Dyspepsia(diarrhea) - acute illness newborn young animals, characterized by indigestion, metabolic disorders, dehydration and intoxication of the body.
Calves and piglets get sick more often, lambs and foals are less likely to get sick.
The highest incidence of dyspepsia is recorded in the winter-spring period.
According to the severity of the disease, simple and toxic dyspepsia are distinguished.
Insufficient and not complete feeding females during the period of fruiting, especially in its last third, leads to underdevelopment of the fetus, as well as to changes in the composition and quality of colostrum. Lack of exercise in pregnant animals adversely affects the development of the fetus and the resistance of newborns to gastrointestinal diseases.
The immediate causes of acute gastrointestinal disorders are violations in the technology of obtaining and raising newborns in the first period of life (colostrum period). These include the belated first feeding of colostrum (more than an hour after birth), violation of the feeding regimen (frequency), feeding of contaminated and cold colostrum, as well as colostrum obtained from cows with mastitis, and unsanitary condition of the premises.
A characteristic sign of dyspepsia is frequent, at least 4-6 times a day, bowel movements. The stool is pasty, liquid or watery, yellow in color, often with a mucous consistency, putrid smell. The fur is disheveled, the areas of the anus, perineum and tail are stained with liquid feces. With prolonged diarrhea and lying down, the hair in these places and on the thighs falls out.
In weak calves at birth or with late treatment, the body becomes severely dehydrated, and severe symptoms dissipate: depression, refusal to feed, weak or imperceptible pulse, weakening of the heartbeat and tones, decreased body temperature, sunken eyeballs.
Sick animals are given better living conditions, provided with ample bedding, protected from sudden temperature fluctuations, and warmed with special lamps. At the first manifestation of dyspepsia, reduce the amount of colostrum or completely stop giving it for one or two feedings. Instead of colostrum, a warm 1% solution is given table salt, decoction of flaxseed, infusion of medicinal herbs, good hay, etc. Subsequently, over 3-4 days, the amount of colostrum fed is gradually increased to normal. Sick animals need to be fed little by little, but often.
If maternal colostrum is of poor quality, then calves are given colostrum from healthy mothers or artificial colostrum, and piglets and lambs are placed with healthy, just farrowed sows and lambed ewes.
To improve digestion, before taking colostrum, drink natural and artificial gastric juice; calves 30-50 ml, piglets and lambs 10-15 ml.
As a dietary agent, lactolisate is used in a dose of 5-7 ml per 1 kg of animal weight daily until recovery.
In order to normalize digestion, metabolism and increase resistance, patients are given an extract of the duodenum of pigs 2-3 times a day in a dose of 2-4 ml per 1 kg of animal weight until recovery. A similar effect is obtained by consuming powder from the cuticle of the muscular stomach of birds. Cuticle preparations serve as good adsorbents of toxins and bacteria.
To populate the gastrointestinal tract with beneficial microflora and suppress putrefactive processes, acidophilus milk, acidophilus cultures, and bifidumbacteria are widely used. These products are taken before feeding or together with colostrum (milk) in the doses indicated on the bottle labels or in the instructions. To combat Dehydration mild flow diseases use isotonic electrolyte solutions with added glucose, which are given orally with colostrum, milk or separately. For severe dyspepsia and severe dehydration sterile injections are administered subcutaneously, intraperitoneally and intravenously saline solutions and other active substances. For subcutaneous and intra-abdominal administration, take an isotonic and polyisotonic solution with the addition of 3-5% glucose and 0.1% ascorbic acid. To prevent the development of dysbiosis and suppress opportunistic microflora in severe dyspepsia, antibiotics, sulfonamides, and nitrofurans are prescribed, to which the intestinal microflora of animals with dyspepsia is sensitive. To determine the sensitivity of the intestinal microflora to the drugs used, stool samples from the rectum are sent to the laboratory. Among the antibiotics, tetracyclines, syntomycin, chloramphenicol, monomycin, mycerin, polymycin, polymyxin, neomycin, gentamicin are often used, 10-20 mg per 1 kg of animal weight 3 times a day until recovery. Sulfonamides - sulgin, phthalazole, etazol, sulfadimezin, sulfadimethoxine - 20-30 mg each; nitrofurans - furatsilin, furazolidol, furadonin - 3-7 mg per 1 kg of animal weight 2-3 times a day for 3-5 days. Several can be used simultaneously antimicrobials. When administering antimicrobial drugs in combination, their compatibility must be taken into account.
When treating acute gastrointestinal diseases Iodinol - 1.5-2 ml, enteroseptol - 30-40 mg, aethonium -10 mg in the form of a 0.1% solution, LERS - 0.5 g in the form of a 5% solution, water-alcohol emulsion are also effective propolis - 2 ml per 1 kg of animal weight, which is given 2-3 times before the next feeding until recovery.
Tannin, tanolbin (2-3 g per calf and 0.3-0.5 g per pig), decoctions of oak bark, bergenia and other plants are used as astringents with anti-inflammatory and bacteriostatic effects.
After completing a course of antimicrobial therapy, ABA, PABA and other cultures of lactic acid bacteria must be given to restore beneficial microflora and normalize digestion.
To stimulate the general resistance of calves, piglets and lambs with dyspepsia, at the onset of the disease, you can use nitrated horse blood, which is administered intramuscularly at the rate of 1-2 ml per 1 kg of animal weight twice with an interval of 2-3 days. When using blood products, it is necessary to check them for the presence of autoantibodies to the digestive organs.
To increase natural resistance, immune activity, normalize hematopoiesis, enhance regeneration damaged organs Vitamins A, E, C and B12 are used for digestion.
