis media:

rapid rise in temperature 38 - 39 degrees or more);
severe headache ( aggravated by head movement);
nausea and vomiting that do not depend on food intake ( vomiting of central origin);
inability to tilt head forward until the chin touches the sternum), since in this case the patient has strong pain;
mental disorders ( drowsiness, confusion, lethargy, coma)
specific meningeal symptoms Kernig and Brudzinsky ( determined by the doctor during the examination).

All these symptoms are not characteristic of otitis media. They are associated with irritation of the meninges and speak of the spread of a purulent process. In these cases, doctors transfer the patient to the department intensive care or resuscitation ( as of) and change the tactics of treatment. Neurosurgeons are involved for consultation.

To avoid such serious complications the following preventive measures must be observed:

timely start of treatment of otitis media;
examination by an ENT doctor without self-treatment);
following the instructions of a specialist compliance bed rest if necessary, regular medication);
preventive examinations during the recovery period;
notifying the doctor of new symptoms or a change in general condition.

Thus, directly encephalitis ( inflammation of brain neurons) cannot develop with otitis media. But everything purulent complications associated with the ingress of infection into the cranial cavity, inevitably affect the work of the brain. In a broad sense, they can be grouped under the term "inflammation of the brain." Timely started intensive treatment can save a patient's life. But residual effects in the form of chronic headaches, motor and sensitive disturbances. Therefore, patients need to do everything to stop the disease at the stage of otitis media, when there is still no direct threat to life.

Can deafness occur after otitis media?

Hearing loss is one of the important symptoms with otitis media. This disease is characterized by an inflammatory process in the middle ear and without adequate treatment can lead to serious consequences. In particular, in some patients, after the actual recovery, hearing problems remain. In severe cases, the disease can result in deafness.

Deafness and hearing loss after otitis media can occur for the following reasons:

Pressure disorders in the tympanic cavity. The cause of otitis media is often the spread of an infection from the nasal or oral cavity. Microbes enter the tympanic cavity through the Eustachian tube, which opens in the nasopharynx. In this case, swelling of the mucous membrane of the Eustachian tube occurs. The tympanic cavity is, as it were, isolated from the outer space, and pressure is not regulated in it. Because of this, the eardrum is constantly retracted or, conversely, bulges. This prevents its vibrations and reduces the acuity of hearing. This deafness is temporary. After the edema is removed and the inflammation is eliminated, the pressure in the tympanic cavity equalizes, and the membrane again begins to transmit vibrations normally.
Filling the tympanic cavity with fluid. With an infectious process in the tympanic cavity, cells in the mucous membrane begin to secrete more fluid. As microbes multiply certain types ) pus also begins to form in the cavity. As a result, it is filled with liquid. This makes it difficult for the eardrum to vibrate and impairs movement. auditory ossicles. Because of this, hearing acuity is greatly reduced. After removal of fluid from the tympanic cavity ( spontaneous resorption or surgically ) hearing is usually fully restored.
Perforation of the tympanic membrane. Perforation is a perforation or rupture of the membrane. With otitis media, it may appear due to intense purulent inflammation. Pus tends to melt tissue. If a hole forms in the eardrum, then it ceases to perceive normally sound waves. Because of this, hearing deteriorates. Usually small holes scar on their own or are surgically sutured after recovery. However, hearing acuity is usually permanently reduced after this.
Sclerosis of the joints of the tympanic ossicles. Normally, sound waves are converted on the eardrum into mechanical vibrations. From here they are transmitted to the inner ear through a system of three auditory ossicles - the hammer, anvil and stirrup. These bones are located in the tympanic cavity of the middle ear. They are interconnected small joints, which gives them the necessary limited mobility. As a result of inflammation in the middle ear ( especially with purulent processes) these joints may be affected. Their mobility increases, decreases or completely disappears. In all cases, vibrations begin to be transmitted worse to the inner ear, and hearing acuity decreases.
Scarring of the eardrum. After inflammation or perforation of the eardrum, a layer of connective tissue may form on it over time. This makes it thicker and less sensitive to vibrations, which can make hearing worse for a patient after otitis media. The introduction of special drugs ( breaking and softening connective tissue ) or physiotherapy can help restore hearing acuity.
Complications in the inner ear. Purulent processes in the middle ear can spread to the inner ear. It contains sensitive receptors, damage to which is fraught with complete and irreversible hearing loss. Typically, these complications occur with belated or improper treatment otitis media.
Auditory nerve injury. It occurs quite rarely and is associated with irreversible hearing loss. Directly purulent process from the middle ear reaches the auditory nerve very rarely. However, in some cases, antibiotics that treat inflammation have an ototoxic effect, killing neurons in the auditory nerve. As a result, the inflammation subsides, all sound transmission mechanisms in the ear work, but the signals from them are not transmitted to the brain.

