Introduction
2.1 Korsakoff syndrome
Psychogenic memory impairment
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Our mental world is diverse and diverse. Thanks to high level In the development of our psyche, we can do a lot and we can do a lot. In turn, mental development is possible because we retain the acquired experience and knowledge. Everything we learn, every experience, impression or movement we have leaves in our memorya known trace that can persist for quite some time long time and under appropriate conditions appear again and become an object of consciousness. Memory as the highest mental function can be defined as the property of the central nervous system to assimilate information from experience, store it and use it in solving current problems. Memory impairment is one of the most common symptoms in the clinic of organic and functional diseases of the brain. Up to one third of the population has at some time experienced significant dissatisfaction with their memory. Among older people, complaints of memory loss are even more common. The range of diseases that are accompanied by mnestic disorders is very diverse. These are, first of all, diseases characterized by the development of dementia, dyscirculatory encephalopathy, dysmetabolic disorders, including chronic intoxication, neurogeriatric diseases with damage to the extrapyramidal system. Psychogenic memory disorders are often found in depression, dissociative and anxiety disorders. 1. Definition and general characteristics of memory
By memory we mean the imprinting, preservation, subsequent recognition and reproduction of traces of past experience. It is thanks to memory that a person is able to accumulate information without losing previous knowledge and skills. It should be noted that memory occupies a special place among mental cognitive processes. Many researchers characterize memory as a “end-to-end” process that ensures the continuity of mental processes and unites all cognitive processes into a single whole. How do mnemonic processes occur? For example, when we see an object that we have previously perceived, we recognize it. The object seems familiar to us, known. Consciousness of what is perceived in this moment an object or phenomenon was perceived in the past is called recognition. A necessary prerequisite for recognition and reproduction is the imprinting, or remembering, of what was perceived, as well as its subsequent preservation. Thus, memory is a complex mental process consisting of several private processes associated with each other. Memory is necessary for a person - it allows him to accumulate, save and subsequently use personal life experience; it stores knowledge and skills. Psychological science faces a number of difficult tasks related to the study of memory processes: studying how traces are imprinted, what physiological mechanisms this process, what conditions contribute to this imprinting, what are its boundaries, what techniques can allow us to expand the volume of imprinted material. In addition, there are other questions that need to be answered. For example, how long can these traces be stored, what are the mechanisms for storing traces for short and long periods of time, what are the changes that memory traces that are in a hidden (latent) state undergo, and how these changes affect the course of human cognitive processes. 2. Memory disorders (disorders)
Memory disorders occupy a special place in memory research. Studies of memory pathology are important from a theoretical point of view, since they make it possible to find out what structures or factors are involved in the course of mnemonic activity, as well as to compare data on the disturbed links of mnemonic activity with the system of views on the formation of memory processes developed by domestic psychologists. Memory disorders can be based on a variety of factors that give rise to various types of disorders, most of which fall under the category of amnesia. Amnesia is a memory disorder in the form of loss of the ability to retain and reproduce previously acquired knowledge. Thus, one of the most studied disorders of immediate (involuntary) memory is memory impairment on current events while maintaining a relatively good memory for past events. This type of memory impairment is called fixation amnesia. Such patients can correctly name events from their childhood, school life, dates public life, but cannot remember whether they had dinner today, whether their relatives visited them, whether the doctor talked to them today, etc. A number of experimental data indicate that in this case we are talking about a violation of reproduction. Memory disorders often extend not only to current events, but also to past ones: patients do not remember the past, confuse it with the present, shift the chronology of events, i.e. they are disoriented in time and space. In such patients, memory impairment is often progressive: first, the ability to remember current events decreases, events are erased from memory recent years and partly - from a long time ago. In this case we are talking about progressive amnesia. Along with this, the distant past preserved in memory acquires special relevance in the mind of the patient. Disturbances of this kind develop according to the “law of reversal of memory,” proposed and substantiated by the French psychologist Théodule Ribot (1839-1916). The development of the disease begins with loss of memory for a while, then memory for recent events is lost, and then for long-past events. First facts are forgotten, then feelings, and lastly the memory of habits is destroyed. Memory recovery is in progress reverse order. For example, when polyglots have memory impairment, the last thing they forget is native language. And when memory functions are restored, they first of all have the ability to speak their native language. In other cases, memory may be impaired in terms of its dynamics. Such patients remember and reproduce material well for a certain period of time, but after a short time can't do this. If a person with such a memory impairment is asked to remember 10 words, then after the second or third presentation he will remember 6-7 words, after the fifth - only 3 words, and after the sixth - again 6-8. These patients either reproduce the content of a fable or story in detail, and then suddenly are unable to convey a very simple plot. Thus, in this case, mnemonic activity is intermittent. Its dynamic side is disrupted. Patients with lesions frontal lobes brain, as a rule, do not lose memory, but their mnemonic activity may be significantly hampered pathological inertia stereotypes that once arise and difficult switching from one link of the memory system to another. Research conducted over the past decades has made it possible to come closer to the characteristics of those memory impairments that arise in general cerebral disorders of mental activity. If these disorders cause weakness and instability of excitations in the cerebral cortex, memory impairments can be expressed in a general decrease in memory capacity, difficulty in learning, and easy inhibition of traces by interfering influences. 2.1 Korsakoff syndrome