If necessary, symptomatic treatment is prescribed. To normalize activities of cardio-vascular system Cordiamine is injected subcutaneously and camphor oil-calves 2 ml 2 times a day.
In case of severe dyspepsia, washing the rennet, warm cleansing enemas, and administering adsorbents of toxins and bacteria (activated carbon and lignin) are indicated.
General prevention of gastrointestinal diseases of newborn animals includes: organizing biologically complete feeding of breeding stock, taking into account their physiological state; providing them with active exercise; maintaining good sanitary order and normalizing the microclimate in maternity wards and dispensaries. Timely intake of colostrum by newborns.
Gastroenteritis- one of the most common diseases of the digestive system in young animals, characterized by inflammation of the stomach and intestines, accompanied by indigestion, intoxication and dehydration.
The causes of gastroenteritis are varied. The leading place among them belongs to nutritional factors, which include the provision of poor-quality feed and inappropriate age characteristics groups of animals; the presence of residual amounts of toxic substances in the feed or their appearance during the preparation process; violation of feeding and watering regime; a sharp transition from the main type of feeding to another, etc.
The occurrence of this disease is facilitated by insufficient intake of carotene and vitamin A into the body. Of no small importance in the development of gastroenteritis are allergenic factors, immune deficiency of the gastrointestinal tract and high microbial contamination of feed and livestock buildings.
Signs. Frequent bowel movements (diarrhea), mushy, liquid or watery feces. Sometimes feces are represented by mucus alone, and may contain bloody inclusions. Animals lie down a lot, get up with difficulty, and have an unsteady gait. Pulse and breathing are rapid. Possible vomiting.
With a long course of the disease, dehydration occurs, which is accompanied by a decrease in body temperature, weakening of the heartbeat and dullness of tones, thread-like pulse and sunken eyes.
Giving help. Sick animals are isolated if necessary. Eliminate the cause of the disease. If gastroenteritis is caused by feed toxicosis, poisoning with mineral poisons, to remove the ingested feed from the gastrointestinal tract, the stomach is washed with a warm isotonic sodium chloride solution, 1-2% sodium bicarbonate solution, and saline laxatives and vegetable oils in the doses taken. Patients are kept on a fasting or semi-starvation regime for 8-12 hours; watering is not limited.
Afterwards, dietary feeding and supportive therapy are prescribed. When prescribing a diet, it is necessary to take into account that for the first 3-4 weeks of life in young animals there is no activity of sucrose; in calves they are poorly absorbed vegetable proteins. Patients are given clean cool water, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, as well as complex electrolyte solutions with the addition of a 5% glucose solution and 1% ascorbic acid. Isotonic solutions of electrolytes are administered subcutaneously and intramuscularly, and hypertonic solutions are administered intravenously. In case of severe dehydration, semi-isotonic solutions are prescribed (orally and subcutaneously). Orally, mucous decoctions of flax seed, rice, barley and oatmeal are given, infusion medicinal herbs and good hay.
To weaken toxicosis and stop diarrhea, adsorbents (aluminum hydrate, activated carbon, white clay, lignin, cuticle powder of the muscular stomach of birds, etc.) and astringents (decoctions of oak bark, preparations, tannin, bismuth) are used in prescribed doses.
To relieve pain, no-shpa, belladonna (belladonna), atropine, anesthesin, analgin, etc. are used. Antibiotics, sulfonamides and nitrofurans are used, to which the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract of animals on this farm is sensitive. More effectively complex application. Enteroseptol (30-40 mg), intestopan (5-10 mg), iodinol (1-2 ml), etonium (10 mg), LERS (0.5 g in the form of a 5% solution) per 1 kg of body weight work well animal, which are given 2-3 times a day until the animal recovers.
After completion of antimicrobial therapy, to restore the beneficial microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, ABA (2-3 ml), PABA (40-50 mcg per 1 kg of animal weight) and other preparations containing beneficial microflora are given orally for 3 days.
Prevention is based on preventing the feeding of low-quality feed to young animals; compliance with the feeding regime; gradual transition from one type of diet to another; use of feed only for physiological purposes; strict adherence to housing conditions, microclimate parameters and technology for weaning young animals. You should constantly monitor the cleanliness of dishes, drinkers and feeders, and also monitor the condition of the mother’s udder. It is of no small importance to provide animals with vitamins A, E and C. Advance administration of these vitamins to young animals at a dose of 3-5 mg per 1 kg of animal weight per day has a pronounced preventive effect, increases general and local immune defense and enhances regenerative capabilities epithelial tissue intestines.
Bezoar disease- a disease of lambs and, less commonly, calves, characterized by the presence in the abomasum of lumps and balls of wool (trichobezoars), hair (pylobezoars), plant feed (phytobezoars) and milk casein (lactobezoars). If young animals are raised improperly, the disease can become widespread in winter and spring and cause great economic damage.
Due to insufficient nutrition, lambs and calves eat wool, hair, rags, any roughage, etc. As a result of contractions of the abomasum, wool and other fibers roll into lumps, which form the basis for the formation and growth of bezoars. In young animals of the colostrum-milk period, when rennet digestion is disrupted, bezoars are formed from casein. The resulting bezoars irritate and damage the mucous membrane, which subsequently leads to the development of inflammation. Bezoars often wedge into the pyloric part of the abomasum and into the duodenum, causing its blockage, which leads to the development of spasmodic pain, periodic tympany and intoxication. Death occurs from asphyxia or intoxication.
Lambs and calves showing signs of lichen are isolated and provided a complete diet With sufficient quantity vitamins and minerals. An alcohol solution of iodine is added to the milk within 3-5 days: 5-10 drops for lambs, 15-30 drops for calves. Apomorphine is administered subcutaneously: lambs 0.001-0.003 g; calves 0.005-0.01 g in the form of a 1% solution. Sick lambs are allowed near their mothers only for feeding. When gastroenteritis or periodic tympani occurs, laxatives, mucous decoctions, disinfectants and other agents are prescribed. If spastic pain with gastrointestinal colic syndrome, antispasmodic and analgesic drugs are used.
