anthrax - Especially dangerous infectious disease of animals and man. The disease in animals occurs super-sufficient, sharply and subacted, and in pigs asymptomatically, mainly in a local anhydrous form. A person's disease is most often manifested as an infection of external covers and only occasionally complicated by a symbolized sepsis: at the same time, primary generalized infection, which manifests itself in a pulmonary or intestinal form.
Disease pathogen you. Anthracis, aeroba, exists in two basic forms - bacillire and dispute.
The source of the causative agent of infection is a sick animal. Explosions of ill animals (feces, urine, bloody expirations of natural holes) contain bacillos that turn into disputes in the air. Contamined Siberian Spores Plots of Soil and Other External Objects for a long time are reservoirs and factors of transmission of the causative agent of infection. The main way of infection of animals is alimentary - through feed and water. Transmissive and aspiration paths of infection are also possible. A person's infection occurs when leaving for sick animals, in the process of their slaughter, removal of the skins, cutting carcasses, culinary processing of meat, cleaning and destruction of corpses, during storage, transportation, primary processing and sale of contaminated animal raw materials. It is possible to infect a person with contact with the contaminated soil, as well as aspiration and transmissive paths. When organizing anti-cycling measures, an epizootic focus should be distinguished, a stationary unfavorable point, the soil focus and the territory threatened on this disease.
The epizootic focus of the Siberian ulcers is the location of the source or re-ducha factors of the causative agent of infection in the areas in which the transmission of the pathogen is possible to susceptible animals or people (Pasture Plot, Watercuing, Livestock Room, livestock production enterprise, etc.).
Steadally unfavorable point - the settlement, a livestock farm, pasture, a tract, on the territory of which an epizootic focus was found regardless of the statute of its appearance. Categories, biotermic pits and other places of burial of animal corpses that fell from Siberian ulcers are considered soil foci. The epidemic center of Siberian ulcers is an epizootic focus, in which there was a disease of people with this infection. Households, settlements, administrative districts, where there is a threat to the occurrence of cases of animals or people are considered a threatening territory. The boundaries of the threatened territory are determined by veterinary bodies, given the epizootic situation, soil - geographical, natural - climatic conditions and economic and economic relations of farms, settlements, procurement and processing organizations and enterprises (distillation of animals for seasonal pastures, markets, leakage - commodity enterprises, Procurement bases, etc.).
Rabies - Ostray viral disease Animals and a person characterized by signs of polyoomentefalomyelitis and absolute mortality. The causative agent of the disease belongs to the family of Rabdigrus. The reservoir and main sources of rabies pathogen are wild predators, dogs and cats. Taking into account the nature of the reservoir of the pathogen, the epizootia of urban and natural types is distinguished. In case of urban type episodes, the main distributors of the disease are stray and neglect dogs, and when episodes natural type - Wild predators (fox, retal dog, Sandscape, Wolf, Corsac, Shakal). In the territories of S. increased density Their populations are formed persistent natural foci of the disease. Infection of man and animals occurs when direct contact with the sources of rabies pathogen as a result of bite or flashing damaged skin or outer mucous membranes. When organizing measures for the prevention and control of rabies, an epizootic focus should be distinguished, an unfavorable point and a threatened zone. Epizootic foci of rabies - apartments, residential buildings, personal foundations of citizens, livestock facilities, skot devices, summer camps, pasture sites, forest arrays and other objects where animals are detected with rabies. The dysfunction point is a settlement or part of a large settlement, a separate livestock farm, farming, pasture, a forest array, in which the epizootic focus of rabies is revealed. In the threatened zone includes settlements, livestock farms, pastures, hunting grounds and other territories, where there is a threat of rabies and the activation of natural foci of the disease. The epidemic hearth is called an epizootic focus, in which people's disease arose.
Tuberculosis of animals. The pathogen: Mycobacterium tuberculosis was opened by Robert Koh in 1882. The pathogen of man's tuberculosis - M. Tuberculosis; cattle - M. Bovis; Birds - M. Avium, these are thin, straight, more often, slightly curved sticks, located singularly or groups, the aerob, is immobile, the dispute and the capsule does not forms. For the cultivation of the pathogen of tuberculosis, glycerin MPa, MPB, potatoes, egg and synthetic media are used. Mycobacteria retain the viability in dung 7 months, in feces - 1 year, in water - 2 months, in oil - 45 days, in the cheese - 45-100, in milk - up to 10 days. Heating up to 70 ° C kills in 10 minutes, and boiling is inactivated after 3-5 minutes. Receive: All kinds of animals.
Source of the pathogen: Patients animals and virosters. Transmission paths: Aerogenic; Through the damaged mucous membrane of the oral cavity, less often through the nipples of the udder and vagina, transmission factors - feed, manure, water, litter, care objects. Incubation period: from 2-6 weeks before the appearance allergic reactions. Tuberculosis takes place mainly chronically and asymptomatic. Light or intestines are more likely affected by cattle. The pulmonary tuberculosis is accompanied by cough and others. Signs of lungs and pleura. In the intestinal tuberculosis, diarrhea is observed, replacing constipation, excretion with blood mucus with blood admissions. During the defeat of the udder in cattle, lymph nodes are increased, the udder becomes a bug. The tuberculosis of the genital organs in the cows is manifested by the gain of hunting, in bulls - orchitis. For generalized tuberculosis There is an increase in superficial lymph nodes, animals are very thin, quickly tire. They disappear, mucous membranes anemic. The sheep and goats tuberculosis flows, as well as in cattle. Pigs - an increase in submandibular, plug and cervical lymph nodes. Horses, tuberculosis is rarely found, and basically flows latent. Tuberculosis of birds flows with unclear clinical signs. Watch alliance, farewell, pale and wrinkling ridge, atrophy breast muscles. The generalization of the process is accompanied by an intestinal lesion. Characteristic for tuberculosis is the presence in different organs and tissues of animal specific nodules (tubercul) the magnitude of the wicked grain to the chicken egg and more. Tuberculosis foci is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, their contents resemble the dry, rodged mass (caseous necrosis). With long-term crossing, tuberculosis nodules can be occurring. The pathological material is directed both during the life of an animal (expirations of the nose, bronchial mucus, milk, especially with an increase in the sleepy lymph nodes, feces, urine), and posthumously (affected parts of organs and lymph nodes bronchial, cap, mediostable, predaginal, supervised. Bird's corpse ( or carcass) are sent entirely - explore the affected liver, spleen, light, ovaries. Conduct tuberculinization, histological, bacteriological research, biocrust, serological studies (RSK). Pastellosis, paraletbererculosis, actinomycosis, dictiolation, in pigs - lymphadenites caused by atypical mycobacteriums, in birds - leukemia.
Liseriosis - human and animal infectious disease. Listeriosis pathogen - Listeria Monocytogenes - mobile, polymorphic, gram-positive shallow wand (length 0.5-2.0 nm; 0.3-0.5 nm wide) with rounded ends. Listeria have relatively high resistance, widespread in the external environment, low temperatures (+4 - 6 degrees. C) for a long time (up to several years) are preserved in soil, water, straw, grain. We multiply in soil, water, milk, meat, silo. as well as in body corpses. The main reservoir of the pathogen in nature is many species of wild and synanthropic rodents. Listeria found in foxes, minks, rans, sands, wild hoofs, birds. Listeriosis is striking domestic and farm animals (pigs, small and cattle, horses, rabbits, less often cats and dogs), as well as home and decorative birds (geese, chickens, ducks, turkey, pigeons, parrots and canary). Listeria is also detected in the fish and products of the sea (shrimp). During lemiosis, there is a variety of mechanisms for transmitting the causative agent of infection (fecal-oral, contact, aspiration, transplascent). The main of which is fecal-oral.
