What is a dry hand? Illnesses of leaders and presidents: Stalin had a “withered” hand, and Chernenko was poisoned by fish. Weight loss products are also harmful

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Skin is the most large organ human body, which is assigned numerous and very diverse functions. This organ takes part in the processes of respiration, metabolism, thermoregulation, etc. In addition, the skin protects the body from a number of negative environmental factors. By the appearance of the outer covering one can judge the general condition of the entire organism as a whole. But what does it “signal” about? dry skin and how dangerous this phenomenon is, you can find out by reading this article.

Dry skin – what is it?

Dry skin, dry skin or xeroderma- this is one of the signs of lack of moisture in the epidermis, or rather in its very top layer. The epidermis is the outer stratum corneum of the skin, the distinctive feature of which is considered to be the absence of living cells in it. In the same layer there is an accumulation of a very small amount of water ( about 20%). As soon as this layer begins to lack moisture, the lower layers of skin with living cells immediately begin to intensively evaporate water. As a result, there is a significant slowdown in the metabolic process, which leads to dulling of the skin. Any pathogenic microorganisms can penetrate through such skin, provoking the development of a wide variety of pathological conditions. Dry skin is a fairly common phenomenon, which is especially common in middle-aged and elderly people.

Symptom or normal?

Modern experts distinguish two main types of dry skin, namely:
1. acquired dry skin;
2. constitutionally caused dry skin.

1. In the first case, the skin becomes dry under the influence of certain external factors. It could be like ultra-violet rays, so heat or low air humidity, frost, wind, etc. Often, excessive dryness of the skin is the result of a variety of therapeutic activities or numerous peeling procedures ( exfoliation of the upper stratum corneum of the skin) or dermabrasion ( skin rejuvenation method). The same changes are possible with external use of retinoids, azelaic acid and some other drugs.

2. Constitutionally dry skin is usually caused by physiological or genetic characteristics. Most often it is observed in children aged 2 to 6 years. It is during this period that a physiological decrease in the synthesis of sebum by the sebaceous glands occurs. Dry skin on the back, legs, face and hands can often be found in representatives of the fairer sex with thin and white skin. Exists in modern medicine and a term like senile xerosis.
Senile xerosis is a clinical symptom characterized by excessive dryness of the skin as it ages. Quite often, the skin becomes dry during premenopause, as well as menopause ( complete cessation of menstruation due to cessation of ovarian function). Constitutionally caused dryness can also be observed with some skin pathologies such as ichthyosis ( hereditary disease, characterized various disorders keratinization).

There is another classification of dry skin, according to which it can be:
1. with good tone;
2. with decreased tone.

1. The surface of dry skin with good tone is smooth, elastic and matte. In addition, there are no wrinkles on it, however, it reacts sensitively to any external irritants, so it requires regular cosmetic care. If you don't take care of it, it will very quickly lose its tone. In most cases, such skin is typical for young people.

2. The surface of the skin with reduced tone is thinned. This is especially noticeable in the area around the mouth and eyes, since it is in these places that early wrinkles and folds appear. Owners of such skin require more modern techniques care for it, since conventional cosmetics are not able to improve it general state and appearance.

Is it possible to identify dry skin on your own?

Yes, you can. To do this, you need to press on the skin with your fingers. If fingerprints do not disappear for a long time, it means that your skin is dry and, therefore, vulnerable. There are other signs of dry skin.
Their list includes:

The skin cracks and peels;
Peels off in scales;
Itching and discomfort are felt;
Covered with red spots;
Very rough and inelastic;
There are practically no visible pores on it;
It is especially tight after a bath, shower or swimming;
You can feel its roughness;
There are deep cracks that sometimes even bleed.

Why does the skin need water?

A sufficient amount of moisture is one of the main conditions for the normal functioning of the entire skin. The appearance of the skin also depends on the level of hydration. It is moisture that gives the skin firmness and elasticity. It also enriches the skin cells with all the necessary nutritional components. Without the necessary hydration, the skin becomes both thin and dry. In addition, it becomes covered with wrinkles and becomes hypersensitive to external influences.

The degree of skin hydration is determined by 2 regulatory mechanisms:

general condition of the stratum corneum;
total amount of sebum.

Both horny cells and sebum tend to form a so-called lipid layer, which protects the skin from loss of large quantity moisture. The lipid layer is also necessary to prevent the penetration of foreign agents such as pathogenic microbes, toxins and allergens into the deep layers of the skin. It follows that dry skin is a direct path to the development of immune reactions and inflammatory processes. It also provokes premature aging.

Mechanisms that prevent skin dryness

The epidermis, or rather its stratum corneum, is precisely the mechanism that not only prevents the skin from drying out, but is also responsible for its normal general condition. There is a unique structure designed to maintain normal moisture content of this layer.

In this structure, a special role is assigned to corneocytes ( postcellular structures of the stratum corneum) and intercellular lipids. Lipids include: ceramides, so fatty acid, ceramides etc. The production of these substances occurs in special organelles ( parts) cells of the granular layer. The produced lipids, in turn, form the main barrier to water, which prevents large amounts of moisture from evaporating. Lipids are also responsible for the integrity of the skin, since they tend to firmly connect postcellular structures to each other.

Diseases accompanied by dry skin

1. Hypothyroidism;
2. Psoriasis or lichen planus;
3. Atopic dermatitis ;
4. Diabetes ;
5. Eczema;
6. Stress;
7. Kidney failure;
8. Allergic rhinitis;
9. Chronic intoxication;
10. Ichthyosis;
11. Keratosis pilaris;
12. Dystrophy;
13. Seborrhea ( dandruff);
14. Hypovitaminosis A And RR ;
15. Sjögren's disease.

1. Hypothyroidism: a specific condition of the body that occurs as a reaction to low levels of hormones thyroid gland. IN in this case The skin becomes especially dry in the elbow area. Other symptoms include drowsiness, hearing loss, split nails, dull hair, swelling of the limbs, etc. All these signs can be eliminated by compensating for the required amount of hormones.

2. Psoriasis or scaly lichen: is a chronic non-contagious skin disease that occurs as a result of disruption of the endocrine and nervous systems or metabolism. In such cases, the skin of patients becomes not only dry, but also inflamed. It swells and begins to peel off. Peeling of the skin in certain areas of the body that have been affected is often observed. The course of treatment for this pathology depends on its form.

3. Atopic dermatitis: a chronic allergic disease that develops in individuals with a genetic predisposition to atopy ( allergies). This disease is not contagious, but it is characterized by a relapsing course, so its treatment will take a lot of time. In such cases, the skin becomes dry and thickened. Crusts are observed in places where scratching occurs.

4. Diabetes: chronic pathological condition, accompanied by a disorder of all types of metabolism due to an absolute or partial lack of insulin in the body, i.e. pancreatic hormone. Skin with diabetes mellitus becomes dry most often in the area of skin folds, although any other areas of the skin can be affected.

5. Eczema: acute or chronic inflammatory disease of the skin, which is allergic in nature and is not contagious. With this pathology, patients complain of dry skin, rash, itching and a burning sensation in the affected area.

6. Stress: the body’s general reaction to a psychological or physical impact that disrupts its usual state. Such a reaction can provoke the development of a number of symptoms, namely: nausea, abdominal pain, fever, chills, feeling short of air, etc. Frequent stressful conditions are especially dangerous. They lead to uncontrollable anxiety and loss of large amounts of moisture from the body.

7. Kidney failure : pathological condition accompanied by impaired renal function to maintain constancy internal environment body. Patients experience nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, and decreased consciousness. The skin is typically dry and pale with a yellow tint.

8. Allergic rhinitis : inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, which occurs under the influence of certain allergens and is accompanied by itching in the nose, sneezing and difficulty in nasal breathing. Often this state characterized by dry skin in the area of inflammation.