In the above cases, it is mainly a temporary hearing loss. However, in severe cases, pathological changes may be irreversible. Thus, deafness is one of the most severe complications of otitis media. It can occur as in children ( for whom this disease is, in principle, more characteristic) as well as in adults.

To avoid hearing loss in otitis media, you need to follow a few simple rules:

Timely visit to the doctor. If you experience pain in the ear, discharge from the ear, or a decrease in hearing acuity, you should immediately contact an ENT doctor. At each stage of the development of the disease, there are effective methods of treatment. The sooner they are applied, the less significant the damage will be.
Refusal of self-medication. Sometimes patients during the first days of the disease try to cope with it on their own. At the same time, they begin to use folk remedies or pharmacological preparations without knowing the features of the pathological process. In some cases, this leads to a worsening of the situation. For example, warming or putting alcohol in the ear can sometimes cause pus to develop faster. This will increase the risk of hearing loss in the future.
Treatment of respiratory diseases. As mentioned above, otitis media is often the result of the spread of infection from the pharyngeal cavity. Especially often this reason occurs in childhood, when the Eustachian tube is wider and shorter. Prevention of otitis is the treatment of tonsillitis, tonsillitis and rhinitis. The chronicity of infectious processes increases the risk of infection and hearing loss.
Compliance with doctor's orders. After examining the patient, the specialist prescribes certain procedures and drugs. They are necessary for the speedy suppression of the inflammatory process and the destruction of microbes. It is important to follow the doctor's instructions regularly. This is especially true when taking antibiotics ( delaying intake even by a few hours can weaken the antimicrobial effect). After recovery, there is no more pus or inflammation in the middle ear. However, hearing can be restored gradually. To speed up this process, certain procedures are also assigned ( physiotherapy, preventive examinations, etc.). Conscientiously following the doctor's instructions for several weeks ( How long does the average treatment last?) is the key to success.

If these simple rules are followed, the risk of complete hearing loss from otitis media is minimal. Ignoring the prescriptions of a doctor and attempting self-treatment can lead to irreversible deafness.

When to see a doctor for otitis media?

Otitis media is a very serious disease in which the inflammatory process is localized in the middle ear. It consists of the tympanic cavity ( located just behind the eardrum), the cavities of the mastoid process and the Eustachian tube connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx. This anatomical region is located in close proximity to the inner ear ( where are sensory receptors located) and the cranial cavity. In this regard, otitis media should be taken very seriously. It is recommended to consult a doctor at the first symptoms of the disease.

Most often, otitis media in the early stages manifests itself as follows:

Earache. The pain can be of a different nature - from acute, unbearable to dull, constant. This symptom occurs due to inflammation of the mucous membrane in the tympanic cavity. With purulent processes, pain can radiate ( give away) v lower jaw on the affected side.
Ear congestion. The symptom is characteristic of tubo-otitis, when the lumen of the Eustachian tube closes due to edema. The pressure in the tympanic cavity decreases, the tympanic membrane retracts, and there is a feeling of congestion.
Hearing loss. Often the disease begins with a subjective feeling of hearing loss, which the patient himself complains about. After a few days, pain or congestion may appear.
General anxiety. The symptom is noted in young children who cannot complain of pain. They do not sleep well, are capricious, often cry. This may be the first manifestation of the inflammatory process.
autophony. This symptom consists in duplicating the patient's own voice when he speaks. The symptom occurs due to isolation of the tympanic cavity ( closure of the Eustachian tube).
Noise in the ear. Usually caused by a pathological process in the Eustachian tube.
Temperature. In the early stages, the temperature may not be at all. With otitis media, it is rarely the first manifestation of the disease. Most often, this course is noted if otitis media has developed against the background of an upper respiratory tract infection ( angina, rhinitis, tonsillitis, etc.)