Leptospirosis - Zoono-free natural infectious diseases of wild, pets and humans, widespread in various landscape geographical areas of the world. Sources of causative agents of leptospyrosine infection are divided into two groups. The first includes rodents and insectivores, which are the main owners (reservoir) of pathogens in nature; To the second - pets (pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, dogs), and furst animals Cellular content (foxes, sands, nutria), forming anthropurgic (agricultural) foci. Leptospirosis pathogens - the microorganisms of the genus Leptospira. Pathogenic leptospira are represented by 202 serovars, which in the degree of antigenic kinship are combined into 23 serological groups. On the territory of the Russian Federation, causative agents of leptospirosis of farm animals and dogs are leptospira serogroups Pomona, Tarassovi, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe, Hebdomadis, Icterohamorrhagiae, Canicola; In natural foci, a circus of leptospyr serogroups Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Sejroe, Javanica, Icterohamorrhagiae, Bataviae, Australis, Autumnalis. In the etiological structure of leptospyrosal diseases of a person, leptospira serogroups Grippotyphosa, Pomona, IcteroHaemorRhagiae, Canicola, Sejroe prevail. The main way of transmission of infection is water, less importance has contact and food (stern). The organism of man and animals leptospira penetrates through minor skin damage and intact mucous membranes of the oral cavity, nose, eye, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts.
Ornithosis - Human and bird infectious disease caused by intracellular micro-bom Chlamydia Psittaci, Chlamydia genus.
Ornithosis is a zoonotic infection characterized by the presence of natural foci and secondary anthropurgichesky foci.
The main keepers of the causative agent of ornithosis in nature are wild and poultry, which it causes sharp, chronic or latent forms Diseases.
Indity of people by ornithosis occurs when communicating with patients with birds, carriers of an ornithose infection or external environment objects infected with indiscriminals of ornithosis. A person's infection is mainly occurring air - drip or waters - dust. Infection can occur contacting through damaged skin Covers and mucousse (injury, touching), as well as an alimentary way (the pathogen falling into the body with contaminated food).
Salmonelles - infectious disease of animals and humans. Among the farm animals, Salmonellosis is predominantly illuminated by young (calves, piglets, lambs, foals, puppies of fur animals, chickens, ducklings, geese, turkey, etc.).
The disease is manifested by the lesion of the gastrointestinal tract and septicemia, and with subacute and chronic flow - pneumonia and arthritis. In sheep, mares, less often cows, salmonelles cause abortion.
People are infected with salmonellosis in the use of food, disgraced by salmonells in the process of obtaining, processing, transporting and implementing the lack of insufficient culinary processing or stored in violation installed modes. It is possible to infection through the objects of the household and production situation, as well as through water.
Salmonella, besides, cause a person typhoid fever (Salmonella Typhi) and Parathius (Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C), to which animals are not susceptible. Salmonella refer to the Enterobacteriaceae family, the genus Salmonella (Salmonella), divided into two types, Enterica (Enterica) and Bongori (Bongori), and unite 2324 Serovara, separated by the set of somatic ("O") antigens on 46 serogroups. The main pathogens of salmonellosis animals belong to the serogroups in, C and D.
| Types of animals |
Basic pathogens |
Rarely occurring pathogens |
| Cattle | dublin (D) |
|
| Pigs |
choleraesuis (C) |
dublin (D) |
| Small horned cattle | aBORTUSOVIS (B) |
|
| Horses |
abortusequi (b) |
- |
| Kura. | gallinarum (D), Pullorum, Enteritidis (D), TYPHIMURIUM (D) |
|
| Turkey |
gallinarum (D), Pullorum |
|
| Duck | tYPHIMURIUM (B) | |
| Sands, Lisitsy |
dublin (d), choleraesuis (C), TYPHIMURIUM (B) |
The source of the causative agent of infection is the patients and the animals - salmonellasters, including rodents and wild birds. The factors of transmission of the causative agent of infection are infected feed, water, bedding, pets care, equipment, clothing and shoes. In the birds, Salmonella is possible at the birds. The diagnosis for salmonellosis is established on the basis of a complex of clinical, pathologist, epizootological data and results bacteriological studiesconducted in accordance with applicable methodical instructions: "Laboratory diagnostics of human and animal salmonellosis, detection of salmonell in feed, food and external environment facilities."
Trichinosis. Diseases that are transmitted to man from animals are called zooanthroponomoses. Scientists installed more than 100 different species Zoonatroonozov, one of such dangerous diseases is called trichinelle. Trichinells refer to biohylminats. Infection of people occurs when eating raw or not enough thermally processed meat of home pig and wild animals (bear, nutria, sand, boar, badger, etc.). Animals themselves, for example, home pigs are infected with trichinells when eating not neutralized meat waste from sick animals and rodents, and wild - with predatoryness and through Padal. Cases of contamination of dogs, cats, horses and other animals are recorded annually. This year Trichinellez was recorded in Krasnodar Territory, Yakutia, Sakhalin region, Krasnoyarsk Territory and other regions of Russia. Cases of infection with this disease are marked abroad - in Germany, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine, etc. At the same time, often the outbreaks of trichinelleze are associated with the beginning of the hunting season - Trichinelles enter the human body when eating meat meat of the wild animal, so not only the hunter himself is sick, but his whole family. From one person, another trichinosis is not transmitted.
The study of meat on trichinosis can be made in the OGU "Lipetsk Regional Veterinary Laboratory" at the address of Lipetsk, ul. Gagarina, 60 or in any subordinated institution Veterinary management in the area of \u200b\u200bthe region. Addresses and phone numbers can be found on the Internet at: www ..
For reference:
The man is infected with trichinelle with the use of infected meat, which in color, smell, taste and appearance does not differ from the usual. Neither salmon nor smoking nor processing in microwave ovenNor even freezing all trichinell, it happens that they remain alive even in fried or boiled meat. Risch first of all gourmet - lovers of strikanins, drilled homemade sausages and trees. Cases of contamination of people in the use of kebabs, smoked and salted salary with meat residences, dumplings, boiled sausages. Trichinosis is detected only with laboratory studies.
Often, a person does not suspect that it has become infected, because the symptoms of the disease can immediately and not manifest themselves, or the clinical manifestations of trichinelosis are accepted for some other disease. The severity of clinical manifestations of the disease depends on the amount of larvae in the body, the duration of the incubation period (from the moment of entering the meat to the first signs of the disease) - from 3 to 40 days. A sudden temperature rise, rash on the skin, the swelling of the face, pain in the muscles or joints, in the abdomen - here are the first signs of the disease that can not be associated with a long-time meat. In the body, the parasite is most often localized in the muscles of the diaphragm, intercostal and chewing muscles, language, eyeball muscles and limbs. The axes in the muscles, the larvae of trichinelosis pathogens increase in size of about 10 times, capsules are formed around the larvae, the wall of which one year is covered with lime. In this form, the larva remains viable up to 25 years.
The basis for the prevention of trichinosis - conducting laboratory studies and veterinary-sanitary examination of meat with slaughter of pigs, wild animals. When buying meat, it is necessary to require the seller providing such documents. In order to avoid infection with all hunters, it is recommended to send the meat of the extracted animal to veterinary control. When the infected meat is detected, it is subject to combustion or industrial recycling.
Owners of personal subsidiary farms engaged in growing pigs should not be fascinated by pets thermally not processed meat waste of hunting fishery. In addition, in personal subscribed farms followed by obligatory Conduct disinfection and deratization of premises, as well as comply with the rules for the disposal of fallen animals.
And their classification
Infectious animal diseases - a group of diseases having such general signsAs the presence of a specific pathogen, the cyclicality of development, the ability to transmit from an infected animal tohealthy and taking epizootic distribution.
Epizootic focus - the place of stay of the source of the causative agent of infection on a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe area, where in this situation it is possible to transfer the causative agent of the disease with susceptible animals. The epizootic focus can be the premises and territories with animals there, which detected this infection.
By latitude of propagation, the epizootic process is characterized by three forms: sporadic morbidity, epizootia, poleotic.
Epizooty - This is the simultaneous progressive in time and space within a certain region the spread of infectious disease among big number One or many types of agricultural animals, significantly exceeding the incidence-registered incidence in this area. The following is allocated types of epizootia:
scale spread - private, object, local and regional;
by degree of danger - Lungs middle severity, heavy and extremely heavy;
on economic damage - Minor, medium and large.
