Screening is one of the most accurate and modern studies. The doctor may prescribe screening of the heart, liver, stomach, examination of the mammary glands in women, screening to determine pregnancy pathologies. Each procedure must be justified from a medical point of view.
Recently, all categories of the population have been screened. This procedure is called medical examination, and all residents of the country participate in it. General screening allows early detection of many serious diseases. IN standard procedure includes:
- The screening itself, that is, collecting data about the patient, his state of health, chronic diseases, allergies and other characteristics of the body, measuring height and weight. All data is entered into the form and medical card patient;
- Blood pressure measurement;
- Taking blood from a vein and from a finger to analyze the level of glucose, cholesterol, and biochemical analysis;
- Stool and urine analysis;
- Electrocardiogram of the heart;
- Fluorography;
- Cervical smear and breast examination in women.
The list of tests may include other studies if there are deviations in the patient’s health condition. The screening is summed up by a therapist who looks at the tests as a whole and makes a diagnosis of the presence or absence hidden diseases And general condition body. As a result preventive measures acceptance It is possible to detect diseases at the earliest stages, and monitor the health status of not only each patient, but also the entire population.
Screening during pregnancy
If medical examination of the population is a new event, and not every person undergoes it on time, then during pregnancy doctors recommend that all expectant mothers, without exception, undergo all tests. The examination includes a blood test and ultrasound, and often this is enough to accurately determine the gestational age, the weight and size of the child, its growth rate and developmental pathologies, if any. The most important screening is considered to be the first trimester, during which several serious diseases that are incompatible with further development fetus and pose a threat to the life of the mother.
1st trimester screening includes:
- Ultrasound examination of the fetus and uterine cavity;
- Testing a woman's blood level human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated protein-A.
The first stage is ultrasound diagnostics. It already allows early stages track the development of pregnancy, identify ectopic, frozen or multiple pregnancies, and identify abnormalities in the development of the fetus.
The study is carried out at 11-13 obstetric weeks of pregnancy, since at a later or earlier date the test will be less informative.
Ultrasound diagnostics of the uterine cavity of a pregnant woman allows you to determine:
- Exact gestational age up to one day;
- Condition of the cervix and uterine cavity;
- The location of the fetus in the uterine cavity;
- Coccygeal-parietal size of the fetus and its total length;
- Fetal head circumference and biparental size, as well as the symmetry and level of development of the cerebral hemispheres;
- The thickness of the child's collar space and the size of the nasal bone.
All these data together make it possible to make an accurate diagnosis and predict the course of pregnancy. Based on the size of the fetus, several serious pathologies are determined at the first screening, such as Down syndrome, micro-, macro- and anencephaly, Edwards syndrome, Patau, and a number of other diseases that are incompatible with life in most cases.
Ultrasound diagnostics is performed both transvaginally and through the abdominal wall. Since the first research method gives more exact result, for the first screening in early pregnancy it is more preferable.
It is equally important during diagnosis to evaluate the blood flow and heart function of the fetus. A rapid or slow heartbeat is most often also a sign of pathology. It is important to notice poor blood flow in the umbilical cord vessels as early as possible, since the baby receives oxygen and nutrients, and their lack has a detrimental effect on its growth and development.
The second stage of screening during pregnancy is a detailed biochemical blood test.
You can donate blood only after ultrasound diagnostics, since ultrasound allows you to accurately determine the age of the fetus.This is important for a correct diagnosis, since hormone levels change every day, and an incorrect date can confuse the doctor. As a result, the tests will be considered abnormal, and the patient will be given an erroneous diagnosis. During the test, the amount of human chorionic gonadotropin and protein A in the blood is assessed.
Human chorionic gonadotropin is a substance produced by the fetal membrane.Based on its presence in the patient’s body, doctors determine the very presence of pregnancy already in its first weeks. The content of human chorionic gonadotropin reaches its maximum by week 13, and then the level of the hormone gradually decreases. Depending on whether it is increased hCG level or decreased, doctors can draw a conclusion about fetal pathologies and upcoming difficulties with bearing the fetus.
