Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine
Kharkiv State Veterinary Academy
Department of Epizootology and Veterinary Management
Abstract on the topic:
"Porcine viral gastroenteritis"
Prepared by:
3rd year student of group 9 FVM
Bocherenko V.A.
Kharkov 2007
Plan
1. Definition of disease
2. History reference, distribution, degree of danger and damage
3. Pathogen
4. Epizootology
5. Pathogenesis
6. Course and clinical manifestation
7. Pathological anatomical signs
8. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis
9. Immunity, specific prophylaxis
10. Prevention
11. Treatment
12. Control measures
1. Definition of disease
porcine viral gastroenteritis (Latin - Gastroenteritis infectiosa suum; English - Transmissible gastroenteritis; infectious gastroenteritis, transmissible gastroenteritis, Doyle and Hutchings' disease, HCV) is a highly contagious disease of pigs, characterized by catarrhal-hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and manifested by vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration of the body and high mortality piglets in the first 2 weeks of life.
2. Is t oral reference, questioning t injury, degree of danger t and and damage
The disease was first described in the USA by Doyle and Hutchings (1946). Then it was noted in Japan (1956), Great Britain (1957) and in many European countries, as well as in our country.
The disease is recorded in all countries of the world with intensive pig production, and at present there are practically no large pig farms in which viral gastroenteritis has not occurred. The disease causes great economic damage.
376 due to the high incidence of newborn piglets and their 100% death, loss of live weight gain (up to 3 ... 4 kg) in fattening pigs and the cost of veterinary and sanitary measures.
3. Pathogen
For the first time, the pathogen was isolated by the Japanese researcher Tayima (1970). It is an enveloped, pleomorphic DNA-containing hemadsorbing virus of the Coronaviridae family, genus Coronavirus, a virion with a diameter of 60...160 nm, covered with a glycoprotein layer of club-shaped processes resembling the solar crown.
Glycoprotein "corona" induces the synthesis of virus-neutralizing antibodies in the body. The virus is epitheliotropic, reproduces and accumulates in the epithelial cells of the small intestine, alveolar macrophages of the lungs and in the tonsils. Easily adapts and reproduces in the cytoplasm of primary and transplanted cells of pig organs, without causing CPP in the first passages. Virus strains isolated from different countries, are serologically identical, but there is an immunological difference between the intestinal field and culture strains. The virus is antigenically related to the haemagglutinating coronavirus that causes encephalomyelitis in piglets, as well as to the canine coronavirus and the coronavirus that causes feline infectious peritonitis.
The virus is resistant to trypsin, bile acids and changes in pH from 3.0 to 11.0. When frozen, the virus-containing material is stored for up to 18 months, when heated to 56 ° C, it is inactivated in 30 minutes, at 37 ° C - in 4 days, when room temperature- in 45 days. In the liquid faeces of sick pigs in the sun it is inactivated for 6 hours, in the shade - for 3 days. Solutions of phenol (0.5%), formaldehyde (0.5%), sodium hydroxide (2%) kill the virus within 30 minutes.
4. Epizootology
Susceptible only pigs of all ages and breeds, regardless of the season of the year, and newborn piglets, especially the first weeks of life (2...3 weeks), are more sensitive. AT vivo dogs are also susceptible. Laboratory animals are not infected.
The sources of the pathogen are sick and recovered pigs, but dogs, cats, foxes, migratory birds and synanthropic rodents. In sick animals, starting from the incubation period and within 3-4 months after the illness, the virus is excreted with feces, urine and nasal discharge. In dogs and foxes, the virus multiplies in the intestines, and they can contaminate the external environment with it.
All objects can be transfer factors external environment contaminated with the virus, as well as meat and products from the meat of pigs. Newborn piglets become infected through the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory organs from virus-carrying sows. In previously prosperous farms, the virus is more often introduced by vehicles, with newly imported virus-carrying pigs, and slaughterhouse waste. Consideration should be given to the possibility of introducing the virus by dogs, birds and rodents. In a fresh epizootic focus, the disease manifests itself in the form of an outbreak covering the entire pig population within 3-4 days. The incidence reaches 80...100%. Suckling piglets up to 2 weeks of age and all young animals born within 2 ... 3 weeks die, and in the rest of the pigs age groups the disease proceeds with varying severity. 4-6 weeks after the initial appearance, the intensity of enzootics decreases. Sows develop immunity and pass on antibodies to piglets in colostrum, protecting them from infection.
