By contracting, the myocardium pushes blood into the vascular system and gives some oscillation arterial walls. It is these tremors that can be felt in certain places that are called the pulse. At healthy person at rest, sixty to eighty, and in some cases ninety, pulse beats are produced per minute. Moreover, it is quite deservedly considered that a person feels better at values not higher than seventy-five.
The pulse rate depends on many different factors, which include external conditions and various pathologies. We will not touch on the topic of diseases, one of the symptoms of which is a rapid pulse, but we will talk about the reasons that even an absolutely healthy person faces.
First of all, it is necessary to take into account the age on which the indicator directly depends. In a newborn baby, the pulse rate is 140, by the age of five the value decreases to 85 - 120, and by the age of fifteen it is compared with an adult. IN adolescence the pulse can also be quickened due to a sharp hormonal change in the body. After fifty years, the value of the parameter begins to increase again.
In addition, lower than that of the fairer sex. This is due to the features female physiology, higher excitability of the nervous system and some other factors. As a rule, this pattern is observed in the case of physical activity.
What happens under load
The increase in heart rate during exercise is due to the increasing load on the heart, which contracts more often, due to which the number of pulse shocks increases. It becomes clear that in the case of an untrained and unprepared body for such loads, minimal efforts will cause a pronounced increase in heart rate. In experienced athletes, the frequency of myocardial contractions and pulsations increases slightly even with prolonged intense exercise.
The rapid pulse in people suffering from cardiopathologies is due to the fact that the heart is forced to contract more often to pump through the body. enough blood. At the same time, bradycardia, characteristic of professional athletes, is due to the ability of the myocardium to expel the required volume of blood in fewer contractions.
If a person does not suffer from diseases of the heart and blood vessels, pathologies of other internal organs he is allowed to play sports. Despite the increase in heart rate during training, over time, its frequency and easier exercise can be achieved. People with cardiopathologies are shown only physiotherapy aimed at normalizing the functioning of the heart.
How to calculate heart rate during exercise
In a calm state, the pulse value is best determined in the morning shortly after waking up. The maximum heart rate during physical training (MP) can be calculated by the formula: 220 - the age of a person. However, this is the easiest option. Some sports physicians argue that men have a difference in this indicator, and offer to determine it by the formulas:
- MP for men - 214 - (age × 0.9).
- MP for women - 209 - (age × 0.8).
MP values for representatives of different sexes and age groups are shown in the table:
| Age | MP for women | MP for men |
| 20 | 191 | 198 |
| 25 | 186-187 | 194 |
| 30 | 182 | 190 |
| 35 | 177-178 | 186 |
| 40 | 173 | 182 |
| 45 | 168-169 | 178 |
| 50 | 164 | 174 |
| 55 | 159-160 | 170 |
| 60 | 155 | 166 |
| 65 | 150-151 | 162 |
| 70 | 146 | 158 |
| 75 | 141-142 | 152 |
What are heart rate zones and how to determine them
To select the optimal intensity of training, it is necessary to determine not only the MP, but also the pulse zone suitable for this person, of which there are five:
- Initial- suitable for beginners who are given the most insignificant, gradually increasing, loads at the first training. In this case, the pulse frequency is no more than 50 - 60% of MP. Over time, a person gets used to such loads, performs exercises with ease and does not feel an increase in heart rate.
- Fitness- is shown to those who want to lose weight, because it is at its characteristic pulse rate, which is 60-70% of MP, that fats are broken down, the work of the heart, blood vessels and respiratory organs is normalized.
- Aerobic- the pulse during training fluctuates between 70 - 80% of the MP, lipid molecules are practically not burned, and instead, the breakdown of carbohydrates is used to obtain energy. Exercises in this mode help to improve the condition vascular system, strengthening the heart, increasing the number of blood vessels, increasing the strength and elasticity of their walls.
- Anaerobic- heart rate (HR) reaches 90% of the MP, the load is high, there is a maintenance of the previous level and further strengthening of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Lipids completely stop breaking down, energy is obtained by burning glucose.
- Red line- Heart rate is 100% MP, recommended exclusively for professional athletes or with a large frequency.