9. Chronic intoxication : a pathological condition resulting from regular exposure of the body to certain toxic substances that arise in the body itself. In this case, all systems and organs of the human body, including the skin, are affected.

10. Ichthyosis: hereditary dermatosis, characterized by the formation of scales on the skin that resemble fish scales in their entire appearance. Dry skin is especially pronounced on the extensor surfaces of the upper and lower limbs. Sometimes the torso is also affected.

11. Keratosis pilaris: a congenital familial pathology that begins to develop in childhood, but its symptoms become more pronounced only during puberty. The skin of such patients is hard, dry and rough. The extensor surfaces of the upper and lower extremities, the skin of the abdomen and back are affected.

12. Dystrophy: pathological process in which a particular tissue loses or accumulates substances that are not typical for it in in good condition. The skin becomes very dry and pale.

13. Dandruff or seborrhea: pathological condition of the skin caused by dysfunction sebaceous glands, as well as changes in the composition of their secretions. The skin becomes dry only with the dry form of seborrhea.

14. Hypovitaminosis A and PP: represents a lack of these vitamins in the body. Specific sign is a general dryness of the skin with slight pityriasis-like peeling.

15. Sjögren's disease: systemic autoimmune pathology, accompanied by damage to various secreting glands. Dry skin is a common sign of this pathological condition. In addition, patients experience decreased visual acuity, photophobia, stomatitis, dental caries, etc.

Other Possible Causes

Bathing in hot water;
Aging;
Failure to maintain a healthy lifestyle;
Frequent washing;
Taking medications;
Seasonal factors;
Climate change;
Dehydration;
Inflammatory processes;
Allergic reactions;
Irritations;
Wounds, scratches, cuts;
Dry air in homes;
Excessive use of alkaline soaps and cosmetics;
Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

Skin after vacation

Quite often we face the same problem - we come from vacation with soft and elastic skin, but after 3-4 days it becomes hard and dry. There are plenty of reasons for this. First of all, this is a long stay in the sun, the consequences of which do not immediately become apparent. The local climate, which is much drier than the maritime climate, also plays an important role.

What to do?
First of all, it is necessary to humidify the air in the house as much as possible. To do this, place vases with fresh flowers or vessels with water throughout the rooms. While in the car, set the air conditioner or climate control to 85% humidity for at least 7 days. It is very important to carry out several moisturizing procedures under polyethylene. Such procedures will help increase sweating and reabsorption of water by the skin. Just 3 procedures and you don’t have to worry about dry skin.

Fish skin and swimming pool

“Fish skin” or ichthyosis is a congenital pathological condition characterized by excessive dryness of the skin. Coping with this pathology is not so easy. Patients are prescribed baths with starch, salt or soda, as well as special ointments based on urea or salicylic acid. Often the skin becomes dry for all those citizens who regularly visit the pool. Most often, the elbows, knees and forearms are affected by peeling, although the whole body can become dry. To avoid all these problems, be sure to rinse with cool water after each swim in the pool.

Skin climax

Quite often, the skin becomes dry in women over 45 – 50 years old. The skin of their feet and palms suffers especially badly. This phenomenon is due to very diverse hormonal changes that occur both before and during menopause. Treatment in such cases should be comprehensive. Women are often prescribed hormone replacement medications.

Weight loss products are also harmful!

Quite often, the skin becomes dry among the fairer sex, who are constantly trying to get rid of extra pounds. In this case, two options are possible. The first is a fairly strict diet, due to which the body lacks proteins, vitamins and microelements. The second is special weight loss products, which have both diuretic and laxative effects. These properties of such products cause the removal of huge amounts of water from the body. As a result, the skin becomes dehydrated. It becomes dry and begins to peel. Given this fact, while taking such medications, you must drink at least 2 liters of liquid daily. You should opt for low-fat fermented milk drinks, plain water and juices. Strong tea and coffee should be avoided, as these drinks contribute to dehydration of the body.

Risk factors

Despite the fact that everyone without exception can become the owner of dry skin, there is a certain group of people who are especially at risk of developing this phenomenon.

This group can include:

people over 65 years of age;
citizens who very often take a hot bath or shower;
persons living in climates with low humidity or in cold climates.

Possible complications

1. Phlegmon – acute inflammation connective tissue skin under the influence of bacteria or infections;

2. Eczema or atopic dermatitis – a pathology characterized by redness, inflammation, and cracking of the skin;

3. Folliculitis – inflammation of the hair follicle, characterized by redness and swelling of the affected area. At the site of the lesion, a nodule with an abscess on the surface, which is penetrated by hair, may also form.

The development of all these diseases is possible if improper care behind such skin or against the background of weakening protective functions skin.

When is it necessary to consult a dermatologist?

You should seek help from a doctor if:

In addition to dryness, there is redness of the skin;
Your sleep is disrupted due to dryness and itching;
The efforts made did not help improve the general condition of the skin;
Ulcers appeared on the skin;
Large areas of severely flaky skin are observed.

What should the diet be like?

Both dryness and flaking of the skin are most often caused by insufficient amounts of vitamins and minerals. In most cases we are talking about vitamins of the group IN . To replenish the amount of these components, experts recommend eating more eggs, fresh fish, green vegetables, brown rice, dairy products, brown bread, liver, fruits and nuts. Eating vegetables and fruits will help activate the process of collagen production, but the liver is one of the main sources of protein. Large amount of vitamin WITH found in both lemons and oranges, as well as sea buckthorn juice. Dairy products will enrich the body with amino acids, which take part in the construction of body cells, including skin cells. "Good" cholesterol, which is involved in metabolism, is found in fatty varieties fish. It is imperative to include vitamins in the diet A . All red vegetables and fruits are enriched with this vitamin. Every day you should eat 300 to 400 grams of beets, carrots, red bell peppers, red apples or tomatoes. In addition, you can seek help from special vitamin and mineral complexes.

Dry skin in newborns

Numerous young mothers are faced with the phenomenon of excessive dry skin in their babies. In fact, this phenomenon is quite normal, since the sweat glands do not work actively enough in the first days of a baby’s life. Their increased activity is observed only during the period of adaptation of the baby, so that after a few days the dryness disappears, and on its own. Additional moisturizing in the form of oils and creams is not required.

Dry skin in children

In childhood, the skin can become dry for a number of reasons. These can be either natural factors or frequent bathing, hard water, early artificial feeding, malnutrition of the mother during pregnancy or lactation, various pathologies intestines, too early introduction of complementary foods, the presence of various household chemicals in the house, etc. It is worth remembering that children's skin is very delicate, so it quickly reacts to any, even the most insignificant changes. Even the most common talc-based baby powder can dry out your skin. Dry skin is one of those problems that needs to be dealt with, as it can lead to redness, pain, flaking, itching and cracking of the skin. Most often, dryness is combated with moisturizing lotions and creams. If they do not help, then the child needs to be shown to a specialist who can determine the real reason what is happening, and, therefore, prescribe adequate treatment.

During pregnancy

Dry skin is one of those problems that almost all expectant mothers face, and all because during this period the body experiences a sharp need for fluid. This “dehydration” most often affects the upper limbs, feet, and facial skin. This phenomenon should be combated using special means to relieve irritation, the instructions of which indicate that they do not tend to have side effects on the fetus. Under no circumstances should you opt for products that contain hydrocortisone or cortisone, as they will only increase dehydration.

Best start sticking to some enough simple tips, namely:

Use emollients;
Wash your face 2 times a day using foam for dry skin;
Make a moisturizing mask once a week;
Drink as much non-carbonated mineral water as possible, which helps moisturize the skin from the inside;
If necessary, use a humidifier;
Use scrubs with small particles only;
Take a bath no more than once a week, using healing oils that contain extracts of medicinal plants.

5 myths about dry skin

Myth 1:

Dry skin is a congenital property.
This also happens, however, this is not a pattern. The skin may become dry and under the influence of cosmetics or unbalanced diet, so it’s not always Mother Nature’s fault.