Organize biologically complete feeding of breeding stock and young animals, monitor compliance with the rules for raising lambs and calves, provide breeding stock and young stock with sufficient amounts of protein and carbohydrates, essential acids and vitamins, micro- and macroelements, equip Free access to drinking water, maintain sanitary order and microclimate in the premises, and take animals for walks.
In case of insufficiency of rennet digestion, in order to prevent caseinobezoars in hypotrophic patients, a gentle diet is prescribed. Natural or artificial gastric juice is prescribed: calves 30-50 ml, lambs 10-15 ml, pensions or abomin at a dose of 300-500 units/kg body weight. Lactolisate is used as a dietary supplement at a dose of 5-7 ml/kg daily for a week.
Toxic liver dystrophy- a disease characterized by pronounced dystrophic and necrotic processes in the liver. Piglets are most often affected, and calves less often.
The disease occurs when animals are fed spoiled feed, contaminated with pathogenic fungi or containing alkaloids, saponins, or mineral poisons. In pigs common cause The disease is caused by eating rancid fish and meat and bone meal, feed yeast, moldy concentrated feed and kitchen waste. The development of toxic liver dystrophy in young animals is caused by poisoning with poisonous plants, various chemicals and medications, as well as giving animals spoiled bread, potato stillage, and sprouted potatoes. Secondary toxic liver dystrophy develops with gastroenteritis of varying degrees, salmonellosis, leptospirosis and other infectious diseases.
Toxic liver dystrophy often develops in fetuses when pregnant animals receive spoiled feed infected with fungi. Aflotoxins pose the greatest danger. They are able to penetrate the placenta and are also excreted in milk, which in turn can cause liver damage in young animals during the milk period.
Piglets experience lack of appetite, stupor, loss of strength (depression), vomiting, diarrhea, general weakness, short-term convulsions, during which the death of the animal can occur. The abdomen is enlarged feces tarry. The yellowness of the skin and mucous membranes is variable.
In acute cases of the disease, the stomach and intestines are washed warm water or 0.001% solution of potassium permanganate using a probe or enema. Oily laxatives are administered orally, the animals are kept on a starvation diet for 12-24 hours, and water is given in sufficient quantities. Then sick animals are prescribed dietary feeding, mainly easily digestible carbohydrate feed, milk, skim milk, yogurt, PABA 2 times a day for 5-7 days.
At the onset of the disease, vitamin E or trivitamin and vitamin A are injected subcutaneously in the prescribed doses, a 0.1% aqueous solution of sodium selenite in a dose of 0.1-0.2 mg per 1 kg of animal weight, choline chloride and methionine are given orally at 30 -60 mg per 1 kg of animal weight.
Antibiotics and sulfonamides are used to suppress opportunistic microflora.
Prevention includes monitoring the quality of feed, diet and adequacy of diets. It is necessary to strictly observe the zoohygienic microclimate standards in livestock premises.
In dysfunctional farms, piglets and calves with for preventive purposes a 0.1% solution of sodium selenite is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly at a dose of 0.1-0.2 mg per 1 kg of animal weight, tocopherol is prescribed and methionine is included in the diet.
Bronchitis- inflammation of the mucous and submucosal bronchial tubes. According to the course, acute and chronic bronchitis are distinguished.
At the onset of the disease, the temperature rises briefly. The most characteristic symptom of the disease is cough. At first it is dry, painful, and after the formation and liquefaction of the exudate it becomes moist and soft. With the appearance of such a cough, mucous or mucopurulent nasal discharge begins.
At the onset of the disease, promedol, codeine, and dionine are used to relieve a painful cough. Codeine is given orally to calves and foals at 0.5 g, lambs and piglets at 0.1 g. To remove inflammatory exudate from the bronchi, inhalations with turpentine, menthol, and creolin are prescribed. Expectorants are used: ammonium chloride 0.02-0.03, sodium bicarbonate 0.1-0.2 g per 1 kg of animal weight. The drugs are given orally 2-3 times a day daily until recovery. Complex treatment includes antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs. Among the antibiotics used are benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline: lin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, kanamycin, lincomycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, rondomycin, polymyxin. These drugs are prescribed on average 7-10 thousand units/kg per injection; 2-3 injections daily must be combined with such sulfonamide drugs. such as norsulfazole (0.05 g kg orally 3 times a day), sulfadimezin (0.05 g kg orally 1-2 times a day), sulfamonomethoxine and sulfadimethoxine (50-100 mg kg orally 1 time a day for 4-5 days).
Prevention is aimed at observing zoohygienic standards for keeping and feeding animals. Creating an optimal indoor microclimate is essential. For calves in maternity ward and dispensaries maintain an air temperature of 15-18 ° C, relative humidity within 75%. For young animals 2-4 months of age, the indoor temperature in winter should be within 14-16 °C, relative humidity 50-70%.
For suckling piglets, heating of the den should be provided, the area of which should be 0.5-1.5 m2 per pen, air temperature up to 30 °C.
For preventive purposes, it is necessary to expose animals to ultraviolet irradiation and negatively ionized air.
Bronchopneumonia- a disease characterized by inflammation of the bronchi and lung parenchyma, circulatory and gas exchange disorders with increasing respiratory failure and intoxication of the body. Young animals of all types of animals are affected, mainly aged from 20 days to 3 months. The disease is predominantly seasonal - in early spring and late autumn.