If these symptoms appear, it is recommended to consult an ENT doctor for more thorough examination. Your doctor will usually notice other signs as well. developing disease. Then otitis media can be stopped even in the first stages of the disease, and the risk to health is minimal. If you go to the doctor because of a feeling of fullness in the ear ( it gives strength paroxysmal pain ) or about discharge from the ear, which means that the disease is already in full swing. Fluid accumulates in the tympanic cavity inflammatory exudate) or pus forms, which cause these symptoms. At this stage, the treatment is already more complex, and it is more difficult to predict the course of the disease.

Prolonged ignoring of symptoms and attempts at self-treatment can be dangerous for the following reasons:

further deterioration of the general condition;
the development of purulent inflammation, which will require more complex healing procedures (administration of drugs through a catheter in the Eustachian tube);
perforation ( gap) eardrum, which will increase the recovery time;
irreversible hearing loss and with the development of complications, deafness is also possible);
need for surgical intervention incision of the tympanic membrane and removal of pus);
the transition of the purulent process to the region of the inner ear, into the cranial cavity ( with severe brain complications);
generalization of infection entry of microbes into the blood);
mental retardation of a child prolonged hearing loss and slow recovery inhibit the development of speech skills and the learning process in general).

Thus, a doctor should be consulted at the first symptoms of the disease. The more time passes from the beginning of the inflammatory process, the longer the treatment will be and the higher the risk of dangerous complications. In most cases, contacting a specialist at the first stage of the disease allows you to achieve full recovery within 5 to 7 days. Otherwise, treatment full recovery hearing can drag on for many weeks.

Otitis is an ENT disease, which is an inflammatory process in the ear. Manifested by pain in the ear (throbbing, shooting, aching), elevated body temperature, hearing loss, tinnitus, mucopurulent discharge from the external auditory canal. The severity of the pathological process depends entirely on the virulence of microorganisms, and the condition also plays an important role. immune protection person.

What is it, what are the first signs and symptoms of otitis media, and how to treat in adults without consequences for the ear, we will consider later in the article.

What is otitis?

Otitis media is inflammatory lesion inner, middle or outer section human ear occurring in a chronic or acute form. The disease is characterized by damage to the structures of the outer, middle or inner ear, while patients present specific complaints. Symptoms in adults depend on the area of inflammation, the addition of local or systemic complications.

Pathology can develop at any time of the year, but the peak of visits to the hospital occurs in autumn and winter, when people do not have time to change from warm to cold.

Causes

The causes and symptoms of otitis media depend on the type of disease, the state of immunity and factors environment. The fundamental elements in the formation of the disease are the influence of air temperature, the purity of the water used for hygiene, the season.

The causes of otitis media are:

Penetration of infection from other ENT organs - as a complication of a concomitant infectious viral disease;
Various diseases of the nose, its sinuses and nasopharynx. This includes all types of rhinitis, deviated septum, (adenoid vegetations);
Injuries of the auricle;
Hypothermia and weakened immunity.

Conditions that significantly increase the risk of developing the disease include:

allergy;
inflammation of the ENT organs;
immunodeficiency states;
performing surgical operations in the area of the nasopharynx or nasal cavity;
infancy, childhood.

Otitis in adults is a disease that must be taken seriously, to know its symptoms, consequences and treatment.

Types of otitis media

The structure of the human ear is divided into three interconnected parts, which bear the following names:

outer ear;
the average;
inner ear.

Depending on in which specific part of the organ the inflammatory process occurs, in medicine it is customary to distinguish three types of otitis media:

Otitis externa

Otitis externa can be limited or diffuse, in some cases it extends to the eardrum, it is more common in elderly patients. Occurs as a result of mechanical or chemical injury ear. A patient with otitis externa complains of throbbing pain in the ear, which radiates to the neck, teeth and eyes, and is aggravated by talking and chewing.