Myth 2:
Dry skin needs a nourishing cream, but dehydrated skin needs a moisturizing one..
In fact, all skin needs hydration, regardless of its type. Even if you have normal skin, without additional moisturizing, very soon it will become dehydrated, and, consequently, begin to peel and crack.

Myth 3:
Dry skin is dehydrated skin.
This is wrong. These problems are different. In the first case, there is a significant decrease in the production of sebum, but in the second, it is all due to a lack of moisture against the background of impaired barrier functions.

Myth 4:
For dry skin, proper care is enough.
Care alone is not enough. Very often, patients need complex treatment, including a balanced diet, the use of cosmetics, as well as therapy for the underlying disease.

Myth 5:
Dry skin doesn't need water.
Despite the fact that water “washes away” the special protective film, there is no way to do without it, since only with its help can complete cleansing be achieved. Having cleansed the skin, you can be sure that the applied cream will be completely absorbed, and, therefore, will give the necessary therapeutic effect.

Dry scalp - what to do?

Dry scalp is a fairly common phenomenon, which is especially common in winter. The first sign of this problem can most often be found on the shoulders. In such cases, people come to the conclusion that they have dandruff, but they should not make hasty conclusions and immediately buy anti-dandruff shampoo, which in this case will only worsen the general situation. First, carefully examine the fallen flakes. If they are large and endowed with a yellowish tint, then this is not dandruff, but the result of an imbalance of the sebaceous glands.

What to do?
First of all, seek help from your diet. Enrich your daily diet with fatty acids. Eat more avocados and fatty fish. Avoid using perfumed conditioners and shampoos for a while. Buy more soft remedies and wash your hair with them carefully. After washing your hair, rinse your hair with apple cider vinegar for a week. It would not be a bad idea to purchase an air humidifier.

This mask is also perfect for caring for dry scalp: thoroughly mix 1 tbsp. l. honey with 2 tbsp. l. olive oil . Pour the resulting mixture into a plastic container. Then take a coffee cup, pour almost boiling water and carefully lower the container into it. After 3 - 4 minutes, take out the container, cut off one of its corners and pour the contents onto your hair. We put on a cap and leave the mask for exactly 15 minutes, after which we wash our hair with shampoo.

It is important to note that the scalp can be dry even in the presence of certain diseases. It could be like psoriasis ( autoimmune pathology characterized by dry, itchy and flaky skin), and baldness or seborrheic dermatitis ( a chronic inflammatory disease that affects those areas of the skin where the sebaceous glands are developed). In all these cases, complex treatment will be required, which can only be prescribed by a specialist.

Dry hand skin and how to deal with it?

The condition of the skin of the hands directly depends on a number of factors. These include the rules of hand care, the general condition of the body, living conditions, nutrition, and much more. If at least one of these conditions is violated, the skin of the hands almost immediately becomes dry and rough. In addition, the skin begins to age. It is not surprising that sometimes it is the hands that reveal a woman’s true age. Various internal causes such as chronic pathologies, which provoke persistent metabolic disorders.

Regularly use soap that contains nourishing cream;
Dry your hands thoroughly after each wash;
Wash your hands with lukewarm water, then rinse them with cold water;
Do not under any circumstances go outside with with wet hands, and in cold weather without gloves;
In the morning and evening, massage a nourishing cream containing glycerin into the skin, which has a moisturizing effect;
During the hot season, lubricate your hands with sunscreen before going outside;
Do all housework with rubber gloves;
Regularly treat your hands with a scrub, which will help get rid of dead cells;
In the evening after using the cream, put plastic gloves on your hands for 30 minutes.

Masks and compresses for dry skin of hands

Recipe No. 1: Make mashed potatoes and apply it in a thin layer to the skin of your hands. We put on gloves and walk like this for 120 minutes, after which we wash our hands with warm water.

Recipe No. 2: mix 2 yolks with 2 tbsp. l. honey and 1/3 cup vegetable oil. Apply the resulting mixture to your hands and hold until it dries, then remove the mask with a damp cotton swab.

Recipe No. 3: one glass of sour cream must be mixed with 1 yolk and the juice of 1 lemon. Spread the resulting mixture in a thick layer on gauze, then wrap your hands in gauze, wrap them in cellophane and wrap them in a towel. After 20 minutes, remove the mask with a damp cotton swab, then put cotton gloves on your hands.

Recipe No. 4: Pour celery root with 1 liter of water and boil it for 60 minutes. Then we filter the resulting broth and use it to wipe our hands.

Recipe No. 5: 1 tbsp. l. steam crushed plantain leaves in 1 liter of boiled water. Strain the resulting infusion and keep your hands in it for at least 20 minutes. After this procedure, your hands must be thoroughly dried and lubricated with a rich cream.

How to properly care for dry skin?

Dry facial skin requires both careful and timely care. If you do not take care of such skin, very soon the wrinkles that we are so afraid of will appear. Irritation and inflammation of such skin can occur even from ordinary water, which is why it is best to use melt water or special lotions for washing. Even if you don’t have melt water on hand, then add a little soda to the water or use milk, after diluting it with water. Infusions or decoctions of medicinal herbs are also excellent for washing. Regularly apply special masks to the skin, but only after cleansing the skin and after a warm compress or massage. Masks can be made from oatmeal, dairy products, warm porridge or mashed potatoes. Special gymnastic procedures, as well as a balanced diet, can also give good results.

Recipes for some face masks

Mask with vegetables: grind the oatmeal and mix it with grated carrots in a 1:1 ratio. Dilute the mixture with a small amount of milk and apply it to the skin. After 15 – 20 minutes, wash off the mask with warm water.

Mustard mask: mix 1 tsp. mustard with the same amount of vegetable oil and a small amount of boiled water. Apply the mixture to your face for 5 minutes, then wash it off with warm water.

Mask of honey and yolks: Mix 2 yolks with 0.5 tbsp. l. honey and 2 tbsp. l. vegetable oil. Lightly heat the resulting mixture in a water bath and apply it to the face in layers. Each layer should be applied after 5 minutes. Just 3 - 4 layers. After applying the last layer, wait 20 minutes and rinse off the mask with warm water.

Dry skin around the eyes

Dry skin both on the eyelids and around the eyes is a rather serious problem, since if it is present, women not only experience pain and discomfort, but also cannot use decorative cosmetics and apply makeup. There are many reasons for dry skin in this area. These are problems with the cornea, and allergic reactions, And chronic inflammation century ( blepharitis), and lack of tear fluid, and frequent use of eye makeup, as well as numerous eye infections. Often the skin around the eyes becomes dry due to such an addiction as smoking. If the reason lies in some disease, then it is worth visiting an ophthalmologist who will prescribe the necessary treatment.

If the reason is not so significant, then start following some fairly simple rules:

Regularly moisturize your skin with special moisturizing creams for the eye area;
Choose facial cleansers that contain skin-friendly ingredients;
Apply night cream regularly to the eye area;
Carefully protect this area from ultraviolet rays;
Switch to a healthy diet;
Keep yourself hydrated from within by drinking plenty of fluids daily.

Today, there are numerous home remedies that can be used to easily moisturize the skin around your eyes. One such remedy is a plant called aloe. Take a leaf of this plant, cut it, wrap it in a plastic bag and place it in a cool, dark place. After 10 days, squeeze the juice from the leaves and use it to wipe the area. This juice will restore both irritated and dry, as well as inflamed skin.