Nonspecific bronchopneumonia of young animals is a disease of a polyetiological nature. The following are essential in her education: nonspecific factors, such as increased air humidity in livestock buildings, high concentrations of ammonia and carbon dioxide, unsatisfactory electric air conditions with a high content of positive air ions, severe microbial air pollution, the presence of drafts, hypothermia and overheating of the body, stress during transportation and other situations.
Inadequate and unbalanced feeding of young animals plays a significant role in the development of the disease. It is especially important to provide animals with carotene and vitamin A, with a deficiency of which the ciliated epithelium respiratory tract is replaced by a flat multilayer one.
Great importance in the etiology of the disease is attached to the level of physiological protection of newborn young animals, which depends on that of pregnant animals. Violation in feeding of the latter, manifested in deficiency nutrients, vitamins and microelements, leads to the birth of young animals with a low level of natural resistance, which is predominantly affected by gastrointestinal and subsequently respiratory diseases.
The first signs of the disease are increased general temperature body, depression, increased breathing. Later they are joined by a cough and nasal mucosa, and subsequently purulent discharge from the nasal passages, and crepitating wheezing appears. If the disease was preceded by bronchitis, then a cough appears first, and then signs develop that indicate pneumonia.
Treatment. It is most effective in initial stages diseases when the process is serous-catarrhal in nature. Therapeutic measures start with elimination etiological factors. Animals are placed in isolated pens and provided with ample bedding. Patients are fed easily digestible food, and the amount of vitamins in the diet is increased by 2-3 times. The treatment complex includes means of etiotropic, replacement and pathogenetic therapy. Antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs are used as antimicrobial agents.
Antibiotics prescribed include benzylpenicillin (3-5 thousand units per 1 kg of animal weight), streptomycin (10-20 thousand units), oxytetracycline (5-7 thousand units), tetracycline (10-20 mg), morphocycline (10 thousand . units), neomycin (5 thousand units), etc. Antibiotics are administered intramuscularly 2-4 times a day.
From sulfa drugs Norsulfazole, sulfadimezin, sulfambnomethoxine, sulfadimethoxine are used. The first 2 drugs are given orally 3-4 times a day, 5-7 dienes in a row at the rate of 0.02-0.03 g kg. Sulfamonomethoxine is used at a dose of 50-100 mg/kg, and sulfadimethoxine is used for calves - 50-60, for piglets and lambs - 50-100 mg/kg. The drugs are prescribed orally 1 time per day for 4-6 days. Norsulfazole can also be used intravenously in the form of a 10% solution at a dose of 10-20 mg/kg.
Aerosols of sodium chloride (9 g), sodium bicarbonate (11 g), ammonium chloride (11 g), enzyme preparations of trypsin, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease (25 mg per 1 m3) can be prescribed as expectorants and enhance the resorption of exudate. Bronchodilators include aminophylline (0.8 g), adrenaline (0.008 g), ephedrine (0.3 g), and atropine (0.015 per cubic meter). These enzyme preparations can also be used for intramuscular administration of 10 mg daily until recovery. Used as solvents saline, heated to 35-37 °C.
From symptomatic remedies use cardiac medications (camphor oil, cordiamin, etc.). To prevent bronchopneumonia, ultraviolet irradiation and aeronization are used.
Retinol deficiency(A-hypovitaminosis) is a disease that causes a slowdown in the growth of the body and a weakening of its resistance.
It is recorded quite often in all types of animals, but especially in calves, piglets, and less often in lambs and foals. Vitamin A in the animal body performs a variety of vital functions - it regulates the growth of young animals, helps to increase the body's resistance and fertility.
A-hypovitaminosis develops as a result of insufficient provision of carotene to pregnant mothers who give birth to young animals with an insignificant content of vitamin A in the liver and internal fat. Low retinol content in colostrum and milk also contributes to the development of the disease.
Signs of the disease in animals are observed when they are kept on diets low in carotene. A-hypovitaminosis can also occur as a result of animal disease with diarrhea, bronchopneumonia, when retinol metabolism changes.
Vitamin A deficiency in calves is expressed primarily by weakened visual acuity and the occurrence of “night blindness” (sometimes complete blindness occurs). Later, lacrimation, conjunctivitis, inflammation of the cornea (Fig. 97), and xerophthalmia are recorded. coarsening of the coat, weakness, lack of appetite, diarrhea, stunting. An increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure can lead to disorders of the central nervous system, which is manifested by movement disorders, increased excitability, and convulsions.
In piglets with A-hypovitaminosis, growth retardation, uncoordinated movements (animals hold their heads askew and make manege movements), paralysis of the limbs, blurred vision, weakened appetite, and dullness are detected. hairline, diarrhea, cramps. Often, fattening animals develop inflammation of the middle and inner ear.
When sows are deficient in vitamin A, piglets are born blind and with various deformities. Vitamin A deficiency in ewes contributes to stillbirth and non-viable lambs. Sick newborns are stunted in growth, they experience night blindness, nervous convulsions, and diarrhea.
Giving help. Use grass meal containing a large number of carotene, fish oil and other preparations containing vitamin A.
Fish oil (natural) - one gram contains 350 IU of vitamin A and 30 IU of vitamin D2 and D3.
Vitaminized fish oil - 1 g contains 1000 IU of vitamin A and 100 IU of vitamin D2 and D3. The drugs are prescribed orally or intramuscularly in doses: for suckling piglets 1-2 ml, for dairy calves 5-10 ml for each patient.
Feed vitamin A (microvit A) includes vitamin A (IU/g) to 250 thousand (microvit A-250), 325 thousand (microvit A-325), 400 thousand (microvit A-400), as well as milk sugar , skim milk, scumpia extract, santoquin, molasses. Prescribed: to piglets up to H weeks. age - 4.5 thousand 1IU, weaned piglets - 2.250 thousand, fattening piglets - 1.8 thousand, calves - 6 thousand, lambs - 3.750 thousand IU per 1 kg of dry feed.