In 1887 S.S. Korsakov was the first to describe memory impairment associated with chronic alcoholism. Severe memory impairment is the main clinical manifestation of Korsakov's syndrome. Memory impairment (amnesia) is an isolated disorder in Korsakoff syndrome. Other higher brain functions (intelligence, praxis, gnosis, speech) remain intact or are impaired to a slight extent. As a rule, there are no pronounced behavioral disorders. This sign serves as the main differential diagnostic difference between Korsakov's syndrome and other conditions with severe memory impairment (for example, dementia). The core of mnestic disorders in Korsakov's syndrome is a combination of fixation and anterograde amnesia. Less pronounced, but also regularly occurring, are retrograde amnesia and confabulations. Fixation amnesia refers to rapid forgetting of current events. Long-term fixation amnesia is almost always accompanied by anterograde amnesia: the patient cannot remember events that happened to him after he became ill. It is obvious that fixation and anterograde amnesia are based on a single pathological mechanism - the inability to remember new information. Most authors explain the difficulties in learning new information in Korsakov's syndrome by weakening the process of consolidating the memory trace. Retrograde amnesia is the forgetting of events that occurred before the onset of the disease. As a rule, retrograde amnesia in Korsakoff's syndrome is combined with false memories (confabulations), which are based on real events that are incorrectly correlated with place and time or mixed with other events. The presence of retrograde amnesia and confabulations in Korsakoff syndrome indicates that, along with memory impairments in Korsakoff syndrome, there are also difficulties in reproducing material adequately learned in the past. Experiments involving the introduction of patients into a state of hypnotic sleep also indicate disturbances in the reproduction process in Korsakov's syndrome. It has been shown that in this case the volume of information reproduction can increase significantly compared to the state of active wakefulness. A feature of retrograde amnesia in Korsakoff's syndrome is more pronounced forgetting of recent events while maintaining memory of distant events. The volume of RAM does not decrease: without distracting the patient’s attention, he can retain significant amounts of information in memory. Semantic and procedural long-term memory, i.e. general knowledge and ideas about the world, automated skills of voluntary activity are also not affected by Korsakoff syndrome. There is also experimental and clinical evidence that involuntary memorization remains intact in Korsakoff syndrome. A.R. Luria describes a patient with severe alcohol amnesia, who was accidentally pricked by a doctor with a needle while shaking hands. The next time this patient, greeting the doctor, suddenly withdrew his hand, although he could not explain why. Korsakovsky syndrome develops with pathology of the mamillary bodies, hippocampus and its connections with the amygdala nucleus. In addition to alcoholism, the causes of this syndrome may be thiamine deficiency of another etiology (starvation, malabsorption syndrome, inadequate parenteral nutrition), as well as damage to the structures of the hippocampal circle as a result of a tumor, trauma, cerebrovascular accident in the posterior cerebral arteries, acute hypoxic encephalopathy, etc. 2.2 Memory impairment in dementia
Memory impairment is a mandatory sign of dementia. The latter is defined as a diffuse disorder of higher brain functions acquired as a result of an organic brain disease, leading to significant difficulties in everyday life. The prevalence of dementia among the population is very significant, especially in old age: from 5 to 10% of people over 65 years of age have dementia It is traditional to divide dementia into “cortical” and “subcortical”. This division took place with clinical point vision, however, the terms themselves, in essence, are not entirely correct, since morphological changes in dementia are rarely limited to only subcortical or only cortical formations. The model of "cortical" dementia is dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Mnestic disorders are the main clinical manifestation of this condition. Increased forgetfulness of current events is usually the earliest sign of dementia of the Alzheimer's type, sometimes acting as a monosymptom. Later, memory impairments are accompanied by other cognitive disorders - aprakto-agnostic syndrome, speech disorders such as amnestic or sensory aphasia. The basis of mnestic disorders in dementia of the Alzheimer's type is a pronounced insufficiency of the processes of remembering and reproducing information. The actual storage of information, in all likelihood, does not suffer. An important pathogenetic role in impaired memorization of new information in dementia of the Alzheimer's type is played by acetylcholinergic deficiency, which leads to a weakening of the process of consolidation of the memory trace. The presence of a violation of trace consolidation brings together mnestic disorders in Korsakoff's syndrome and dementia of the Alzheimer's type. However, as already noted, memory impairments in dementia of the Alzheimer's type are more diffuse, affecting mnestic subsystems that are relatively stable in Korsakoff's syndrome. Memory impairment is also characteristic feature"subcortical dementia". The term "subcortical dementia" was first proposed by M. Albert et al to describe cognitive impairment in progressive supranuclear palsy. Subsequently, similar cognitive disorders were described in other lesions of subcortical structures - white matter and nuclei gray matter, for example, with Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, multiple sclerosis, chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency. “Subcortical” dementia is characterized primarily by an increase in the time that the patient spends on performing mnestic-intellectual tasks. There is a decrease in concentration, rapid exhaustion, memory impairment, emotional and behavioral disorders. Memory loss is a characteristic symptom of “subcortical” dementias. However, mnestic disorders, as a rule, are more mildly expressed in comparison with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. There is no clinically clear amnesia for current or distant events. Memory impairments manifest themselves mainly during learning: it is difficult to memorize words, visual information, and acquire new motor skills. Voluntary and involuntary memorization suffers, and involuntary memorization, perhaps to a greater extent. There is evidence of procedural memory impairments in “subcortical” dementias. Semantic memory, according to most researchers, remains intact. It is mainly the active reproduction of material that suffers, while simpler recognition is relatively intact. External stimulation in the form of assistance with memorization, the establishment of semantic connections during information processing, and repeated presentation of material increase the productivity of memorization. The mnestic defect in subcortical dementias is localized at the “working memory” stage. There is a weakness of the trace, a decrease in the volume of information assimilation after the first presentations. Characterized by difficulties in semantic processing: encoding and decoding information. The main pathogenetic role in the formation of mnestic disorders in subcortical dementias is played by dysfunction of the frontal lobes of the brain, which leads to decreased activity, lack of planning, and disruption of the sequence and selectivity of mnestic operations. Frontal dysfunction occurs in “subcortical” dementias secondary to the phenomenon of disconnection or pathology of the striatal system. The latter, according to experimental and clinical observations, is responsible for the selection of information for the anterior parts of the brain and creates emotional preference for certain behavioral strategies. 2.3 Senile memory impairment
