Individual and professional oral hygiene. Personal oral hygiene products Personal oral hygiene products

Educational elements

Purpose of the lesson: Study and master oral care techniques.

Key terms: oral hygiene, methods of brushing teeth, tongue, standard method of brushing teeth.

Control questions:

5) Control baseline knowledge

6) Interview on the topic

a) oral hygiene algorithm.

b) methods of brushing teeth

c) use of floss, flossettes, flossstick, tape

d) using a toothpick

d) use of an irrigator

f) mistakes made when caring for the oral cavity

3) Control of knowledge acquisition

Presentation of educational material

Oral hygiene is a set of measures, the most important component of which is brushing your teeth. According to WHO, 92% of the population does not know how to brush their teeth. Oral hygiene for most Russian children is limited to a set of empirical manipulations using a standard toothbrush and paste.

Teeth brushing algorithm

1) Wash your hands with soap.

2) Rinse your mouth with warm water.

3) Rinse your toothbrush thoroughly with water.

4) Brush your teeth with a toothbrush and toothpaste

5) Rinse your mouth.

6) Lather the working part of the toothbrush with soap or treat it with a special solution.

7) Place the toothbrush in the box with the head up

Options are possible depending on the age of the child, the type of toothpaste, the condition of the oral cavity, the preferences of the individual, etc.

Using a toothbrush

Toothbrush movements when brushing teeth:

· Vertical (sweeping) are performed along the axis of the tooth from the gums and are intended to remove plaque from the vestibular and lingual surfaces, partially the cervical area and interdental spaces, and gums.

· Horizontal (reciprocating) are designed to remove plaque from occlusal surfaces.

· Rotational (circular) are designed to remove plaque from fissures and pits, the cervical area and massage the gums.

When performing the stages of the standard method of brushing teeth in sequence, one is guided by the correct position of the brush in relation to the various surfaces of the teeth, the correct choice of the type of movements and the required number of movements on the surfaces of various groups of teeth.

There are many known methods of brushing teeth (Leonard, Bass, Fones, Reite, Charter, Smith-Bell, Stillman, Pakhomov, Bokoy).

Standard method of brushing teeth (Pakhomov G.N.). The dentition is conventionally divided into 6 segments (molars, premolars, incisors with canines). Cleaning is carried out with open dentition. The brush is positioned at an angle of 45 degrees to the tooth axis and, using 10 vertical sweeping movements, plaque is removed from the vestibular surface of the upper left molars. Clean all segments one by one upper jaw. The palatal surface is cleaned in the same way. On the lower jaw the sequence and types of movements are repeated. The chewing surface of the teeth is cleaned using back-and-forth movements.

Leonard method provides two types of movements: vertical and horizontal. The head is installed perpendicular to the axis of the tooth, and plaque is removed from the vestibular and oral surfaces using vertical movements from the gums. The occlusal surface is cleaned with reciprocating horizontal movements.

Fones method carried out with closed dentition. The toothbrush is placed perpendicular to the axis of the tooth and performed in a circular motion, while simultaneously cleaning the vestibular surfaces of the teeth of the upper and lower jaw. The lingual and chewing surfaces are also cleaned with circular movements.

Charter method Designed for both cleaning teeth and massaging gums. It is an additional therapeutic measure for inflammatory periodontal diseases. The toothbrush is placed at an angle of 45° to the tooth axis with the bristles towards the cutting edge of the tooth. When performing light circular movements, the bristles penetrate into the interdental spaces. After three or four movements, the toothbrush is moved to a new group of teeth and the entire process is repeated. This method is recommended for children school age with certain manual skills. Cleaning is carried out under the supervision of a dentist.

Self-controlled teeth brushing method (Bokaya V.G.). Before cleaning, the teeth are stained. Vestibular and oral surfaces are cleaned with vertical movements with maximum grip of the gums. The vestibular surfaces are cleaned with the jaws closed in a direct bite, grasping the gums up to the transitional folds. The patient monitors the quality of cleaning by checking the presence of dye every five movements. Maximum grip on the gum ensures thorough removal of plaque and massage, while the mucous membrane acts as a dispenser for the force of cleaning movements.

A large number of methods for brushing teeth indicates the urgency of the problem. It is difficult to imagine the existence of a simple and effective method teeth cleaning, universal for everyone. It is impossible to use a single method for adults and children, with a healthy oral cavity and its pathology, in the absence or presence of “orthodontic” problems. At the same time, compliance with certain generally recognized basic principles will optimize the process of removing plaque.

It should be noted that the clinical effectiveness of toothbrushes is to a lesser extent determined by their design features. More important factors are thorough instruction in oral hygiene and proper brushing techniques.

To evaluate the effectiveness of individual oral hygiene and

To motivate the patient to improve the quality of teeth cleaning, controlled dental brushing (CDB) is carried out by the individual under the control of the hygiene index in the presence of a specialist.

Controlled teeth brushing is an integral part of a set of measures for hygienic education and upbringing (GO&E) of a child. Dental hygienists are currently engaged in developing knowledge and skills in oral hygiene among the population. However, if necessary, a dentist can participate in the process. CCH is carried out in several visits.

KChZ methodology

On your first visit A complete dental examination of the patient is carried out, the data is recorded in the medical record. In the presence of an intraoral camera, the patient is shown the identified dental “problems”, including existing microbial plaque. To enhance the effect, you can stain the plaque. The video presentation is accompanied by detailed explanations. The hygiene index is determined if no more than 5 hours have passed since brushing your teeth.

On the second visit the child brings used items and oral hygiene products. The specialist evaluates the condition of the toothbrush, floss, the characteristics of the toothpaste and their compliance with the condition of the patient’s oral cavity. The child, in the presence of his parents (if possible, without their participation in the conversation), talks about individual oral hygiene. After this, teeth are cleaned with the determination of GI before and after manipulation. The hygienist sits nearby as an observer and records all deficiencies, but does not interfere with the process. The effectiveness of brushing teeth is assessed by the difference in GI scores. When indicated, adequate items and means of oral hygiene are selected and training in the rules of oral care is carried out.

On the third visit the child comes with a new toothbrush (floss, flossstick, scraper) and toothpaste (rinse, spray). The CCR is being carried out and corrections are being made. In the future, the frequency of visits is determined by the hygienist individually.

Individual quality control of cleaning teeth is carried out by the patient or parents. For this purpose, special dyes are used: a solution of basic fuchsin, erythrosine, Schiller-Pisarev, Lugol, erythrosine containing tablets. Tablet preparations at home are preferable, as they are more hygienic and stain the entire plaque. It is better to conduct the KChZ in the evening if parents have free time.

Using floss

Flossing is a procedure for cleaning interdental spaces and contact surfaces of teeth using floss. The thread is used after each meal, usually 2-3 times a day.

Flossing technique:

Wash the hands;

Cut the floss 20–30 cm long;

Fix the ends of the floss on the middle fingers, winding it around one much larger fragment;

Using the index fingers and thumbs floss is carefully inserted into the interdental space;

Covering the neck of the tooth in the form of a half-loop, carefully move the thread away from the gums with sawing and vertical movements;

Renew the working part of the thread by moving the loops on your fingers;

At the end of the procedure, discard the floss;

Wash the hands.

Using a flosset or flossstick is much more convenient, easier, and helps develop the habit of flossing.

Using a toothpick

Toothpicks are used in the absence of other oral hygiene items. Method of application: place the toothpick at an angle of 45 degrees to the tooth, with the end located in the periodontal sulcus and the side pressed against the surface of the tooth. The tip of the toothpick is then moved along the tooth, following from the base of the groove to the contact point of the tooth.