Retinol acetate or retinol palmitine (the first contains acetic acid, the second - palmitic acid) in oil - 1 ml of preparations contains 25-50 thousand, and 100 thousand IU of vitamin A. Used in doses: calves 1-3 months old. age - 45-200, calves 3-6 months old. age -120-350 thousand ME, over 6 months - 200-500, lambs - 7.5-50, suckling and weaned piglets - 7.5-20, young pigs - 12-30 thousand ME per animal per day . The drugs are prescribed for 3-5 weeks, enriched with feed or given injections.
Travit - 1 ml contains 30 thousand IU of vitamin A. 400 thousand IU of vitamin B, and 20 mg of vitamin E. Administered intramuscularly once a week: calves and foals - 1.5 ml, piglets - 0.5: orally: daily with food for 3-4 weeks for piglets and lambs - 1 ml, for calves and foals - 2 ml.
Tetravit - 1 ml contains 50 thousand IU of vitamin A. 50 thousand IU of vitamin B2, 20 ml of vitamin E and 5 mg of vitamin P. The drug is administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously 1 time every 7-10 days at a dose of: calves and foals-2- 3 ml. lambs - 1, newborn piglets - 0.5, suckling piglets - 1, weaned piglets - 1.5 ml per animal. The drug is also administered orally daily for 2-3 months in doses: calves and foals - 4 drops, lambs - 1, newborn piglets - 1, suckling piglets - 1, weaned piglets - 2 drops,
Prevention. Of primary importance is to provide pregnant animals with a sufficient amount of vitamins, taking into account the norm of need.
Calciferol deficiency(B-hypovitaminosis) is a disease accompanied by impaired bone formation in the animal’s body.
In the development of the disease, a significant role is played by insufficient vitamin D feeding of animals and lack of exercise.
It is known that there is a close functional connection between B vitamins and the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, so the occurrence of the disease is facilitated by the lack and incorrect ratio of these macroelements in the diet (the optimal ratio of calcium and phosphorus is 1.35:1), and changes in their balance in the body.
Diseases suffered by animals also contribute to the development of B-hypovitaminosis. A disorder associated with a lack of vitamin B occurs in animals during the period of their active growth.
Calves mostly lie down, rise with difficulty, they have incorrect positioning of the limbs, deformation, thickening of the joints (Fig. 98-99), deterioration in general condition, decreased appetite, and often detachment of the Achilles tendon from the calcaneal tuber occurs; As a result of concomitant vitamin A deficiency, vision is impaired.
Piglets move little, eat little, they develop a stiff gait, pain when moving, thickening of the joints, often observed loss of appetite, loose teeth, nervous phenomena, swelling in the head and eyes, and enlarged liver.
Animals are given walks, prescribed ultraviolet irradiation, given easily digestible food rich in minerals, in particular phosphorus and calcium, polysalts of microelements, fortified fish oil, as well as vitamin B preparations
Vitamin D3, in oil - 1 g contains 50 thousand IU of vitamin D3. Doses: for young cattle 2.5-10, for piglets - 1-5 IU per 1 ton of feed.
Videin is a bulk form of vitamin D 3, 1 g contains 200 thousand ME D3 Doses: for young cattle 2.5-10, for piglets - 1-5 million ME per 1 ton of feed.
Granuvit B3 is a dry, stabilized form of the drug containing cholecalciferol, sodium methylcellulose carboxylate, milk sugar, stearic acid ethyl ester, butyloxytoluene, aerosil, emulsifier T-2. 1 g contains 200 thousand ME of vitamin D3. Dose: for weaned piglets from 1-2.5 million ME. calves 3-7 million, lambs - 2.5-5 million ME per 1 ton of feed.
Alcohol solution of vitamin B - 1 ml contains 200-300 thousand IU of vitamin D3. Oral dose: calves 50-100, suckling piglets - 5-10 thousand IU per animal.
Sick animals are also prescribed combination vitamin preparations: trivit, trivitamin, tetravit.
To prevent vitamin B deficiency, pregnant animals and young animals must be provided with a complete diet, balanced in phosphorus and calcium, and regular exercise. When keeping animals indoors for a long time, ultraviolet irradiation, fish oil, and irradiated feed yeast are recommended.
Anemia(anemia) is a disease characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells and a decrease in the hemoglobin content in them. Mostly suckling piglets are affected. Lack of iron in the body plays a significant role in the occurrence of the disease.
How component Hemoglobin iron takes part in providing the body with O2.
Iron deficiency in newborn piglets occurs as a result of a lack of this element during intrauterine development, feeding whole milk, skim milk or a low-iron substitute, lack or insufficient consumption of roughage or concentrated feed.
With optimal feeding of the sow, the liver of a newborn piglet contains approximately 1000 mg/kg of iron (7-8 mg per body). 12-15 days after birth, the concentration of iron in the liver decreases by 10-15 times, which indicates complete depletion of the iron depot in the piglet’s body.
The daily requirement for iron in the first weeks of a piglet’s life is 7-10 mg, while with mother’s milk he can receive 1 mg per day, or only 21 mg of iron. For suckling piglets that do not use paddocks with natural soil cover, the iron received from their mother's milk is only enough for a few days.
The limited supply of iron in the body of a newborn piglet (approximately 40-47 g) and its low content in breast milk (2 mg per 100 g) lead to the development of anemia. This is also facilitated physiological characteristics piglets, in particular intensive growth.