Mild memory loss is not a pathology for the elderly and senile. Numerous experimental work show that healthy older people learn new information worse and experience certain difficulties in retrieving adequately learned information from memory compared to younger people. Normal age-related changes in memory occur between 40 and 65 years of age and do not progress thereafter. They never lead to significant difficulties in daily life, and there is no amnesia for current or distant events. Help with memorization in combination with hints during reproduction significantly improves the assimilation and reproduction of information. This sign is often used as a differential diagnostic criterion for normal age-related changes memory and pathological memory loss on early stages Alzheimer's type dementia. During normal aging, auditory-verbal memory suffers to a greater extent than visual or motor memory. Age-related changes in memory are likely of a secondary nature and are associated with a weakening of concentration and a decrease in the speed of reaction to external stimuli, which leads to insufficient processes of encoding and decoding information at the stages of memorization and reproduction. This explains the high effectiveness of techniques that stimulate the patient’s attention during memorization. According to some data, the weakening of memory with age correlates with a slight decrease in cerebral metabolism and the number of gliocytes. memory disorder psychogenic age A pathological dysmnestic syndrome in the elderly is “benign senile forgetfulness” or “senile amnestic syndrome”. Crook et al called a similar symptom complex “age-related memory impairment.” This term is also widely used in foreign literature. These terms are usually understood as severe memory impairment in the elderly, beyond the age norm. Unlike dementia, memory impairment in benign senile forgetfulness is a monosymptom, does not progress and does not lead to gross impairment of social interaction. Benign senile forgetfulness is probably a heterogeneous condition in etiology. In some cases, memory impairment in old age is functional character and are associated with emotional, affective and motivational disorders. In other cases, we are talking about an organic brain disease of a vascular or degenerative nature. It should be noted that dementia of the Alzheimer's type, with onset at an older and senile age, often progresses slowly. There may be periods of stabilization of the cognitive defect (the so-called plateau in the development of the disease). Thus, over a relatively long period of time, DAT may manifest as isolated memory impairment. The pathomorphological literature also describes the so-called limbic variant Alzheimer's disease,
in which pathological changes are limited to the structures of the hippocampal circle. The clinical manifestation of this variant of the disease may be isolated dysmnestic syndrome 2.4 Dysmetabolic encephalopathies. Psychogenic memory disorders
In the clinic somatic diseases Impaired memory and other cognitive functions may be caused by dysmetabolic cerebral disorders. Memory loss regularly accompanies hypoxemia during pulmonary insufficiency, advanced stages of liver and kidney failure, prolonged hypoglycemia. Mnestic disturbances in hypothyroidism and vitamin B deficiency are well known 12and folic acid, intoxications, including medicinal ones. Among the drugs that can adversely affect cognitive abilities, it is important to note central anticholinergics. Tricyclic antidepressants and antipsychotics also have anticholinergic effects. Benzodiazepine drugs weaken attention and concentration, and with long-term use in large doses can lead to memory impairment resembling CS. It should be taken into account that older people are especially sensitive to psychotropic drugs. Narcotic analgesics may also adversely affect attention, memory function, and intelligence. In practice, these drugs are more often used for non-medicinal purposes. Timely correction of dysmetabolic disorders usually leads to complete or partial regression of mnestic disorders. Psychogenic memory disorders. Memory loss along with attention problems and mental performance- characteristic cognitive symptoms of severe depression. In some cases, the severity of cognitive impairment can lead to an erroneous diagnosis of dementia (so-called pseudodementia). The pathological mechanisms and phenomenology of mnestic disturbances in depression are very similar to subcortical dementia. According to a number of researchers, the neurochemical and metabolic changes responsible for memory loss are also similar in these conditions. However, unlike subcortical dementia, the mnestic defect in depression is less persistent. In particular, it is reversible with adequate antidepressant therapy. It should also be borne in mind that the motor retardation characteristic of some patients with depression, external indifference to the environment and non-participation in conversation with the doctor can create an exaggerated impression that the patient has degenerate intellectual and mnestic disorders. Dissociative amnesia is the selective repression from memory of certain facts and events, usually emotionally significant for the patient. Amnesia is anterograde in nature. As a rule, memory impairments develop suddenly, against the background of a pronounced psychotraumatic situation, for example, a threat to life or the commission of actions incompatible with moral principles, etc. According to psychodynamic theories, the mechanisms of regression and denial underlie dissociative amnesia. The condition can have varying durations - from several hours to many years. However, putting the patient into a state of hypnosis or using certain pharmacological drugs allows us to identify the safety of memories. In psychogenic fugue, the patient presents with a complete loss of memories of the past, up to disorientation in his own personality. In organic diseases of the brain, such memory impairments are extremely rare. Anxious and asthenic personality disorders are often accompanied by a subjective feeling of memory loss. However, there are no objective memory impairments or their severity does not correspond to the patient’s complaints. 2.5 Transient memory impairment