Using an irrigator

Irrigators are used as an additional hygiene item to clean hard-to-reach areas of the oral cavity and massage the gums. After traditional brushing of teeth with a brush and paste, a powerful stream of water is directed into the interdental spaces, under the fixed elements of orthodontic equipment. The sequence of segment cleansing is similar standard method. The use of IPR in children contributes to the development of oral care habits, as it is an element of the game for them.

Tongue cleaning

Tongue hygiene involves removing plaque, mucus, and food debris using a regular toothbrush, a special toothbrush, an electric toothbrush tongue cleaner, or a scraper. Special attention Tongue hygiene should be paid to in the presence of gastrointestinal diseases, folded or “geographical” tongue. In these cases, a large amount of mucus and plaque accumulates on the tongue, which creates favorable conditions for the reproduction and activity of pathogenic microorganisms.

Tongue hygiene is carried out after brushing your teeth. A medium-hard brush moves with sweeping movements from the root of the tongue to the tip. The number of movements is variable, on average 10–12. After several movements, the brush must be rinsed under running water to remove mucus. The brush is moistened with water or toothpaste. However, the use of a foaming paste is not advisable, since a gag reflex may occur.

Using a scraper is similar to the above method. The scraper must be used carefully to avoid injury to the tongue.

To cleanse the entire oral cavity, Colgate 360° tongue cleaners with tongue cleaning pad are specially designed to remove up to 36% more bacteria, causing the appearance bad breath.

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Individual oral hygiene is the patient’s careful and regular removal of dental plaque from the surfaces of teeth and gums using various means.

Oral hygiene is a major component of preventing dental diseases. Systematic brushing of teeth and removal of soft dental deposits contribute to physiological process maturation of tooth enamel.

Biologically active components included in hygiene products enrich tooth and periodontal tissues with phosphates, calcium, microelements, vitamins, increasing their resistance to harmful influences. Regular gum massage while brushing your teeth helps activate metabolic processes and improve blood circulation in periodontal tissues.

Personal oral hygiene products:
■ toothbrushes;
■ toothpastes;
■ dental floss (floss);
■ toothpicks;
■ tongue brushes;
■ chewing gum;
■ chewable tablets;
■ mouth rinses.

Toothbrushes

A toothbrush is the main tool for removing deposits from the surface of your teeth and gums.

Since ancient times, the peoples of Asia, Africa, South America They chewed leaves and branches of aromatic plants, and used the split ends of these branches to clean the surfaces of teeth and gums. In India, to this day, some peoples use neem tree branches for this purpose. The first toothbrush, reminiscent of modern ones, made from pig bristles, appeared in China in the 14th century. In Rus', during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, after meals they used a “pig broom” or a broom stick with a tuft of bristles.

Currently, there are many models of toothbrushes, the purpose of which is to remove plaque from the smooth, occlusal and proximal surfaces of teeth.

A modern toothbrush consists of:
■ handles;
■ heads.

In some toothbrushes, the connection between the head and the handle is made flexible to make the head more flexible. Toothbrushes are different:
■ sizes;
■ properties of fibers;
■ the shape of the head and the location of the beams;
■ rigidity;
■ handle design.

Size

By size, toothbrushes are divided into:
■ large;
■ average;
■ small.

This has more to do with the size of the head. If previously brushes with a large head were mainly used, now, based on data scientific research, preference is given to brushes with a small head, which are easy to manipulate in the oral cavity and clean hard-to-reach tooth surfaces. Today, such brushes are recommended for use by both adults and children.

The size of the head in a children's brush should be 18-25 mm, in a brush for adults - no more than 30 mm.

Fiber properties

Synthetic fibers are predominantly used to make toothbrushes.

At the same time, there are still brushes made from natural bristles on sale. This material is naturally inferior to synthetic fibers in quality.

Its disadvantages are the presence of a middle channel filled with microorganisms, the difficulty of keeping the brush clean, the impossibility of perfectly smooth processing of the ends of the bristles, and the difficulty of giving it a certain rigidity.

Synthetic fiber bristles were initially made with sharp ends, but it was later discovered that they could injure soft fabrics. If the bristles have a sharp end, are loose or hollow, then bacteria and viruses can multiply on their surface and in the depths. For this reason, the ends of the bristles are now rounded.

Head shape

In the lateral projection, several profiles of the toothbrush head can be distinguished:
■ flat;
■ concave;
■ convex;
■ multi-level.

It is better to clean the vestibular surfaces of the teeth with a brush with a concave shape of the working part of the head, while with a convex shape it is better to clean the lingual surfaces.

Brushes with bristles located at different levels are more effective than flat brushes in removing plaque, especially from the proximal surfaces of teeth.

Fiber bundle arrangement

In the head of the brush, the bristles are organized into tufts, which are usually arranged in 3 or 4 rows. This arrangement allows for better cleaning of all surfaces of the teeth.

As a rule, the tufts of bristles have different heights: longer (softer) along the periphery, shorter in the center.

Each group of beams contributes to a more thorough removal of plaque in a particular area of ​​the dentition. Straight high fibers clean plaque in interdental spaces; short ones - in fissures. Bundles of fibers located in an oblique direction, penetrating into the periodontal sulcus, remove plaque from the cervical area.

Toothbrushes with a V-shaped arrangement of fiber bundles are recommended for cleaning plaque from the contact surfaces of teeth in people with wide interdental spaces.

Some toothbrush models have a power projection for better cleansing molars, especially the distal surfaces of the last molars, and deep penetration into interdental spaces.

Often toothbrushes have an indicator - two rows of tufts of fibers colored with different colored food dyes that fade with use. The signal to replace the brush is when the bristles become discolored by half their height. This usually occurs after 2-3 months with daily brushing of teeth twice a day.

Rigidity

The stiffness of the brush depends on the composition of the fiber, the diameter and length of the bristles, and the number of bristles in the tuft.

There are several degrees of toothbrush hardness:
■ very hard;
■ hard;
■ average;
■ soft;
■ very soft.

Recommendations for patients on the use of a toothbrush of varying degrees of hardness are purely individual. The most widely used brushes are medium-hard brushes. Typically, children's toothbrushes are made from very soft or soft fiber. Toothbrushes of the same degree of hardness are recommended for use in patients with periodontal disease. Hard and very hard toothbrushes can only be recommended to people with healthy periodontal tissues; however, if used incorrectly, they can injure the gums and cause abrasion of hard tooth tissues.

It should be noted that medium-hard and soft brushes are most effective, because... Their bristles are more flexible and penetrate better into interdental spaces, dental fissures and subgingival areas.

Handle design

The shape of the handle of toothbrushes can be straight or curved at different angles, but its length should be sufficient to ensure maximum comfort when brushing your teeth. The design of the toothbrush handle is currently also being developed using special computer programs to take into account all ergonomic requirements.

There are toothbrushes in which, when brushing your teeth (for 2-3 minutes), the original color of the handle changes. It is advisable to recommend this model of toothbrush to children, which makes it possible to teach the child to brush their teeth correctly. Toothbrushes that have a rattle built into the handle have the same property. With correct (vertical) movements of the brush, a sound is made, and with horizontal (incorrect) movements, the toothbrush is “silent”.

Toothbrushes produced by well-known companies meet modern requirements and take into account the achievements of science and technology. The result is the appearance of toothbrushes of original design.