Dry skin on lips

In most cases, the skin on the lips becomes dry due to our own fault, since many of us have the habit of licking our lips, as a result of which the moisture formed on them evaporates very quickly. Especially often this problem occurs in cold and windy weather. Lips can also become dry when exposed to direct sunlight. There are other reasons for the development of this phenomenon, among which can be identified a lack of moisture or nutritional components. In all cases, the problem must be dealt with, or better yet, prevent its development. To do this, before each exit from the house, you need to lubricate your lips with a special balm or cream that will help prevent chapping in this area. In summer, it is best to smear your lips with a product with a sunscreen effect. We must not forget about hygienic lipstick, as well as special vitamin complexes, the use of which is relevant at any time of the year. At the pharmacy you can also find special nutritional products in the form of creams that carefully care for this area and prevent the loss of large amounts of moisture. At least once a week you should massage your lips with a soft toothbrush. Avoid all long-lasting lipsticks for a while, as they tend to dry out your skin.

Masks for dry lips

Apple and butter mask: mix 1 tsp. grated apple with 1 tsp. softened butter. Apply the resulting mixture to your lips for 15 minutes.

Carrot and cottage cheese mask: mix 1 tsp. carrot juice with the same amount of cottage cheese and apply everything to the lips for 15 minutes.

Mustard or linseed oil mask: Apply one of the oils to your lips for 15 minutes.

All these masks can be applied to the lips no more than 2 times a week.

Dry foot skin in children and adults

In adults, dry skin is most often observed on the heels, since it is in this area that the skin is endowed with a thicker stratum corneum. Given this fact, this area should be treated with special attention. First of all, it is necessary to remove dead cells from the heels at least once a week. Pumice is perfect for this procedure. Immediately after removing loose particles, the heel should be thoroughly wiped and lubricated with one of the moisturizing creams.

Attention! Failure to properly care for this area can cause small cracks to appear, through which both microbes and fungus can easily penetrate.
As for dry skin on the feet of children, it has its own distinctive features. This skin is very susceptible to infections. In addition, inflammatory processes easily spread on it. Insufficient care of the skin of a child’s feet can cause the development of diaper dermatitis ( areas of red, inflamed skin) and diaper rash or prickly heat ( small red rashes). You can avoid all these troubles. To do this, after each hygiene procedure, you need to massage the baby’s feet and lubricate them with baby cream or oil.

Dry skin of the foreskin

Dry skin foreskin may be observed in the following pathological conditions:

Krauroz: inflammation of the foreskin and head of the penis, which has a recurrent form;

Balanitis: inflammation of the skin on the head of the penis, which can develop as a complication of an infectious or non-infectious disease;

Balanoposthitis: inflammation of the glans penis and foreskin.

In the fight against all these diseases, experts recommend paying close attention to genital hygiene, as well as using special drugs with anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and immunomodulatory effects.

Before use, you should consult a specialist.

Many people who experience dry skin know that it can cause a lot of problems. Tightness, finely porous structure, irritation, dull color, flaking, etc. – these uncomfortable sensations can be upsetting and make you think about finding ways to deal with them. In addition, dry skin is more susceptible to wrinkles and ages faster.

In this article we will tell you about the causes of dry skin and methods of treatment. Such knowledge will help you get rid of the unpleasant sensations it can cause and prevent the formation of premature wrinkles.

Signs of dry skin

You can determine dry skin yourself: when you apply pressure with your fingers, marks on its surface do not disappear for a long time. There are also other signs:

tightness;
invisible pores;
frequent irritation (redness);
peeling;
lack of elasticity;
cracks.

As the top layer of skin dries out, it loses its integrity and dirt, bacteria and chemicals can pass through the resulting microcracks. Subsequently, these foreign agents can cause irritation and itching.

Causes

Frequent exposure to the sun contributes to dry skin.

Dry skin is caused by inhibition of sebum production, which is provoked by a number of reasons. In some cases, such ineffective functioning of the sebaceous glands is caused by a hereditary predisposition. Dermatologists note that dry skin in young people often indicates a genetic trait, while in older people it appears due to other internal or external factors.

Basic external reasons dry skin are as follows:

dry air;
climate;
hot and cold water;
prolonged exposure to the sun;
freezing;
improper skin care (aggressive cosmetics, frequent washing with soap, etc.).

The main internal causes of dry skin:

(insufficient water consumption, indigestion, high fever, etc.);
hormonal imbalances (hypothyroidism, menopause, etc.);
metabolic disease;
frequent stress;
long-term use of antibiotics;
(especially A and E);
skin diseases (allergies, keratosis, fungal infections, etc.);
poor nutrition and exhausting diets;
bad habits (smoking, overuse sweet tea and coffee, carbonated drinks);
aging.

Dry skin can be general or affect specific areas of the body. This or that localization of such zones may indicate the cause of their appearance, and various means can be used to eliminate and treat it.

Treatment options for dry hands and fingers

Dry hands and fingers are often caused by external factors. Washing dishes without gloves with aggressive substances or in hot water, cold air, using antibacterial or deodorized soap, working on the ground, working with construction mixtures - these are not all the factors that contribute to dry skin. Particular attention should be paid to the formation of cracks on the fingers. This symptom may indicate insufficient intake of vitamins A, E and group B into the body.

To eliminate and treat dry skin of the hands and fingers, a number of measures should be taken:

use cotton or rubber gloves when working with aggressive substances;
wear warm mittens or gloves during the cold season;
use sunscreen;
Gently dry the skin of your hands after washing with a soft towel;
use for washing hands soft and high quality detergents;
normalize nutrition;
pay attention to a sufficient intake of vitamins A, E and group B.

Treatment of dry hand skin can be carried out using pharmaceutical wound-healing creams and various folk recipes.

Potato mask – boil potatoes in their skins, peel and mash into a paste. Add a tablespoon of warm milk to it. Apply a warm mask to the skin of your hands for 20 minutes for several days in a row, 2-3 times a day.
Compress made of honey and glycerin - take 1 teaspoon each of honey, glycerin, water and flour. Mix the ingredients until smooth and apply the mixture to your hands. Wear cotton gloves for 20 minutes. It is better to do such compresses several times a day for a week.
Sour cream compress – mix a glass of rich sour cream with egg yolk and lemon juice. Moisten the gauze with the resulting mixture and apply it to your hands, secure the top with cling film and put on gloves or wrap your hands in a warm towel. After 20 minutes, remove the remaining compress with a cotton pad and put on clean cotton gloves. It is better to do such compresses before going to bed for several days.
Mask of olive oil and lemon juice - mix a tablespoon of oil with 1/2 teaspoon of lemon juice and 1 teaspoon of hand cream. Before going to bed, apply the mixture to the skin of your hands and put on cotton gloves. This mask can be used once a week for prevention or for several days to treat dry skin on the hands.
Oil bath - pour olive, sunflower or linseed oil and heat in a water bath to a comfortable temperature (it should be very warm). Immerse your hands in the oil for 20 minutes. After this, dry your hands with a napkin. It is recommended to carry out such procedures 2 times a week.

The following folk recipes are used on the fingers:

Ointment from oleoresin and honey - in a metal bowl mix 10 g of oleoresin, 10 g of honey, 15 g of beeswax and 30 ml of vodka. Place on the fire and, stirring constantly, wait until all ingredients are completely dissolved. Pour the ointment into a clean glass container and store in the refrigerator. To treat, apply the product to the crack and cover with a bactericidal adhesive plaster. Leave for 7–8 hours.
Plantain ointment - grind the dry herb into powder, mix with 3 drops of oil and add Vaseline (in a ratio of 1:9). Apply in the same way as ointment made from oleoresin and honey.
Calendula ointment - grind half a glass of dried calendula flowers into powder and mix with one glass of melted calendula lard. Place the mixture on water bath and, stirring constantly with a wooden spatula, bring to a homogeneous consistency. Pour into a glass container and store in the refrigerator. Apply in the same way as ointment made from oleoresin and honey.

If you have dry hands and cracked fingers, a dermatologist can recommend vitamin and mineral complexes to you - it is not recommended to choose them yourself.