The second hormone, the content of which is assessed during the first screening, is protein-A. The development of the placenta and the body’s immunity depend on it. Essentially, this hormone rebuilds a woman’s body, adapting it to bearing a fetus.
Based on the results of all three studies, the MoM index is derived, which shows the risk of developing pathologies and abnormalities. When calculating the coefficient, the height, weight and age of the mother, her bad habits, and previous pregnancies are taken into account. All information collected during screening provides an accurate picture, according to which the doctor can make an accurate diagnosis. This method has been used for more than 30 years, and during this time it has established itself as one of the most accurate research methods.
If the patient is at risk, she is recommended to undergo screening during the second and third trimester of pregnancy.But subsequent screenings are not necessary if the woman is healthy, under 35 years old, and has not previously had problems with pregnancy and childbirth.
Breast examination
Breast screening, or mamography, is one of the most important for women.
It allows early diagnosis of benign or malignant tumors mammary gland, identify lumps in the breast, dark spots in the pictures, and begin their treatment as early as possible.
Breast examination is not necessary medical procedure. The easiest way to diagnose breast diseases is self-palpation. It is recommended to carry it out a week after the end of menstruation, when the gland tissue is most loose and even small nodules can be felt. Doctors recommend that even young girls do this, and from the age of twenty, independent examination of both mammary glands becomes mandatory.
Clinical breast examination is performed in medical institutions. Most often it is performed by a gynecologist during routine examinations.
Based on the results of the examination, the doctor can either refer the patient for a detailed examination of the mammary glands, or decide that she is healthy.
The third and most accurate screening is mammography. It is carried out by a mammologist who makes an accurate diagnosis. In some ways, mammography is similar to fluorography, but not everything is “in focus” of the X-ray machine. rib cage and her internal cavity, but only the patient’s chest.
To undergo a mammogram, a woman must undress and press tightly against the device. The exposed mammary glands are pressed tightly on both sides with special plates, and the laboratory assistant takes a picture. Later, a photograph showing homogeneous tissues and fates increased density, is transferred to a radiologist or mammologist, who makes an accurate diagnosis for the patient.
Mammography should be performed regularly, starting from 35-40 years - at least once a year.For older women, after menopause, mammography is recommended once every two years.
This method of examining the mammary glands has many opponents among doctors and scientists. This is due to the fact that X-ray radiation, even in small doses, can provoke the development of breast cancer. The second argument against the examination procedure mammary gland– low reliability of screening. Studies have shown that approximately 20% of mammograms are false positive, leading to nervous disorders in female patients, and the need to undergo painful biopsies. Therefore, despite the fact that most doctors recommend regular mammography to prevent the risk of developing diseases, more and more patients refuse to undergo breast examinations unless absolutely necessary.
Heart screening test
If a person has a congenital or acquired heart defect, chronic diseases, excess weight, poor heredity, or routine screening reveals abnormalities in the functioning of the heart muscle, the doctor may recommend that the patient undergo additional research.
The first and one of the most accurate methods for diagnosing heart disease is electrocardiography. This study has been carried out for more than fifty years, and during this time it has established itself as one of the most accurate diagnostic methods.
The method is based on recording the difference in electrical potentials in tense and relaxed muscles, in in this case- cardiac muscle.
Sensitive sensors that are installed on left side chest, wrists and abdominal wall of the patient, catch electric field, which occurs during the operation of the organ, and the second part of the device records changes in electric fields.This method can detect even the most minor deviations from the norm in the functioning of the heart.
The second, more accurate method of studying the functioning of the heart is ultrasound. To carry out the diagnosis, the patient takes a horizontal position, a gel is applied to his chest, designed to facilitate the sliding of the sensor over the skin and remove air, and the test is performed. On the monitor, the doctor sees the outlines of the organ in statics and dynamics, and can track the presence pathological changes, thickening or thinning of muscles, irregular rhythm, which indicates the presence of diseases.
The second screening method is transesophageal cardiac examination.