The heart rate values for different zones are shown in the table:
| Heart rate during exercise, % of MP | Zone name | Zone Description | Age (years) | Pulse (women) | Pulse (men) |
| 50 — 60 | heart health or | Used when exercising or light warm-up | 20 | 95-114 | 99-119 |
| 40 | 86-104 | 91-109 | |||
| 55 | 80-96 | 85-102 | |||
| 70 | 73-88 | 79-95 | |||
| 60 — 70 | Fitness or zone | Increases the overall endurance of the body, | 20 | 115-134 | 119-139 |
| 40 | 104-121 | 109-127 | |||
| 55 | 96-112 | 102-119 | |||
| 70 | 88-102 | 95-111 | |||
| 70 — 80 | Aerobic or zone | Increased heart rate, | 20 | 134-153 | 139-158 |
| 40 | 121-138 | 127-146 | |||
| 55 | 112-128 | 119-136 | |||
| 70 | 102-117 | 11-126 | |||
| 80 — 90 | Anaerobic or zone | Increase in muscle mass and strength | 20 | 153-172 | 158-178 |
| 40 | 138-156 | 146-164 | |||
| 55 | 128-144 | 136-153 | |||
| 70 | 117-131 | 126-142 | |||
| 90 — 100 | Red line or zone | Limit intensity of loads, used | 20 | 172-191 | 178-198 |
| 40 | 156-173 | 164-182 | |||
| 55 | 144-160 | 153-170 | |||
| 70 | 131-146 | 142-158 |
However, it must be borne in mind that these values are valid for people with sufficient physical fitness and activity. Hypodynamia, which is subject to today great amount population different ages and occupation, determines the achievement of MP with little effort.
Physical activity causes a greater increase in heart rate in a child than in an adult. This is explained by the fact that in childhood there is a rapid development and growth of the body, and the heart is smaller than in adults.
What heart rate is shown during cardio training?
First of all, let's clarify what exactly is cardio training? This is an improvement in the condition of not only the muscles, but also the heart, blood vessels, respiratory system, stimulation of exchange and metabolic processes leading to fat burning and, accordingly, a decrease in body weight. For this, mainly running, cycling, swimming, dancing, aerobics and others are used. physical exercise aimed at saturating the body with oxygen and improving breathing.
Especially widely cardio is used for weight loss. In this case, it is especially important to know which heart rate during cardio training contributes to the maximum breakdown of lipids. You should determine your heart rate during training and remember that the largest number fat is burned when the heart rate is from 60 to 70% of MP, i.e. in the pulse zone, which is called “fitness”.
To determine the exercise heart rate at which you will achieve the maximum result, use the three steps described below. Using simple formulas, you will calculate your heart rate and understand what degree of load you have in this moment. This one is suitable for any kind of training, such as running, cardio training, etc.
1. Determine your resting heart rate (Rest Pulse, RP)
Count your pulse in the morning as soon as you wake up, before you start doing anything. It can be right in bed. Count your pulse beats for 60 seconds. This will be your resting pulse.
2. Determine your approximate maximum heart rate (MP)
The average and simplified formula is this: subtract your current age in years from 220. A more precise formula looks like this:
Remember, this is just an approximate pulse.
3. Determine the heart rate during exercise using the Karvonen formula
The table below shows the average percentage of your maximum heart rate for different loads, or training intensity.
Since exercise heart rate is often in the range of 60-80% of your maximum heart rate, use one or the other value in the Karvonen formula below. This will be your heart rate during exercise, at which you should train.
So, let's collect all the data together in a single formula and calculate the pulse during loads according to the Karvonen formula:
Exercise heart rate = ((Estimated maximum heart rate - Resting heart rate) * Intensity) + Resting heart rate
For instance,
Age: 27
Gender: woman
Rest Pulse: 70
Beginner: medium load (60-65% of the maximum heart rate)
1. Calculate first the approximate maximum heart rate (MP)
Women: maximum heart rate = 209 - (age in years * 0.9)
Men: maximum heart rate = 214 - (age in years * 0.8)
MP \u003d 209 - (27 * 0.9) \u003d 185 beats per minute
2. Now let's calculate MP - PP (maximum pulse minus resting pulse) This will make further calculations easier for us.
MP - PP \u003d 185 - 70 \u003d 115
3. Multiply the resulting number by% of the maximum load at which we want to train and add the resting heart rate
(115 * 60%) + 70 = 139 bpm
(115 * 65%) + 70 = 145 bpm
Therefore, we calculated that the pulse at loads of 60-65% should be 139-145 beats per minute. Substituting any load level from the table above into this formula, it is easy to determine the heart rate for any load.
As you know, in the process of heart contractions, the walls of the arteries vibrate, this phenomenon is called the pulse. In other words, we can say that this is the reaction of blood vessels to the level of their blood supply and pressure for one cardiac cycle. It should be noted that the pulse of a healthy person per minute is different, because it depends on various concomitant factors, so sometimes deviations from the norm do not indicate any disease. To some extent, it is one of the main indicators general condition specific organism.