Epizootia, like epidemics, can be the character of real natural disasters.
Panzoo - this is a massive simultaneous distribution of agricultural animal infectious disease with high levels morbidity in a huge area with coverage of entire regions, several countries and mainland.
Epizooty - This is the simultaneous spread of infectious diseases of farm animals in a certain area.
Lush - High-endagiosis, acutely occurring viral disease of man-fated domestic and wild animals, characterized by fever and aphthous (ulceal) lesions of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, leather, udder and limbs.
The most susceptible to nursing cattle, pigs. Less sensitive - sheep and goats. The source of the causative agent of FMD is sick animals, including those in the incubation period of the disease, as well as virosters. Such animals distinguish the virus into an external environment with milk, saliva, urine and feces, resulting in infection of rooms, pastures, sources, feed, vehicles.
The spread of FMD largely depends on the economic and economic relations, ways of conducting animal husbandry, livestock density, the degree of migration of the population.
Of great importance in the spread of the FMD virus has a person. After contacting animals, it can move over long distances. Lush, as a rule, manifests itself in the form of epizooty, less often - pelvic.
When Fedshar is detected, the farm or settlement is imposed in this regard, quarantine impose restrictions on economic activities.
Classical plague plague - infectious, high-contagious viral disease. In natural conditions, it is sick only homemade and wild pigs of all breeds and ages. More susceptible to the virus is high-stencil animals. The source of infection is patients and domestic and wild and wild viper pigs. Infection occurs during the joint content of patients with animals and virosters with healthy, as well as when feeding with infected feed. This usually occurs in farms with a low veterinary-sanitary culture that do not have reliable protection against the drift of the causative agent from the outside.
Plague may occur at any time of the year, but more often in autumn, when mass movements are carried out, selling and slaughter. In fresh foci in the presence of non-immune livestock, the incidence reaches 95-100%, mortality of 60-100%.
The specific treatment of pigs, patients with plague, not developed. Sacrebics are immediately killed, and the corpses burned.
Pseudochuma birds - Highly contagious virus disease of birds from chicken squad, characterized by damage to the respiratory organs, digestion and central nervous system.
The source of the pathogen is infected with patients and poultry birds that distinguish the virus with secrets, excrement, eggs and exhaled air. The virus begins to stand out in the incubation period 24 hours after the infection of the bird.
Infection occurs through feed, water, air with a joint content of a healthy and sick bird. This disease is more often manifested in the form of epizotia, has some frequency and relative summer-autumn seasonality associated with the increase in the livestock during this period and with amplification economic activity. The percentage of incidence is high - up to 100%, mortality - 60-90%.
Specific treatment is not developed. As a rule, quarantine is imposed on unfavorable farms, and the bird is killed and burned.
According to epizootological classification, all infectious animal diseases are divided into five groups.
1. Alimentary infections are transmitted through the soil, feed, water. Characterized by the defeat of the organs of the digestive system. The main factors of the transmission of the pathogen are infected feed, manure and soil.
These infections include anthrax, Lush, Sap, Brucellosis.
2. Respiratory infections (Aerogenic) - lesion of mucous membranes respiratory tract and lungs. The main transfer path is airborne. These include paragripp, enzootic pneumonia, sheep, and goats, parlorian plague.
3. Transmissive infections, the mechanism of their transmission is carried out using bloodsowing arthropods. The pathogens constantly or in certain periods are in the blood. These include encephalomyelitis, tularevia, horses infectious anemia.
4. Infections, the pathogens of which are transmitted through external covers without the participation of carriers. This group is quite diverse by the features of the transmission mechanism of the pathogen. These include: tetanus, rabies, pieces of cows.
5. Infections with unexplained infection paths, that is, a non-classified group.
Animal diseases dangerous for man
Animal diseases dangerous for a person.There are infectious and invasive diseases common to humans and animals, a person is infected with them when contacting patients with animals, and as a result of eating meat of sick animals, infected water and through bloodsowing insects and ticks.
anthrax - Acute feverish disease of homemade, wild animals and people. Caused by aerobic bacillus, which in the body of the animal forms capsules, and outside it - disputes. The causative agent of the disease can spread with water contaminated with infected wastewater of leather factories, woollers and other enterprises processing the animal raw materials, as well as animal feed. Infection of people occurs when removing and processing the skin, through bloodsuckers, etc. A person is most often ill to the skin shape. It is infected with cracks, abrasions and other injuries of the skin, face and other open parts of the body. With this form at the site of the introduction of bacillus, a bluish-red nodule is formed, then turning into a dark red bubble containing a reddish liquid. After some time, the bubble bursts, the fabric, where he was, donated, and there are the same nodules and bubbles nearby. This whole process is accompanied by high temperatures.
Careful carrying out of common veterinary and sanitary events, as well as observance of personal hygiene rules - reliable protection against Siberian ulcers.
Rabies - acute infectious disease. When biteing animals, a visit to the doctor for conducting special events By grafting against rabies. In case of untimely treatment, the fatal outcome occurs in a hundred cases from one hundred. Dogs for a long time Living at dachas, and dogs of hunting breeds should necessarily put against rabies. Acute infectious disease. Called invisible under the usual microscope with a filtered neurotropic virus transmitted from a sick animal to healthy with saliva during bite. People, pets, including a bird. Hidden period of illness - from 10 days to 1 year. Its duration depends on the distance of the bite spot from the central nervous system and the nature of the wound.
A characteristic sign of rabies in animals is a bugness or a pronounced irritability of an animal, reaching a rusty. Sick dogs, cats and other animals without sufficient reason, they rush to people and animals, bite, eat inedible objects, tear their skin, tend to escape. Dogs appear hoarse bark, convulsions, difficulty swallowing, replacing full paralysis of swallowing and chewing muscles, shaky gait, paralysis of the hind limbs, water-shaped. Death comes in 4-6 days. With a quiet form of rabies, animals cannot swallow food. The general paralysis develops leading to death.
Measures to combat rabies:
- patients and suspects in animal disease isolate or destroy;
- The corpses are out of the reach of animals (especially for rodents) prior to the arrival of the windmills, but not more than 2 days, after which itching on the catchomotion to a depth of at least 2 m;
- to have disinfection of infected places with a 2-percent solution of formalin or caustic soda or steep boiling water; Clothes, solar sick animal, wipe, boil and stroke a hot iron;
- All bustled people send to the nearest sanitary and epidemiological station or medical institution for vaccinations against rabies.
Brucecelez - Domestic and wild animal disease: Wolf, Lisens, Zaitsev; Birds: Sparrow, pigeons, pheasants, etc. Man is most often infected, eating the meat of an infected animal. Gigien rules should be followed. In the event of a disease, contact the doctor. Brucellosis is a chronic disease, the causative agent of brucellosis is small, fixed, visible under the microscope a wand. It remains a viable long time. Symptoms: an increase in temperature up to 40 degrees, fever, which in some cases is repeatedly returned.
Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene at the opening and cutting of the carcass of animals prevents infection.
Tularemia - infection. Most often rodents are sick, furny animals. Causes aerobic disease, visible under a light microscope, fixed bacterium. Infection occurs contact, through the digestive or respiratory tract, and in the warm season - through bloodsowing insects. Hunters are infected when visiting dysfunctional reservoirs, swamps and meadows; Under the night in the infected haystacks, straw; When cutting the carcasses of the extracted patients. The causative agent of the disease can penetrate the human body during bathing in the reservoir, even through the intact skin and mucous membranes of the eyes. Hidden period of brief disease.
Prevention - hygiene. The disease is preventing the extermination of mile-like rodents and parasitic arthropods, vaccination of hunters and other people visiting the disadvantaged areas, use only boiled water, protection of wells from rodents, disinfection of skins and carcasses.
Appeal to the doctor in case of infection.