In some cases, dry and flaky hands can be caused. Skin becomes blotchy different sizes and color (from pink to slightly bluish), and the patient may experience itching and burning. At the folds it can crack and form white flaky islands. Correct treatment such fungal infections of the skin of the hands are prescribed only by a dermatologist after laboratory tests to determine the type of fungus. Only after this will the doctor be able to prescribe antifungal drugs and determine the duration of their use.

Treatment options for dry elbows

Dry skin on the elbows can be caused by many external and internal reasons. Peeling in this area is provoked by mechanical stress (for example, when working in an office) or frequent bathing. It can also be caused by various diseases.

The most common causes of dry elbows are:

hypothyroidism - this disease leads to a slowdown in metabolism and skin regeneration, epidermal cells die, do not have time to exfoliate and the skin becomes dry and rough;
– lack of iron leads to a decrease in hemoglobin and a lack of oxygen in tissues, metabolic disorders cause dry skin;
diabetes mellitus - a metabolic failure causes a disruption in the nutrition of all tissues of the body, the skin becomes dehydrated, becomes vulnerable and thin, areas of inflammation and itching appear;
autoimmune and dermatological diseases - atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, skin ichthyosis and other diseases, lead to peeling and roughening of the skin.

Treatment for dry skin on the elbows is aimed at eliminating the cause that causes this symptom. In addition to treating the underlying disease, the use of creams with chamomile and alfalfa, Lipikar balm, Pitival and Atoderm creams, Radevit ointment, oils (cocoa, shea, mango, etc.) and folk recipes may be recommended.

Traditional medicine recommends the following remedies for dry skin on the elbows:

Coffee grounds and honey scrub – add honey to coffee grounds, apply to elbows and massage in circular motions to remove dead skin cells. Rinse with warm water and apply nourishing cream or oil.
Compresses made from sour cream and sunflower oil - mix the ingredients in equal proportions, apply the mixture on gauze and apply to the elbows, wrap in a warm cloth and leave for 10-20 minutes.
Milk baths – heat the milk and immerse your elbow in it for 20 minutes. Blot with a napkin and repeat the procedure on the other hand.

Methods of treatment for dry skin

Masks made from natural ingredients will help you cope with dry skin at home.

Dry facial skin can be explained by hereditary predisposition, external factors, age-related changes or disruption of the sebaceous glands. A decrease in the level of sebum secretion can provoke various diseases Gastrointestinal, endocrine or nervous system and a lack of vitamins A, E and group B. To treat these pathologies, a consultation with a doctor is necessary, which will identify the cause and determine the course of treatment for the underlying disease.

To prevent the development of this problem, it is necessary to minimize the aggressive effects of the environment and provide the skin with proper care. Washing and caring for such skin should be carried out only with the help of special products. You can also use various homemade nourishing and moisturizing products.

Traditional medicine suggests using the following masks for dry skin:

A mask of plum, melon and jojoba oil - take all ingredients in equal proportions. Grind the plum and ripe melon pulp with a fork until pureed. Add oil and mix thoroughly. Apply to face and rinse with warm water after 20 minutes.
Mask of egg yolk, vegetable oil and chamomile - beat the egg yolk with a teaspoon of vegetable oil (almond, flaxseed, sunflower, olive, etc.), add a tablespoon of pharmaceutical chamomile extract and beat again. Apply the mixture to your face and rinse off after 10–15 minutes with slightly warm water.
Mask of oatmeal and olive oil - boil the flakes in milk. Take 3-4 tablespoons of porridge, add the same amount of olive oil to it and beat. Apply a thick layer to the face. Rinse off after 15 minutes with warm water and rinse your face with cool water.

Methods for treating dry skin on the body

General dry skin on the body can also be caused by external factors, but most often it is caused by diseases internal organs. To treat it, it is necessary to identify the cause and eliminate it. In addition to getting rid of the effects of external factors (hot water, aggressive detergents, prolonged exposure to the sun, etc.) and treating the underlying disease, it is recommended to maintain a normal drinking regime, eat a sufficient amount of dairy products, fish, vegetable oils, broccoli, nuts and seafood .

To moisturize and nourish the skin after hygiene procedures, various cosmetics for dry skin with ceramides, fatty acids and lipids should be used. You can also use various folk recipes for baths, masks and peelings:

Peeling with honey, sea salt and olive oil - mix 4 tablespoons of honey and 1 tablespoon of fine sea salt, add a tablespoon of olive oil to the resulting mixture and stir. Apply to cleansed body skin and massage lightly. After 5 minutes, take a warm shower.
Bath from a decoction of flaxseed and chamomile - boil 5 teaspoons of flax seeds in a liter of water for about 15 minutes, prepare a decoction of chamomile (the recipe is indicated on the package). Mix both decoctions in a 1:1 ratio and add to 1/2 of the bath. The duration of the procedure is about 15 minutes.
Bath of milk, almond butter and honey - heat a liter of milk and add 200 honey to it, mix with a dessert spoon of almond butter. Pour the composition into the bath. The duration of the procedure is about 15–20 minutes.
Honey and olive oil mask – mix honey and oil in a 1:1 ratio, apply to cleansed body skin and leave for 20 minutes. Take a warm shower.
Mask of avocado, banana, cream and butter - grind the pulp of one avocado and banana with a fork until pureed, add 100 g of butter, 1/2 cup of cream to the mixture and beat everything thoroughly. Add a few drops of rose oil and beat the mask again. Apply to cleansed body skin for 15 minutes. Take a warm shower using a washcloth.

Treatment options for dry skin on feet and heels

Can be caused by wearing uncomfortable shoes, insufficient amounts of vitamins A and E, diseases endocrine system and fungal infections. In some cases, all these reasons can lead to the formation of cracks in the area of roughened skin, which cause a lot of discomfort and pain.

If such a problem was caused by uncomfortable shoes, then it is enough to get rid of them and choose shoes taking into account the size and shape of the foot. Treatment of dry skin on the feet and heels should be aimed at eliminating the underlying disease. To do this, you will need to consult an endocrinologist or dermatologist. Lack of adequate treatment will lead to worsening of the underlying disease and the development of complications.

For local treatment For dry skin on the heels and feet, various products can be used: softening, exfoliating, antibacterial and wound healing. Their choice depends on the condition of the skin.

To eliminate very dry skin on the heels and feet, traditional medicine offers the following recipes:

Green apple mask – grate one apple on a fine grater, put the puree on gauze and apply it to the foot. Put on socks. Leave the compress overnight. In the morning, wash off the mask and apply nourishing cream to the skin.
Potato and flaxseed mask - grate raw potatoes on a fine grater, add the same amount of flaxseed, add a little water and boil the mixture until thick. Allow to cool slightly and apply to feet. After 20 minutes, rinse with warm water, remove areas of flaky skin and lubricate your feet with iodine.
Masks with castor oil– moisten gauze with oil and apply to the foot or heel. Wear warm socks and leave overnight. In the morning, blot your skin with a napkin.

To treat cracked heels, you can use folk recipes that were described above for the treatment of cracked fingers. The use of such means also gives good results.

Relevance. Alien hand syndrome (FHS) is a relatively rare clinical phenomenon, but it is of interest to neurologists due to the unusual manifestations and errors often made in its diagnosis, which negatively affect the effectiveness of medical rehabilitation of patients.

Diagnostic signs of SSR (according to R.S. Doody and J. Jancovic, 1992) are combined the following symptoms: [1 ] involuntary, occurring unexpectedly for the patient and not typical for other types of neurological disorders physical activity hands; [ 2 ] feeling of “foreignness” or “hostility” towards one’s own upper limb; [3 ] inability to recognize without visual control that a hand belongs to one’s body; [ 4 ] animation (“personification”) of the hand.

HSR is considered one of the variants of violation of somatotopic gnosis along with such disorders as violation of right-left orientation, pseudopolymelia, ignoring various parts body, defects in perception of body size and weight.