This study is less pleasant for the patient, but thanks to high precision and the reliability of the result, screening is recommended using this method.The need to insert a probe into the patient’s esophagus is associated with the characteristics of ultrasound examinations. Thus, bone is an insurmountable obstacle for ultrasound, and the muscles that create a dense frame on the chest and ribs partially absorb the radiation. It must be remembered that ultrasound used in medical purposes, has a small radius of spread, and therefore a transesophageal examination of the heart is recommended even if the patient suffers from severe obesity.
During insertion of the probe, the patient lies on his side on the couch, and the doctor applies to the throat and oral cavity anesthetic drug, inserts a probe and examines his internal organs.When diagnosing the heart through the esophagus, the organ becomes visible in more detail, for example, the aorta, large vessels, myocardial tissue and the heart muscles themselves can be clearly distinguished. In the same way, patients are examined before heart surgery or if repair of an implanted pacemaker is necessary.
Carrying out ultrasound examination method through the esophagus is recommended for diagnosing diseases of all organs located in chest cavity, behind the ribs.
These include the stomach, liver, lungs, spleen, and in some cases even the kidneys are examined this way.During screening, the abdominal organs can be examined much easier - ultrasound easily penetrates the tissues of the anterior abdominal wall into the abdominal cavity.
Timely completion of screenings required by age and health status will allow each person to maintain wellness. Detection and diagnosis of health problems during pregnancy is especially important, since screening during pregnancy can help not only the mother, but also the fetus. No less important regular examinations in old age, after past diseases or operations. A simple screening procedure, which can be done at a local clinic, can bring great benefit person and maintain health.
In order for patients to get sick less, be healthy and live in complete harmony with themselves and the outside world, constant monitoring of their health by a doctor is necessary. In this regard, such boring words as “prevention” and “dispensary examination” should again become an integral part of the work of a doctor of any specialty.
A person rarely becomes sick overnight. It doesn’t happen that yesterday he was super healthy, and today he’s full of illnesses. Something happens between these states. The problem is that as long as there are no specific complaints, patients rarely consult a doctor. And here the intervention of an experienced doctor is a very important aspect in the prevention of the most various diseases.
To identify inconsistencies and deviations from the generally accepted norm in the state of health, it is necessary to revive preventive examinations and medical examination, but at a more modern level.
That is why:
1) in modern medicine The role of screening diagnostics and preventive measures has increased to help a person return to health in time. healthy image life, recognize the disease in time and eliminate the risk of early complications;
2) in the Western rational world, the CHECK UP system is actively developing - annual examinations by a doctor, with simultaneous diagnostic and laboratory research in order to identify deviations and negative trends.
Screening studies - what is it?
A modern form of prevention is screening (from English screening) - a mass examination of people. The word itself is translated as “protection”, “shielding”, “protection from the unfavorable”.
The vast majority of our patients are not familiar with this concept, and some have not even heard of it. But for many, a screening examination of the body could help avoid serious problems with health! And every doctor must remember that a comprehensive medical examination of the body can help to “catch” the transition from health to ill health or the beginning of the development of a disease, after which take active and effective measures for its treatment and restoration of the patient’s “shaky” health.
The official definition of the concept of “screening” is a set of activities in the system health carried out for the purpose of early detection and prevention of the development of various diseases in the population.
There are two types of screenings:
A – mass (universal) screening, which involves all persons from a certain category (for example, all children of the same age).
B – random (selective) screening used in patients at risk (for example, screening of family members in case of detection hereditary disease). Or an in-depth study if the patients' parents had a "serious" illness and high risk which the patient also has.
We will not consider option A - these are issues of epidemiological research. Let's focus on option B.
The benefits of screening studies in these cases:
Ability to quickly navigate the solution medical problems both in the presence of symptoms and complaints in patients, and in their absence, and then prescribe adequate intervention;
allows you to purposefully and accurately select specialized medical care and clinical examinations, which are not always easy to implement and are not safe;
reduce the time of recovery and taking medications, control the doses, compatibility and quality of the drugs used;
Identify underlying processes and the cause of symptoms. Often the main focus of pathology is hidden and does not “signal”, since chronic processes and degenerative processes take place in it.