Often the memory disorder is temporary (like a “failure” in memory). The patient is completely amnesic for a certain period of time. At the same time, during the examination and neuropsychological examination, no significant disorders of mnestic function were revealed. The most common transient memory disorders are observed in alcoholism, being one of the early manifestations of this disease. The “memory lapse” (“palimpsest”) caused by alcohol consumption does not always correlate with the amount of ethanol. The patient's behavior during "amnestic episodes" may be quite adequate. Occasionally, “memory lapses” can occur with the abuse of benzodiazepine tranquilizers and opiates Complaints of “memory lapses” are characteristic of epilepsy: patients have amnesia for the seizure and the period of confusion after it. For nonconvulsive seizures (eg, complex seizures) partial seizures with temporal lobe epilepsy), complaints of periodic amnesia for short periods of time may be the main manifestation of the disease. Traumatic brain injury is often accompanied by short retrograde amnesia (for a period of up to several hours before the injury) and longer fixation post-traumatic amnesia. The latter is characterized by amnesia for current events for several days after the injury, with the patient clearly conscious. The basis of post-traumatic amnesia is probably dysfunction of the reticular formation and its connections with the hippocampus, which leads to disruption of the consolidation of the trace in long-term memory. A similar condition may occur after electroconvulsive therapy. A relatively rare form is transient global amnesia. Transient global amnesia is characterized by a sudden and short-term (several hours) severe impairment of memory for current and past events. After an attack, clear memory impairments, as a rule, are not detected. Attacks of transient global amnesia are rare. They are presumably based on discirculation in the basin of both posterior cerebral arteries. It is known that the rear cerebral arteries supply blood to the deep parts of the hippocampus, which are associated with the consolidation of traces in long-term memory. According to another hypothesis, transient global amnesia is of an epileptic nature, and the basis of this syndrome is the activity of epileptic foci in the deep parts of the hippocampal region. Thus, memory is a complex mental process consisting of several private processes associated with each other. Memory is necessary for a person - it allows him to accumulate, save and subsequently use personal life experience; it stores knowledge and skills. Memory disorders - deterioration or loss of the ability to remember, store, recognize or reproduce information. The most common memory disorders are amnesia, hypomnesia. Mnestic disorders occur when large number neurological diseases. Depending on the etiology, pathogenetic and neuropsychological mechanisms of disorders, their nature and severity vary significantly. Knowledge of the characteristics of mnestic disorders in various diseases helps to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of neurological diseases and the choice of the most optimal treatment strategy and tactics. Treatment of mnestic disorders is very complex. However, when accurate diagnosis type of memory impairment, patients can be given some help in most cases, for example, even with such serious illnesses like Alzheimer's disease. We considered such memory disorders as: -Korsakoff syndrome, -Memory impairment in dementia, -Senile memory impairment, -Dysmetabolic encephalopathies, -Psychogenic memory disorders, -Transient memory impairment. Bibliography
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General psychology. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - 592 pp.: ill. - (Series "Textbook of the New Century") Neuropathology and Psychiatry. 1991. T.91. No. 9. Rubinshtein S.L. Basics general psychology. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 1999. Smirnov A.A. Problems of the psychology of memory. - M.: Education, 1966. Reader on general psychology: Psychology of memory / Edited by Yu. B. Gippenreiter, V.Ya. Romanova. - M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1979. Yakhno N.N. Current issues in neurogeriatrics. / In collection N. N. Yakhno, I. V. Yakhno N.N., Zakharov V.V. Memory impairment in neurological practice. // Neurological journal. 1997. T.4. Memory - important function our central nervous system perceives the information received and stores it in some invisible “cells” of the brain in reserve, so that it can be retrieved and used in the future. Memory is one of the most important abilities of human mental activity, therefore the slightest violation his memory burdens him, he gets out of the usual rhythm of life, suffering himself and irritating those around him. Memory impairment is most often perceived as one of the many clinical manifestations of some neuropsychic or neurological pathology, although in other cases forgetfulness, absent-mindedness and poor memory are the only signs of a disease, the development of which no one pays attention to, believing that a person is this way by nature . Memory is a complex process that occurs in the central nervous system and involves the perception, accumulation, retention and reproduction of information received in different periods information time. We think most about the properties of our memory when we need to learn something new. The result of all efforts made during the learning process depends on how someone manages to catch, hold, and perceive what they see, hear or read, which is important when choosing a profession. From a biological point of view, memory can be short-term and long-term. Information received in passing or, as they say, “it went into one ear and out of the other” is short-term memory, in which what is seen and heard is postponed for several minutes, but, as a rule, without meaning or content. So, the episode flashed and disappeared. Short-term memory does not promise anything in advance, which is probably good, because otherwise a person would have to store all the information that he does not need at all. However, with certain efforts by a person, information that has fallen into the zone of short-term memory, if you hold your gaze on it or listen and delve into it, will go into long-term storage. This also happens against a person’s will if certain episodes are often repeated, have special emotional significance, or for various reasons occupy a separate place among other phenomena. When assessing their memory, some people claim that their memory is short-term, because everything is remembered, assimilated, retold in a couple of days, and then just as quickly forgotten. This often happens when preparing for exams, when information is put aside only for the purpose of reproducing it to decorate the grade book. It should be noted that in such cases, turning again to this topic when it becomes interesting, a person can easily restore seemingly