The animal begins to receive supplementary feeding, which supplies the piglets with the required amount of iron, from 2-3 weeks of age. This circumstance, as well as the lack of another source of iron, makes it difficult to replenish iron deficiency in the body, and anemia develops in piglets on the 5-7th day of life. Sick piglets have pale skin, especially on the ears and visible mucous membranes. They move little, are reluctant to suckle milk, and shortness of breath occurs. The piglets become weak, lethargic, retarded in growth and development, their skin is wrinkled, the bristles are rough and brittle. Diarrhea appears.
Under unfavorable living conditions and lack of treatment, anemia progresses, and animals die within 2-3 weeks or turn into stunts, whose weight does not exceed 10 kg by the 60th day.
Treatment. Polysaccharide iron complexes are used. Of these, the most commonly used is ferroglucin-75, which is a red-brown colloidal liquid, 1 ml of which contains 75 mg of ferric iron. Ferroglucin-75 is prescribed intramuscularly at the rate of 50-100 mg of iron per 1 kg of piglet body weight.
Good results are obtained when using microanemin, the composition of which, in addition to iron dextran, includes cobalt and copper. Piglets are administered the drug in a dose of 3 ml (150 mg of iron); if necessary, the injections are repeated after 10-15 days at the same dose.
Iron glycerophosphate (iron oxide salt, glycerophosphoric acid), containing 18% ferrous iron in the form of powder, suspension, paste or as part of a special feed, is also widely used. The drug is prescribed in a dose of 1-1.5 g per animal for 6-10 days.
Iron-containing fertilizer (a mixture of ferrous sulfate, sodium bentonite and sugar) is given to suckling piglets from 3 days of age for 10 days. daily dose 5 g per animal.
Prevention. Application to pregnant pigs iron-containing preparations does not affect the level of iron in fetal tissues and does not increase its concentration in milk. Providing pregnant sows with iron only promotes the birth of healthy piglets. Piglets can be protected from iron deficiency by introducing it directly into the animal’s body.
To prevent anemia, 2-3-day-old piglets are given a single intramuscular injection of iron-dextran preparations in a dose of 2-3 ml (150-225 mg of iron). They can be administered orally in the same doses for 8-12 hours after birth.
Iron glycerophosphate is used for piglets from 5-7 days of age, 0.5 g once a day for 5-7 days, as well as iron-containing supplements in therapeutic doses.
Otitis is an inflammation of one of the sections of the ear canal.
The auditory canal is divided into external, middle and internal.
Causes of otitis media:
Allergic reactions (atopic, food, drug allergies);
When foreign bodies enter the ear canal (hair, grass stems);
Obstruction of the ear canal by a tumor;
Increased sulfur production.
In the case of a unilateral lesion, a foreign body, polyps, or tumor can be suspected.
Disturbances in the shape of the ear canal and injuries during ear cleaning increase the risk of otitis media. Dog breeds with drooping ears and an external auditory canal covered with hair (spaniels, retrievers, poodles, terriers, etc.) are predisposed to it.
Symptoms
Characteristic symptoms are pain and discharge of various types of secretions from the ear - serous fluid, pus, blood. The animal may shake its ears or tilt its head. Cats may flatten their ears. On examination, redness and swelling of the external auditory canal are noted. In severe cases, an increase in the submandibular lymph nodes on the affected side is observed.
With otitis media and internal otitis, there is pain when opening the mouth, difficulty chewing, deafness, there is discharge from the eyes, strabismus, the animal may twist towards the affected ear.
Diagnosis is based on clinical manifestations and otoscopy data.
An analysis of the contents of the ear canal is necessary, which reveals fungi, bacteria or mites. To prescribe the most effective treatment, specialists from the Zoovet veterinary center recommend conducting a bacteriological study to determine the types of microorganisms that cause the disease, as well as their sensitivity to antibiotics.
Treatment depends on the cause and degree of otitis media:
Cleaning of the ear canals with saline is prescribed;
Medicinal drops are used;
A long course of antibiotic therapy is prescribed;
If a tumor process is present, surgical treatment is performed.
Prevention
To prevent otitis, it is necessary to avoid the causes that can provoke it. Once a week, inspect and perform hygienic treatment of the ear canal.
EAR HEMATOMA (HAEMATNOMA AURICULAE)
Hematoma of the auricle occurs in dogs, pigs, and less commonly in horses; It is most often localized on the inner surface of the auricle due to injury to the anterior artery of the ear.
Etiology. Mechanical damage (squeezing, blows, bites), phlebitis and thrombophlebitis (purulent dermatitis, scabies, burns, frostbite).
Clinical signs. Asymmetry of the auricle, its inner surface protrudes, the entrance to the ear canal is blocked, the inner layer of skin is dark cherry in color. The base of the auricle is thickened, the folds of the skin are straightened, the upper part of the auricle, and sometimes the head is lowered. Hearing acuity is reduced. The local temperature is elevated, and the animal becomes anxious upon palpation. The swelling may spread to the side of the neck, temporal fossa, facial area and upper eyelid.
Diagnosis. Hematoma of the auricle is diagnosed by clinical signs with the obligatory presence of swelling.
Forecast. With uncomplicated hematomas, the prognosis is favorable; with suppuration of the swelling contents, necrosis of the skin and cartilage tissue, and inflammation of the outer and middle ear, the outcome is from cautious to unfavorable.
Treatment. It is necessary to clarify the timing of hematoma formation. During the period of swelling formation, external pressure is created with a special bandage to reduce the effusion of blood. On the 4-5th day, the hematoma is opened, an incision is made in the lower part of the swelling. After removing the blood clots, the wound cavity is sanitized, powdered with antibiotics and sutures are applied. In some cases, blood aspiration can be performed with a needle and syringe. Infected hematomas are opened and treated as purulent wounds. A. Ya. Bakhturin suggests that after removing the blood, a 1% solution of vagotil is injected into the hematoma cavity with the application of a pressure bandage.