In fattening farms, viral gastroenteritis occurs more often among pigs from newly received batches with subsequent spread to the entire population. Mortality is up to 3%. A 2...3-year periodicity of the enzootic disease was noted, which can be associated with the period of transmission of colostral immunity by sows to newborn piglets.
5. Pathogenesis
The virus enters the body of pigs of all ages mainly through the mouth and, passing through the stomach, enters the intestines. In the epithelium of the small intestine, it is intensively reproduced, causing the destruction of the villi. After a few hours in the intestinal lumen accumulates a large number of virus, from where it penetrates into the blood and into everything internal organs. In the lung epithelium, a secondary cycle of reproduction occurs, leading to significant damage to alveolar macrophages and lung epithelium. As a result of intensive destruction, the cylindrical epithelium of the intestine is replaced by cuboidal and squamous, the villi atrophy.
In 90-95% of newborn piglets, villous atrophy occurs within the first 12-24 hours after infection. Degeneration, atrophy and desquamation of the intestinal epithelium and villi lead to electrolyte and water imbalance in the body, acidosis, indigestion and metabolism, which causes profuse diarrhea and the development of severe dysbacteriosis. Putrefactive microflora begins to predominate in the intestines. Often the disease is complicated by the development of escherichiosis.
6. Course and clinical manifestation
Incubation period lasts 1 ... 3 days, and in newborn piglets it can be shortened to 12 ... 18 hours, and in adult pigs it can be extended up to 7 days.
The primary outbreak of the disease on the farm is usually characterized by severe course with typical clinical signs. In lactating non-immune sows, an increase in body temperature to 40.5 ... 41 ° C, food refusal, vomiting, thirst, oppression and complete agalactia (cessation of milk secretion), mucous discharge from the nasal openings, sometimes sniffling and profuse diarrhea. Within 10 ... 12 days, almost all sows fall ill, they develop immunity and virus carriers.
In piglets older than 30 days of age and fattening pigs, the disease manifests itself with the same clinical signs - hyperthermia, vomiting, thirst, refusal to feed, diarrhea, catarrhal rhinitis. Almost the entire livestock gets sick, the patients recover, remain virus carriers and do not get sick again. Mortality reaches 4...5%. Often in pigs of this age, the disease is complicated by escherichiosis, salmonellosis and respiratory diseases, and the incidence increases significantly.
In piglets 6 ... 15 days of age, the disease is more severe than in 30-day-old piglets, with a predominance of profuse diarrhea and a complication of escherichiosis. Mortality among piglets of this age group increases to 30...70%.
The disease is especially severe in newborn piglets (1 ... 5 days after birth). Within 1-2 days, all piglets of the litter fall ill. They develop vomiting and profuse diarrhea, they refuse to suck colostrum. Initially, the fecal matter is semi-liquid, yellowish color, in the future, their selection becomes involuntary, they acquire a gray-greenish color and an unpleasant putrid smell. Patients note quick loss body weight, cyanosis and stickiness skin, impaired coordination of movement, convulsions, then a coma occurs. Almost all sick piglets die. Individuals survive, but are severely stunted and often die at an older age.
In stationary dysfunctional farms, the virus circulates among sows, and depending on the summing balance of the virus and the intensity of immunity in their body, outbreaks of the disease are possible among newborn piglets at certain intervals, as well as among new livestock introduced into the herd. Colostral immunity in piglets persists for 50-60 days, and after birth, together with antibodies, they receive a virus from sows. In this way, a natural simultaneous immunization of nascent piglets is carried out, which ensures their protection against the disease at an older age.
7. Pathological anatomical signs
The skin of piglets is bluish, stained with fecal matter, dryish. The stomach in some animals is full of curdled milk, in others it contains only a grayish mucous liquid. The mucous membrane of the stomach is hyperemic, under the mucous membrane there are pinpoint or streaky hemorrhages. The small intestine is swollen and usually contains a small amount of cloudy, frothy mucus. The walls of the intestines are thin, translucent, flabby, easily torn. The mucous membrane is hyperemic, petechial hemorrhages are visible under it. Colon filled with liquid fodder masses, the mucous membrane is hyperemic.