In 1998, a new model of toothbrush was developed - Oral-B eXceed, which uses microtextured fiber that cleans plaque over the entire surface of the bristles. In the head of this brush, the tufts have different heights and are located in two directions, at different angles to the base. In this case, beams tilted forward penetrate between the teeth and loosen plaque, while beams tilted backward remove plaque through sweeping movements.

Intersecting bundles of bristles allow you to remove plaque not only from smooth, but also from the proximal surfaces of the teeth, as well as from the adjacent gums.

The Colgate Total toothbrush has three groups of bristles: short inner bristles remove plaque from the surface of the teeth, long inner bristles from between teeth, and long outer bristles, located at an angle, remove plaque from the gingival groove and massage the gum.

A distinctive feature of Intradent toothbrushes is bristles impregnated with sodium fluoride.

In Fuchs toothbrushes, the bristles have several microvilli on the side surfaces and are rounded at the ends. These brushes attach the bristles without using metal or drilling holes, which avoids gaps where bacteria can accumulate. Thanks to this system of replaceable heads, the life of the brushes is increased.

In addition to regular toothbrushes, electric toothbrushes are becoming increasingly popular these days. Previously, electric toothbrushes were only recommended for people with disabilities or people who had insufficiently developed teeth brushing skills. However, studies conducted to date have convincingly proven the superiority of electric toothbrushes in removing plaque.

Special children's models have been developed for children.

G.M. Barer, E.V. Zoryan

IN oral cavity human inhabits great amount various microorganisms. They settle on the teeth, gums, tongue and buccal mucosa. Colonies of microbes and their metabolic products lead to a number of dental problems. In addition, when bacteria enter the body, they provoke the development of gastrointestinal pathology.

To balance the ecosystem and improve overall health, regular and high-quality oral hygiene is necessary. The high effectiveness of such a procedure depends on the correctness of its implementation and some other nuances.

The importance of oral hygiene lies in the prevention of major dental diseases, as well as maintaining an attractive appearance of a person. By following the rules for conducting events, you can achieve significant results, including:

  • formation of strong teeth;
  • destruction of pathogenic microflora;
  • prevention of the development of caries and periodontal disease;
  • prevention of infectious diseases of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract;
  • snow-white smile;
  • fresh breath;
  • savings on dental services.

As shown medical practice, people with weakened immune systems and smokers are especially in need of hygienic care.


Types of oral hygiene

To maintain the microflora of the oral cavity, in which the teeth and oral mucosa will always be healthy and aesthetically pleasing, there are a number of hygiene measures. They are divided into two main types: personal hygiene and professional procedures.

In the first case, oral care is carried out independently at home. According to the recommendations of dentists, the procedure should begin at an early age, when children have their first teeth.

If cleaning the mouth at home does not bring the desired result, the second method is used. Professional cleaning held in medical institution dentist.

Each method requires compliance with a number of rules. Therefore, in order for the procedures to be highly effective, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with them in more detail.

Rules for carrying out hygiene procedures

In order for your personal oral hygiene to ensure thorough cleaning and create an attractive smile, you must purchase special cleaning products in advance and then follow the rules of the event.

Oral care is usually carried out using special cleaning products, including:

  • Toothbrush for cleaning teeth, cheeks, tongue.
  • Toothpaste for the prevention and treatment of diseases.
  • Brushes for removing food residues in interdental crevices.
  • Rinse to complete the procedure.

When it is not possible to brush your teeth, dental floss is used. To eliminate bad breath and small food particles after eating, it is recommended to use sugar-free chewing gum.

Rules for cleaning teeth

Oral hygiene rules depend on the choice of cleaning product. Using a toothbrush, the procedure is carried out as follows:

  • The cleaning attribute is rinsed with running water.
  • Apply a small amount of toothpaste to the bristly surface of the brush.
  • At an angle of 45 degrees relative to the gum, the attribute is located in the open mouth.

  • The upper teeth are cleaned from top to bottom using smooth, circular movements.
  • The lower jaw is cleaned from bottom to top.

The above manipulations are carried out within 3 minutes. After this time, the toothbrush is turned over and the tongue is cleaned with a rubber nozzle. At the end of the procedure, the oral cavity is rinsed with warm water or a special rinsing solution.

When using dental floss, proper oral hygiene is carried out in the following order:

  • For a one-time procedure, dental floss 40-50 cm long is cut.
  • The thread seeps into the interdental crevices with smooth movements.
  • Having reached the surface of the gum, the thread is directed in the opposite direction in a similar way without sudden movements.

Having cleaned one interdental gap in this way, move on to another. In this case, the thread must be clean for each section.

If the above hygiene measures do not get rid of plaque deposits on the teeth, dentists recommend professional cleaning.

Carrying out professional cleaning

Oral hygiene with professional help is carried out to eliminate accumulations of soft plaque, which over time develops into tartar. When a hard stone forms, a person loses his attractive appearance. In addition, against the background of this pathology, accompanying illnesses teeth.

To prevent these negative phenomena, the dental hygienist prescribes measures using medical instruments and special equipment.

Before proceeding with professional intervention, the dentist must first carefully examine the patient. Medical Oral hygiene methods depend on the following diagnostic indicators: caries intensity index, hygiene index, assessment of the condition of the mucous membrane, type of bite, presence of dental pathologies.

After assessing the condition of the oral cavity, the specialist must form a responsible attitude towards the prescribed procedure in the patient. It is important that a person understands that medical hygiene oral cavity can completely eliminate periodontal disease and improve external condition teeth.

Carrying out procedures

A medical complex of measures to remove persistent dental tumors can be carried out therapeutically, orthodontically or surgical method. Each event is conducted by a dentist in a medical office.

In order to professional hygiene mouth, passed safely, before it begins, the patient is prescribed rinsing the nasopharynx with an antiseptic solution.

At heavy operations Anesthetic medications may be used, in the form of sprays or injections. The professional cleaning complex includes several stages.

Removing plaque and tartar. An ultrasonic device is used for this. In some cases, manual mechanical cleaning with dental instruments is used.

Removing pigmented plaque. Popular remedy The device used to clean teeth from soft plaque is AirFlow. As a result of the pressure of the emitted water, air and soda, the enamel becomes lighter by 2 shades.

Teeth polishing. This method uses professional products that contain zirconium microparticles.

Fluoridation. This method involves strengthening the enamel with fluoride-containing gel trays. The procedure lasts only a minute, but during this time the enamel has time to become saturated with fluoride ions, due to which it becomes stronger.

Fissure sealing. This method involves using composite resins to fill the grooves of the teeth on the chewing side using a special tool.

Many patients neglect professional procedures, as well as the visit to the dentist itself. However, this position is fundamentally wrong.

By contacting a specialist in a timely manner, you can avoid dangerous pathologies of the oral cavity, as well as receive recommendations for daily care so that individual oral hygiene brings significant benefits.

In medical practice, there are certain rules for the technique of cleaning the mouth. Compliance with them does not require much effort or difficulty.

  • To maintain the microflora in the mouth and the strength of the teeth, it is necessary to follow a balanced diet of dairy and legumes.
  • To brush your teeth, it is better to choose a brush with synthetic bristles.
  • The cleaning attribute should be replaced every 3-4 months.
  • Clean your mouth with a toothbrush and toothpaste 2 times a day. The first procedure is carried out in the morning, the second before bedtime.

  • Various oral hygiene practices should include cleaning the tongue and gums. It will become good remedy periodontal prevention.
  • After each procedure, the toothbrush must be thoroughly rinsed with running water.
  • It is recommended to clean the spaces between teeth after every meal. To do this, you can use dental floss or special wooden sticks.