Ornithosis or Psitactozoz - Infectious diseases of home, wild birds and a person from birds sick chickens, pheasants, ducks, pigeons, seagulls, parrots, etc. causes a filter virus. The disease virus dies after 15 minutes at a temperature of 65-70 degrees, it remains on ice up to 2 months, resistant to drying. Pervents in a 3% solution of chlorine after 3 hours. The disease is more often a hidden current, and therefore healthy birds can be a source of dispersion of the pathogen of this disease in nature. Birds are infected with the contact of healthy with patients, through infected feed and air, in which there are small particles of infected feces, urine, feathers, nasal expirations, etc. The disease of people is possible with the post-delivery processing of birds - plugging feathers and cutting carcasses, begins with chills and weaknesses, accompanied by headache and pain in the joints. In the event of a disease - hospitalization in an infectious hospital.
Toxoplasmosis - Disease of wild and domestic animals is transmitted to both a person. The disease causes massive paddown animals. It is detected and eliminated by medical and veterinary services. It has acquired a large epidemiological H epizootic value, since it is established that in mammals, birds and a person one common pathogen is the parasitic protozous visible under the microscope - toxoplasm. Toxoplasmosis relates to a group of diseases with natural foci. A person can become infected both from man and from animals.
In naturally infected animals, the central nervous system is affected mainly, peripheral nerves. The disease usually proceeds in the form of massive animal disease with significant mortality, mainly young. Dogs have oppression of general condition, exhaustion, weakness, eye expiration and nose, the patenity of visible mucous membranes, cough, vomiting, shortness of breath, fever and disorder of the central nervous system. Becolespace speakers among people are widespread. From clinically healthy carriers, patients with toxoplasmosis can be born. In some cases, the toxoplasms cause severe disease in adults.
The transfer of the pathogen from one body to another occurs different paths: intrauterine, through contact with patients or medium, through digestive and respiratory traps, sexually. Mochots, saliva, vomit, urine, feces, milk, meat are infectious. Mechanical toxoplasm are transferred arthropods. Flies, for example, after 2 hours, can break off the invasive material captured by them, which does not lose contractions, and in the body of the block, infectiousness is not lost up to 5 hours. The carriers of the actuator toxoplasmosis are some ticks. Clinical manifestations of toxoplasmosis in people are extremely diverse.
Toxoplasmosis is necessary to identify and liquidate with the help of medical and veterinary bodies. You should not feed in the raw form of dogs, cats internal organs of the extracted animals, head and other sub-products, as they can be a source of infection.
Ringworm - fungal lesion of the skin. A person's infection occurs, as a rule, from dogs and cats, often homely. Mandatory visit to the venue for pets and appeal to the doctor for a person.
A ringless deprived in dogs causes two types of fungus: Triedoofiton and microspiodes. The skin of the head, neck, limbs is affected. Usually on the skin of the head and cheeks are formed limited, dense, painful when pressing, dark painted and almost without hair elevation. Under pressure from the mouth of the hair, the puff is highlighted. Incompretable treatment leads to the formation of bald sections. With tricochy, the foci of lesion of the skin is much smaller and multiple, often merged.
Faciolese - Liver-gliding disease of deer, elk, hares, beavers, nutry, protein and cattle. The intermediate host of the pathogen of the bezolese - freshwater mollusk. Parasites are localized in the biliary strokes of the liver, less often in lung cysts; Eggs are distinguished from the liver with bile in the intestinal channel, and from there along with the feces outwards. Parasites, united in the biliary liver, cause inflammatory phenomena there.
Treatment is required.
Dicroceliosis
Hepatic-melted salmon, deer, roe deer, bears, hares, beavers, nutria, sheep, goats, cattle and human. Distributed everywhere. Intermediate masters of the causative agent of the disease are terrestrial or land clams, and more than some kind of ants. The causative agent of the disease is a small spear-shaped sector, parasitates in the biliary strokes.
Leptospirosis- Observe, which is very often found in animals, and is quite dangerous for a person. Spinning in the blood, the viruses of this disease amaze many internal organs, especially love to "nest" in the kidneys and liver. Leptospira penetrate the human body through the affected areas of the body: cuts and wounds, as well as through mucous membranes. Usually they are infected not from the animal himself, but from his faeces and urine, but the virus can be picked up and sailing in a dirty pond, for example, where ducks live.
Trichinosis. The disease is caused by a small parasitic worm - trichinell. Its size is 3-4 mm.
The main carrier of Trichinell is a boar, but they can hurt dogs, pigs, cats, foxes, cunits, chori, lyry, bears, moles, etc. Man and animals are infected by entering the meat in which the larvae of the parasite is. Signs of the disease appear in the first hours: disorder of the gastric path, nausea, belching, vomiting, pain in the intestinal area, headache, sense of gravity in limbs, weakness, fever; By 9-10 days, the temperature reaches 40-41 degrees face and eyelids swell, the muscles become solid and painful. When infected with a large amount of larvae, death may occur as a result of a paralysis of breathing or pneumonia. However, in most cases, the trichinosis of a person flows chronically. Treatment is carried out under the supervision of the doctor.
Solving and smoking meat do not lead to the death of trichinelle, and they can be saved in it a very long time. In practice, trichinosis meat is subjected to technical disposal or combustion.
All pig mascots, wild boars and bears must be inspected by windmills in order to detect trichinelle and preventing contaminated meat.
Echinococcosis - Helmintosis disease. Caused by the larval stage of Helmint (Cestodies). The ribbon shape is parasishes in the subtle intestinal department of animals (dogs, wolves, foxes). Licken - more often in the liver, lungs, less often in other organs in all agricultural animals and humans. As a result, echinococcal bubbles are developing and a severe disease occurs, which is often death.
Man infection comes from contact with patients with animals. The disease is very dangerous, is amazed, as a rule, the liver. Treatment under the supervision of the doctor.
Echinococcosis is distributed where there is no struggle with stray dogs, where there is no cleaning of the corpses of fallen animals and the dogs are fought in the internal organs affected by the bubble stage of Echinococcus. Infected dogs, being in constant contact with man and homemade mammals, easily distribute pathogens of this disease among people and animals.
Diffilobotryiosis - It is caused by the helminth of the lentil wide, reaching a length of 8-12 meters and in a width of 2 cm. Dogs, foxes, wolves and other carnivores are sick. A man is infected as a result of contact with patients with animals or from poorly roasted meat of infected fish: pike, perch, Nalima, Yersh, trout, etc.
Opistorhoz - Invasive disease caused by a parasite living in the liver or in the pancreas. Infection occurs when eating raw fish. The carriers of the larvae of this disease are fish of the Karp family: Jevis, Sazan, Bream, Puff, Elets, Lin, Pillow, Harry, Guster, Red Pad, Pescar, Carp. Optiorshoz larvae does not happen in salmon and sturgeon fish. Any fish you need to please feel good, to a dark brown crust, or serving to the whip of the eye lens.
Follow the small raw pieces when cutting the fish in the mouth.
More often during cutting fish rinse your hands with water.
At a temperature of minus 15 degrees, the fish is disinfected during the day.
During the pickling, the fish is disinfected within 14-15 days with a subsequent exhaust, under the oppression, the exposure time is reduced to 3-4 days.
Tuberculosis - H.ronic infectious disease of home, wild animals and man. It is caused visible under the microscope acid-resistant wand of three types: human, cattle and birds. Each is most dangerous for their owner, but may cause the disease and others.
The source of human infection is sick animals, animal products and patients infected with animals external environment, as well as sick people and air infected with them surrounding objects, etc. Sick various forms pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculosis of bones and joints, peripheral glands, skin, serous shells of larynx, intestines, urinary and other organs, tuberculous meningitis.
etc.................
^ Particularly dangerous infectious diseases of animals
Infection - the state of infection, complex biological process The interactions between the animal organism and the pathogenic microbe - the causative agent of infection.
The natural source of the causative agent of infection is an infected animal organism. Factors of transmission of pathogenic microbes - objects of inanimate nature. The reproduction of pathogenic microbes implanted into the body causes a complex of pathological and defensive-adaptive reactions that are the response of the body to the specific pathogenic effect of the microbe.