Who needs screening diagnostics?
Every adult and child living in a large or industrial city. The ecological situation of such places is itself a risk factor for various diseases - this is the price of the “success” of our civilization.
The trend towards “rejuvenation” of many formidable diseases, which arose during the development of industry and technology, is intensifying. Therefore, preventive screening examinations should be carried out in all age groups: children, teenagers, adults and elderly people.
Increasingly, young people, by generally accepted standards, are found to have oncological diseases, which are the result not only of an unfavorable environmental situation, but also of an unhealthy lifestyle, violation of work and rest schedules, physical inactivity, unbalanced and rich harmful products diet.
But not only cancer diseases have become “younger”! The disease has become “younger” of cardio-vascular system, lungs, liver, thyroid gland, breasts and other organs.
And we're not talking about diabetes mellitus, the risk of development of which increases every year.
Screening laboratory tests
Laboratory tests are a very important component in screening activities.
Important! In modern Ukrainian laboratory reality, the ratio of screening tests and studies that are prescribed for already identified diseases and for “late” patients’ treatment is 1:9. That is, only about 10% go to doctors BEFORE the appearance of serious complaints, and not AFTER!!!
Laboratory tests during screening are divided into routine and special.
Routine examinations make it possible not to “miss” the most common abnormalities in the body. These include:
General blood analysis;
general analysis urine;
biochemical blood tests – total protein, liver tests, creatinine/urea, blood glucose;
stool occult blood test.
Special screening studies are aimed at searching for diseases and conditions that the patient is at risk of developing. Among them, the most common and important are:
Cholesterol and its fractions – to assess the risk of developing atherosclerosis;
glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) + HOMA index – to assess the development of prediabetes, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance;
TSH – to exclude involvement of the thyroid gland in “masked” symptoms;
HbsAg – to exclude hepatitis B “masks”;
cortisol - the “stress hormone” - it is especially important to evaluate the chronic increase in this hormone;
prostatic specific antigen(PSA, PSA) in men, since its high level in the blood serum gives reason to suspect the presence of prostate cancer;
PAP test and HPV (human papillomavirus) - to eliminate the risk of developing cervical cancer.
Important! If there is the slightest doubt and existing grounds, it is necessary to prescribe screening laboratory tests in combination with instrumental methods.
Remember that it is better to be overly safe than underdressed!!!
Health diagnostics should be carried out annually, the same opinion is shared by World Health Organization, who recommended regular examinations by qualified specialists as a preventative measure. At the same time, you should not limit yourself to a superficial examination, but find time to conduct a complete medical examination. In this case, the chances of identifying a serious disease on its early stage increase significantly, and, as a result, the likelihood of it successful treatment.
Our clinic offers you the opportunity to undergo a medical examination in comfortable conditions in 1-2 days.
You will pass:
- consultation with the leading family doctor of the clinic
- instrumental and laboratory diagnostics
- functional check
You'll get:
- detailed health report
- treatment recommendations
- recommendations for necessary additional examinations
General diagnostic programs (check-ups) for adults
Special diagnostic programs (check-up) for adults
General diagnostic program (check-up) for children
What is screening?
Perhaps many, having read the title, will ask themselves the question: “What is screening?”
In fact, the vast majority of people have no idea about it, and some have never even heard of the word! Meanwhile, many of these people body screening examination could help avoid serious health problems! After all, it has long been known that the earlier a problem was detected, the greater the chances of its successful elimination. It follows from this that a periodic full examination of the body of people at risk for a particular disease can help to “catch” the onset of the development of pathology and take active and effective measures to cure it. At the same time the price full diagnostics of the human body in our clinic in Moscow is immeasurably lower than the cost of treating advanced diseases, both in monetary terms and morally!
It is widely believed that Screening means “Sifting, selection.” In HR management this may be true. But this word has another translation: “Protection,” “Protecting someone from something unfavorable.” It is this meaning that underlies the term “screening studies”.