The owners of the patent RU 2337670:
The invention relates to veterinary medicine and can be used in the treatment of viral gastroenteritis in piglets. The method involves mixing with feed encapsulated "Phosphopag", used in the form of a 0.005% solution of 2.0 g capsules per 1 kg of animal body weight for 8 days. EFFECT: invention makes it possible to significantly improve the number of pigs, significantly reduce the mortality, eliminate the delay in weight gain and makes it possible to subsequently obtain healthy offspring from these piglets.
The invention relates to veterinary medicine, namely to gastroenterology.
There are no analogues of the proposed method for correcting porcine viral gastroenteritis in piglets.
Viral gastroenteritis of pigs is an infectious, highly contagious disease characterized by catarrhal-hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and manifested by vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration of the body and high mortality in piglets in the first two weeks of life. The disease is caused by an RNA virus belonging to the Coronavirus genus of the Coronaviridae family. Only pigs are susceptible to the causative agent of the porcine gastroenteritis virus, while suckling pigs, especially at neonatal age, are much more sensitive than adult animals.
The source of the causative agent of the porcine gastroenteritis virus is sick and recovered pigs. Starting from the incubation period and within 2-3 months after the illness, it releases the virus with feces, urine and nasal discharge. The concentration of virus in the feces is particularly high at the onset of the disease, so the disease spreads rapidly in the affected herd.
The porcine gastroenteritis virus spreads in a variety of ways. In a prosperous economy, the virus is more often introduced with newly imported pigs - virus carriers, with slaughterhouse waste and transport. Dogs and migratory birds (starlings) may have great importance in the transmission of the pathogen. Inside the farm, the disease mainly spreads with feed, with joint keeping or indirect contact of sick and healthy animals.
When the disease occurs, abundant degeneration and desquamation of the epithelium of the villi, their atrophy leads to impaired digestion and absorption nutrients. As a result, after 12-24 hours, profuse diarrhea develops, leading to electrolyte-water imbalance, dehydration, acidosis and deep violations metabolic processes.
The severity of clinical signs of the disease, its duration and outcome are inversely proportional to age. In case of illness in piglets up to 5 days of age, the mortality rate is 100%, in 6-10 days old - 67%, in 11-15 days old - 30% and in 0.5-6.0 months old - up to 10%. In lactating sows, along with general depression, hyperthemia develops, the secretion of milk decreases and even completely stops.
There are recommendations in the literature on the use of "Phosphopag": disinfection of premises, irrigation of root crops in order to preserve them during storage, treatment of the skin in order to prevent and treat skin infections in animals (Efimov K.M., Gembitsky P.A., Snezhko A. D. Polyguanidines - a class of low-toxic disinfectants of prolonged action // Disinfection business, 2000. - No. 4. - pp. 32-36, www.ruscience.newmail.ru/journals/jmed.htm). However, the drug has never before been used to treat dysentery in piglets up to six months.
The purpose of the invention is to develop effective approach for the treatment of viral gastroenteritis in piglets.
The essence of the proposed method lies in the fact that for the treatment of viral gastroenteritis of pigs, “Phosfopag” 0.005% in encapsulated form (gelatin capsules) is added to the feed of piglets at the rate of 2.0 g of capsules per 1 kg of animal body weight per day for 8 days. This allows for rehabilitation gastrointestinal tract piglet in 100% of cases.
The inventive method is carried out as follows. At the beginning, gelatin capsules are prepared for pouring the Phosphopag solution. Spend the preparation of the gelatinous mass. Gelatin, freshly boiled, is added to a flask with a capacity of 50 ml. hot water, glycerol in a ratio of 2.5:6:1 and heat the mass in a water bath at a temperature of 90-95°C. Mixing during dissolution must be careful, otherwise air will enter the viscous solution. To remove air, the solution is kept without stirring for 30 minutes at a temperature of 45°C, after which it is poured into a porcelain crucible.
Then soft gelatin shells are formed and the capsules are dried. Metal forms (olives) with a diameter of 5 mm are wiped with a gauze swab moistened vaseline oil, cooled at a temperature of 3-5°C for 5-6 minutes and immersed in a gelatinous mass at a temperature of 38-40°C for 1-2 seconds.
To evenly distribute the mass and to avoid the formation of sags, the molds are smoothly lifted, rotating in a horizontal position around their axis. With this technology for the production of capsules, the thickness of their walls does not exceed 1 mm. Forms with films for gelatinization put in the refrigerator for 5-7 minutes at a temperature of 5°C. After that, the capsules are carefully incised with a scalpel (blade) at the base of the olive. The capsules are gently shifted from the mould, removed and placed in the nest of the wafer machine.