  • It is better to entrust the monitoring of the condition of the oral cavity to the dentist.
  • Professional hygiene should be carried out 1-2 times a year by a qualified specialist.
  • For hard-to-reach areas of the mouth, it is advisable to purchase specialized tools, such as a brush and floss.
  • Don't neglect mouthwashes either. Their regular use contributes not only to fresh breath, but also to the strength of the enamel structure.

Failure to comply with the rules of oral hygiene, at best, will entail bad breath and development of caries. But, as medical practice has shown, such neglect will have more serious consequences.

A large accumulation of harmful bacteria in the absence of hygiene procedures or their improper implementation contributes to the development of the following pathologies:

  • . This inflammatory process gums affecting the alveolar process of the jaw. The pathology is accompanied putrid smell from the mouth, bleeding gums when brushing teeth individually, itching and a negative perception of the taste of food.
  • Candidiasis. This inflammatory process develops when Candida bacteria enter the mouth. In pathology, swelling of the oropharynx and white coating on the tongue. In an advanced form of the disease, erosions may appear on the surface of the oral mucosa.

  • . This pathology affects periodontal tissue. Symptoms of periodontitis include the formation of hard stone, tooth mobility, and the presence of purulent or serous discharge.

  • . Such damage to the lining of the mouth occurs due to the proliferation of infectious microorganisms. When bacteria enter the human body, they destroy the surface structure of the gums, tongue and cheeks. Subsequently, ulcers appear on the affected areas.

As you can see, each pathology develops due to the entry of harmful bacteria into the oral cavity, where there is an optimal habitat for their growth and reproduction. Only careful daily care behind the oral cavity.

Following the recommendations of specialists for individual procedures, as well as regular visits to the dentist, will help maintain a clean and healthy mouth, as well as provide fresh breath and a snow-white smile.

The leading component of the prevention of dental diseases is oral hygiene. Systematic brushing of teeth and removal of soft dental deposits contribute to the physiological process of maturation of tooth enamel. Biologically active components of hygiene products (toothpastes, elixirs) enrich tooth and periodontal tissues with phosphate salts, calcium, microelements, vitamins, increasing their resistance to harmful influences. Regular gum massage while brushing your teeth helps activate metabolic processes and improve blood circulation in periodontal tissues.
Personal hygiene - involves careful and regular removal of dental plaque from the surfaces of teeth and gums by the patient himself using various hygiene products.
To achieve the best efficiency from hygiene measures, we use different means and oral care items. Recently, their range has become especially wide and varied.
When using modern means for removing plaque from tooth surfaces, one cannot fail to take into account the method by which this is done. Currently, various methods for removing plaque are known, however, taking into account the individual characteristics of the oral cavity, it is advisable to recommend to the patient the best method that will achieve a good cleansing effect.
To achieve this goal, the doctor is required to provide detailed instructions and demonstrate the chosen method on a model, and the patient is required to consistently perform movements until complete mastery of the chosen technique with daily brushing of teeth.
Circular Fones method. With this method, the vestibular surfaces of the teeth are cleaned in a closed state. The brush field is placed in the right corner on the upper or lower vestibular surfaces of the teeth, cleansing is done in a circular motion, excluding the marginal part of the gums. When opening the mouth, clean the oral surfaces with small rotational movements. Horizontal or rotational movements clean the occlusal surfaces of the teeth. This method is indicated for children and adults.
Leonard method. The toothbrush is placed perpendicular to the surface of the teeth, making vertical movements only in the direction from the gums to the crown of the tooth:

On the upper jaw - from top to bottom, on the lower jaw - from bottom to top. The vestibular surfaces of the teeth are cleaned with the jaws closed, the chewing surfaces are cleaned with back and forth movements of the brush. This method is known as the "red to white" method - "from gum to tooth".
Bass method. The head of the toothbrush is positioned at an angle of 45° to the axis of the tooth. The ends of the fibers are pressed against the enamel and papillae. In this position, vibrating movements are made with a small amplitude. The fibers penetrate into the interdental spaces and gingival sulcus, thereby promoting good plaque removal. Bass's method is not entirely simple. Incorrect position of the toothbrush, for example, vertical to the axis of the tooth, leads to damage to the epithelial attachment and gums. This method is indicated for adults.
Charters method. The head of the toothbrush is set at an angle of 45° to the tooth axis so that the ends of the fibers, touching the outer surface of the crown, reach the cutting edge. Using light pressure, the tips of the bristles are carefully pushed into the interdental spaces. In this position, vibrating movements are performed. The fibers come into contact with the marginal gum and perform a massage.
Stillmann method. With this technique, the bristles of the toothbrush are set at an angle of 45° in the direction of the roots of the teeth, followed by turning the brush in the direction of the crowns. At the same time, the bristles under pressure clean the interdental spaces. In the frontal area of ​​the oral cavity, the toothbrush is placed vertically, and the brushing technique is repeated. It is recommended to repeat these movements 4-5 times in the area of ​​each tooth.
Modified Stillmann method. The toothbrush is installed parallel to the axis of the dentition, with the bristles covering the crown of the teeth and mucous membrane. The bristles are pressed against the dentition in the mucosal area, and then with small vibrating movements the brush is raised to the level of the chewing surface.
Standard method of brushing teeth Pakhomov G.N. The dentition is conventionally divided into several segments. Teeth brushing begins with an area in the area of ​​the upper right chewing teeth, sequentially moving from segment to segment. The teeth on the lower jaw are cleaned in the same order. When cleaning the vestibular and oral surfaces of molars and premolars, the working part of the toothbrush is placed at an angle of 45° to the tooth and cleansing movements are made from gum to tooth, while simultaneously removing plaque from the gum teeth. The chewing surfaces of the teeth are cleaned with horizontal (reciprocating) movements so that the fibers of the brush penetrate deep into the fissures and interdental spaces.
The vestibular surface of the frontal group of teeth of the upper and lower jaws is cleaned with the same movements as molars and premolars. When cleaning the oral surface, the brush handle is placed perpendicular to the occlusal plane of the teeth, while the fibers are at an acute angle to them and capture not only the teeth, but also the gums. Finish cleaning all segments with circular movements.

“Holiday” stress – women suffer from it more than men

id="0">New Year holidays generally bring joy, Tasty food, more time with family, gifts, etc., but they also cause stress, more so for women than for men.

A survey by the American Psychological Association found that women are more likely to suffer from increased stress - 44% of 417 American women surveyed, compared to 31% of 369 Americans.

Common responses to stress include overeating, drinking more alcohol, and lounging on the couch: “All of these combine to create a very unhealthy way of coping with increased stress during the holidays,” says psychologist Russ Newman, executive director of the association.

As a result, this leads to obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and high blood pressure: “In the long run, everything ends up being even more stressful.”

According to a survey by Hallmark Magazine among 277 women surveyed, the most popular stress killer turned out to be... becoming a “couch potato” - 37% say this is their favorite strategy: “Hide from everyone: stay at home and lie on the couch, watching TV, reading books, etc.”

Other ways to cope with stress included talking on the phone with friends (22%), going to the spa (6%), making plans for the future (5%) and working on yourself (3%).

Newman believes the biggest sources of stress are lack of time, lack of money and the need to give gifts, or, as Newman calls it, the “commercialization and hype” around the holidays. Also no less influential is the gathering of all relatives and unsuccessful attempts to stick to a diet.

But why are women more stressed than men?

"Women have more responsibility for buying gifts, organizing and hosting a party, preparing food and things like that that cause time stress," Newman says.