The origin of SHR is associated with the separation (disconnection) of the anterior and posterior sections of one of the cerebral hemispheres. Dissociation leads to the impossibility of automatic correction of hand movements, normally carried out under the influence of visual and somatosensory feedback signals. Indeed, usually the “alien hand” makes swiping or other involuntary movements only in conditions when the patient does not see it, which emphasizes the significance of the lack of visual control for the clinical manifestations of HSD. Elimination of visual control eliminates compensation for the deficit in somatosensory feedback, leading to loss of the ability to analyze and control hand movements. This assumption is also supported by the fact that improvement in hand control, according to the patients themselves, occurs in cases when the patient’s hand rests on some surface or the person presses it with the other hand to the body, i.e. under conditions of increased proprioceptive and tactile stimulation.

There are 3 variants of [CHR], associated with different localization of pathological foci in the brain:

■ frontal - described in patients with lesions medial sections the left frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere and adjacent areas of the corpus callosum; it is characterized by the appearance in the contralateral hand of “palpating”, “swiping”, “grasping” involuntary movements aimed at surrounding objects; movements are obsessive, fast, provoked by tactile or visual stimulation; reflexes of frontal automatism (grasping and palmar-chin reflexes) are often detected;

■ callosal (“diagonistic apraxia”) – associated with damage to the corpus callosum, while frontal lobe may or may not be involved in the pathological process; The main distinguishing clinical sign of this type is considered to be intermanual conflict: in this case, the efforts of the “alien” (usually the left) hand are provoked by the activity of the healthy (usually the right) hand; the “foreign hand” enters into confrontation, counteracts the movements of the other hand; frontal automatism reflexes are not detected;

■ posterior (sensory) - associated with damage to the parietal, parieto-occipital lobes or thalamus ipsilateral to the leading hand (right in right-handed persons) hemisphere of the brain; at the same time, clinically, along with involuntary activity and a feeling of “foreignness” in the hand, the patient did not recognize the hand as belonging to his body without vision control, and he also had a left-sided hand.

“Alien Hand” syndrome (source: manual for doctors “Dementia” N.N. Yakhno, V.V. Zakharov, A.B. Lokshina, N.N. Koberskaya, E.A. Mkhitaryan; third edition, Moscow, “ MEDpress-inform" 2011):

Alien limb syndrome develops in approximately half of patients with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) within 2 years from the onset of the disease. The phenomenon of “alien hand” is understood as a kind of motor disorder, which consists in the fact that the affected limb performs purposeful actions regardless of the patient’s wishes. In this case, the patient cannot stop or somehow control his own limb. The affected limb can make a wide variety of movements: rise upward (levitation), touching the head or other parts of the body, taking things out of a pocket, etc. Often involuntary movements arise synkinetically: the “alien hand” repeats the actions of the healthy hand. In other cases, a so-called intermanual conflict arises when the affected limb prevents the healthy one from performing any actions.Usually this syndrome occurs in the limb with the most pronounced extrapyramidal symptoms.

There are three options for “alien limb”: [ 1 ] “frontal” variant - is associated with damage to the additional motor cortex and the medial part of the prefrontal cortex of the dominant hemisphere and is manifested in the dominant hand by frontal signs, such as the grasp reflex and the phenomenon of resistance, which the patient cannot voluntarily suppress; [ 2 ] “collosal” variant - caused by damage to the anterior and middle part of the corpus callosum and usually manifests itself in the non-dominant hand; with this option, often a “foreign hand” can interfere with the movements of a healthy hand (intermanual conflict), but there are no frontal signs; [ 3 ] “posterior” variant - occurs when the parieto-occipital region and thalamus of the non-dominant hemisphere are damaged; it is based on a simultaneous violation of visual and kinesthetic control of hand movements, as well as, possibly, a distortion of the body diagram and a syndrome of ignoring the opposite half of space (usually not typical for CBD).

There are many publications devoted to SRS, but most of them concern patients with neurodegenerative diseases (corticobasal degeneration, etc.) or pathology of the corpus callosum and mainly contain descriptions of single clinical observations of this syndrome. Only in recent years have works appeared describing the “alien” limb syndrome in the clinic acute disorders cerebrovascular accident (stroke). The feature that distinguishes SSR in ischemic stroke (IS) from SSR in neurodegenerative diseases is acute development symptoms combined with other manifestations of cerebral ischemia. In contrast, in neurodegenerative diseases, HSR develops approximately 12 months after the onset of the disease and is not one of the first symptoms of the disease. Please note: with IS, all 3 clinical variants of SSR are possible, determined by different localization of the brain lesion, which were previously described for degenerative and tumor lesions, however, with IS, the frontal type of SSR is more common. HSR in the clinic of IS develops with extensive, often right hemisphere, foci of ischemia involving the parietal lobe, combined with clinical manifestations of kinesthetic apraxia and mild disorders of simple and complex types of sensitivity. Clinical manifestations of SHR are unstable and regress during the acute period of IS, while the feeling of foreignness persists longer (2–10 days) than episodes of involuntary movements in the hand.

From the syndrome of clumsy hand and dysarthria, which occurs in lacunar IS, FHR is distinguished by the feeling of “foreignness” of the limb, the presence of involuntary, uncontrolled motor activity in the hand, the absence of ataxia during coordination tests, as well as the presence of large-focal (and not lacunar) foci of ischemia according to neuroimaging data ([ !!! ] “alien limb” syndrome is described in 30% of cases of pathologically confirmed CBD and was previously mistakenly considered a pathognomonic syndrome for this disease).

There are no specific treatment methods for SSR. The literature provides data on the successful use of mirror therapy for SSR in corticobasal degeneration. In IS, there are no indications for symptomatic treatment of SRS itself, since this syndrome quickly regresses spontaneously. Nevertheless, an indication of the presence of SSR at the onset of IS can serve as an indicator of a high probability of the presence of kinesthetic apraxia in this patient, the verification of which requires the use of additional diagnostic tests, and treatment - specific methods of cognitive rehabilitation.

used materials from the article: “Alien hand syndrome in clinical picture acute period ischemic stroke» Grigorieva V.N., Sorokina T.A., Kalinina S.Ya., Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod (Neurological Journal, 2015, v. 20, No. 2) [read]

source: www.studfiles.ru

Recently, the world of neurosurgeons discussed the consequences of one of the brain operations, after which a woman received a very rare and mystical disease, better known as alien hand syndrome. Alien hand syndrome sometimes occurs in patients who have suffered a brain injury.

After a thorough investigation into the consequences of the operation, it was recognized that the woman acquired a rare disease as a result of the operation. surgical procedure. But the fact that we managed to find those responsible for what happened did not make the patient’s life any better and now every day she has to fight with her own hand, which suddenly stopped obeying... Alien hand syndrome affects people in a very strange way. Their hands suddenly begin to live a life of their own, sometimes trying to attack their owner and completely refusing to follow the orders given by the brain. In order to somehow curb the unruly parts of the body, a person suffering from this mystical disease is forced to tie his hand very often so as not to become its accidental victim. Karen Byrne woke up from brain surgery to find her own hand suddenly trying to strangle her. Doctors assumed that this abnormality appeared in the unfortunate patient as a result of a trauma to one of the parts of the brain. Until the moment when Karen, having recovered from the operation, began to move on her own, the doctors believed that the procedure was successful, but when her own hand tried to undress the woman, and then tried to strike the owner’s face, it became clear that something went wrong during the operation as it should have been. And although the epilepsy from which Karen suffered no longer bothered her, her left arm, and sometimes left leg completely out of control. Doctors prescribed the woman a medicine that gradually curbed this mysterious deviation, and although Karen Byrne is feeling well today, no one can imagine how her ungirdled hand will behave in the future. Alien hand syndrome, although a very rare disease, still occupies an important place in various scientific and occult circles. Many believe that this strange disease is closely related to supernatural abnormalities and demonic possession. To get rid of this mystical disease, once recognized as a consequence of demonic possession, the procedure of exorcism is mainly carried out, or in common people the expulsion of demons from the human body, but in the most extreme cases they resort to amputation of the rebellious limb. But what can actually cause the appearance of this mystical illness? One theory put forward by neuroscientists attributes the blame to the brain's inability to distinguish between planned actions and actions that the human body ultimately surrenders to mechanical functions. Any desire coming from the subconscious can seep into the conscious part of the brain, and then into the mechanical function, leading to strange and very often violent movements of a person’s limbs. And ultimately, all these human actions can be regarded as mysterious and disturbing. Unfortunately, all theories are still at the stage of speculation; no one knows why alien hand syndrome affects only part of the body.