Complete/comprehensive examination of the body
Generally speaking, go through from time to time full (comprehensive) medical examination is worth it to any adult living in Moscow or another large or industrial city, since, as a rule, the environmental situation in such places is itself a risk factor for various diseases. This is the price that people pay for the opportunity to be closer “to civilization.”
You should not think that we are talking exclusively about older people. Unfortunately, the tendency towards “rejuvenation” of many formidable diseases, which arose during the development of industry and technology, is not weakening, but on the contrary, it is intensifying. Increasingly, young people, by generally accepted standards, are diagnosed with cancer, which is the result not only of an unfavorable environmental situation, but also of an unhealthy lifestyle, violation of work and rest schedules, physical inactivity, an unbalanced diet rich in harmful foods, and the like. But not only cancer diseases have become “younger”! Diseases of the cardiovascular system, lungs, liver, and other organs have become “younger.”
None of us can be completely confident that these formidable diseases have not yet taken root in our bodies, which is why periodic comprehensive medical examination of all organs and systems of the body is a necessity, not a luxury (by the way, the price of screening tests in Moscow is relatively low , as you can see by looking at the table below) for any person, starting from the age of 30 - 35 years!
What screening programs does GMS Clinic offer?
It is clear that problems that arise in people of different genders and different age categories, are of a different nature. In order to most effectively identify these problems and, at the same time, optimize the cost of this process for our patients, GMS Clinic specialists have developed several programs, each of which is intended and recommended for people of a certain gender and age.
It is worth noting that, despite some differences in volume associated with specific features people included in the group for which this or that screening program is intended, all of them are expected to undergo a full examination of the body, including computer diagnostics, all the necessary tests and studies, allowing one to draw correct conclusions about the state of the human body as a whole and its functioning individual systems.
That is, we can say that the periodic passage by people full examination body with the necessary research and analysis for their age and gender, allows us to minimize the risk that a person will suddenly find himself faced with the fact that he has serious illness in an advanced stage.
Why GMS Clinic?
Screening examination in modern understanding this term is a complex and high-tech process that includes many laboratory studies, computer diagnostics of the body, the latest medical equipment is involved in this process.
But, of course, it is not only advances in medical technology that make screening effective. The main condition is the highest qualifications and practical experience doctors and specialists! After all, computer diagnostics of the body is not sufficient; its results will not tell a layman anything. To interpret them correctly, the doctor often must have not only a solid store of theoretical knowledge, but also intuition, which comes with experience. Only then, with the help of a screening study, is it possible to detect the disease at the earliest stage, when there are no obvious symptoms yet, there are only its first precursors.
We, at GMS Clinic, employ professionals of the highest standard, many of them have experience working in clinics in Europe and the USA. Their professionalism and experience are harmoniously complemented by the most modern diagnostic and laboratory equipment, and excellent conditions created in our clinic. All this makes screening in our clinic extremely effective! It will not be an exaggeration to say that GMS Clinic is on a par with the best European and world clinics! By contacting us and choosing one of our screening programs, you are not just spending money - you are investing in your health and prosperity!
More about our programs medical examination You can find out from the table above, and if you have any questions, please contact us by phone +7 495 781 5577, +7 800 302 5577 . You will find the address and directions to our clinic in the Contact information section.
Why GMS Clinic?
GMS Clinic is a multidisciplinary medical and diagnostic center, providing wide range medical services and the opportunity to solve most health problems with the help of Western-level medicine without leaving Moscow.
- No queues
- Own parking
- Individual approach
to every patient - Western and Russian standards of evidence-based medicine
SCREENING- in 1951, the US Commission on chronic diseases defined screening as: “The presumptive identification of an unrecognized disease or defect by means of tests, examinations, or other easily administered procedures.”
Screening tests can distinguish between apparently healthy people those who are likely to have the disease and those who are likely not to have it. The screening test is not intended to be diagnostic. Individuals with positive or suspicious results should be referred to their physicians for diagnosis and treatment. necessary treatment" The initiative to conduct screening usually comes from the researcher, person or organization that provides medical care, and not from the patient with complaints. Typically screening is aimed at chronic diseases and to identify the disease for which health care It doesn't turn out yet. Screening allows you to identify risk factors, genetic predispositions and harbingers or early manifestations diseases. Exist different types medical screening, each of which has its own focus.