The best way to relieve stress, according to Newman, is to make sure to take time for yourself and find healthy ways to cope with stress, such as through exercise, going out with friends and family, or simply doing meditation.

Why do colds occur?

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Vladimir Ivanov

In the fight against infections, not only have we evolved immune organs, but also other organs and systems. Thus, stress hormones, mainly corticosteroids (desensitizing ability), ensure the body's immunity to infection in unfavorable conditions, say, during prolonged cold spells. And vice versa, a long stay in comfortable conditions, avoiding hardening factors, detrains, creates a hormonal background that makes the body sensitive to infection even with minor temperature influences.

The latter mechanism seems impractical and not conducive to survival. However, a long stay in comfortable conditions in the wild is impossible or unlikely. And, naturally, mechanisms cannot be developed that protect the body in all artificially created conditions. The mechanism of the cold and similar reactions to infection in an unhardened modern person can lead to quite serious illnesses. But this same mechanism in natural, wild conditions works as a protective mechanism for the prevention of severe infectious diseases through mild illness.

In essence, we are talking about mechanisms of provocation. A healthy organism in favorable climatic conditions and with sufficient food and living space becomes ill, usually in a mild form or hidden, latent (atypical), thereby increasing tension specific immunity against a specific pathogen. This mechanism helps to survive and protect against dangerous infections in unfavorable conditions, when the body is weakened by prolonged drought, heat or cold, lack of food, injuries and diseases.

The effect of a cold clearly demonstrates the work of provoking mechanisms. Sharp cooling of a heated body, for example, in a draft or drinking cold water, leads to a weakening of factors local immunity, which triggers the sneezing reflex. As a result, various microorganisms, including pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria and viruses), enter the paranasal sinuses, where microbial antigen is presented, an immune response is induced, and, possibly, antigenic information is transmitted directly to the bone marrow. Sneezing and coughing contribute to the formation of individual and collective immunity against acute respiratory infections, influenza, meningitis, encephalitis and other infections.

Of great importance is the mechanism of intracellular preservation of potentially dangerous microorganisms and other methods of preservation (for example, in the tonsils, appendix) with the subsequent possibility of using them to build up specific immunity. However, these same mechanisms can contribute to the occurrence of some acute or chronic diseases (flu, herpes, tonsillitis, appendicitis, etc.). For the same reason, organs and tissues that lie in the path of natural preventive immunization (skin, paranasal sinuses, multirow epithelium of the respiratory tract, columnar epithelium of the intestine, cervix, glandular ducts, periosteum) may also be at increased risk specific diseases or be an entry point for certain diseases (dermatitis, acne, sinusitis, meningitis, encephalitis, gonococcal infection, chlamydia, periostitis, osteomyelitis, etc.).

It turns out that those organs and tissues that are most protected from infections (or lymphoid tissue, or anatomically). If we do not take into account the existence of a preventive strategy and provoking mechanisms, then this state of affairs could be considered absurd. However, the risk of provocation of the most protected structures will be minimal. Therefore, this strategy is implemented, and mainly when the body is in a state of relative physiological norm.

The key role of the “switch” from one mode to another is played by thermoregulation reflexes. But the main function that remains behind them is maintaining a constant core temperature of the body for the most in the best possible way. For this purpose, there are thermoreceptors that are located deep in the skin, in blood vessels, in internal organs, and in the central nervous system (hypothalamus). Skin thermoreceptors in certain places form particularly sensitive zones.

For example, in animals covered with fur, the nose is an important reflex zone. A healthy animal's nose is cold and wet. When thermoregulation is impaired, for example in case of illness, the nose is hot and dry. During sleep, the nose becomes warm and normal.

The wild ancestor of man, who lived in the savannah, with the loss of fur, acquired a more advanced thermoregulation system, the ability to adapt to seasonal and climatic changes, and, at the same time, a higher sensitivity to influences that cause a cold reaction. The main reflex zones of thermoregulation in humans are the feet, the surface of the back in men and the buttocks in women. This is due to differences in the distribution of body weight, diaphragmatic breathing in men (which contributes to the relative cooling of the intercostal respiratory muscles at rest) and chest breathing in women. All of the above regarding women is certainly related to childbearing. In a state of wakefulness, at a certain level of hardening, being in appropriate temperature conditions (or close to comfortable) and light clothing or no clothing, the norm is a cool back in men (this also depends on the physique) and cool buttocks in women.

The strategy of the female body in terms of reproductive function is the same as that of the body as a whole. This is to get over potentially dangerous infections related to the reproductive sphere in advance, before pregnancy. So that during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding have a sufficiently strong specific immunity against genitourinary infections. Thus, hypothermia of a woman’s sensitive areas (legs, buttocks, pelvic area as a whole), especially when the body is warmed up, is the main factor provoking the effect of a cold.

It should be noted that this strategy was appropriate in wild conditions of existence, when the body is well trained by influences external environment. In modern conditions, this strategy can provoke not only mild, asymptomatic infections, but also more severe acute or even chronic diseases (genital herpes, gonorrhea, mycoplasmosis, chlamydia and others). Therefore, preventing infection is the main way to prevent sexually transmitted infections.

In general, the body’s predisposition to provocation and high sensitivity to the infectious microorganisms surrounding it arises only in an active, active state of the body and in relatively comfortable environmental conditions. This means the absence of strong stressors such as cold, extreme heat, hunger and other factors. And the state of health of the body should be relatively normal, since various diseases and injuries are the same stress. The criterion of well-being here is physical activity and activity. According to the principle (or formula): “active means healthy.” Factors that provoke colds and other infections during activity are the inevitable physical impacts environment:

Cooling a warm and sweaty body in the wind (draft).

Cooling your feet when walking on cold ground or wet grass.

Cooling of the nasopharynx by inhaling cold air or drinking cold water.
Consequently, only an active, warmed up and, therefore, healthy organism is exposed to provoking factors according to the formula: “health - activity - provocation”. The biological expediency here lies in the fact that only a relatively healthy organism that has the resources to cope with the infection is exposed to the risk of provocation. Activity and warming up the body (sweating) are criteria for the availability of such resources.

But civilization makes its own adjustments. A sick or weakened person, showing motor activity, can warm up, sweat and also catch a cold. And, conversely, having good health indicators, a modern person may not respond to weak provoking factors of the external environment (being in comfortable conditions) and ultimately fall ill with a serious infectious disease, without having the appropriate specific immunity. Apparently, this situation arose during the Spanish flu pandemic in 1918-1920. Young and middle-aged people with normal living conditions, good nutrition, and high health indicators were infected and most often died.

In the wild, provoking factors are always strong. And the likelihood that a weakened animal will be active is small. When an animal becomes ill, it usually lies down in a secluded place.

Consequently, in modern conditions, not only a healthy organism reacts to provocations. And, conversely, a healthy body, being in comfort, is not always provoked.

Failure to respond to provocations and insensitivity to infection when infected under conditions of prolonged stress also has its limits. Continued stress exposure can lead to distress and increased infection. The latter is true both for the conditions of civilization and for wild conditions.

In a broad sense, the provoking factors of many infections can be various types of activity (or its symbols): overwork, mental stress, heavy exercise stress, exposure to the sun, active sex, spicy, rich food, alcohol, strong negative or positive emotions.