Alien hand syndrome is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder, a form of apraxia in which one or both hands act on their own, regardless of the owner’s wishes. Sometimes accompanied by attacks of epilepsy. Another name for the syndrome - “Dr. Strangelove's disease” - was given not by the name of the discoverer, but in honor of Dr. Strangelove, one of the characters from the film “Dr. Strangelove, or How I Stopped Being Afraid and Loved the Bomb,” whose hand sometimes threw itself up Nazi salute, then began to strangle its owner.

The syndrome was first studied by Kurt Goldstein, who observed a patient (whose name has not been preserved) who began to be strangled by her own left hand during sleep. Goldstein did not find any mental disorders at the patient. Since the attacks ceased to occur, Goldstein stopped monitoring the patient. However, after her death, he performed an autopsy and discovered damage in the brain that destroyed the transmission of signals between the hemispheres, which led to the development of the syndrome.

Further study of the syndrome was carried out much later, in the fifties of the twentieth century, when doctors began to try to use dissection of the connections of the hemispheres to treat epilepsy. This practice was discontinued due to the emergence of alien hand syndrome, despite success in the fight against epilepsy.

There are 3 main options for “alien limbs”. The “frontal” version of the syndrome is predominantly associated with damage to the additional motor cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and medial part of the prefrontal cortex of the dominant hemisphere. With the “frontal” variant, the dominant limb is more often involved, the grasping reflex and the desire to feel surrounding objects or parts of one’s own body are pronounced (due to the disinhibition of exploratory automatisms mediated by the parietal cortex).

Having impulsively grabbed this or that object, the patient is often unable to let go of it. At the same time, with the “frontal” variant, the severity of the subjective alienation of the limb, probably due to its loss from the body scheme, is less pronounced.

In the “callosal” variant, which is caused by damage to the anterior and middle parts of the corpus callosum, where the pathways connecting the left premotor area to the right pass, the non-dominant hand is usually involved. With this option, there is often a pronounced intermanual conflict, but there are no frontal signs. With CBD, both frontal and mixed frontal-callosal variants of the syndrome can be observed.

The third variant of alien hand syndrome - posterior (or sensory) - usually occurs with focal damage to the parieto-occipital region and thalamus (usually the non-dominant hemisphere), but is not typical for CBD. It is based on a simultaneous violation of visual and kinesthetic control over hand movements, as well as, possibly, a distortion of the body diagram and a syndrome of ignoring the opposite half of space.

Unlike the frontal variant, in the posterior variant of the syndrome the hand does not reach for a nearby object, but, on the contrary, tries to involuntarily avoid contact with it, for example, by raising itself above the table surface. This tendency is clearly manifested during the finger-nose test, when there is a pronounced starting delay, and then a clear struggle between an attempt to touch the nose and an involuntary desire to avoid this contact.

Outwardly, it resembles ataxic dysmetria. The “alien” hand syndrome has also been described in isolated lesions of the thalamus; in this case, it was accompanied by mild choreic hyperkinesis (“trochaic alien hand”). Diseases that cause “alien limb” syndrome are presented in the table.

“Alien” limb syndrome must be differentiated from frontal signs, athetosis, pseudoathetosis caused by damage to deep sensitivity, dystonia, hemiballismus and hemiataxia. Unlike a “foreign” limb, with all these disorders there is no feeling of alienation of the limb.

Apparently, “alien” limb is an independent syndrome, but its genesis and, in particular, the origin of the feeling of alienation of a limb remain unclear. It is unknown in what relationship the “alien” hand is with a violation of praxis, complex types of deep sensitivity and the syndrome of ignoring the opposite half of space.

R.Leiguarda et al. (1994) found the “alien” hand phenomenon only in patients with corticobasal degeneration who had apraxia. It is possible that involuntary (disinhibited) motor activity of the limb is associated with the disconnection of the additional motor zones of both hemispheres or the elimination of the inhibitory influence of the additional motor cortex on the premotor zone within one hemisphere, while the feeling of alienation is explained by a disruption in the interaction between the lower parts of the parietal cortex, which control movements in external space , and the cingulate cortex, which generates the impulse to action.

As corticobasal degeneration progresses, the severity of the syndrome does not increase, but sometimes, on the contrary, decreases due to an increase in hypokinesia, rigidity and dystonia, blocking the involuntary activity of the limb.

Apraxia is one of the main symptoms of corticobasal degeneration, the identification of which can be crucial for its diagnosis. It’s no coincidence that in the past, CBD was called progressive apractical rigidity.” Apraxia develops in 80% of cases, including in almost all patients with CBD with predominant involvement of the left (dominant) hemisphere and, accordingly, the right hand.

Apraxia is characterized by a violation of the execution of purposeful semantic movements (actions) on command and a loss of previously acquired fine motor skills that cannot be explained by more elementary motor or sensory disorders.

Patients with apraxia are unable to show how to use an object (hammer, knife, fork, etc.), make or repeat a symbolic gesture (for example, wave goodbye, “vote” to stop a car), or complex multi-stage action, reproduce the pose shown. The presence of hypokinesia, rigidity, dystonia, and sensory disturbances significantly complicates the diagnosis of apraxia in CBD.

However, dissociation between the performance of relatively simple and complex movements and characteristic errors in performing tasks help to identify apraxia even against the background of other, more elementary motor disorders.

A detailed neuropsychological analysis shows that patients with corticobasal degeneration may exhibit signs of all three main types of apraxia according to Liepmann: ideomotor, limb-kinetic (kinetic), ideational, but, according to most researchers, ideomotor apraxia usually predominates.

For example, in 1998, a journal devoted to neuralgia and neurosurgery described the story of an 81-year-old woman whose left hand was uncontrollable. Left hand involuntarily strangled her neck and hit her face and shoulders.

Dear authors of scientific materials that I use in my messages! If you see this as a violation of the “Russian Copyright Law” or would like to see your material presented in a different form (or in a different context), then in this case write to me (at the postal address: [email protected]) and I will immediately eliminate all violations and inaccuracies. But since my blog does not have any commercial purpose (or basis) [for me personally], but has a purely educational purpose (and, as a rule, always has an active link to the author and his treatise), so I would be grateful for the chance to make some exceptions for my posts (contrary to existing legal norms). Best regards, Laesus De Liro.

Posts from This Journal by “stroke” Tag

Post-stroke extrapyramidal disorders

According to epidemiological data, extrapyramidal disorders are observed in ≈ 1 - 4% of patients who have suffered a stroke, in approximately equal...

With development modern methods diagnostics - blood tests, MRI, punctures or probes, many doctors have stopped paying attention to the clues that the body gives us. But sometimes even ultra-modern equipment and a whole team of qualified specialists cannot answer the question of what is wrong with us. At the same time, listening to the body and paying attention to characteristic changes, occurring in it, you can get a lot useful information. In this regard, one of the main indicators of diseases are our hands.

What can our hands tell us about our health, and what diseases are signaled by the changes occurring in them? Let's take a closer look at our palms and hands.