Development is facilitated by two factors:

Infection with a sharp object (hairpin, toothpick);
Ingress and accumulation of moisture in the external auditory canal.

It often occurs if the ear is constantly in contact with water, such as when swimming, which is why it is called "swimmer's ear".

Otitis media

With otitis media, the inflammatory process occurs in the tympanic cavity. There are many forms and variants of the course of this disease. It can be catarrhal and purulent, perforative and non-perforative, acute and chronic. Otitis media can develop complications.

otitis media

This type is also called labyrinthitis, its symptoms can vary in severity (from mild to pronounced).

The symptoms of otitis are similar in all forms of the disease, but their intensity and some features depend on the type.

According to the nature of the course of the disease, forms are distinguished:

Acute. Occurs suddenly, has severe symptoms.
Chronic. The inflammatory process continues for a long time, has periods of exacerbation.

According to the ways of manifestation of otitis media, the following forms are distinguished:

Purulent. There is an accumulation of pus behind the eardrum.
Catarrhal. There is swelling and redness of the tissues, there is no liquid or purulent discharge.
Exudative. In the middle ear, fluid (blood or lymph) accumulates, which is an excellent breeding ground for microorganisms.

The otolaryngologist determines how and how to treat otitis media by establishing the type and degree of the disease.

Symptoms of otitis media in adults

The clinical picture of otitis media directly depends on the location of the pathological process.

Symptoms:

earache . This symptom is constantly disturbing and is the main one that brings the greatest discomfort. Sometimes the pain shoots into the teeth, temple, lower jaw. The cause of the development of this condition with otitis media is considered to be increased pressure in the ear cavity;
redness of the ear canal, discoloration of the auricle;
gradual hearing loss, due to the opening of abscesses and the filling of the auditory canal with purulent masses;
temperature increase- most often there is an increase in body temperature, however, this is also an optional sign;
ear discharge with external otitis are almost always. After all, nothing prevents the inflammatory fluid from standing out.

Symptoms of otitis are often accompanied by a runny nose, which leads to swelling of the nasal mucosa and congestion of the auditory tube.

	Symptoms and first signs
Otitis externa	In the case of the development of acute purulent local external otitis (furuncle in the ear canal), the patient complains of pain in the ear, which is aggravated by pressure or pulling on it. There is also pain when opening the mouth and pain when the ear funnel is inserted to examine the external auditory canal. Externally, the auricle is edematous and reddened. Acute infectious purulent diffuse otitis media develops as a result of inflammation of the middle ear and suppuration from it.
Otitis media	How does otitis media present? heat; ear pain (throbbing or aching); decline auditory function, which, as a rule, recovers a few days after the first manifestations of symptoms; nausea, general malaise, vomit; purulent discharge from the ears.
Otitis media	The onset of the disease is most often accompanied by: tinnitus, dizziness nausea and vomiting, balance disorder,
acute form	The main symptom acute form is severe pain in the ear, which patients describe as twitching or shooting. The pain can be very intense, worse in the evening. One of the signs of otitis is the so-called autophony - the presence constant noise in the ear, not connected with sounds from the outside, ear congestion appears. Acute otitis media always need to be treated to the end, as the pus will begin to spread inside the skull.
Chronic form	Periodic purulent discharge from the ear. Dizziness or tinnitus. Pain appears only during periods of exacerbation. Temperature rise is possible.

If you have symptoms of otitis, you need to urgently consult a doctor who will correctly diagnose and tell you how to treat inflammation.

Complications

Do not think that otitis media is harmless colds. In addition to the fact that it knocks a person out of the rut for a long time, reducing his ability to work for at least 10 days, it is possible to develop irreversible changes with persistent deterioration or complete loss of hearing.

When the disease is allowed to take its course, the following complications may occur:

rupture of the eardrum (as a rule, it takes 2 weeks for the hole to heal);
choleostomy (growth of tissue behind the eardrum, hearing loss);
destruction of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear (incus, malleus, stirrup);
mastoiditis (inflammatory lesion of the mastoid process of the temporal bone).