lost knowledge. It’s one thing to know and forget, and another thing to not receive information. But here everything is simple - the acquired knowledge, without much human effort, was transformed into sections of long-term memory. Long-term memory analyzes everything, structures it, creates volume and purposefully stores it for future use indefinitely. Everything is stored in long-term memory. Memorization mechanisms are very complex, but we are so accustomed to them that we perceive them as natural and simple things. However, we note that for the successful implementation of the learning process, in addition to memory, it is important to have attention, that is, to be able to concentrate on the necessary objects. It is common for a person to forget past events after some time if he does not periodically retrieve his knowledge in order to use it, so the inability to remember something should not always be attributed to a memory impairment. Each of us has experienced the feeling when “it’s spinning in your head, but doesn’t come to mind,” but this does not mean that serious disturbances have occurred in memory. The causes of memory and attention impairment in adults and children may be different. If a child with congenital mental retardation immediately has problems with learning, then he will come to adulthood with these disorders. Children and adults can react differently to the environment: the child’s psyche is more delicate, so it endures stress more difficult. In addition, adults have long learned what a child is still trying to master. It’s sad, but the trend towards using alcoholic drinks and drug abuse by teenagers, and even small children left without parental supervision, has become frightening: cases of poisoning are not so rarely recorded in reports from law enforcement agencies and medical institutions. But for a child’s brain, alcohol is a powerful poison that has an extremely negative effect on memory. True, some pathological conditions, often the cause of absent-mindedness and bad memory in adults, as a rule, excluded in children (Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, osteochondrosis). Thus, the causes of memory and attention impairment in children can be considered: In adults, the reason for poor memory, absent-mindedness and inability to concentrate for a long time are various diseases acquired during life: Of course, anemia of different origins, lack of microelements, diabetes mellitus and other numerous somatic pathologies lead to impaired memory and attention, and contribute to the appearance of forgetfulness and absent-mindedness. What types of memory disorders are there? Among them are dysmnesia(hypermnesia, hypomnesia, amnesia) – changes in memory itself, and paramnesia– distortion of memories, to which are added the patient’s personal fantasies. By the way, others around them, on the contrary, consider some of them to be a phenomenal memory rather than a violation of it. True, experts may have a slightly different opinion on this matter. Hypermnesia– with such a violation, people remember and perceive quickly, information put aside many years ago pops up in memory for no reason, “rolls up”, returns to the past, which does not always cause positive emotions. A person himself does not know why he needs to store everything in his head, but he can reproduce some long-past events down to the smallest detail. For example, an elderly person can easily describe in detail (down to the teacher’s clothes) individual lessons at school, retell the literary montage of a pioneer gathering, and it is not difficult for him to remember other details regarding his studies at the institute, professional activities, or family events. Hypermnesia, present in a healthy person in the absence of other clinical manifestations, is not considered a disease; rather, on the contrary, this is exactly the case when they talk about phenomenal memory, although from the point of view of psychology, phenomenal memory is a slightly different phenomenon. People who have a similar phenomenon are able to remember and reproduce huge amounts of information that is not associated with any special meaning. These can be large numbers, sets of individual words, lists of objects, notes. Great writers, musicians, mathematicians and people in other professions that require genius abilities often have such a memory. Meanwhile, hypermnesia in a healthy person who does not belong to the cohort of geniuses, but has a high intelligence quotient (IQ), is not such a rare occurrence. As one of the symptoms of pathological conditions, memory impairment in the form of hypermnesia occurs: Obviously, only a specialist can understand such subtleties and differentiate between normal and pathological conditions. The majority of us are average representatives of the human population, to whom “nothing human is alien,” but at the same time they do not change the world. Geniuses appear periodically (not every year and not in every locality), but they are not always immediately noticeable, because such individuals are often considered simply eccentrics. And finally (maybe not often?) among various pathological conditions there are mental illnesses that require correction and complex treatment. Hypomnesia– this type is usually expressed in two words: “poor memory.” Forgetfulness, absent-mindedness and poor memory are observed in asthenic syndrome, which, in addition to memory problems, is characterized by other symptoms: Asthenic syndrome, as a rule, is formed by another pathology, for example: The cause of memory and attention impairments such as hypomnesia can be various depressive states(can't count them all) climacteric syndrome occurring with adaptation disorder, organic brain damage ( severe TBI, epilepsy, tumors). In such situations, as a rule, in addition to hypomnesia, the symptoms listed above are also present. At amnesia It is not the entire memory that is lost, but individual fragments of it. As an example of this type of amnesia, I would like to recall the film by Alexander Sery “Gentlemen of Fortune” - “I remember here, I don’t remember here.” However, not all amnesia looks like in the famous movie; there are more serious cases when memory is lost significantly and for a long time or forever, therefore among such memory disorders (amnesia) there are several types: A special type of memory loss that cannot be controlled is progressive amnesia, Paramnesia (memory distortion) are also classified as memory disorders, and among them are the following types: As a rule, these symptoms in pathological conditions are accompanied by others clinical manifestations, therefore, if you notice signs of “déjà vu”, there is no need to rush to make a diagnosis - this also happens in healthy people. Impaired memory and attention, loss of the ability to focus on specific objects include the following pathological conditions: Undoubtedly a decrease in concentration, in particular, will negatively affect the entire process of memorizing and storing information, that is, on the state of memory as a whole. As for children, all these gross, permanent memory impairments, characteristic