Capsules are filled with a solution of 0.005% Phosphopag using a syringe with a curved cannula, which is inserted into the opening of the capsule without wetting the edges. A solution of 0.005% Phosphopag is prepared by diluting 0.5 g of Phosphopag in 10 liters of distilled water.
The opening of the capsules is sealed with an electric soldering iron heated to a temperature of 55-56°C (voltage 12 V). The melted film hermetically closes the capsule due to surface tension. The seal should be smooth, round and free of streaks. For dehydration of gelatin, the filled soft capsules are dried at a temperature of 20-23°C in a desiccator over calcined calcium chloride.
After obtaining ready-made capsules, they are used in piglets for the treatment of porcine viral gastroenteritis. Phosphopag capsules are mixed with animal feed and fed for 8 days at the rate of 2.0 g of capsules per 1 kg of pig body weight.
To calculate the encapsulated "Phosphopag" it is necessary to bring the following chain of reasoning. Since the capsule is a sphere with a diameter of 7 mm and a radius of 3.5 mm, and the cavity filled with a solution is a sphere with a diameter of 5 mm and a radius of 2.5 mm, their volume is calculated by the formula (Pogorelov A.V. Geometry. Textbook for 6- 10 classes, M.: Enlightenment, 1985):
then the volume of one capsule with a solution is equal to:
In this case, the volume of one gelatin capsule is equal to the difference between these volumes and is:
Considering that 1 cm 3 \u003d 1 ml and that the density of gelatin capsules is 1.35 g / ml (Weiss A. Macromolecular chemistry of gelatin, M., 1971), we calculate the weight of the gelatin shell of one capsule:
Given that 1 cm 3 aqueous solution has a mass of 1 g, we calculate the mass of one capsule as a whole:
At the same time, the mass of Phosphopag contained in a 0.005% solution in one capsule is:
According to the materials of the application for the invention, in order to achieve a technical result, it is necessary to give piglets 2 g of capsules per 1 kg of body weight. Considering that 1 capsule has a mass of 0.217 g, then 2 g contains:
2 g: 0.217 g = 9.22 pieces, which contain 9.22 × 0.00000325 g = 0.00003 g.
EFFECT: invention makes it possible to cure porcine viral gastroenteritis in piglets as a result of 8-day feeding of 2 g capsules with a 0.005% Phosphopag solution containing 0.00003 g of Phosphopag per 1 kg of animal body weight per day in 100% of cases. This allows you to significantly improve the livestock of pigs, significantly reduce mortality, eliminate the delay in weight gain, optimizing meat production and making it possible to subsequently obtain healthy offspring from these piglets.
The availability of a method for the treatment of porcine viral gastroenteritis in piglets up to six months will make it possible to quickly and cost-effectively carry out animal therapy, healing the herd.
Example 1. Piglet No. 29, 4 months old, 30 kg, reduced weight gain, began to refuse feed, fever, vomiting, diarrhea and arthenia appeared. Porcine gastroenteritis virus was identified in a neutralization test in cell culture thyroid gland infected with material taken from an animal and confirmed by immunofluorescence. The piglet was diagnosed with porcine viral gastroenteritis. The animal was prescribed Phosphopag capsules 0.005%, 60.0 g each ( active ingredient 0.0009 g) per day for 8 days. This made it possible to normalize the animal's appetite after 5 days, to stop the fever and bring it back to normal after 6 days. motor activity, stopping clinical manifestations viral gastroenteritis. Study stool on the 8th day after the start of treatment, the presence of porcine gastroenteritis virus was not detected.
Example 2. Piglet No. 46, 5 months old, 42 kg, reduced weight gain, began to refuse feed, fever, vomiting, diarrhea and arthenia appeared. Gastroenteritis virus was identified in a neutralization reaction in a thyroid cell culture contaminated with material taken from an animal and confirmed by immunofluorescence. The piglet was diagnosed with porcine viral gastroenteritis. The pig was prescribed Phosphopag capsules 0.005%, 84.0 g each (active ingredient 0.00063 g) per day for 8 days. This made it possible to normalize the animal's appetite after 6 days, to stop the fever and normalize its motor activity after 7 days, stopping the clinical manifestations of porcine viral gastroenteritis. Examination of feces on the 8th day after the start of treatment did not reveal the presence of porcine gastroenteritis virus.