What is a normal pulse?
If we take the average, then the pulse of a healthy person for a minute should be 70 beats, it would be more correct to clarify that this indicator fluctuates between 60 and 80 beats. Do not miss the fact that for each adult this indicator is individual.
Interesting! When a person's age reaches 60-80 years, there is an increase in fluctuations. In old age, he reaches 80 strokes for a certain period of time, which is also the norm.
The heart rate tends to change when exposed to certain factors, it can be:
Many athletes know that during training, you need to control your heart rate. Before you get acquainted with how to calculate it correctly, you need to understand what the pulse of a healthy person should be during exercise, because this is very important. It should be borne in mind that this indicator also depends on the age of the person. For example, up to 22 years old with physical activity, the limit is 110-150 beats, and already at 29-39 the range will be 105-140, and so on. As a rule, the pulse of a healthy person per minute after exercise should decrease and gradually return to normal within a maximum of 5 minutes. Therefore, by measuring it after exercise, you can immediately understand the state of your cardiovascular system.
Important! The pulse of a healthy person per minute decreases significantly at night and can reach 40-50 beats. This is due to the fact that vagotonia of the vagus nerve predominates in us at night. This circumstance negatively affects the work of the heart muscle, but this is not a sign of any pathological process.
Measurement method
In some life situations under certain circumstances, it is very important to control the frequency of contractions of blood vessels. However, you need to understand that the accuracy of the result directly depends on the ability to do it correctly. For example, what do you think, why count the pulse of a healthy person for a minute during exercise? In fact, thanks to the readings obtained, you can understand how suitable this or that type of load is, in addition, by monitoring these data, you can constantly train in the fat burning zone. Many experts believe that it is easier to focus not on well-being, but on heart rate.
If you decide to assess the state of your body, then it is better to do this between breakfast and lunch, because then the heartbeats are more rhythmic.
Important! The indicators obtained on the wrist of the right and left hands will differ from each other, so it makes sense to measure them on both limbs.
In the process of determining the degree of pulsation, it is necessary to use only the index, middle, ring fingers(you can get by with two) and by no means large.
You need to press lightly, but at the same time achieve a distinct feeling. In addition to the wrist, the following arteries can become a measurement site:
- sleepy;
- popliteal;
- femoral;
- shoulder;
- temporal.
There are a number of situations where you shouldn't do this because the result will be inaccurate. So, if you want to determine the rate of contractions of your heart, then it is not advisable to do this after:
- eating;
- physical activity;
- mental work;
- baths;
- sex or massage.
Also, the data obtained will not be accurate during menstruation or when you are overcome by a feeling of hunger. By adhering to these principles, you can accurately determine your characteristic pulse, as for a healthy person per minute.
What diseases can be hidden
As already mentioned, the pulse of a healthy person per minute while walking can increase.
To calculate the optimal indicator, you can use a special formula (subtract age from 220). However, you need to distinguish standard indications from uncharacteristic ones. This may be due to functional abnormalities in the heart or its organic lesions, in addition, damage to the body of a toxic and traumatic nature is reflected. Malfunctions of the metabolic processes of potassium and magnesium, endocrine diseases, also age-related changes can be expressed by similar disorders. The same happens in cases where the body requires an increased supply of blood.
Causes for concern
Knowing what the optimal pulse per minute of an average person should be (from 60 to 80 beats), everyone should understand that it is necessary to be alert and think about going to the doctor if.
It's no secret that in order to get rid of extra centimeters and fat in your body, you should train a lot. However, how do you know if you are training correctly or not? Have you put in enough effort to make your efforts worthwhile? Do I need to train hard? Or do you need to exercise in a gentle mode so that there is rest for the body?
How to calculate the heart rate?
It is believed that the normal heart rate of a healthy person is 70-90 beats per minute, but how to calculate the only correct heart rate at which the optimal amount of fat in your body will be burned? And here comes the first problem - since there are two interchangeable theories regarding this issue, you will have to choose one of them. It remains for us only to acquaint you with each of them.
Regarding the first theory, the correct pulse is low heart rate because it burns more fat. Nutritionists are the adherents of this theory. And in some ways they are definitely right, since there is quite adequate evidence that at a low pulse the body begins to feed on its own fats. And there is also a miracle tablet, which you just need to familiarize yourself with.
| Pulse rate | Carbs used,% | Fats used,% |
| Up to 80 | About 20 | Around 80 |
| 124 | 65 | 35 |
| 142 | 74 | 26 |
| 159 | 90 | 10 |
If we decipher our table, we will clearly and clearly see that with a pulse rate of only 80 beats, the body uses as much as 80 percent of fats, burns them, and only 20 percent of carbohydrates that are valuable to us. But at the maximum number in 159 strokes we have not so positive result, it turns out that the body burns only 10 percent of fats, and 90 percent of carbohydrates that are useful to it. It’s not in vain that it’s so fashionable at the moment to exercise at a reduced pace in order to get the lowest heart rate during training.