There is such a pattern: among lovers of cold hardening procedures, when staying in cold rooms for a long time or walking in light clothing in winter, colds and flu also occur, but they are postponed to the hot summer period, which was the norm for wild living conditions. In the conditions of modern civilization, most people get sick during the unfavorable autumn-winter and spring periods. That is, the modern human body perceives the winter period as a continuation of summer, when it is warm (in this case indoors) and there is enough food, as a time “safe” for mild infections. This is not a failure of adaptation mechanisms, but only indicates a discrepancy between modern living conditions and the conditions of wild nature.

The degree of hardening and state of health of a modern person only affects the nature of the infection. In a favorable situation (in the absence of strong provoking factors), infections can be asymptomatic. However, good health and strong immunity do not guarantee an asymptomatic course of the infection. It also happens the other way around, an exacerbation with high temperature or subacute course. There is no direct relationship here, since the pattern “health - activity - provocation” influences. In the wild, the acting natural factors and the degree of hardening are always maximum, and infections occur mainly in the lungs or asymptomatic form.

ESCs were obtained that were immunologically compatible with the egg donor

id="2">Researchers from Children's Hospital Boston have developed a new technique for creating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that are immunologically compatible with the recipient's body. In this case, an unfertilized egg is used to obtain ESCs.

The work was performed on mice, but this principle of obtaining ESCs, if its effectiveness is proven for humans, will allow in the future to use this method in cell therapy to obtain individual stem cell lines for each patient that will not be rejected during transplantation. True, this only applies to women.

Another possibility for obtaining individual ESC lines is nuclear transfer, or therapeutic cloning. This method involves removing the nucleus from the egg and transferring the nucleus from the patient's somatic cell into it. No one has yet succeeded in obtaining human ESCs using this technically complex method, but many laboratories in different countries keep trying. New technique– using an unfertilized egg – is much more effective, and gives hope for more quickly obtaining human lines of compatible ESCs.

Scientists using various chemical substances stimulated the parthenogenetic (without fertilization) development of a mouse egg, and when it reached the blastocyst stage, ESCs were isolated. They then tested the resulting cells for expression of genes responsible for compatibility - the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) - and for a match with the MHC of the egg donor. When these cells were injected into an egg donor mouse without immunosuppression, they formed various tissues in the mouse's body, and no rejection was observed.

Researchers are currently trying to obtain ESCs from human eggs in the same way.

To resolve the issue of the possibility of using such ESCs for medical purposes, additional research into their properties is necessary. Some concern is that the expression of some genes in such cells may change, since parthenogenetic ESCs will be homozygous for all genes. This can lead, for example, to the manifestation of unfavorable recessive mutations, which can lead to the development of cancer, other disorders and decreased cell viability.

Based on materials from EurekAlert!

Russia: weather and your health on December 20, 2006

id="3">In the Northwestern region and in middle lane The European territory of Russia will continue to experience colder temperatures. Temperatures are expected to be quite December. Atmospheric pressure in the middle zone will increase and exceed the climate norm.

An increase in atmospheric pressure can cause a deterioration in health in people with unstable blood pressure suffering from vegetative-vascular dystonia, cerebral atherosclerosis. Wet and windy weather is expected in the south of EPR. People with bronchopulmonary diseases and diseases of the joints and spine do not respond to it well. In the southern regions of Siberia the weather will be extremely unfavorable: damp and windy, with intense precipitation and changes in atmospheric pressure. Such weather conditions can cause exacerbation of arthritis, polyarthritis, arthrosis and radiculitis in people suffering from these diseases. This weather is also unfavorable for people with skin diseases, such as psoriasis, eczema, and neurodermatitis. Strong gusty winds can have a detrimental effect on people with unstable nervous system. Severe frosts will continue in the Far East, especially in the northeast of Yakutia. When leaving the room to go outside, you need to dress according to the weather: sharp temperature contrasts are especially poorly tolerated by people with vascular diseases. Be attentive to your health, dress warmly.

New vaccine treats only mosquitoes against malaria

id="4">American scientists are developing a malaria vaccine that stops the development of immature forms of malarial plasmodium in the stomach of mosquitoes.

The drug, which is planned to be used in people in malaria-endemic areas, is a combination of the Pfs25 protein, which plays an important role in the development of Plasmodium falciparum, and several other proteins that are easily recognized by the immune system.

Laboratory tests conducted on mice showed the vaccine to be highly effective. The experiments also confirmed that the animals' immune systems continued to produce the necessary antibodies in increasing quantities three and six months after vaccination.

The only, but very significant, drawback of the new drug is its inability to protect a person who has received the vaccine from infection: the antibodies that are produced in his body do not pose a danger to the intermediate forms (sporozoids) of plasmodium, which are injected into the blood during a bite.

According to Dr. Elias Zerhouni, director of the US National Institutes of Health, which developed the vaccine, its use requires some sacrifice from the individuals who are vaccinated, and therefore commercial distribution of the drug seems highly unlikely.

Watching videos on the subway leads to vision problems

id="5">Watching new modifications of mobile video players in the metro and ground transport leads to an increase in the number of young people in Moscow suffering from vision problems.

The results of a study of passengers on Moscow public transport, conducted by the analytical company AVResearch, are very worrying for the capital’s doctors. This was confirmed by the Institute of Vision Problems of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, where, based on the results of the study, they are now preparing an appeal to the manufacturers of such equipment and to the relevant authorities with an appeal to ban their import and sale in Russia.

The share of active users of visual devices that allow watching movies and television in transport is still less than 1%, but, according to AVResearch, it is increasing by 1000% every year. And the increase in the number of people who like to ride with the image is not accidental. As you know, the Moscow metro and ground transport have long been recognized as one of the most mentally stressful in the world. For example, in London the number of mentally ill passengers is 2%, in New York - 3%, and in Moscow - 4.35%! Besides, constant stress lead to another 9.87% of fellow travelers being on the verge of a nervous breakdown.

Previously, in the digital era, people read books, and it was not for nothing that the Moscow metro was the most read in the world. The growth of audio media, in particular MP3 players, as previously reported by the SmartMarketing research group, is not able to solve the problem, and AVResearch is already noting that the MP3 player market has reached saturation, which is due to the base effect, and the explosive growth in sales of video media. But, unlike books, where the image is “natural” and the eye is accommodated automatically, on the screens of video sources the image is formed in such a way that the final picture is formed “in the brain”. In this case, any shocks and vibrations (and there are plenty of them in transport) lead to the fact that the eyes are constantly trying to focus on the falling bits of information, which leads to their constant overload.

The natural result is massive retinal detachment, optic nerve atrophy, and such “little things” as myopia and astigmatism.

AVResearch warns that the use of video sources with a pixel size of less than 0.2 mm and illumination of less than 100 kD (and more than 95% of mobile video media now have such characteristics) can lead to irreversible consequences for the health of the younger generation.

Alcohol keeps you alive

id="6">Drinking alcohol can save lives, or at least reduce the risk of brain damage from head injuries. These are the results of a study conducted by Canadian specialists.

Researchers at Sunnybrock Medical Science Center found that people under the influence of small amounts of alcohol were more likely to survive disasters.

"Low blood alcohol concentrations reduce the risk of secondary hemorrhage and cerebral hematoma formation," said study author Dr. Homer Tin.

However, the doctor emphasized that alcohol remains the leading cause of car accidents and accidental deaths. “The study only evaluates the effect of alcohol on head injuries,” she said. “We are not calling for widespread drunkenness, especially since high concentrations of alcohol negatively affect brain function.”