of adults and especially the elderly, are very rarely observed in childhood. Memory problems that arise due to congenital characteristics require correction and, with a skillful approach (as far as possible), may recede a little. There are many cases where the efforts of parents and teachers in literally worked wonders for Down syndrome and other types of congenital mental retardation, but here the approach is individual and dependent on various circumstances. It’s another matter if the baby was born healthy, and the problems appeared as a result of the troubles suffered. So here it is You can expect a child to have a slightly different reaction to different situations: Most often, children and adolescents experience memory impairment of the dysmnesia type, which is manifested by a weakening of the ability to remember, store (retention) and reproduce (reproduction) received information. This type of disorder is more noticeable in children school age, since they affect school performance, adaptation in a team and behavior in everyday life. For children attending preschool institutions, symptoms of dysmnesia include problems with memorizing rhymes and songs; children cannot participate in children's matinees and holidays. Despite the fact that kindergarten The baby visits constantly, every time he comes there, he cannot independently find his locker to change clothes; among other items (toys, clothes, a towel) he has difficulty finding his own. Dysmnestic disorders are also noticeable in the home environment: the child cannot tell what happened in the garden, forgets the names of other children, each time he perceives fairy tales read many times as if he was hearing them for the first time, does not remember the names of the main characters. Transient disturbances of memory and attention, along with fatigue, drowsiness and all sorts of autonomic disorders, are often observed in schoolchildren with various etiologies. Before you begin to treat the symptoms of memory impairment, you need to make a correct diagnosis and find out what is causing the patient's problems. In addition, during the diagnostic search, it can be very useful to identify metabolic disorders, hormonal imbalance, deficiency of microelements and vitamins. In most cases, when searching for the causes of memory loss, they resort to methods neuroimaging(CT, MRI, EEG, PET, etc.), which help to detect a brain tumor or hydrocephalus and, at the same time, differentiate vascular brain damage from degenerative one. There is a need for neuroimaging methods also because memory impairment at first may be the only symptom of a serious pathology. Unfortunately, the greatest difficulties in diagnosis are presented by depressive conditions, which in other cases force one to prescribe a trial antidepressant treatment (to find out whether there is depression or not). The normal aging process itself involves some decline in intellectual abilities: forgetfulness appears, memorization is not so easy, concentration of attention decreases, especially if the neck is “pinched” or the blood pressure rises, but such symptoms do not significantly affect the quality of life and behavior at home. Older people who adequately assess their age learn to remind themselves (and quickly remember) about current affairs. In addition, many people do not neglect treatment with pharmaceuticals to improve memory. There are now a number of drugs that can improve brain function and even help with tasks that require significant intellectual effort. First of all, this is (piracetam, fezam, vinpocetine, cerebrolysin, cinnarizine, etc.). Nootropics are indicated for older people who have certain age-related problems that are not yet noticeable to others. Drugs in this group are suitable for improving memory in cases of cerebral circulation disorders caused by other pathological conditions of the brain and vascular system. By the way, many of these drugs are successfully used in pediatric practice. However, nootropics are a symptomatic treatment, and to get the desired effect you need to strive for etiotropic treatment. As for Alzheimer's disease, tumors, and mental disorders, the approach to treatment should be very specific - depending on the pathological changes and the reasons that led to them. There is no single recipe for all cases, so there is nothing to advise patients. You just need to contact a doctor, who, perhaps, before prescribing drugs to improve memory, will send you for additional examination. Correction of mental disorders is also difficult in adults. Patients with poor memory, under the supervision of an instructor, memorize poems, solve crossword puzzles, and practice solving logical problems, however, training, while bringing some success (the severity of mnestic disorders seems to have decreased), still does not give particularly significant results. Correction of memory and attention in children, in addition to treatment using various groups pharmaceuticals, provides classes with a psychologist, exercises for memory development (poems, drawings, tasks). Of course, the child’s psyche is more mobile and better amenable to correction, unlike the adult psyche. Children have the prospect of progressive development, while older people only experience the opposite effect. Memory is the mental process of remembering, as well as the preservation and ability to subsequently reproduce past life experiences. Memory is the most important adaptation tool. It allows a person to retain thoughts, past sensations, conclusions drawn, and acquired skills for a long time, sometimes for many years. Memory is the main mechanism of the intellect and its support. Memory disorders most often occur in the presence of organic pathologies and are persistent, sometimes irreversible. Pathologies can be symptomatic, accompanying other areas of the psyche. Temporary memory disorders most often occur with disorders of consciousness. Basic classifications of disorders, memory disorders They are usually divided into quantitative (dysmnesia) and qualitative (paramnesia). The first group includes hypermnesia, hypomnesia, and various types of amnesia. That is, memory disorders are not only how they are perceived by society in everyday life. The second group includes pseudoreminiscences, confabulations, cryptomnesia, echonesia. Let's take a closer look at this classification: Dysmnesia: Hypermnesia It is characterized by involuntary, disorderly updating of past experience. At the same time, past memories emerge in great detail, interfering with the assimilation of everyday information. The patient is distracted from new impressions, and his thinking productivity deteriorates. Hypomnesia The condition is characterized by a significant weakening of memory, and all components are affected. The patient has difficulty remembering names and dates. A person forgets and cannot remember basic details of past events. People suffering from hypomnesia are unable to recall information from the recent past. They try to write down simple data that they could previously remember and remember without difficulty. The cause of this pathology is most often vascular diseases