1. Shape

Looking at our hands, we first of all pay attention to the shape. Scientists have long found out that narrow wrists and long fingers are a sign of “blue blood,” while wide palms and short fingers indicate worker-peasant origin. And even though today everyone can achieve wealth and social recognition, the predisposition to genetic diseases inherited from our ancestors will haunt us throughout our lives.

In this regard, those with short fingers and wide palms are hardy people, accustomed to hard work and rarely exposed to infectious diseases. However, they are the ones who are more likely to experience cardiovascular diseases and most life suffer from hypertension. Such people have a slower metabolism and reduced thyroid activity, which increases the likelihood of hypothyroidism. Finally, people with wide palms tend to be overweight and often suffer from obesity.

On the contrary, those with thin wrists and long fingers are hypersensitive and receptive people, which means they are hysterical and prone to depression. These people are weather dependent, have difficulty withstanding sudden temperature changes, and do not adapt well to a new daily routine and change of environment. The vast majority of them have an accelerated metabolism, hypotension and low weight. By the way, if you notice a person with disproportionately small hands, you can assume he has inflammation of the rectum and bronchial asthma.

Excessively flexible joints of the wrists and fingers, as well as completely rigid joints, may indicate problems with the gallbladder and liver problems. And people who often crack their fingers have a lack of calcium in the body. If the joints of your hands begin to ache, and your fingers begin to change shape, there is a high probability that a serious illness is to blame - gout or arthrosis. Finally, if you notice thickening of the skin in the area of your index fingers, you should consult a doctor and undergo all the necessary tests, because this is a sign of gallbladder disease.

2. Temperature

People with thin fingers and narrow wrists are mostly “freezers”. Even in the summer, after sunset, they are forced to put on warm clothes, as they feel trembling in their bodies. Interestingly, the hands of such people remain cool even in warm weather. All this indicates a violation of peripheral blood circulation, which means that in order to warm up, such individuals need to move more, constantly accelerating the blood.

If your fingers are constantly pale and cold, this may indicate low blood pressure and hint at the development of vegetative-vascular dystonia. Doctors recommend that such individuals refrain from smoking and other bad habits, refuse fatty foods and fast food in favor of vegetables and fruits, and in addition, drink tincture of eleutherococcus and ginseng.

When your fingers not only get cold, but also go numb, it is important to pay attention to which fingers feel the discomfort. For example, numbness in the little fingers indicates problems with the heart and development cervical osteochondrosis, and numbness of the thumbs hints at a respiratory disorder. In any case, cold or numbness in the hands is a signal to a person that there is a deficiency of nicotinic acid and vitamins in his body. You can compensate for this deficiency by eating mushrooms, fish and meat products, as well as cereal crops and green vegetables. For mild numbness, the problem is solved by taking vitamin complexes, however, if the condition worsens, injections with nicotinic acid may be necessary.

If a person is in good health, his palms are warm and dry. Of course, if they are nervous or very nervous, they may sweat, but if you experience unpleasant sweating almost constantly, consult an endocrinologist. Often this symptom indicates the development of hyperthyroidism. In addition, sweaty palms may indicate hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating).

If your palms are constantly burning, you feel warmth and even a burning sensation emanating from them, most likely the liver is to blame. Very often, such a symptom appears when the body is intoxicated, in particular, after a stormy feast with alcohol or long-term use medicines. To get rid of this unpleasant condition, give up alcoholic drinks, stop taking medications and add variety to your diet, including drinking green tea and grapefruit juice, eating walnuts, apples and vegetable salads with olive oil.

3. Color

The color of the skin on your hands can tell a lot about the state of your body. It is no secret that the skin acts as a thermostat, helping the body maintain the desired body temperature. That is why in the cold the skin of the hands turns pale, and in the hot period, on the contrary, it becomes red. True, if your skin remains pale regardless of temperature, it is worth taking a blood test and checking your hemoglobin level.

Indeed, the color of the skin on the hands changes not only from the weather. For example, a diseased liver can signal its condition by unnatural redness of the palms. In particular, red spots on the palms, which appear against the background of insomnia, nausea and vomiting - a clear sign hepatitis A. You should immediately report this condition to your doctor!

Red or purple dots on the fingertips most often indicate problems with the kidneys, and if the fingers begin to turn blue and acquire a characteristic purple tint, the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract is disrupted. Red spots on the thumb of the right and left hands may indicate problems with the genitals.

Obvious yellowness of the hands, as well as yellowness on the skin and yellowing of the whites of the eyes, indicates that the liver cannot cope with the removal of bile, which begins to accumulate in the body. If the backs of the palms are covered with brown spots, it is probably due to problems with the pancreas. However, similar spots appear in older people, which is considered quite normal.

If your palms have acquired a marble color, there is a high probability that you have disturbances in the functioning of the autonomic nervous system. Take a closer look, you probably have other symptoms of vegetative-vascular dystonia.

4. Peeling

In order to have smooth and velvety hand skin, it requires daily care. Regular use of creams, massage and visits to the SPA salon allow it to remain soft and silky. However, no procedure will help hide the existing deficiency of vitamins A, D or B vitamins, which causes disgusting flaking of the skin of the hands. To correct the situation and make up for vitamin A deficiency, consume chicken eggs, liver, and butter more often, and to replenish vitamin D reserves, eat hard cheeses, cottage cheese and various types of fish more often. To get rid of B vitamin deficiency, regularly consume mushrooms, peanuts, fish and avocados. If changing your diet does not help correct the situation, there is a reason to consult a dermatologist and identify the cause of the peeling, which may well be a fungal infection.

If your skin on your hands is dry and rough, constantly itchy and itchy, and when you scratch it, you notice the appearance of a rash, most likely these are the first signs of eczema. To successfully combat this inflammatory disease skin, do not delay going to the doctor. Only a specialist can prescribe appropriate medications and recommend moisturizing creams with vitamins E and A.

By the way, studying the texture of the skin on the fingers, Special attention Focus on the areas around the nails. It turns out that wrinkles on the skin around the nails can signal the development of diabetes and endocrine disorders in the body.

5. Veins

Swollen veins on the hands greatly spoil the appearance of the hands and attract the attention of others. If you notice that they are overly tense and even buzzing, you should think about why they are tense? Perhaps you recently lifted weights at the gym or carried a heavy bag of groceries from the store? In any of these cases, this symptom will disappear within an hour. If this does not happen, you need to make an appointment with a cardiologist, because there is a possibility that you have a disease of the cardiovascular system - circulatory disorders, thrombophlebitis or ischemia.

Spider veins on the arms, just like on the legs, indicate a disorder in cholesterol metabolism and developing atherosclerosis. But the appearance of a venous network on the hands clearly indicates the development of diabetes mellitus.

Let's say a few words about swelling. If your fingers begin to swell and swell, it is quite possible that the thyroid gland is underactive. Thus, if all the holidays are behind you, and you are sure that your fingers are swollen not due to drinking excess fluid, visit an endocrinologist and take all the necessary tests.

6. Nails

When examining your hands, you cannot help but pay attention to the condition of your nails. For example, too white nail plates may indicate the presence of anemia. You should inform your doctor about this, because anemia or anemia is a dangerous syndrome associated with a lack of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. An experienced doctor will be able to identify the cause of anemia and prescribe appropriate treatment, which, for the most part, involves taking medications containing iron.

Weak, too fragile and brittle nails may occur in people who have a bad habit of biting their nails. Sometimes this condition is caused by low levels of calcium and protein - substances designed to retain keratin in the nails. To strengthen your nails, you need to more often include cottage cheese and sour cream, various cheeses, eggs and oatmeal, beef and chicken breast in your diet.

Hands are a real source of knowledge about the state of the body. This is an accurate and incredibly sensitive indicator that signals an existing deficiency or a disease developing in the body. Do not ignore these signals, and at the first suspicion, immediately contact specialists to confirm or refute your own fears.

Take care of your health!