HYGIENE AND CARIES PREVENTION PRODUCTS

Oral hygiene is one of the important sections of human personal hygiene and the main preventive measure which should be carried out on all people without exception, regardless of the level of dental morbidity and the condition of the oral cavity. Oral hygiene is valuable because it simultaneously contains all the mechanisms of prevention, since the main goal of hygiene is the chemical-mechanical removal of plaque - the main etiological factor dental caries and periodontal diseases.
Oral hygiene products are a kind of multicomponent system, which includes a variety of natural and synthetic substances intended for both preventive and therapeutic effects on the oral cavity as a whole. The use of individual oral hygiene products is necessary both in the morning and in the evening. Our clinic presents and sells various hygiene products. Our specialists will individually select personal oral hygiene products for you. Let's look at each tool in more detail:
TOOTHBRUSHES
A wide selection of modern hygiene products allows you to choose the best option for each individual case. Even the most basic hygiene product, like a toothbrush, today is represented by such a huge selection of models that it amazes any imagination and thereby makes it difficult to choose.
Toothbrushes are usually divided into main categories based on the softness of the bristles.

Ultra-hard bristles;
Stiff bristles;
Medium hard bristles;
Soft bristles;
Super soft bristles.

As a rule, toothbrushes with hard and ultra-hard bristles are in demand among people whose teeth have large deposits of tartar. These are mainly people with bad habits, such as smoking, abuse of black coffee and strong tea.
Brushes with medium-hard bristles are the most common option, suitable for people with healthy teeth And normal condition gums
Brushes with soft and super-soft bristles are intended for use by people with bleeding and gum disease, as well as after surgical procedures in the oral cavity.
Among other things, they all differ in the shape of the bristles, the number of rows of bristles, and their purpose.
For example, for wearers of removable dentures, special brushes with stiff bristles have been developed. For patients with orthodontic structures, most often their representatives are children wearing braces, there are brushes with monotuft attachments that are designed to clean the spaces between the structural elements and the surface of the teeth, as well as the spaces between the teeth.
Brushes are also divided by size for a reason. A toothbrush with a large head is difficult to fit in the mouth, which interferes with optimal and proper brushing movements. A brush with a medium and small head easily penetrates hard-to-reach places, such as behind the cheek surface of wisdom teeth.
Various types and forms of bristle trimming are the development of specialists in order to improve the quality of dental hygiene, through forceful protrusions on the bristles, making it easy to clean both the visible and invisible surfaces of the teeth.
Buying the right toothbrush is half the battle. It is also important to know how to brush your teeth properly and how to store your brush.
You should brush your teeth twice a day: in the morning after breakfast and in the evening before bed. Our specialists will tell you and teach you about proper teeth cleaning techniques at your appointment.
A toothbrush needs to be changed on average every three months, since pathogenic microflora accumulate on its bristles, and the brush wears out and does not clean plaque well.
It is advisable to change the brush after suffering from a sore throat, flu, stomatitis and other diseases of the mucous membrane of the mouth and nasopharynx. If this is not possible, then the brush must be washed well and treated with an antiseptic.
There is an opinion that a brush made of natural bristles is healthier. This is wrong!!! Natural fibers are significantly porous, thereby accumulating more bacteria, and natural bristles are quite soft and do not provide high-quality teeth cleaning.
In addition to regular (manual) toothbrushes, there are electric and sonic toothbrushes. This is a pretty good choice, especially for people who smoke, but they need to be used in the same way as a regular one. Purchasing such brushes does not free you from full cleaning according to the same rules as when using conventional (manual) brushes. The main advantage of such toothbrushes is additional vibration for more effective removal plaque and dental plaque.
A toothbrush is a personal hygiene product; under no circumstances should you give your brush to others for use in order to avoid infection not only infectious diseases. But also caries, since it has long been proven that contact transmission of caries occurs. The toothbrush must be stored separately. Under the cap is certainly convenient, but not hygienic. The bristles must dry completely, since additional moisture is an ideal environment for the active growth of bacteria. After cleaning, the brush must be rinsed well with water and/or an antiseptic solution.