TO foreign bodies include metal, plastic, mineral and organic fragments. Metal inclusions are divided into ferromagnetic and dimagnetic.
Etiology. In the ear canal of domestic animals there are sulfur plugs, awns and small grains of cereals, thorns and awns of weeds, grains of sand, small pebbles, particles of broken glass and fur, fly larvae, lice, and scabies mites. Psoroptosis is often recorded in rabbits, and otodectosis in dogs, cats and fur-bearing animals. In the conditions of livestock complexes, faeces and feed residues are washed off from the floor grates using a stream of water (hydraulic flush), but if the direction of the hose is carelessly changed, cold water enters the external auditory canal of pigs and bulls, causing inflammatory processes.
Forecast. With the development of aseptic processes in the ear canal, the outcome is favorable; with purulent processes, the prognosis is cautious; irreversible complications are possible (purulent lesions of the outer, middle and inner ear).
INFLAMMATION OF THE EXTERNAL EAR (OTITIS EXTERNA)
The disease occurs in long-eared pigs, dogs, and in industrial complexes - in bulls and sheep. Inflammation of the skin of the auricle and external auditory canal occurs acutely and chronically.
Clinical signs. An increase in local temperature, tissue swelling, hyperemia, and narrowing of the ear canal are observed. Depending on the cause, small blisters with serous contents may appear. They open, the liquid mixes with the rejected epidermis, dust, sulfur plug, and crusts are formed that block the entrance to the ear canal. The animal's hearing acuity drops sharply, it constantly scratches the outer and partially inner layer of skin, and tilts its head towards the affected ear. In damaged areas of the skin, granulation tissue grows profusely, granulomas form, the auricle becomes deformed, and the exposed cartilage becomes necrotic.
Forecast. In the absence of complications, the prognosis is favorable.
INFLAMMATION OF THE MIDDLE AND INNER EAR (OTITIS MEDIA ET INTERNA)
Depending on the duration of the disease, acute and chronic processes, catarrhal and purulent, and less commonly serous forms of inflammation are distinguished. Otitis is recorded in animals of all species, but more often in pigs and dogs.
Etiology. Otitis of the middle and inner ear occurs due to injuries, the introduction of foreign bodies, the transition of the inflammatory process from the nasopharynx, as well as some infectious diseases (infectious atrophic rhinitis pigs, infectious rhinotracheitis of cattle).
In pigs, purulent rhinitis and pharyngitis develop as a result of unsanitary living conditions and are accompanied by the development of septic otitis (M.V. Morev). In livestock farms with rhinotracheitis in calves, otitis is recorded in 0.2-0.5% of cases of the total number of cases (S. M. Kolomiytsev, A. I. Blednov, E. A. Durakova).
Clinical signs. With catarrhal otitis, the inner surface of the skin of the auricle and ear canal is hyperemic, the local temperature is increased, general state suppressed, appetite preserved. When one ear is affected, the head is tilted to the side; with bilateral otitis, it is extended forward, the animal often makes swallowing movements, and hearing acuity is reduced.
Purulent otitis media is accompanied by decreased appetite and refusal to feed. When pus accumulates, the eardrum becomes deformed and liquid exudate is released from the ear canal. Pus may leak through the mouth and nasal cavity. In pigs and dogs, otitis may be complicated by facial paralysis. In this case, the lower jaw moves to the side, the auricle moves down. Coordination of movements is impaired. The purulent process can spread to the bones and meninges, and animals develop convulsions, paralysis, and sepsis. Otitis in cats is accompanied by severe scratching of the skin of the auricle, the animals constantly moan, refuse food, vomiting occurs, aggressiveness is replaced by prolonged depression.
Diagnosis. Otitis is diagnosed based on clinical signs.
Forecast. At catarrhal otitis the prognosis is favorable, with purulent ones - from cautious to unfavorable, the development of paralysis and sepsis with a fatal outcome is possible.
Treatment. The cause must be eliminated. Warn for retention of exudate in the middle and inner ear, for which purpose the ear canal is sanitized with a warm solution of boric acid, furatsilin, ethacridine lactate. After removing the sulfur plug, crusts and injected fluid, the skin of the ear canal is treated with a 2-3% solution of silver nitrate, a 2% alcohol solution of tannin, a 1% alcohol solution of formin, and 3% boric alcohol. To relieve or reduce the pain reaction, 10-15 drops of a 5-10% solution of cocaine, 2% dicaine are poured into the ear. In the following days, prednisolone, hydrocortisone or erythromycin ointment is prescribed. Intracarotid or intravenous injections of a 0.25-0.5% solution of novocaine with antibiotics are effective. In pigs with purulent inflammation of the middle ear, M. V. Morev once worked and introduced trepanation of the bone bladder through a tissue incision parallel to the posterior edge lower jaw. Proposed quick access prevents retention of exudate, provides effective sanitation of the purulent cavity and reduces pressure on the eardrum.
Many colleagues will agree that goat lymphadenitis is not a rare phenomenon in some farms. And the attitude towards this pathology is different. Some experts view this as a problem that does not cause much concern. However, a number of veterinarians look at lymphadenitis as a pathology that deserves special attention. We agree with the second opinion, since lymphadenitis indicates the presence of serious disruptions in immune system. The lesions usually affect the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, but not only. In the described cases, lymphadenitis is unilateral, as in photos 1, 2.
Photo 1. Clinical picture left-sided lymphadenitis. Side view.
Photo 2. Clinical picture of left-sided lymphadenitis. Front view.