^ Infectious process - dynamics of reactions of interaction of two biological Systems - susceptible organism of animals and pathogenic microorganism, constituting under certain conditions the basis for the development of an explicit or hidden pathological process.
^ Animal infectious diseases - a group of diseases having such common features as the presence of a specific pathogen, the cyclicality of development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to healthy and take epizootic distribution. Caused by pathogenic bacteria, mushrooms, viruses, rickettsia. Infectious disease is a form of expression of a complex of protective-adaptive reactions of the body to infection. Many infectious diseases of animals, such as brucellosis, Siberian ulcers, rabies and others are transmitted to man (anthropozonosis).
^ Epizootic focus - the location of the source of the causative agent of infection on a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe area, where the transmission of the causative agent of the disease is a susceptible animal. The epizootic focus can be the premises and territories with animals there, which detected this infection.
^ Epizootic focus - the primary element (link) of the epizootic process, creating a potential danger of further dissemination of the disease.
Epizootic process -continuous (chain) process of occurrence and distribution of infectious diseases among animals with certain natural and economic conditions. Continuity is specific to the epizootic process and is associated with contagiousness (infectiousness) of infectious diseases.
In epizootology on the intensity (tension) of manifestation and latitude of propagation, the epizootic process is characterized by three forms:
sporadic morbidity (sporad),
episode
panzoo.
Epizooty- widespread infection of infectious diseases in the farm, district, region, republic. Epizootia is peculiar to the mass, the community of the source of the causative agent of infection, the simultaneity of lesion, frequency and seasonality. This is the average degree of intensity (tension) of the epizootic process. The infectious diseases appearing in the form of epizootia include lush, pigs of pigs, Newcastle's disease, etc.
Panzoo -the unusually widespread dissemination of infectious disease, covering the whole country, several countries, mainland. it higher degree Development of epizootia. Animal infectious diseases that have a tendency to pansoctors include a lush, a large, horned cattle, pigs, birds.
Major especially dangerous infectious diseases of animals
Most dangerous diseases Animals from the point of view of the severity of diseases, the dangers of the occurrence and development of epizootia, as well as the complexity of the organization and holding quarantine events are the Lush, classical plague plague, Newcastle bird disease.
Lush- Highly contagious ominous viral disease of domestic and wild animals, characterized by fever and autose damage to the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, leather, udder and limbs.
The most susceptible to nursing cattle, pigs. Goats and sheep are less sensitive. The source of the causative agent of FMD is sick animals, including those in the incubation period of the disease, as well as virosters. Such animals distinguish the virus into an external environment with milk, saliva, urine and feces. As a result, there is infection of premises, pastures, water sources, feed, vehicles, etc.
The spread of FMD largely depends on the economic relations, ways to conduct animal husbandry, the density of animal livestock, the degree of migration of the population, etc.
Of great importance in the spread of FMD has, since it, in contact with animals, can move over long distances. Lush, as a rule, manifests itself in the form of epizootia, sometimes poleotic.
In the Republic of Belarus there is a system of measures to combat a lush. Particular attention is paid to preventing the stamp of foot and out from abroad.
If the elderly is discovered, a quarantine is superimposed in this regard in this regard, restrictions on economic activity are imposed.
^ Classical pigs - infectious, high-contagious viral disease. In vivo, the plagty and wild pigs of all breeds and ages are sick. More susceptible to the virus is high-stencil pigs. The source of infections are patients and domestic and wild pigs - viruses. Infection of plague occurs when the joint content of patients with animals and virosters with healthy, as well as when feeding infected feeds.
The classic plague of pigs usually appears in farms with a low veterinary-sanitary culture that do not have reliable protection against the drift of the pathogen from the outside, and where the disinfection of entering food and biennical waste has not been established.
The classic pig plague may occur at any time of the year. However, it is more often registered in the fall, when mass movements are carried out, selling, slaughter pigs. In fresh foci, with non-immune livestock, the epizootic process proceeds intensively in the form of epizootia. The incidence of plague reaches 95-100%, mortality is 60-100%.
Long persistence in the external environment of the plague virus, as well as not detected virosters contribute to the transformation of fresh epizootic foci in stationary. Specific treatment of patients with plagues is not developed. Sick animals are immediately killed. Pig-raised pigs acquire persistent lifelong immunity.
When confirming the diagnosis of plague in pigs, economic farms are subjected to quarantine and the boundaries of the threatened zone are determined. When carrying out anticipate health events in fattening subsoil farms, it is recommended to kill an all adverse herd. The corpses burned. In tribal farms kill only patients and suspected of animal disease.
^ Newcastle bird disease (pseudocheum) - highly contagious viral disease of birds from chicken squad, characterized by damage to the respiratory organs, digestion and the central nervous system.
The source of the causative agent of infection is patients and poultry distinguishing the virus with all secrets, excretions, eggs and exhaled air. The virus begins to stand out in the incubation period 24 hours after infection.
Bird infection occurs with an alimentary and aerogenic ways through food, air with a joint content of a healthy and sore individual. The virus reservoir can be wild birds, as well as home ducks and geese.
Newcastle disease is more often manifested in the form of epizootia. It has some frequency and relative summer-autumn seasonality associated with the increase in the livestock during this period and with an increase in economic activity. The incidence is high - up to 100%, mortality is 60-90%.
Specific treatment is not developed. Symptomatic treatment The patients are inappropriate due to the danger of the separation of the causative agent of infection. Running and vaccinated birds acquire immunity. In most large farms, an aerosol vaccination method is used.
When suspicion of Newcastle disease appears, laboratory research is carried out. When positive result The economy is declared unfavorable and quarantine impose on it. The sick bird of an unfavorable poultry house is killed and burned.
^ Particularly dangerous diseases and pests of plants
Plant disease - violation of normal metabolism of organs of organs and plants as a whole under the influence of phytopathogen or adverse environmental conditions leading to a decrease in plant productivity or their complete death.
Phytopathogen -the causative agent of plant disease, distinguishes biologically active substances that are destructive on the metabolism of plants, amazing root systemdisrupting the flow of nutrients.
To assess the scale of plant diseases, such concepts as epiphyotms and panties are used.
Epiphetia -the spread of infectious diseases of plants for significant territories within a certain time.
Panfattia -massive diseases of plants covering several countries or continents.
Depending on the origin of the infection of epiphyto plants, nunifattoes and exofation are divided.
Enfittia -plant disease arising from local constantly present in a certain area of \u200b\u200binfectious start. An example of Enfittia can serve as an infection of rye and wheat spores of stem rust with barbaris.
ExoroTocy -flashing of diseases caused by an infection of non-present origin (brought by the wind from the side).
The main characteristics of particularly dangerous diseases of plants
The most dangerous diseases are the stem (linear) rust of wheat, rye, yellow rust of wheat and phytoophluorosis of potatoes.
^ Strong rust wheat and rye - one of the most common and malicious diseases of these plants.
Stream rust affects predominantly stems and leafy vagina cereals. The ability of rust diseases to rapid spread is due to the high fertility of pathogens. A full cycle of the development of the causative agent is composed of a consistent range of sputs. Mushroom (causative agent) Winters in teleite attacks only on Stern of cereals. In the spring of TeleyTosphere germinate and form basic with basidospores, which, if there are appropriate conditions, they first infect young leaflets of the Barbaris owner's intermediate plant. The Ezidial Spring Stage of the Mushroom is held on Barbaris and Ezidiospiodes are formed, which infect the cereals of plants. Yellow rust wheat is a common and malicious fungal disease. In addition to wheat, the mushroom is striking barley, rye and other types of phytospheresses of cereals. Infection of winter wheat yellow rust can occur throughout the whole period of vegetation, but mainly only in the presence of moisture dripping and at air temperature + 10-20 ° C. In early spring infection, spores begins before the onset of cold weather. If the infection occurs at the end of autumn or in winter, the disputes are formed next in spring.