of the brain, for example, atherosclerosis. Forms of amnesia Amnesia is understood as a collective term denoting a whole group of memory disorders with the loss of some of its areas. Retrograde amnesia Refers to a disorder that develops before the underlying disease appears. Often found in acute vascular diseases of the brain. It is characterized by loss of memories of the period of time that immediately precedes the development of the disease. Congrade amnesia With it, memory is lost almost completely for the entire period of the disease. it is not so much a consequence of certain memory disorders as it is considered the inability to perceive any information. This disorder is observed in patients in a coma. Anterograde amnesia Develops against the background of events that occurred after the acute period of manifestations of the disease. At the same time, the person is quite accessible to contacts and can answer questions quite adequately. However, after a certain period of time, he can no longer remember the events that happened the day before. Fixation amnesia This disorder is characterized a sharp decline or complete loss of the ability to retain received information in memory. Such people have difficulty remembering very recently events or some words. But they remember well what happened before the main illness, and they also retain their professional skills well. Progressive amnesia This disorder is most often observed with progressive organic brain damage. It is characterized by the sequential loss of increasingly deeper layers of memory. In this case, hypomnesia first occurs, then amnesia for recent events is observed, after which the person begins to forget events that happened long ago. Organized knowledge, emotional impressions, as well as the simplest automatic skills are the last to be erased from memory. Paramnesia These memory disorders include distortions or distortions of the content of past memories. Pseudoreminescence They are characterized by the replacement of lost memories with others when the events actually happened, but they were in a different time period. Confabulation Observed when memory lapses are replaced by fictitious events. They are evidence that a person loses the ability to critically think about the situation and evaluate it. Such patients forget that the events that emerge in their memory never happened, they never happened. Patients are sincerely confident that such fantastic events definitely took place. Cryptomnesia A pathological memory disorder in which missing memories are replaced by fictitious events once read, heard, or seen in a dream. In this regard, cryptomnesia is not so much a loss of information itself as a loss of the ability to determine its source. In this state, patients can sincerely take credit for the creation of any works of art or scientific discoveries. Echomnesia (Pick's reduplicating paramnesia) It is characterized by the feeling that events occurring at the present moment have already happened in the past. Such conditions often accompany organic brain diseases, especially when the parietotemporal region is affected. To treat disorders, drugs are used that improve brain microcirculation, restore brain cell metabolism, and stimulate active memorization. Svetlana, www.site
– this is a decrease or complete loss of the function of recording, storing and reproducing information. With hypomnesia, disorders are characterized by a weakening of the ability to remember current and reproduce past events. Amnesia is manifested by the absolute inability to retain and use information. With paramnesia, memories are distorted and distorted - the patient confuses the chronology of events, replaces the forgotten with fiction, stories from books and television shows. Diagnosis is carried out by conversation and special pathopsychological tests. Treatment includes medication and psychocorrectional classes. R41.1 R41.2 R41.3 Memory is a key mental process that provides the ability to accumulate and transfer experience, knowledge of the surrounding world and one’s own personality, and adaptation to changing conditions. Complaints of memory loss are most common among neurological and psychiatric patients. Disorders of this group are regularly detected in 25-30% of young and middle-aged people, and in 70% of older people. The severity of the disorders varies from minor functional fluctuations to stable and progressive symptoms that impede social and everyday adaptation. IN age group For 20-40 years, astheno-neurotic syndromes, which are reversible, prevail; in patients over 50 years of age, memory impairment is often caused by organic changes in the brain, leading to persistent cognitive deficits and difficult to treat. Memory problems can be caused by many factors. The most common cause is asthenic syndrome, caused by daily psycho-emotional stress, increased anxiety, and physical malaise. The pathological basis for a pronounced decrease in memory functions is organic diseases of the central nervous system and mental pathologies. The most common causes of mnestic disorders include: Memory processes are realized with the participation of modality-specific centers of the cortex, where information is received from analyzers, and non-specific structures - the hippocampus, thalamus optica, and cingulate gyrus. Specific (according to the modality of analyzers) cortical sections interact with speech zones, as a result of which memory moves to a more complex level of organization - it becomes verbal-logical. The selectivity of memory is ensured by the activity of the frontal lobes, and the general ability to remember and reproduce is ensured by the brainstem and reticular formation. Memory disorders are characterized by dysfunctional brain structures. With a decrease in tone, diffuse organic processes and damage to the subcortical-stem sections, all types of mnestic processes worsen: fixation, retention and reproduction. The localization of the focus in the frontal zones affects the selectivity and purposefulness of memorization. Pathology of the hippocampus is manifested by a decrease in long-term memory, impaired processing and storage spatial information(disorientation). Taking into account the characteristics of the clinical picture, memory disorders are divided into hypermnesia (increase), hypomnesia (decrease), amnesia (absence) and various subtypes of paramnesia - qualitative changes in stored information. A classification focused on pathogenetic mechanisms was developed by Alexander Romanovich Luria and includes the following types of disorders: Hypomnesia is a decrease in the ability to store, remember, and reproduce information. It manifests itself as a deterioration in memory for names, addresses, dates and events. It is especially noticeable in conditions that require quick formulation of an answer. Mnestic deficit is associated primarily with events of the present, information from the past becomes poorer in details, sequence, order, and time reference are forgotten. As a rule, patients themselves are the first to notice the disorder. When reading a book, they need to periodically return to the previous