But even here there is one BUT - what about this famous formula for measuring heart rate, according to which 220-age * 70? What does she mean? Or has science gone far ahead and left it far behind?
Here we move on to the second controversial theory. This formula gained fame thanks to its famous creator, in honor of which he received his name - the Karvonen formula. In fact, it is not so simple, because it has as many as three versions:
The so-called simple - as we already mentioned (220 minus age) - is maximum heart rate at physical activity (MCHP)
The so-called gender - (220 minus age) - MCHP for men and (220 minus age minus 6) - MCHP for women.
And the last (so-called difficult) - (220 minus age minus resting heart rate)
So, in order to start burning fat, the optimal heart rate should be 60-80% of the highest. So, if we translate this into the language of our formula, we get the result that you need to keep the optimal heart rate between (220 minus age) * 0.6 and (220 minus age) * 0.8. So we get that for a lady of thirty years, the optimal heart rate will be the one that is between (220-30) * 0.6 and (220-30) * 0.8. If we make simple mathematical calculations, we will get the numbers 114 and 152. Finding the arithmetic mean is not difficult - it will be 135 beats per minute.
So, the problem that confronts us is: if we train with a calculation of 135 beats per minute (after all, this is the result that Karvonen's formula showed us), then the greatest amount of fat will be burned. But if you trust nutritionists, then with such an intensity of the load, we will burn a huge amount of carbohydrates, and almost all fats will remain in their places, except for the ill-fated 30 percent. And how do you know who is worth believing and who is not? Who to consult?
And here is the answer. To be extremely honest with you, then with all responsibility we declare to you that neither one nor the other can be trusted. Of course, somewhere in the depths of their souls, both of them have some kind of common sense, but the result is simple. If you trust nutritionists, then even the simplest walking tour should bring amazing results. Although according to our calculations, to get rid of half a kilo of fat at a normal walking speed of 3.2 kilometers per hour, you will have to walk 232 kilometers! So, in order to get real results, one way or another, you have to sweat a lot.
And if you look closely at our formula, then there’s no need to be smart, the author himself sometimes doubts its plausibility, and constantly focuses on its conventionality. One way or another, this formula has sunk into the soul of the population, and it is now used quite widely, in particular for calculating the MCHP, although here it is clear to the hedgehog that the result of this MCHP should not be the result of subtracting age, but the result of the training of the individual himself (or untrainedness). Only from your physical fitness and the maximum heart rate will depend, because all this is the result of your work. So only specialized cardiological tests can help you determine this frequency, which will tell you the optimal frequency of your pulse, and not the pulse of a man or woman. And by the way, this result will constantly change, it is not a given for life, so if you once did it, but decided to repeat your training results, we advise you to start by re-checking with cardio tests.
And also important indicators are also the frequency of your workouts. American scientists conducted studies and showed that the most optimal frequency of training is from three to five times a week, it is during this time that your body has time to work well and have plenty of rest. As they say, everything is good in moderation.
To determine the performance of the heart, first of all, the pulse indicators are examined. This simple manipulation will tell you about the level physical development human and tolerance (stability) of the heart muscle to stress. A systematic deviation of the pulse from the norm indicates the presence serious illnesses both in the heart and beyond. Although irregular heart rate is only a symptom, pulse stabilizing medications or surgery are prescribed as indicated.
What is a pulse, how and why to measure its frequency
Pulse (heart rate, heart rate, heart rate) is an important performance criterion of cardio-vascular system, which characterizes the contractility of the myocardium (muscular tissue of the heart) and the reaction of the walls of the arteries to the blood passing through them.
The mechanism of pulse formation is as follows:
- During systole (contraction) of the left ventricle, blood enters the aorta, and then spreads through the arterial bed of the entire body.
- At the moment of ejection, the pressure on the walls of the arteries increases due to a sharp increase in the volume of circulating blood, which “beats” against the inner walls of the arteries. Vascular resistance increases. It is at this moment that a pulse oscillation occurs, which is palpable (pulse shock).
- During general diastole (relaxation) of the heart, blood pressure on the arteries weakens. This is a period of preparation for a new pulse fluctuation.