In the spring of the renewal of the vegetation of plants, the mushroom begins to form a conversion. Under favorable weather conditions, a 100% degree of lesion of plants is already observed in the phase of rings, and after dying the leaves, the disease passes into the ear. The appearance of new uranium yellow rust occurs both due to secondary infections and due to the intelligence propagation of the fungus in the tissues of the affected sheet. The most harmful epiphetomas of yellow rust are celebrated during the years with a soft winter, warm spring and wet cool summer. Upon lesion of wheat crops, yellow rust grain harvest is often reduced to 50%, and during years of weather favorable weather conditions, the harvest may reach 90-100%. Potato phytofluorosis -widespread and malicious disease.
The harmfulness of phytoofluorosis is the ability of the harvest due to the premature death of the affected tops during the tuber formation and mass rotting of tubers in the ground during the storage period. The causative agent of the disease - mushroom - during the winter is preserved in the tubers. The phytoofer is striking all the land organs of plants. The disease is usually observed in the second half of summer. In the phytoophluorosis potato losses reach 15-20% or more.
^ 3. Conditions of epidemics, epizooty, epiphets.
The occurrence and maintenance of the epidemic process is possible in the presence of three components - source of infection, transmission mechanism of infection and susceptible person.
^ Sources of infection they are infected people and animals - the natural owners of pathogens of infectious diseases, from which pathogenic microorganisms can be transmitted to healthy people.
In cases where the biological owner and the source of the causative agent of the disease is an infected person, they speak of anthroponous infectious diseases or anthroponosis.
In cases where various animals and birds serve as a source of infection, they speak zoonotic infections or zonosos.
^ Under the transmission mechanism pathogenic microbes are understood as a combination of evolutionary methods that ensure the movement of the living pathogen of the disease from an infected organism into healthy. The mechanism of transmission of the causative agent of infection consists of three phases following one after another:
excretion of the pathogen from an infected organism;
staying it for a certain period in the external environment;
the introduction of the pathogen into the organism of the next owner.
Main transmission paths:
air-drip,
food,
water,
transmission
contact.
The activity of the epidemic process is changing under the influence of natural and social conditions. The impact of social conditions for the epidemic process compared to the impact natural conditions More significantly.
^ Under social conditions in epidemiology, it is customary to understand the diverse set of living conditions of people: population density, housing conditions, sanitary and communal improvement of settlements, material well-being, working conditions, cultural level of people, migration processes, health care condition, etc.
^ To natural conditions include climate, landscape, animal and vegetable world, the presence of natural foci of infectious diseases, natural disasters
The conditions for the occurrence of epizotia
The occurrence of epizootia is possible only with a certain complex of interrelated factors representing the so-called epizootic chain. Her link is the source of the causative agent of infection -ball animal or the microbrier. Another link is the factors of transmission of the causative agent of infection (objects of inanimate nature or live carriers). Third - susceptible animals.
The character of epizootia, the duration of its flow depends on the mechanism of transmission of the causative agent of infection, the duration of the incubation period, the ratio of the number of patients and the effectiveness of anti-episotic measures.
Dynamics of manifestations infectious process It may be diverse: it will be completed with recovery, the death of an animal or will lead to long-term microbial.
The emergence and development of epizootia occurs under the influence of various conditions of the external environment - natural (geographical, climatic, soil) and socio-economic (economic).
Natural and socio-economic factors are secondary, or mediocre driving forces of the epizootic process, but they largely depend on the nature of the manifestation and extent of the epizootic process. These conditions have the greatest impact on the mechanism of transmission of the causative agent of infection. They also affect the source of the causative agent of infection, susceptible animals and the most causative agent of the disease.
Epizootia are characterized by periodicity, which is expressed in increasing the intensity of the manifestation of epizootia at certain periods with an interval in one or several years, as well as at a certain season of the year (seasonality). The frequency of epizootia is relating, as a rule, with fluctuations to a degree specific immunity. Seasonality of epizootia is due to the influence of natural conditions (for example, the presence of carriers in a certain period of the year) and economic conditions (the content of animals in the summer in pastures, in winter in the premises, the nature of feeding). The frequency of epizootia is characteristic of navel, rabies, viral gastroenteritis of pigs.
It should be noted that the periodic and seasonal manifestations of epizootia are possible in the natural flow of them. Active human intervention, especially with targeted anti-episotic work, weakens this pattern.
The conditions for the emergence of epiphytics
The emergence and course of epiphyotsis is possible only when a combination of certain conditions is combined:
the presence of an infectious start;
susceptibility of plants to this disease;
deadlines for primary infection;
weather conditions during the growing season.
Depending on the type of disease, the peculiarities of the pathogen, the external factors of epiphyotsis develops quickly or slowly with periodic outbreaks under favorable conditions.
Plant susceptibility to phytopathogen is the ability of plants to withstand the infection and propagation of phytopathogen in the tissues. Plant susceptibility depends on the stability of the zoned varieties, the time of infection and weather. Depending on the stability of varieties, the ability of the pathogen cause infection, the fruitiness of the fungus, the rate of development of the causative agent and, accordingly, the harmfulness of the disease.
The earlier sowing, the higher the degree of damage to plants, the significant crop loss.
Weather factors that determine the development of the disease - the quality and temperature of the air.
The emergence and development of epiphyotsis contributes to the presence of natural foci of infection in certain areas. Thus, the causative agent of yellow rust of winter wheat is preserved on certain wild cereals or wheat residues. The intermediate plant-owner of the causative agent of the stem rust wheat and rye are some types of Barbaris. In the growing areas of such a barbaris, the infection is constantly and the development of the disease is potentially possible annually. Such types of barbaris grow in many parts of the republic.
Sowing, adjacent to the infected stem rust bushes of Barbaris, are contaminated early, the mushrooms are accumulated on them, which are then applied by air currents from the primary source of infection over long distances.
In areas where climatic conditions the best way Meet the requirements of the fungus, epiphylations of the disease occur in 1-3 years.
^
Biological weapons
It is believed that biological weapons are more dangerous than chemical or nuclear. If the area of \u200b\u200bthe defeat with the use of nuclear weapons delivered by one bovser is up to 30 thousand km 2, chemical is more, then with the use of biological weapons - 100 thousand km 2. The idea of \u200b\u200busing pathogenic microorganisms as a means of defeating people arose in antiquity, when infectious diseases constantly carried out a lot of human lives, and the epidemics accompanying wars caused major losses in the troops. From 1733 to "1865 in Europe, about 8 million people died in wars, and the battle losses amounted to only 1.5 million, and 6.5 million people died of infectious diseases.
Nowadays, infectious diseases may have a noticeable effect on the course of hostilities. For example, among American interviews, during the war against Vietnam, three times more soldiers and officers failed from infectious diseases than was killed and injured.
In 1972, on the initiative of the USSR and the progressive forces of the world, the Convention on the prohibition of the development, production and accumulation of reserves of bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons and their destruction was adopted.
Biological weapons they are called ammunition and devices, equipped with biological agents (pathogens and their toxins), intended for the defeat of people, animals, crops of crops and infection of food supplies.
Biological means (BS) different types Aviation bombs, rockets, shells, aviation spray plants (devices), special aviation containers for infected insects, ticks and ground portable spraying devices can be equipped.
The most promising means of delivering biological ammunition are rockets and aviation. The combat part of the rocket can be in the form of a cassette, equipped with biological bombs. At the time of the landing, it acts as a mechanical sprayer.
The US press reports indicated that in the army of this state as delivery of biological ammunition (combat devices), it was planned to use radio or tele-controlled balloons and balloonscapable of radio or telecoma letters to land or discharge a cargo that can contain the means of combat use of BS.
The enemy can apply the BS to the sabotage method, infecting the premises, food, fodder, sources of water supply, as well as spreading infected insects, ticks and rodents.
In combat use of the BS, preference is given to an aerosol method, as it allows you to infect air, terrain and people on large spaces suddenly and is hidden on large spaces.
The depth of penetration of the bacterial cloud depends on biological properties The causative agent of the disease, its concentration in the air, as well as from the meteorological conditions and nature of the terrain. With medium meteorological conditions, the depth of penetration of the bacterial cloud formed by spraying from one aircraft can reach several tens of kilometers. When moving the clouds in the wind, the deposited particles of the bacterial formulation (mixture) will infect the terrain, water sources, technique, people, animals. The particles embraced by the particles of some dry recipes are connected to the dust particles of the soil and with strong wind, the movement of people and techniques along the infected area are rising again into the air, forming a secondary biological aerosol.