Types of screening
- Mass screening(Mass S.) simply means screening the entire population.
- Complex or multidimensional screening(Multiple or multiphasic S.) involves the use of various screening tests at the same time.
- Preventive screening(Prescriptive S.) aims at early detection apparently healthy people diseases, the control of which may be more successful if detected at an early stage. Example: Mammography to detect breast cancer. Characteristics of a screening test include accuracy, estimated number of cases detected, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and validity. (See also: detectable preclinical period, measurements.)
- Selective screening- carried out in the absence of symptoms, but in the presence of one or more risk factors for developing the disease being sought, for example, indications of diseases in immediate relatives, lifestyle characteristics, or the subject’s belonging to a population with a high prevalence of the corresponding disease
- Genetic screening(GENETIC SCREENING) - the use of molecular biology methods to identify mutations that are present in humans and increase the risk of developing a disease, for example, the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which significantly increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer in women. Genetic screening may raise ethical issues, such as notifying people if they have increased risk illnesses, effective treatment which does not exist. Problems may also arise if the diagnostic result could lead to problems with employment and insurance.
- Systematic (sample-free) screening– carried out to all individuals in a certain population, for example, ultrasound screening of chromosomal pathology, which is carried out in the first trimester of pregnancy. The population for this screening is all pregnant women without exception.
- Selective screening– carried out among persons exposed to certain risk factors that can cause a particular disease. An example of such screening is the study medical workers on the incidence of hepatitis B and C, HIV, syphilis, because representatives of these professions are in contact with biological fluids potentially sick people and, accordingly, have an increased risk of contracting these infectious diseases.
Terms and concepts characterizing screening
- Screening level(SCREENING LEVEL) - the limit of the “norm” or the separation point beyond which the screening test is considered positive.
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Prognostic value of a diagnostic test
- Likelihood ratio
- False positive results
- False Negatives
Screening criteria
Below are the screening criteria proposed by the UK NATIONAL SCREENING COMMITTEE:
Screenable disease or condition
- The disease or condition being screened has a significant impact on the patient's health;
- The etiology and pathogenesis of the disease must be carefully studied, risk factors for the development of the disease and its signs must be known, which can be identified in the latent or early stages of its development;
- All must be applied effective measures aimed at preventing the development of the disease;
- It is necessary to take into account the possible ethical and psychological consequences of screening for individuals who are carriers of a gene mutation when screening for gene diseases with a recessive mode of inheritance.
Screening test
- Must be simple to implement, safe for the patient’s health, accurate and reliable;
- The normal distribution of test values in the population being examined must be known, and an acceptable threshold level for test values at which the screening result will be considered positive must be established;
- the test must be acceptable to the population being tested;
- Screening for gene-related diseases should be carried out only for those diseases for which it is possible to diagnose all possible gene mutations that cause the disease. If it is not possible to diagnose all gene mutations, screening for a given gene disease should not be performed.
Treatment
- If the disease is diagnosed at an early stage, there must be an effective treatment.
- Efficacy on disease outcomes early diagnosis and treatment must be proven in clinical studies
- Before implementing a screening program in clinical practice Clear organization of the actions of all health care institutions involved in screening and treatment of this disease is necessary.
Screening program
The developed screening program must meet a number of requirements:
- The effectiveness of the screening program should be confirmed in the framework of RCTs. Main criteria: reduction in morbidity and mortality from the disease being screened.
- Availability of evidence of the accuracy of the screening test to detect the disease under study.
- Proposed screening studies must be clinically acceptable and ethical
- The benefits of screening must outweigh the potential physical and psychological harm that the patient may experience as a result of participating in the screening program.
- Economic feasibility: the cost of screening should not exceed the costs of diagnosing and treating the disease if it is detected at a later date.
- Constant quality control of the current program
- Before implementing a screening program, you should ensure that there is sufficient equipment and specialists to implement it.