Depending on the arteries on which the heart rate is measured, the pulse is divided into central and peripheral. The first is determined on the subclavian and carotid arteries, the second - on the arteries of the limbs and face.
The arteries on which the pulse can be determined are located at different distances from the heart.
Most often, the study of the pulse is carried out on the radial artery. To do this, the hand of the subject is clasped in the area wrist joint so that thumb ended up on back side forearms, and the remaining fingers - on the front surface radius.
To feel the pulse of a person clearly, you need to press radial artery to the anterior surface of the radius with all fingers except the thumb
Sometimes the usual examination of the pulse on the wrists is not enough. It may not be palpable with weak blood filling of the vessels, especially during fainting, as well as with obliterating atherosclerosis of the extremities (damage to the arteries of the extremities, leading to circulatory failure). In such conditions, it is not advisable to examine the peripheral pulse. The heart rate is measured on the central arteries.
Investigate the frequency of the pulse rate should be on two arteries of the same name at once. If the oscillations are symmetrical, you can continue counting on one side. If not, the pulse is counted alternately on each side, which allows you to objectively judge the frequency of heart contractions.
If the heart rate is rhythmic, you can count the beats for 30 seconds, and then multiply the result by two. With arrhythmia, you need to count the beats for a minute.
It is necessary to measure the pulse rate:
- to establish the correspondence of the heart rate to the biological age;
- to determine the tolerance (stability) of the body to physical and stress loads;
- for the purpose of timely detection of diseases of the heart and blood vessels;
- in the context of the survey various diseases and pathological conditions.
Heart rate is effectively examined using electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography (EchoCG).
ECG allows you to evaluate not only the number of heart contractions per unit of time, but also their regularity and usefulness. During the procedure, a characteristic curve appears on the cardiographic tape. One ventricular contraction is reflected on it in the form of a specific tooth (QRS complex). The cells reflect the time intervals, the value of which depends on the speed of the tape (indicated on the result). Therefore, it is possible to count the number of QRS complexes per minute, and also to judge the rhythm of the heart by the type of the resulting curve.
The QRS wave reflects one ventricular contraction - one pulse oscillation. The normal rhythm on the ECG tape is characterized by teeth of the same height evenly spaced from each other, the number of which coincides with the frequency of pulse shocks palpable (palpable) on the arteries of the body
Daily ECG monitoring (Holter monitoring) is used to determine when and under the influence of what factors a violation of the heart occurs.
With the help of EchoCG (ultrasound of the heart), the heart rate per unit of time is also recorded. Unlike an EKG this study makes it possible to evaluate the work of the heart chambers, as well as the process of ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta. Ultrasound procedure visualizes the cause of cardiac arrhythmias associated with structural changes in the heart (valve defects, changes in the walls of the myocardium, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, fat embolism, etc.).
EchoCG visualizes the structure and tissues of the heart, the dynamics of its work, and also allows you to determine the rhythm and heart rate (heart rate)
In order to determine the turbulence of the blood flow (blood movements with characteristic eddies in the places of branching and narrowing of the vessels, in the areas of their bends), in case of pulse disorders, echocardiography with dopplerography of the heart and central arteries is recommended. The signals sent by the sensor react to the blood cells by reflecting from them. A dynamic color image is displayed on the monitor, which allows you to evaluate the heart and blood vessels from the position of blood circulation in them. Therefore, the moment of impact of blood on the walls of the arteries is visualized. This is an important diagnostic criterion in case of mismatch between heart rate and peripheral pulse.
On the screen during a Doppler study, the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta is visualized
Pulse rates in an adult at rest and during exercise
The generally accepted pulse rate for a person over 20 years of age is considered to be from 60 to 80 beats per minute (bpm). The acceptable minimum value is 50 beats / min, and the maximum is 90 beats / min at rest.
During exercise, the number of heartbeats increases. Therefore, during physical activity, the heart rate indicators differ from those at rest.
Table: normal heart rate for women and men at rest, as well as for untrained people during physical exertion (bpm)
It can be seen from the table that maximum performance pulses in women and men are observed at 50-59 years. This age period in most people coincides with the height of hormonal changes (menopause, wilting reproductive function). Subsequently, the heart rate becomes less frequent as myocardial contractility decreases. The muscle tissue of the walls of the arteries loses its elasticity. In men after 60 years of age, the changes are more pronounced than in women, so their indicators are closer to pathological bradycardia (slow rhythm).
Under load, the indicators of optimal and maximum heart rate are directly dependent on age. The older the person, the lower the safe heart rate per minute during physical activity.