In the future, when monitoring this piglet, there were no deviations from the norm and no recurrence of porcine viral gastroenteritis.
A method for treating viral gastroenteritis in piglets up to six months, including the use of "Phosfopag" in capsules in the form of a 0.005% solution of 2.0 g capsules per 1 kg of animal body weight for 8 days when mixed with feed.
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The invention relates to medicine and describes an oral medicinal product tilorone in the form of capsules filled with a mass for encapsulation containing active substance- tilorone, a physiologically acceptable filler and an antifriction substance, characterized in that the mass for encapsulation is a mixture of powders, which additionally contains a disintegrant with the following content of the components of the mass for encapsulation (wt.%): tilorone - 35.0-50.0; disintegrant - 2.0-30.0; antifriction agent - 0.1-1.0; filler - the rest.
porcine viral gastroenteritis(Gastroenteritis viralis suum), infectious gastroenteritis, transmissible gastroenteritis, viral disease, characterized by catarrhal-hemorrhagic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestines, manifested by diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration. V. g. s. is registered in countries with developed pig breeding, causing great economic damage to the economy due to the death of animals, a decrease in their weight gain, and the cost of medical and preventive measures.
Etiology. The causative agent of the disease is a coronavirus of the Coronaviridae family, containing single-stranded RNA, the size of the virion is 80–150 nm. The virus reproduces in piglet kidney cell culture without showing any cytopathic effect in the first passages. In the body of animals during the period of viremia, the virus is found in the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as in parenchymal organs. Under environmental conditions, the pathogen quickly loses its virulence. At t 50-60ºC loses pathogenicity within 1 hour, t 80-100ºC inactivates the virus within 5 minutes. In the dried pathological material does not die up to 3 days, with t-28ºC remains virulent up to 3 years. The virus is resistant to phenol, antibiotics; it is inactivated with a 4% formaldehyde solution in 10 minutes, with a 2% sodium hydroxide solution in 20-30 minutes, with bleach in 6 minutes. The virus is not pathogenic for laboratory animals.
epizootology. The source of the infectious agent is sick pigs. To V. g. s. pigs of all ages are susceptible; the younger the animal, the more sensitive it is to the virus; suckling pigs up to 10 days of age are especially sensitive. Animals excrete the pathogen from the body with faeces and vomit within 2-3 months after the illness. Transmission factors of the infectious agent are contaminated feed, water and other environmental objects; carriers of the virus are rodents, dogs, cats, starlings and other birds. Infection occurs mainly by the alimentary route, possibly aerogenic. Outbreaks of the disease are associated with the importation of virus-carrying pigs into prosperous farms. If the disease occurs on the farm for the first time, it causes almost 100% death of piglets in the first days of life. Lethality of young animals of older age is 30-40%, adult animals 3%. The emergence and rapid spread V. g. s. contribute to adverse factors that reduce the body's resistance.
Immunity. Animals that have recovered from illness acquire immunity, but its duration and intensity vary. Recovered sows transmit virus-neutralizing antibodies to suckling piglets with colostrum. Such colostral immunity is short-lived.
Course and symptoms. The incubation period is 2-5 days. The main clinical sign in pigs of all age groups is diarrhea. Fever is absent or transient only at the onset of the disease. The most severe disease occurs in piglets up to 10 days of age and is accompanied by lethargy, vomiting, refusal to suckle. The piglets are bored. Watery gray-green feces are excreted involuntarily. Almost the entire offspring dies on the 3-5th day of the disease. In weaned piglets and adult pigs, the disease proceeds more benignly, characterized by a decrease in appetite, diarrhea and emaciation. In weaners and gilts, complications are possible in the form of catarrhal bronchopneumonia and chronic gastroenteritis.
Pathological changes. At autopsy, piglets are found to have catarrhal or catarrhal-hemorrhagic inflammation of the gastric mucosa and small intestine. The stomach is abundantly or partially filled with uncurdled milk. The mucous membrane of the small intestines is gray to burgundy in color, covered with cloudy mucus, ulcerated in places. The contents of the intestines are watery, yellow-gray-red; there are gas bubbles. In adult pigs, catarrhal and very rarely hemorrhagic gastroenteritis is found. Histological examination reveals feature- atrophy of the villi of the small intestines.