- Patients should be informed about possible results screening. Information must be conveyed in a language that the patient understands.
- Screening for the detection of gene diseases with a recessive type of inheritance should be acceptable for carriers of the recessive gene and its relatives.
When a woman is expecting a child, she has to undergo multiple tests and undergo prescribed examinations. Each to the expectant mother may be given different recommendations. Is the same for everyone screening test. This is what will be discussed in this article.
Screening study
This analysis is prescribed to all expectant mothers, regardless of age and social status. A screening test is carried out three times throughout the pregnancy. In this case, it is necessary to adhere to certain deadlines for taking tests.
Medicine knows screening research methods, which are divided into two types. The first of these is analysis. It determines the possibility various pathologies in the fetus. The second test is an ultrasound screening test. The evaluation must take into account the results of both methods.
What diseases does the test detect?
A screening test during pregnancy is not an accurate way to make a diagnosis. This analysis can only identify predisposition and establish the percentage of risk. To obtain a more detailed result, it is necessary to conduct a screening study of the fetus. It is prescribed only when the risks possible pathology very high. So, this analysis may reveal the possibility of the following diseases:
During the examination, the doctor measures the growth of the fetus and notes the location of the placenta. The doctor must also make sure that the child has all limbs. One of the important points is the presence of the nasal bone and it is these points that the doctor will subsequently rely on when deciphering the result.
Second examination
A screening test during pregnancy in this case is also carried out in two ways. First, a woman needs to take a blood test from a vein and only then undergo an ultrasound. It is worth noting that the established time frames for this diagnosis are somewhat different.
Blood test for second screening
In some regions of the country they do not conduct this study. The only exceptions are those women whose first analysis gave disappointing results. In this case, the most favorable period for donating blood is in the range from 16 to 18 weeks of fetal development.
The test is carried out in the same way as in the first case. The computer processes the data and produces the result.
Ultrasound examination
This examination is recommended between 20 and 22 weeks. It is worth noting that, unlike a blood test, this study is carried out in all medical institutions in the country. At this stage, the height and weight of the fetus are measured. The doctor also examines the organs: the heart, brain, and stomach of the unborn baby. The specialist counts the baby’s fingers and toes. It is also very important to note the condition of the placenta and cervix. In addition, Doppler sonography may be performed. During this survey the doctor monitors the blood flow and notes possible defects.
During the second ultrasound screening it is necessary to inspect the waters. There should be a normal number of them for the given period. There should be no suspensions or impurities inside the membranes.
Third examination
This type of diagnosis is carried out after the most suitable period is 32-34 weeks. It is worth noting that at this stage the blood is no longer examined for defects, but only ultrasound diagnostics are performed.
During the manipulation, the doctor carefully examines the organs of the unborn baby and notes their features. The baby's height and weight are also measured. An important point is normal physical activity during the study. The specialist notes the amount of amniotic fluid and its purity. The protocol must indicate the condition, location and maturity of the placenta.
This ultrasound is in most cases the last one. Only in some cases, re-diagnosis is prescribed before birth. This is why it is so important to note the position of the fetus (head or pelvic) and the absence of umbilical cord entanglement.
Deviations from norms
If during the examination various deviations and errors were identified, the doctor recommends seeing a geneticist. At the appointment, the specialist must take into account all the data (ultrasound, blood and pregnancy characteristics) when making a specific diagnosis.
In most cases possible risks are not a guarantee that the child will be born sick. Often such studies are erroneous, but despite this, doctors may recommend additional studies.
A more detailed analysis is a screening study of the microflora of amniotic fluid or blood from the umbilical cord. It is worth noting that this analysis entails Negative consequences. Quite often, after such a study, every woman has the right to refuse such a diagnosis, but in this case, all responsibility falls on her shoulders. If poor results are confirmed, doctors suggest an artificial termination of pregnancy and give the woman time to make a decision.
Conclusion
Screening during pregnancy is very important analysis. However, we must not forget that it is not always accurate.
After birth, the child will undergo neonatal screening, which will absolutely accurately show the presence or absence of any disease.
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