There are many formulas for calculating the maximum heart rate during exercise. The simplest of them is the Karvonen formula:
HRmax = 220 - the age of the person.
A pulse that exceeds the resulting result indicates excessive physical activity.
During pregnancy, the normal heart rate for a woman changes:
- in the first trimester, the pulse often rises to 90 beats / min under the influence of hormonal changes in the body;
- in the second trimester, the heart rate of a pregnant woman up to 100 beats / min is considered normal due to an increase in the volume of circulating blood;
- starting from the seventh month, a pulse of 100-120 beats / min is relatively safe, but requires medical supervision;
- 30-45 days after birth, the heart rate returns to normal age norm women.
During pregnancy, along with measuring blood pressure, the pulse is necessarily counted for the timely diagnosis of tachycardia (accelerated rhythm) in pregnant women
Deviation of heart rate indicators from the norm
If the number of heartbeats does not fit into the normal range, this indicates that a person has certain diseases.
Pathological is considered a slow, accelerated or arrhythmic pulse.. Rhythm disturbances are clearly visualized on the ECG.
ECG with bradycardia, arrhythmia, tachycardia differs from the norm in the frequency of QRS teeth
Slow heart rate (bradycardia)
You can talk about a slow heartbeat when the heart rate is below 50 beats / min. Bradycardia is physiological and pathological.
Table: causes, symptoms, consequences and indicators of echocardiography in bradycardia
| Bradycardia | Physiological | Pathological |
| Main reasons |
|
|
| Possible symptoms | Absent, since the transport function of the blood is not disturbed |
|
| Consequences | Missing |
|
| EchoCG parameters | The myocardium is not changed, the valvular apparatus is normal. There may be benign hypertrophy (increase in volume) of the left ventricle of the heart (more often in athletes) | With intracardiac causes of bradycardia - thickening of the myocardium, ischemic changes walls of the heart, marked hypertrophy of the left ventricle. In some cases, a reduced blood ejection fraction is determined (an indicator that reflects the volume of blood pushed out by the left ventricle at the time of its contraction into the aortic lumen) (less than 60%). The contractile function of the left ventricle is reduced |
With pathological bradycardia, the risk of developing complications increases over the years in both men and women.
Bradycardia is considered true, in which the number of heart contractions coincides with the number of pulse oscillations in the peripheral arteries. If by ECG results and EchoCG of pulse beats is less than the number of contractions of the left ventricle of the heart, the cause of a rare or irregular pulse is the pathology of the vessels (atherosclerosis, insufficient volume of circulating blood, thrombosis).
Increased heart rate (tachycardia)
A pulse is considered fast when the heart rate exceeds 90 beats / min. Women are more prone to this pathology, especially with age. Tachycardia is physiological and pathological.
Table: causes, symptoms, consequences and indicators of echocardiography in tachycardia
| Tachycardia | Physiological | Pathological |
| Main reasons |
|
|
| Possible symptoms |
|
|
| Consequences | Absent because this case tachycardia is short | People with tachycardia are prone to stroke, acute ventricular heart failure. Possible development of cardiac asthma, myocardial infarction |
| EchoCG parameters | If the subject is worried at the time of the EchoCG, the accelerated dynamics of heart contractions is determined. Pathological changes absent or insignificant | In addition to the accelerated dynamics of contractions, there are organic changes against the background of arterial hypertension or coronary disease hearts (if any). Acquired heart defects, dysfunction of the heart valves are detected. Survey shows functional state myocardium |
To understand how dangerous tachycardia is, you need to set the frequency of its attacks. It is advisable to use 24-hour Holter monitoring, which takes cardiographic indicators of heart activity from the patient during the day. At the same time, it is desirable that the patient writes down what and at what time he does. This will determine the cause of the accelerated pulse.
Holter monitoring is carried out using a portable device that is attached to the body and stays on the patient for a day, practically without interfering with his life
Irregular pulse (arrhythmia)
If the pulse beats are irregular, this indicates the presence of an arrhythmia. The number of heartbeats per minute is not critical for the primary detection of pathology, especially if it is within the normal range. It is important to directly assess the rhythm and the ratio of pulse shocks.
For the purpose of diagnosis, echocardiography is used, showing structural disorders of the myocardium, non-rhythmic contractions of the ventricles and atria. Carrying out a standard ECG for irregular arrhythmias is less informative than daily Holter monitoring.
The causes of arrhythmia lie in the disruption of the functioning of the links of the conduction system of the heart, which sends impulses to its structures, controlling the contraction and relaxation of the myocardium.