Diagnosis established on the basis of epizootological, clinical and pathological data and results laboratory research(RNGA, MFA, RN and, in difficult cases, bioassay on sows 6-7 days before farrowing). V. g. s. differentiate from colibacillosis, salmonellosis, plague, anaerobic dysentery, rotavirus infections and alimentary diarrhea.
Treatment. Antibiotics are used to prevent bacterial complications.
Prevention and control measures. For a warning V. g. s. carry out measures to protect prosperous farms (clear implementation of veterinary and sanitary rules, quarantine of newly arrived livestock, examination of it for V. g. s. and etc.). When a disease occurs, quarantine is imposed on the pig farm, a set of veterinary and sanitary measures is carried out (isolation and treatment of patients, disinfection with 2-3% sodium hydroxide solution, vaccination of pregnant sows 35-40 days and 15-21 days before farrowing, etc.) . With the in-line system of farrowing, tour piglets are introduced by stopping the insemination of queens for 2-3 months.
Literature:
Nikolsky VV Viral gastroenteritis of pigs, K., 1974;
Pritulin P.I., Infectious gastroenterocolitis of pigs, M., 1975.
- - food poisoning associated with the development of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria in the human body after consuming low-quality products ...
Dictionary of microbiology
- - viral gastroenteritis of pigs, infectious gastroenteritis, transmissible gastroenteritis, a viral disease characterized by catarrhal-hemorrhagic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestines, ...
- - gastroenteritis, inflammation of the stomach and intestines, in which pathological process can spread to all layers of the walls of the stomach and intestines ...
Veterinary encyclopedic Dictionary
- - infectious gastroenteritis of pigs, see Viral gastroenteritis of pigs ...
Veterinary Encyclopedic Dictionary
- - inflame. disease of the stomach and small intestine in humans and animals. Signs - see Gastritis, Enteritis. Usually accompanied by damage to the large intestine ...
Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
- - inflammation of the mucous membranes of the stomach and small intestine...
- - see Viral diarrhea ...
Big Medical Dictionary
- - inflammation of the mucous membranes of the stomach and small intestine. Often a manifestation infectious process, poisoning when eating poor-quality products ...
- - inflammatory disease stomach and small intestine...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - inflammatory disease of the stomach and small intestine in humans and animals. Signs - see Gastritis, Enteritis. Usually accompanied by damage to the large intestine ...
Big encyclopedic dictionary
- - ...
Word forms
- - ...
Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language
- - gastroenteri/t,...
merged. Separately. Through a hyphen. Dictionary-reference
- - ...
Spelling Dictionary
- - gastroenter...
Russian spelling dictionary
- - gastroenteritis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestines ...
Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
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Necrotic enteritis is formed immediately after the "recovery" of the intestine. The thick mucous membrane ruptures and dies, while the muscular membrane thickens in the region of the ileum (lat. Ileum). Rapid mucosal rupture causes profuse bleeding in the ileum, causing progressive hemorrhagic enteropathy. Pigs that have recovered become resistant to re-infection. Clinical signs Necrotizing enteritis (NE) begins after progressive enteropathy (PE, ileitis) or intestinal adenopathy of pigs, which is accompanied by local ileitis or progressive hemorrhagic enteropathy. PE is most common in young weaners and lasts up to 6 weeks. The incubation period of the disease lasts about 3-6 weeks, and pigs of any age can get sick: from 3-4 months to adults.
The first signs of PE are weight loss and lack of appetite to varying degrees. Affected pigs appear pale, anemic, vomit, and have blackened feces (due to the altered blood they contain). After 4-6 weeks, sick pigs may completely recover, and some die at the stage of progressive hemorrhagic enteropathy. An hour or two before death, these pigs look pale, with low temperature(37.8 C). Pigs can die at any age: from 6 to 10 months. At the first infection, up to 12% of the herd get sick and about 6% die. Without effective treatment pigs may become underdeveloped, look thin, bristly, pale, suffer from mild diarrhea, or stool with dark, sticky feces.