In these cases, abscess formation of the retropharyngeal lymph node occurred. Abscess formation occurs within a few days. The animal's condition is satisfactory, the lymph node is painless. When performing a puncture and taking the contents of the lymph node, a dense consistency of whitish-...
It’s not uncommon for veterinarians to encounter vomit at an animal’s appointment. The topic is very important, although at a superficial glance it is not very “pleasant”. However, masses from the stomach and intestines can tell a lot.
Photo 1. The photo shows the hair mass of a cat with long hair.
Photo 2. In the photo - pieces from a broom with a perverted appetite in a cat.
Photo 3. Foil from a candy wrapper.
Photo 4. Wipes covered in vomit.
Photo 5. helminths in the contents of the stomach and intestines. The problem of deworming is extremely acute.
Photo 6. thin polyethylene strips from Christmas tree decorations in the intestinal contents. The result is an operation to remove the remains of this foreign body.
So, we carefully study all the contents of the stomach and intestines and draw practical conclusions for treating the animal.
Good luck everyone!
Diseases of the eyes and ears
In cattle, ear disease such as otitis media - inflammation of the outer, middle or inner ear - is not often recorded. Otitis of the external ear is observed with mechanical damage to the external auditory canal, crawling insects, accumulation of sulfur, and fungal diseases.
Diseases of the middle and inner ear are usually a consequence of the development of local or general infection. The main symptom of these pathologies is increased attention animal to the ear, tilted position of the head towards the diseased organ.
The course of treatment is prescribed by a veterinarian depending on the condition of the animal: treatment of the ear canal, putting antibiotics in the ear in the form of ointments and other means.
When cattle are overcrowded, diseases are recorded much more often visual apparatus. In some cases, they are widespread, especially in cases of poor sanitation, unsatisfactory indoor microclimate, etc. Most often, a farmer may encounter diseases such as conjunctivitis and keratitis - independent diseases or concomitant infections and infestations.
From the book Ours four-legged friends author Slepnev Nikolay KirillovichEye diseases Inversion and eversion of the eyelids. Inversion is turning the edge of the eyelid inward, and eversion is turning the same edge outward. In dogs, this pathology (especially the first) is common, most often in Doberman Pinschers and Great Danes. The causes of the disease are scar tightening of the edge
From the book Central Asian Shepherd Dog author Ermakova Svetlana EvgenievnaEar diseases The most common ear diseases in Central Asian Shepherds include inflammation of the outer ear and middle ear
From the book Hounds author Maskaeva Yulia VladimirovnaEye diseases The most common eye diseases in the hound include conjunctivitis, keratitis, cataracts, glaucoma, retinal detachment and
From the book Dogs from A to Z author Rychkova Yulia VladimirovnaEar diseases Most ear diseases develop as a result of improper care of the ears, their damage, and also as a consequence of colds.
From the book Treatment of Dogs: A Veterinarian's Handbook author Arkadyeva-Berlin Nika GermanovnaEye diseases Inversion and eversion of the eyelids Inversion of the eyelids is characterized by their incorrect position. The edge of the eyelid and its skin are wrapped towards the eyeball, which is injured by eyelashes and skin hair. The main cause of the disease is chronic conjunctivitis, contact with the eye
From the book Treatment and Nutrition of Dogs author Melnikov Ilya From the book Dogs of Pure Blood author Melnikov IlyaEYE DISEASES CONJECTIVITIS – inflammation of the conjunctiva (mucous membrane of the eye). There are catarrhal, purulent, phlegmonous, fibrinous and follicular conjunctivitis. Causes of the disease. Conjunctivitis can occur due to mechanical irritations, such as allergic
From the book Diseases of Rabbits and Nutria author Dorosh Maria VladislavovnaEAR DISEASES EAR HEMATOMA - hemorrhage under the skin of the auricle with the formation of a cavity. Causes of the disease. Most often this is a consequence of injuries: blows, bites, etc. long-eared breeds dogs (spaniels, setters, etc.) may occur as a result of frequent
From the book Cattle Diseases author Dorosh Maria VladislavovnaEYE DISEASES A number of eye diseases can be detected without special preparation: changes in the shape of the eyes, their position and size, wounds, tumors, inflammatory processes of the eyeball, turning of the eyelids inward towards the eyeball, turning of the eyelids outward. Dog eyes
From the book Horse Diseases author Dorosh Maria VladislavovnaDiseases of the eyes and ears Otitis In rabbits and nutria, an ear disease is recorded - otitis, that is, inflammation of the outer, middle or inner ear. Otitis of the external ear is noted with mechanical damage to the external auditory canal, crawling insects, accumulation
From the book Diseases of Pig author Dorosh Maria VladislavovnaDiseases of the eyes and ears In cattle, ear disease such as otitis media is not often recorded - inflammation of the outer, middle or inner ear. Otitis of the external ear is observed with mechanical damage to the external auditory canal, crawling insects,
From the book Diseases poultry author Novikova Irina NikolaevnaDiseases of the eyes and ears In farm animals, ear disease is rarely recorded - otitis media, that is, inflammation of the outer, middle or inner ear. Otitis of the external ear is noted with mechanical damage to the external auditory canal, crawling
From the book Diseases of Dogs. Quick guide. External diseases author Georg MüllerDiseases of the eyes and ears In farm animals, otitis media is sometimes recorded - inflammation of the outer, middle or inner ear. Otitis of the external ear is noted with mechanical damage to the external auditory canal, crawling insects, accumulation of sulfur,
From the book Dog Diseases (non-contagious) author Panysheva Lidiya VasilievnaInspection of the beak, eyes and ears When examining a sick bird, special attention should be paid to the condition of the beak wax, the surface of which should be shiny. Then you need to check for:› abscesses and tumors on the beak growth;› fresh or dried food
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