The symptoms are different. The nature of their manifestation depends on the presence of an accelerated or slow heartbeat (symptoms of bradycardia and tachycardia are indicated in the tables above). Subjective sensations are often absent or so minimal that a person does not pay attention to them, especially at a young age.
Violation of the heart rate leads to following complications: stroke, heart attack, congestive heart failure, blood clots.
Most dangerous complication arrhythmias - sudden cardiac arrest as a result of ventricular fibrillation (uncoordinated, non-synchronous contraction individual groups muscle fibers ventricles of the heart with a high frequency - up to 300 per minute or more) with the subsequent onset clinical death. 1-2 minutes after the onset of fibrillation, the pulse on the arteries is not determined. If you do not make the heart work within 5-15 minutes, irreversible changes in the brain occur, leading to biological death.
During ventricular fibrillation, the ECG image is a chaotic wave without characteristic PQRST complexes
How to normalize the state
To normalize contractile function heart, it is necessary to cure the disease that causes the abnormal pulse. If it is impossible to completely and soon eliminate the cause, the cardiologist prescribes symptomatic treatment.
Slow Pulse Treatment
The treatment of bradycardia caused by a malfunction of the conduction system of the heart is to install a pacemaker.
The pacemaker is placed under the skin chest, and the electrodes are installed directly in the heart and supply electrical impulses to the myocardium
If the slow heart rate is associated with the use of β-blockers or peripheral vasodilators, the cardiologist reconsiders treatment with these drugs.
With moderate bradycardia, conservative treatment with such pharmaceuticals is possible:
- Isadrin (Euspiran, Novodrin, Isoprenaline), Orciprenaline sulfate from the group of synthetic catecholamines that stimulate β-receptors. These drugs increase the excitability and contractility of the myocardium. Do not affect the level of blood pressure. The risk of atrioventricular blockade (violation of the electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles) or fibrillation is minimal. They are prescribed both by injection and orally according to an individually selected scheme;
- Ipratropium. Applicable for sinus bradycardia(decreased heart rate with a normal rhythm). Causes a prolonged increase in the frequency of pulse indicators. Does not affect the nervous system. It is prescribed 1 tablet 3 times a day;
- ephedrine. Causes vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure, causing the heart to contract more frequently. It is administered by injection and orally. The duration of the course of treatment is no more than a month with a gradual decrease in dosage.
The listed drugs are side effects Therefore, they are used according to the doctor's prescription.
When a bradycardiac attack occurs, the pulse drops to 35 beats / min and below. The patient feels severe dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath and other symptoms. This indicates the development of heart failure, leading to loss of consciousness and even death.
To provide first aid, you need to perform the following manipulations:
- Lay the patient on a hard surface, place rollers under the head and legs so that lower limbs were above head level.
- Unfasten the buttons on clothes, loosen the tie, belt, provide access to fresh air.
- Brew strong hot tea, you can add 15-20 drops of belladonna or ginseng tincture.
- With severe pain behind the sternum, under the tongue of the patient, put one tablet of Nitroglycerin or Izadrin.
- If after 5-15 minutes there is no improvement, call an ambulance.
If, due to an attack of bradycardia, fainting occurs and the patient does not recover, you need to call an emergency medical team as soon as possible.
Treatment for an accelerated heart rate
At frequent seizures tachycardia, you need to adjust the diet - give up coffee, strong tea, energy drinks and alcohol. It is advisable to reduce the consumption of sugar and salt, since foods with their high content make the blood thicker. As a result, the heart has to contract more frequently to pump blood.
Treatment of physiological tachycardia is carried out with the help of sedatives of natural origin (Persena, tinctures of valerian, motherwort, peony, hawthorn, etc.).
Sedatives of natural origin are sold without a prescription, since they have practically no contraindications.
In the absence of medicines at hand, you can reduce the pulse with the help of such manipulations:
- close your eyes and for 20-30 seconds press your fingers on eyeballs(Ashner's test);
- inhale deeply, and then try to exhale with your mouth and nose closed (Valsalva test);
- wash up cold water, and then do a one-sided neck massage in the area of the carotid artery (it is impossible on both sides at the same time!);
- provoke a cough or gag reflex.