Growing pigs appear pale, thin, while older pigs show dark stool. All these signs, along with rapid death, speak of progressive hemorrhagic enteropathy, although the same signs accompany stomach ulcers in pigs. diarrhea and copious excretion feces are not obligatory "companions" of the disease. A sick pig necessarily shows the above signs. When a dead pig is opened, it can be seen that the edge of the ileum is thickened, pale, and its inner shell is covered with folds that cannot be stretched. The large intestine is also partially damaged. The tissues of the inner lining of the infected intestine are usually dead or completely eaten away. In such cases, laboratory tests confirm the presence of a disease or infection. Characteristic changes in the organization of the cells of the inner lining of the intestine can be seen under a microscope. But at this stage, the dead tissue can be so extensive that it hides the cells. The causative agent is isolated from infected cells or faeces and identified as Lawsonia intracellularis.
Treatment and prevention diseases Since NE is a late form of PE, the methods of treatment correspond to PE. Individual pigs with signs of clinical disease are injected with long-acting drugs: tetracycline or antimicrobials: tylosin, tiamulin and lincomycin. Pigs with signs of mild disease in drinking water add tetracycline, tiamulin or lincomycin. But for already underdeveloped pigs, treatment will not be beneficial. As a rule, chlortetracycline, valnemulin, tiamulin, tylosin or lincomycin are added to the feed for two weeks. In infected pigs, the disease can return after 3 weeks, so a second course of treatment is advised after 18 days. In the presence of other bacterial diseases, such as spirochetosis or salmonellosis, treatment should be modified.
Pigs whose appetite is not restored within 7 days of the treatment period should be culled. Facility disinfection with quaternary ammonium, iodine, or an oxidizing disinfectant, along with rodent control on the farm, reduces the risk of re-infection of pigs. Herds formed by hysterectomy and kept in isolation are not infected, but the possibility is not ruled out. Recently weaned piglets are recommended to be injected with a live attenuated species of Lawsonia intracellularis, which prevents clinical disease and infection with pathogenic Lawsonia intracellularis.
Viral, or infectious, or transmissible, porcine gastroenteritis is a viral disease characterized by inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine, manifested by diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration (fluid loss by the body). The disease causes great economic damage to pig breeding due to the death of animals, a decrease in their weight gain, and the cost of medical and preventive measures.
The causative agent is a coronavirus, which quickly loses its virulence under environmental conditions - at 50-60 ° C it is inactivated within 1 hour, at 80-100 ° C - after 5 minutes. The virus is resistant to phenol, antibiotics; it is inactivated with a 4% solution of formaldehyde in 10 minutes, with a 2% solution of sodium hydroxide - in 20-30 minutes, with bleach - in 6 minutes.
The source of the infectious agent is sick pigs. Pigs of all ages are susceptible to viral gastroenteritis, but the younger the animal, the more sensitive it is to the virus, especially suckling pigs up to 10 days of age. Animals excrete the pathogen from the body with faeces and vomit within 2-3 months after the illness, seeding food, water and other environmental objects. Carriers of coronavirus are rodents, dogs, cats, starlings and other birds. Infection occurs mainly through the alimentary route. If the disease occurs for the first time on the farm, it causes the death of almost 100% of piglets in the first days of life, 30-40% of older young animals and 3% of adults.
The incubation period of the disease is 2-5 days. The main signs of infection are diarrhea, short-term fever, lack or decrease in appetite, emaciation, in suckling sows - agalactia (lack of milk secretion). In piglets up to 10 days of age, lethargy, vomiting, refusal to suck are observed. They get bored. Feces grey-green released involuntarily. Almost the entire offspring dies on the 3rd and 5th days of the disease.
The diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical and epizootological data, the results of a laboratory study of lean and ileum from dead individuals, differentiating from colibacillosis, plague, salmonellosis, etc.
For the treatment of pigs, nitrofurans are used (furatsilin 0.05 g orally 2-3 times a day for 3-5 days, furazonal - 2-3 mg / kg body weight 2-3 times a day for 6-8 days), antibiotics ( chlortetracycline, tetracycline 20-30 mg/kg of weight, morphocycline, dibiomycin, neomycin - 10-20 mg/kg of weight, etc.). Additionally, vitamin and mineral supplements in the form of liquids are introduced into the diet.
To prevent the introduction of the virus into the farm, newly arriving livestock are quarantined, and food and slaughterhouse waste fed to pigs is neutralized. When a disease occurs, patients are isolated and treated, the premises are disinfected with a 2-3% sodium hydroxide solution, pregnant sows are vaccinated orally or intramuscularly 35-40 days and 15-21 days before farrowing. From the first days of life, newborn piglets are given probiotics containing bifidobacteria for 5-6 days.
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