Diagnostics

A competent doctor diagnoses acute otitis without special devices and innovative technologies. A simple examination of the auricle and auditory canal with a head reflector (a mirror with a hole in the center) or an otoscope is enough to diagnose otitis media.

As methods confirming and clarifying the diagnosis, a general blood test can be prescribed, which reveals signs of inflammation (increased ESR, an increase in the number of leukocytes, and others).

Of the instrumental methods, radiography is used, computed tomography temporal regions.

How to treat otitis media in adults?

Antibacterial drugs (antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.) play a special role in the treatment of otitis media. Their use has a number of features - the medicine should not only act on the bacteria that caused otitis media, but also penetrate well into the tympanic cavity.

Treatment of inflammatory changes in the auricle begins with bed rest. Antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, antipyretic drugs are prescribed simultaneously. The combination of drugs allows you to effectively treat the pathology.

Comprehensive treatment of otitis media

Ear drops

It's no secret how acute otitis in adults is treated - drops in the ears. This is the most common remedy for otitis media. Depending on the type of disease, different drugs are used. Ear drops may only contain antibacterial drug or be combined - have an antibiotic and an anti-inflammatory substance in the composition.

Allocate the following types drops:

glucocorticosteroid (Garazon, Sofradex, Dexon, Anauran);
containing anti-inflammatory non-steroidal agents (Otinum, Otipax);
antibacterial (Otofa, Tsipromed, Normax, Fugentin).

The course of treatment takes 5-7 days.

Additional funds:

In combination with ear drops for otitis, otolaryngologists often prescribe vasoconstrictor nasal drops (Nafthyzin, Nazol, Galazolin, Otrivin, etc.), thanks to which it is possible to relieve swelling of the mucous membrane of the Eustachian tube and thereby reduce the load on the eardrum.
In addition to drops in the complex, antihistamine (antiallergic) agents may also be prescribed, pursuing the same goal - removing mucosal edema. It can be Suprastin, Diazolin, etc.
To reduce temperature and reduce pain in the ear, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs based on paracetamol (panadol), ibuprofen (nurofen), nise are prescribed.
Antibiotics for otitis in adults are added to the treatment of acute medium shape with the development of purulent inflammation. The use of Augmentin has proven itself well. Rulid, Amoxiclav, Cefazolin are also effective.

In addition to the above measures, physiotherapy procedures are used:

UHF for the nose area;
laser therapy for the mouth of the auditory tube;
pneumomassage focused on the eardrum area.

If all the above actions did not lead to a regression of the process, or treatment was started at the stage of perforation of the tympanic membrane, then first of all it is necessary to ensure a good outflow of pus from the middle ear cavity. To do this, carry out regular cleansing of the external auditory canal from secretions.

Local anesthesia is used during the procedure. A puncture is made in the eardrum with a special needle, through which pus is removed. The incision heals on its own after the discharge of pus stops.

You can not independently prescribe medicines for yourself, choose a dosage, interrupt the medication when the symptoms of otitis media disappear.
Wrong actions performed at one's own discretion can cause harm to health.
Before going to the doctor, you can only take a paracetamol tablet to reduce pain. This drug is effective and has few contraindications. When used correctly, paracetamol rarely causes side effects.

Prevention

The main goal of preventing otitis media in adults is to prevent the Eustachian tube from becoming blocked by thick mucus. This is not such an easy task. Usually, acute rhinitis accompanied liquid secretions, but in the process of treatment, mucus often becomes much thicker, stagnation in the nasopharynx.

Foci chronic infection- increase the risk of otitis media.
After swimming, especially in open water, it is necessary to dry the ears thoroughly to prevent water from getting inside along with bacteria. Especially for people prone to otitis, developed antiseptic drops, which are buried in the ears after each bath.
Regularly clean your ears from dirt and sulfur, maintain hygiene. But it is better to leave a minimum of sulfur, since it protects the ear canal from pathogenic microbes.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that otitis media is a very unpleasant disease. Do not think that all symptoms will go away on their own. Be sure to consult a doctor at the first signs. Often, people treat otitis media unreasonably lightly, not realizing that complications from this infection can lead to the most unfortunate consequences.