paragraph to reconstruct the plot. To compensate for hypomnesia, they keep diaries, planners, use stickers and alarm clocks with reminders. Amnesia is complete loss of memory. With the retrograde form, memories of events immediately preceding the disease are lost. Information about life over several days, months or years falls out. Earlier memories are preserved. Anterograde amnesia is characterized by a loss of information about situations that occurred after an acute period of illness or injury. Patients cannot remember what happened to them over the past few hours, days or weeks. With fixation amnesia, the ability to remember current information is lost. The progressive form is manifested by the destruction of the memorization skill and the increasing depletion of information reserves. At first, patients forget situations and information received recently. Then the events of the distant past are erased from memory. In the end, information about the entire life lived is lost, including one’s own name, the faces of loved ones, episodes from youth and childhood. In selective, affectogenic, hysterical forms, memories of individual periods are erased - traumatic situations, negative experiences. Qualitative memory disorders are called paramnesias. These include confabulations, cryptomnesia and echonesia. With confabulation, patients forget what actually happened and unintentionally replace them with fiction. The fantasies of patients may seem very plausible, associated with everyday, everyday situations. Sometimes they are fantastic, unrealistic in nature - with the participation of aliens, angels, demons, with mystical reincarnations characters. Elderly patients are characterized by ecmnestic confabulations - the replacement of forgotten periods of life with information from childhood and adolescence. With cryptomnesia, patients consider events described in books, dreams, films or television programs to have actually been experienced in the past. Echonesia is the perception of current situations as having taken place before, repeating. A false memory arises. Pronounced and gross violations Memory problems that develop during a long course of the disease and the absence of treatment and rehabilitation measures lead to the disintegration of complex motor skills. Such conditions are often accompanied by a general intellectual deficit. At first, patients experience difficulty writing, reading, and counting. Gradually, problems arise in spatial orientation and time planning, which makes it difficult to move independently outside the home and reduces social activity. In the later stages, patients lose speech and household skills, cannot eat food on their own, or perform hygiene procedures. The primary study of memory disorders is performed using a clinical method. A psychiatrist and a neurologist collect anamnesis, conduct a conversation, based on the results of which they assess the preservation of cognitive functions and the severity of impairments, and receive information about concomitant diseases, previous neuroinfections and traumatic brain injuries. To identify the causes of memory changes, the neurologist, if necessary, refers the patient to MRI of the brain, EEG, duplex scanning of the brachiocephalic arteries, examination cerebrospinal fluid, fundus examination. Specific diagnostics memory disorders is carried out by a pathopsychologist, and if local brain damage is suspected, by a neuropsychologist. Several types of memory are tested: Therapeutic and corrective measures are selected individually and are largely determined by the cause - the leading disease. In case of asthenic syndrome, it is necessary to restore the normal regime of rest and work; in case of memory deterioration due to alcohol intoxication, liver diseases - follow a diet; in case of hypertension - maintain normal blood pressure. General methods Treatments for memory disorders include: Mnestic disorders can be successfully treated in the absence of a progressive underlying disease ( senile dementia, unfavorable form of schizophrenia, epilepsy with frequent attacks). The leading role in the prevention of memory impairment belongs to maintaining health, including quitting smoking and alcohol abuse, playing sports, timely seeking medical help for somatic and mental illness. It is important to maintain a rational work and rest schedule, sleep at least 7-8 hours a day, devote time to intellectual stress, reading books, solving crossword puzzles, and applying the information received in life. Each person is talented in his own way - some manage to solve complex mathematical problems without difficulty, some do an excellent job of arranging bouquets, and some enjoy communicating with children. But what would all these talents be worth if we lost the ability to remember information? Unfortunately, violations do not happen so rarely, and the variety of their causes does not always make it possible to quickly find the best tool to solve the problem. Everyone has heard about cases of memory disorders, some will even remember scientific name This phenomenon is amnesia. But in fact, much more types of memory impairment are known in psychology. It is customary to divide them into three large groups. Amnesia– a disorder in the ability to remember, store and reproduce information. There are several types of amnesia. Partial memory impairments most often occur with emotional disturbances, contributing to the formation of manic and depressive symptoms. Such situations can be of two types: decreased memory (hypomnesia) and increased memory (hypermnesia). Paramnesia is distorted or false memories. As you can see, there are many options for memory disorders, and their causes are also very diverse. For easier understanding, they are divided into several groups. Memory disorders are diverse, many of them are short-term and reversible, usually those The big mystery is human memory
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Causes of memory impairment in children
Causes of problems in adults
Dysmnesia
Phenomenal memory or mental disorder?
Bad memory
“I remember here, I don’t remember here”
You have to invent something like this!
Decreased concentration affects memory
Children forget faster
Before treatment
Treatment and correction
Video: bad memory - expert opinion
ICD-10
General information
Causes
Pathogenesis
Classification
Symptoms of memory disorders
Complications
Diagnostics
Treatment of memory disorders
Prognosis and prevention
Memory impairment in psychology
which are caused by overwork, neurotic reactions, the influence of drugs and alcohol. Others, caused by more serious reasons, are much more difficult to treat. A very severe case is dementia - a memory disorder combined with disturbances of attention and thinking, leading to a decrease in a person’s adaptation, making him dependent on others. Therefore, if a memory disorder is detected, an early visit to a specialist is required; the sooner the causes are identified and appropriate treatment is prescribed, the greater the chance of a complete restoration of this important function.
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