MOUTH RINSES
Dental elixirs (rinses) are intended for rinsing the mouth and are additional means of oral hygiene; they are not substitutes for toothpastes. They improve the cleaning of the surface of the teeth, prevent the formation of plaque, and deodorize the oral cavity. Mouth rinses can be produced in the form of ready-to-use solutions, or in the form of liquid concentrates or dry matter that require dilution in certain proportions. They can also be alcohol-containing or non-alcoholic. Alcohol-free mouthwashes are suitable for children from the age when the child acquires mouth rinsing skills. Based on their properties and composition, rinses are divided in the same way as toothpastes. The mouthwash should be used twice a day, after brushing your teeth, strictly following the manufacturer's instructions. It is very important to use a mouth rinse in the evening, since the film of active ingredients it creates remains on the teeth and works all night while you sleep. It has long been known that at night everything recovery processes in the body they occur faster and more actively, therefore, the use of maintenance therapy for teeth is just as important at night.
ORAL FOAM
According to most dentists, brushing your teeth in the morning and evening is not enough - after every meal you must clean your mouth, because plaque forms. Every time after eating, pieces of food remain on the teeth. They are the ones who form plaque. Under and inside plaque, like a sponge, live microbes that destroy teeth. Specialists have introduced a new development - this is a foam that allows you to constantly maintain the oral cavity in good condition. Foam is an additional hygiene product. The foam is based on the enzyme papain. It dissolves plaque. The foam should be applied to the teeth, held in the mouth for 20-30 seconds, and then spat out. The foam is intended for people of any age, suitable for people with dentures and orthodontic devices. Just like paste, foams are divided into adult and children's, and differ in their composition. The use of foams is very convenient outside the home, for example, on the road, at work or at school, when after eating it is not possible to brush your teeth with a brush and paste. It must be remembered that foam does not replace the usual morning and evening classic brushing of teeth, but using foam instead of mouth rinse is possible.
DENTAL FILES (FLOSSSES)
Flosses are designed to thoroughly remove plaque and food debris from contact surfaces of teeth that are difficult to reach with a brush. Flosses are made from special synthetic fiber. Flosses can be waxed or unwaxed, round or flat, with or without impregnation. Unwaxed threads are thinner and move more easily when teeth are closely spaced, but when teeth are crowded, large quantities Tartar or overhanging edges of fillings are better to use waxed threads. Some dental floss is impregnated active ingredients, providing anti-inflammatory effects, anti-caries, etc. Impregnation allows you to further strengthen the tooth enamel and prevent inflammation of the oral mucosa.
Flat flosses penetrate dense interdental spaces more easily, but for incompetent fillings and orthopedic structures, round weave flosses are better suited.
In addition, there are superflosses - threads with one-sided thickening. This thread has a hard tip and a combination of unwaxed fragments and wider nylon fiber. It allows you to clean the contact surfaces of the teeth, and also contributes to a more thorough removal of food debris and plaque from the orthopedic and orthodontic structures existing in the oral cavity.
How to use floss: a thread 35-40 cm long is wound around the first phalanx of the middle fingers of both hands. Then carefully insert the tensioned thread (using index fingers on the lower jaw and thumbs on the upper jaw) along the contact surface of the tooth, trying not to injure the periodontal papilla. With a few strokes, the threads remove all soft deposits. Consistently clean the contact surfaces on all sides of each tooth. If used incorrectly, you can injure your gums, so it is advisable to use threads after prior training from a dentist. Children can floss themselves from the age of 10. Before this age, parents are recommended to clean the contact surfaces of children's teeth.
INTERDENTAL BRUSHES
Special interdental brushes are designed to clean interdental spaces, cervical areas of teeth, spaces under bridges and fixed orthodontic structures.
They are usually small in size; the working part can consist of one bundle of fibers, cut into a cone, or several bundles placed in one row. Your dentist will help you choose the correct diameter of the brush, since with an incorrectly selected diameter there is a high risk of damage to the periodontal papilla or failure to clean the interdental space, which leads to an inflammatory process.
TONGUE BRUSHES
Brushing your teeth should end with cleaning the back of your tongue, since the tongue is a kind of reservoir for bacteria. The papillae on the back of the tongue create a large and uneven surface, which promotes the accumulation of microorganisms and food debris.
The varying sizes of these papillae create depressions and elevations, making the tongue an ideal place for bacteria to grow. Food debris that accumulates in the recesses between the papillae is used by bacteria for their vital functions in other parts of the oral cavity.
Removing bacteria and food debris can slow the rate of plaque formation, which can help reduce dental caries and reduce bad breath. Tongue brushes are made of metal or plastic. Their action is based on the mechanical removal of food debris and accumulation of bacteria from the back of the tongue. This brush is placed on the back of the tongue as close to its root as possible and moved forward, lightly pressing on the tongue. This brush is especially recommended for use when there is plaque on the tongue, in the presence of deep “grooves” on the surface of the tongue, and for smokers.
TOOTHPICKS
Toothpicks are an additional means of oral hygiene and are designed to remove food debris from the interdental spaces and dental plaque from the lateral surfaces of the teeth.
Toothpicks are made of wood or plastic, their shape can be triangular, flat or round, sometimes toothpicks are flavored with menthol.
When using a toothpick, it is placed at an angle of 45° to the tooth, with its end in the gingival groove and the side pressed against the surface of the tooth. The tip of the toothpick is then moved along the tooth, following from the base of the groove to the contact point of the teeth. If a toothpick is used incorrectly, injury to the interdental papilla and a change in its contour can occur, which, in turn, leads to the formation of space, a gap between the teeth.
ORAL IRRIGATOR
An irrigator is an additional means of oral hygiene. There are stationary irrigators - they are connected to a household electrical network, as well as portable (travel) irrigators - they operate from a built-in energy source. The irrigator allows you to carry out the standard procedure of cleaning your teeth and gums more efficiently. It is a device through the nozzle of which a targeted jet of liquid is supplied, which must first be poured into the reservoir (except for devices connected to a water supply). In this case, the jet can be sprayed, centered, pulsating or constant. The centered jet washes away food debris and also partially removes soft plaque from the surface of the teeth, tongue, and gums. The shower mode massages the mucous membrane, tongue, and gums, thereby normalizing blood circulation.
The irrigator can be used both for the treatment and prevention of oral diseases. The choice of irrigation fluid depends on your goals. Plain water is not suitable, as it does not eliminate pathogenic microflora of the oral cavity. Therefore, solutions that have preventive or therapeutic effect. To choose the one that is most suitable for you, consult a dentist. Using an irrigator allows you to reduce the number of forced visits to the dentist (by preventive examinations you still have to come), increase the service life of implants, crowns, fillings. Since a toothbrush is not able to thoroughly clean all the gaps and hard-to-reach places, a directed stream of water or solution can easily cope with this task. Absolute contraindications There is no need to use the device. But, its improper use can lead to unpleasant consequences. Particular caution is required for people with cardiovascular diseases or acute stage of periodontitis. As for the frequency of use of the device, as a rule, 2-3 times a week is enough to achieve optimal results. But when using an irrigator as additional means When treating periodontal diseases, the oral irrigator will need to be used more often. But no matter what problem you are trying to solve with of this device, you should definitely consult your dentist. He will help you choose suitable mode procedures, as well as the optimal type of solution, water supply mode, jet type, etc.
THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE SPRAYS
Often people face the problem of bad breath (halitosis). The appearance of which is associated with various factors, the leading of which are substances (products) of the vital activity of bacteria living in the oral cavity. As long as the number of bacteria is normal, there is practically no odor, but as soon as microorganisms begin to multiply uncontrollably, the odor becomes strong and unpleasant. Often an unpleasant odor is caused by smoking or poor oral hygiene. Bad breath can also be a consequence a certain regime and type of food. Bad breath often leads to numerous psychological problems and creates barriers to normal communication between people, so dentists have developed an oral spray that should become mandatory attribute for people suffering from this problem. The main components of the sprays are essential oils combined with menthol, which actively eliminate unpleasant odor after smoking, eating and drinking coffee and unpleasant odor caused by other reasons. The social well-being of people who regularly use oral spray is largely related to their strong confidence in the cleanliness and freshness of their own breath. An open, wide smile allows you to win over even the most distrustful interlocutor. Conversely, halitosis can be such a repulsive factor that people around them remember only the disgusting smell and forget all the undeniable advantages of their interlocutor. Many manufacturers add additional components to sprays aimed not only at eliminating odor, but also at preventing and treating diseases of the oral mucosa. Using sprays is easy and simple, but you must remember that bad breath, in some cases, can be a sign of gastrointestinal diseases. intestinal tract or severe disease of the oral mucosa. If the problem of bad breath bothers you, then consult a dentist and gastroenterologist.
ORAL CONCENTRATES
In a diverse range of personal hygiene products special place allocated to concentrates for the oral cavity, which most often come in the form of pastes and gels. Concentrates, or as they are also called - Active pastes or gels, should be used only after consultation with the attending dentist, since such products are mainly used as medicinal products. There are Active pastes aimed at treating gum diseases. This type of paste can be used as a hygienic paste for cleaning teeth, as well as a paste for applications to the mucous membrane (but only strictly according to indications). There are also concentrated gels for the treatment of hypersensitivity of teeth. These gels must be used in addition to regular paste, or instead of it, and since application on teeth to achieve maximum effect. It must be remembered that concentrates are most often used according to a scheme that includes mandatory breaks for 3-4 weeks after active use for 2-3 weeks. This is due to the body becoming accustomed to the substances included in the composition and, as a result, a decrease in the effectiveness of treatment. Before you start using Active (concentrated) pastes, gels and other products, you must PLEASE READ THE INSTRUCTIONS. Improper use can aggravate the disease of the oral mucosa and lead to irreversible consequences. Do not self-medicate; our specialists will help you understand the variety of products and select an individual product for oral hygiene.
INDICATORS OF PLAQUE
Plaque forms very quickly - it is enough not to brush your teeth for 12 hours for it to form in sufficient quantities. It is therefore not surprising that plaque indicator is an important and necessary product among products that improve oral hygiene. It helps determine which areas of the mouth require cleaning and how intense it should be. If the plaque has formed for a long time, it can be seen with the naked eye. This is a yellowish or whitish coating on the teeth, from which various toothpastes help, folk remedies, as well as cleaning at the dentist. But first you need to determine whether you have plaque, and if so, where it is located. Plaque indicators come in the form of tablets or solutions that turn hidden plaque into a bright color, helping you identify the location of the plaque. These products are actively used in children to improve oral hygiene, as well as for teaching teeth brushing. The plaque indicator is biocompatible and safe to use, ideal for children. It will be an excellent assistant in teaching how to properly brush your teeth. By cleaning away the coloring matter that has settled on plaque, children understand the importance of thorough daily brushing of their teeth.
Individual oral hygiene is the thorough and regular removal of dental plaque from the surface of the teeth, gums and tongue using various means. The health of your teeth is in your hands! Remember to brush your teeth at least in the morning after breakfast and in the evening before bed. Our clinic specialists will help you choose personal oral hygiene products. IN Dental Center"Club 32" is on sale wide range personal hygiene products.

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