^ The striking properties of biological agents are determined by:
the ability to have an amazing effect on large areas at low costs of funds;
contagiosity, or the ability of many infectious diseases to be transmitted from a sick person to healthy; Quickly spreading, these diseases cause epidemics;
the slow motion, which is associated with the presence of an incubation (hidden) period of action, i.e. time spent from the moment of infection until the first
signs of the disease;
the ability of some types of BS to maintain their amazing effect for a long time after use;
the complexity of detection and recognition of the applied pathogen;
the ability of an aerosol cloud to penetrate various leakage rooms, shelter and infect people in them.
^ External signs of applying an opponent BS are:
weak, not peculiar to ordinary ammunition, the sound of bombs, shells, cassette elements and the absence of poisoning substances (when checking the chemical intelligence instrument);
the presence in places of gaps of ammunition droplets of liquid or powder substances on the soil, vegetation, objects, as well as large fragments and individual parts of ammunition;
the presence of cassette elements of ammunition, which may not explode when hitting the ground, but to make a hissing sound, throwing into them the recipe with
using compressed air (gas);
cassette elements (bombs) when disclosure of the cassette (head part of the rocket) in the air is not falling in the air, but by planning at some angle to the surface of the Earth;
the appearance of the opponent's bands, which gradually dissipate and settle on the ground in the form of small droplets;
cluster of unusual insects, ticks and rodents;
disease and case of animals.
In places possible infection BS are taken samples of air, soil and vegetation, smears from the surface of infected objects, samples of ammunition fragments (or ammunition themselves, if they did not explode), insects, ticks, rodents. In order to detect the fact of applying the BS hidden sabotage methods, air and water samples are periodically taken. Samples and samples are sent to study in the laboratory.
Generalizing the data obtained from observation posts, intelligence links and groups, as well as from meteorological and sanitary and epidemiological stations, anti-epidemic institutions medical service and the protection services of animals and plants go to establish the boundaries of the focus of biological infection.
^ The focus of biological infection it is called the territory subjected to direct effects of the BS, creating a source of distribution of infectious diseases and poisoning causeing people's defeat.
In the event of foci of biological infection on this territory, quarantine is introduced (in case of detection of pathogens of high-fingelly diseases) or observation (if the pathogens do not belong to the group of particularly dangerous).
Quarantine, -the system of measures aimed at insulation of the focus of the defeat and the liquidation of infectious diseases in it. Armed guard is established around the focus, the commandant service is organized, the departure and entry of people, as well as the removal of property, are prohibited, and the disposal of people with small groups is prohibited. The supply of the population in the quarantine zone is carried out through special items under the strict control of the medical service. These paragraphs produce overload of food and property delivered to the hearth.
Observation -the system of restrictive anti-epidemic measures aimed at preventing the spread of infectious diseases. These activities include: restriction of communication and movement of people, prohibition of the export of property without prior disinfection and departure of people from the focus of infection before emergency prevention and full sanitary treatment, medical observation, timely isolation and hospitalization of identified patients, carrying out safety vaccinations against the identified type of causative agent of the disease, strengthening medical control of nutrition, water supply, etc.
The duration of quarantine and observation depends on the duration of the maximum incubation period of the disease, which is calculated from the moment of hospitalization of the last patient and the end of disinfection. Quarantine and observation are established and removed by order of the head of the republic (region).
To increase the immunity of people to infectious diseases, they make special vaccinations. The timely conduct of anti-epidemic, sanitary and hygienic and special preventive measures is of great importance for prevention of the population.
Animal diseases dangerous for a person.
There are infectious and invasive diseases common to humans and animals, a person is infected with them when contacting patients with animals, and as a result of eating meat of sick animals, infected water and through bloodsowing insects and ticks.
anthrax - Acute feverish disease of homemade, wild animals and people. Caused by aerobic bacillus, which in the body of the animal forms capsules, and outside it - disputes. The causative agent of the disease can spread with water contaminated with infected wastewater of leather factories, woollers and other enterprises processing the animal raw materials, as well as animal feed. Infection of people occurs when removing and processing the skin, through bloodsuckers, etc. A person is most often ill to the skin shape. It is infected with cracks, abrasions and other injuries of the skin, face and other open parts of the body. With this form at the site of the introduction of bacillus, a bluish-red nodule is formed, then turning into a dark red bubble containing a reddish liquid. After some time, the bubble bursts, the fabric, where he was, donated, and there are the same nodules and bubbles nearby. This entire process is accompanied by a high temperature.
Careful carrying out of common veterinary and sanitary events, as well as observance of personal hygiene rules - reliable protection against Siberian ulcers.
Rabies- acute infectious disease. In the bite of animals, you must visit the doctor for conducting special events in vaccination against rabies. In case of untimely treatment, the fatal outcome occurs in a hundred cases from one hundred. Dogs, long time living in the cottages, and dogs of hunting breeds should be mandatory to vaccinate against rabies. Acute infectious disease. Called invisible under the usual microscope with a filtered neurotropic virus transmitted from a sick animal to healthy with saliva during bite. People, pets, including a bird. Hidden period of illness - from 10 days to 1 year. Its duration depends on the distance of the bite spot from the central nervous system and the nature of the wound.
A characteristic sign of rabies in animals is a bugness or a pronounced irritability of an animal, reaching a rusty. Sick dogs, cats and other animals without sufficient reason, they rush to people and animals, bite, eat inedible objects, tear their skin, tend to escape. Dogs appear hoarse barking, convulsions, difficult to swallowing, replacing with full paralysis of swallowing and chewing musculature, shaky gait, paralysis of the hind limbs, jets. Death comes in 4-6 days. With a quiet form of rabies, animals cannot swallow food. The general paralysis develops leading to death.
Measures to combat rabies:
Patients and suspected animal disease isolate or destroy;
The corpses are kept out of the reach of animals (especially for rodents) prior to the arrival of windmills, but not more than 2 days, after which itching on a cattle binder to a depth of at least 2 m;
To carry out disinfection of infected places with a 2-percent solution of formalin or caustic soda or steep boiling water; Clothes, solar sick animal, wipe, boil and stroke a hot iron;
All bustled people send to the nearest sanitary and epidemiological station or medical institution for vaccinations against rabies.
Brucecelez - Domestic and wild animal disease: Wolf, Lisens, Zaitsev; Birds: Sparrow, pigeons, pheasants, etc. Man is most often infected, eating the meat of an infected animal. Gigien rules should be followed. In the event of a disease, contact the doctor. Brucellosis is a chronic disease, the causative agent of brucellosis is small, fixed, visible under the microscope a wand. It remains a viable long time. Symptoms: an increase in temperature up to 40 degrees, fever, which in some cases is repeatedly returned.
Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene at the opening and cutting of the carcass of animals prevents infection.
Tularemia - infection. Most often rodents are sick, furny animals. Causes aerobic disease, visible under a light microscope, fixed bacterium. Infection occurs contact, through the digestive or respiratory tract, and in the warm season - through bloodsowing insects. Hunters are infected when visiting dysfunctional reservoirs, swamps and meadows; Under the night in the infected haystacks, straw; When cutting the carcasses of the extracted patients. The causative agent of the disease can penetrate the human body during bathing in the reservoir, even through the intact skin and mucous membranes of the eyes. Hidden period of brief disease.
Appeal to the doctor in case of infection.
Ornithosis or Psitactozoz- Infectious diseases of home, wild birds and a person from birds sick chickens, pheasants, ducks, pigeons, seagulls, parrots, etc. causes a filter virus. The disease virus dies after 15 minutes at a temperature of 65-70 degrees, it remains on ice up to 2 months, resistant to drying. Pervents in a 3% solution of chlorine after 3 hours. The disease is more often a hidden current, and therefore healthy birds can be a source of dispersion of the pathogen of this disease in nature. Birds are infected with the contact of healthy with patients, through infected feed and air, in which there are small particles of infected feces, urine, feathers, nasal expirations, etc. The disease of people is possible with the post-delivery processing of birds - plugging feathers and cutting carcasses, begins with chills and weaknesses, accompanied by headache and pain in the joints. In the event of a disease - hospitalization in an infectious hospital.
In naturally infected animals, the central nervous system is affected mainly, peripheral nerves. The disease usually proceeds in the form of massive animal disease with significant mortality, mainly young. Dogs have oppressed general status, depletion, weakness, eye expiration and nose, pallor of visible mucous membranes, cough, vomiting, shortness of breath, fever and disorder of the central nervous system. Becolespace speakers among people are widespread. From clinically healthy carriers, patients with toxoplasmosis can be born. In some cases, the toxoplasms cause severe disease in adults.
The transfer of the pathogen from one body to the other occurs in various ways: intrauterine, through contact with patients or medium, through digestive and respiratory tracts, sexually. Mochots, saliva, vomit, urine, feces, milk, meat are infectious. Mechanical toxoplasm are transferred arthropods. Flies, for example, after 2 hours, can break off the invasive material captured by them, which does not lose contractions, and in the body of the block, infectiousness is not lost up to 5 hours. The carriers of the actuator toxoplasmosis are some ticks. Clinical manifestations Toxoplasmosis in people are extremely diverse.
Toxoplasmosis is necessary to identify and liquidate with the help of medical and veterinary bodies. You should not feed in the raw form of dogs, cats internal organs of the extracted animals, head and other sub-products, as they can be a source of infection.
Ringworm - fungal lesion of the skin. A person's infection occurs, as a rule, from dogs and cats, often homely. Mandatory visit to the venue for pets and appeal to the doctor for a person.
A ringless deprived in dogs causes two types of fungus: Triedoofiton and microspiodes. The skin of the head, neck, limbs is affected. Usually on the skin of the head and cheeks are formed limited, dense, painful when pressing, dark painted and almost without hair elevation. Under pressure from the mouth of the hair, the puff is highlighted. Incompretable treatment leads to the formation of bald sections. With tricochy, the foci of lesion of the skin is much smaller and multiple, often merged.
Treatment is required.
Dicroceliosis
Leptospirosis- Observe, which is very often found in animals, and is quite dangerous for a person. Spinning in the blood, the viruses of this disease amaze many internal organs, especially love to "nest" in the kidneys and liver. Leptospira penetrate the human body through the affected areas of the body: cuts and wounds, as well as through mucous membranes. Usually they are infected not from the animal himself, but from his faeces and urine, but the virus can be picked up and sailing in a dirty pond, for example, where ducks live.
Solving and smoking meat do not lead to the death of trichinelle, and they can be saved in it a very long time. In practice, trichinosis meat is subjected to technical disposal or combustion.
All pig mascots, wild boars and bears must be inspected by windmills in order to detect trichinelle and preventing contaminated meat.
Man infection comes from contact with patients with animals. The disease is very dangerous, is amazed, as a rule, the liver. Treatment under the supervision of the doctor.
Echinococcosis is distributed where there is no struggle with stray dogs, where there is no cleaning of the corpses of fallen animals and the dogs are fought in the internal organs affected by the bubble stage of Echinococcus. Infected dogs, being in constant contact with man and homemade mammals, easily distribute pathogens of this disease among people and animals.
Diffilobotryiosis - It is caused by the helminth of the lentil wide, reaching a length of 8-12 meters and in a width of 2 cm. Dogs, foxes, wolves and other carnivores are sick. A man is infected as a result of contact with patients with animals or from poorly roasted meat of infected fish: pike, perch, Nalima, Yersh, trout, etc.
Follow the small raw pieces when cutting the fish in the mouth.
More often during cutting fish rinse your hands with water.
At a temperature of minus 15 degrees, the fish is disinfected during the day.
During the pickling, the fish is disinfected within 14-15 days with a subsequent exhaust, under the oppression, the exposure time is reduced to 3-4 days.
Tuberculosis - H.ronic infectious disease of home, wild animals and man. It is caused visible under the microscope acid-resistant wand of three types: human, cattle and birds. Each is most dangerous for their owner, but may cause the disease and others.
The source of human infection is sick animals, animal products and infected with animal-infected animals an external environment, as well as sick people and air-infected air surrounding objects, etc. Dish with various forms of pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculosis of bones and joints, peripheral glands, skin, serous shells of larynx, intestines, urinary and other organs, tuberculosis meningitis.
In order to prevent tuberculosis disease, the products obtained from animals with signs of exhaustion, weakening the body, should be eaten only after their verification by the veterinary specialist.
Flyhead - B.cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, moose, deer, bison, roe deer, ribs and other man-and-peeling ruminants, sometimes cats, dogs, poultryhorses. People are sick less often.
People's disease begins, as a rule, sharply, with chills and high temperatures. There is a soreness of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, lips, abundant salivation.
For protection against the disease should not drink raw milk. It is necessary to follow the rules of personal hygiene.
Felinosis - Cature scratch disease. Infection occurs through the saliva of the patient kitten (adult cats in most cases have persistent immunity to the causative agent). The disease is manifested in redness of the place of defeat and in a very unpleasant and painful increase. lymph nodes. Usually patients do without treatment, transferring easy sensations For a month. Felinosis prophylaxis, unfortunately, does not exist.
Salmonelles - Dangerous damage to the digestive system. Frequent inhabitants of human dwelling are a variety of rodents: mice, decorative rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, chinchillas turn out to be its carriers. Signs of it in animals: loss of appetite, weight loss, conjunctivitis, unexpected death. Prevention is washing hands with antibacterial soap and periodic cell disinfection.
Separately about domestic pets.
People who have pets know how much joy they bring the whole family, especially children, normalizing our mental condition. But you should not forget that your favorite fluffy can become a source of dangerous and even fatal diseases, and since we are responsible for those who have tamed, they should know how to protect their pets and themselves.
Most frequent diseases pets
and their prevention.
Rabies, leptosperosis - the most reliable and effective method Fight against these diseases - vaccination. In Russia, today, the vaccine market is very large, the vertesenar will help you correctly.
Toxoplasmosis is observed in cats. Other animals to this virus have immunity. As the statistics of veterinarians shows, each fifth domestic cat in Russia is infected with this virus. It gets it usually when feeding raw meatderived from infected pigs and calves. Toxoplasmosis can be infected through urine, feces and mucous allocations in the cat. Very dangerous disease for pregnant women.
A domestic cat should be regularly examined on toxoplasmosis in veterinary clinic: Currently there are diagnostic methods, and methods of treating domestic animals, which significantly reduce the risk of developing toxoplasmosis.
In addition to the cat, pregnant, it is necessary, and the rest if possible, there should be no suspicious species of Belyashi or kebabs in street tents, try to taste meat minced meat and there are unwashed vegetables or fruits, otherwise it's not a cat for you, and you will betray a serious danger to the cat.
Delive to a healthy person who has good immunity is practically not dangerous. Taking the qualified help, cured within a week. However, for young children may have serious consequences.
Fleas that are transferred to the human helminth and various dangerous virus diseases through a bite. Bloch larvae can be stored in the apartment for several months, so regularly process not only animals but also the entire apartment, the spectrum of such drugs is also quite extensive.
Since the infected with ornithosis, the bird is difficult to identify when buying, it is necessary to make this purchase in controlled locale services.
Fish is delicate and often sick of different kinds of infections. For a person, the threats are not the fish, and water from the aquarium - there can be causative agents of skin infections in it, and any wound on the skin can become a gate to penetrate pathogens of microorganisms. In addition, it is often an allergy to feed, in particular, to Daphnia.
Observe hygiene: Frequent wet cleaning with periodic use disinfectants, Using rubber gloves when processing a feline and dog tray, using a separate scoop to remove detergents, frequent hand washing. All this will help reduce the likelihood of infection.
Do not forget that the prevention of dangerous zooanthroponoses is completely in your hands.
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