Self-massage of the neck with tachycardia should be performed with moderate pressure movements from top to bottom
With pathological tachycardia, the doctor prescribes the following medications:
- β-blockers (Egilok, Atenolol, Concor);
- sodium channel blockers (Allapinin, Ritmonorm);
- potassium channel blockers (Kordaron);
- combined sedatives(Corvalol, Barboval, Valocordin), which include phenobarbital. This substance has a depressant effect on the nervous system, causing a sedative and hypnotic effects. Under its influence, the smooth muscles of the heart and blood vessels relax, due to which the number of heart contractions decreases;
- peripheral vasodilators (captopril, enalapril). They dilate small vessels, evenly distributing the volume of circulating blood throughout the body. This reduces blood pressure on the walls of the arteries and the load on the heart.
Photo gallery: drugs for the treatment of tachycardia
Combined sedative drugs in the form of drops quickly affect the heart rate, as they begin to be absorbed as early as oral cavity 
Peripheral vasodilators reduce the pulse indirectly, since they act not on the heart, but on the vessels 
The potassium channel blocker Kordaron is used for paroxysmal tachycardia, ventricular and atrial fibrillation 
Nebilet and other β-blockers are used for both moderate and severe tachycardia 
Allapinin is used for supraventricular tachycardia, some types of arrhythmia, has a moderate sedative effect, slightly expanding the coronary vessels of the heart
Irregular heart rate correction
Arrhythmias of any kind indicate serious abnormalities in the work of the heart. At conservative treatment the following drugs are prescribed:
- sodium channel blockers - affect the functionality of the myocardium, stabilizing the membranes of its cells (cardiomyocytes). The intensity of the blocking action is determined by the pulse rate. The higher it is, the stronger the drug will be required;
- β-blockers - reduce the excitability of the myocardium, coordinate its innervation (connection with the central nervous system with the help of nerves). Prevent acute coronary insufficiency and relapses of tachyarrhythmia (rhythm disturbances in combination with an accelerated heartbeat);
- Potassium channel blockers - used for high risk ventricular fibrillation. Slow down excessively intense electrical processes in the heart cells;
- blockers calcium channels- prevent excessive accumulation of calcium ions in cardiomyocytes. They are used when there is a threat of development of partial or complete atrioventricular blockade (violation of the conduction of an electrical impulse between the atria and ventricles).
There are four major classes of antiarrhythmic drugs that act as electrical activity heart, and the work of peripheral arteries
Arrhythmia of any kind requires a particularly careful approach to its treatment. In no case should you try to select drugs for yourself. At severe violations rhythm, the patient should be treated and observed by a specialist of a narrow profile - an arrhythmologist.
Drug therapy for arrhythmia is most often prescribed against the background of normal or high frequency pulse contractions. In the presence of bradyarrhythmia, when the pulse is irregular and low at the same time, surgical treatment is preferable.
If with the help of medicines it is not possible to normalize the patient's condition, an operation is recommended aimed at radical or partial elimination of the cause. Apply:
- classical method surgical correction- during an open operation, pathological parts of the conduction system of the heart are cut or removed;
- minimally invasive catheter method - the pathological focus is destroyed partially or completely by exposure to radiofrequency, ultrasonic or laser waves transmitted by a sensor inserted into the heart through the femoral artery;
- installation of a pacemaker (a device that sets the heart to the correct rhythm) or a cardioverter-defibrillator (a device that controls the electrical rhythm of the heart).
The pacemaker sets the heart to the correct rhythm. It can affect both one and two or three chambers of the heart. The cardioverter-defibrillator differs in the principle of operation. In the event of a total failure of the heart rhythm, the device generates a powerful electrical impulse sending it to the myocardium. This effect is similar to that of a defibrillator used for emergency resuscitation. medical workers. Therefore, the installation of a cardioverter stimulator is indicated for patients with life-threatening arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, sudden stop hearts). Like a pacemaker, the device is implanted under chest muscle, and its electrodes are inserted into the heart.
Installing a pacemaker allows the patient to completely get rid of arrhythmia
If open operation involves the removal of several links of the conduction system of the heart, full-fledged work of the myocardium after such an intervention is impossible. Immediately, one of the pacing devices is installed.
Video: heart rhythm disorders - causes, symptoms, treatment
The pulse rate of a person is determined during a medical examination for any disease, since the heart rate is important diagnostic criterion. It is not difficult to feel and count the pulse on the arteries of the body on your own, however, to make sure that it coincides with the heart rhythm, it is possible only with the help of instrumental methods examinations (ECG, echocardiography). The heart rate in adults is not a constant value. Despite the generally accepted norm (60-80 beats / min), it varies depending on age, sex and physiological features person, indicating physical endurance and health status. You can normalize the pulse with the help of a doctor-chosen symptomatic therapy, but it is advisable to do this in the context of treating a disease that provokes a violation of the pulse rate. If the failure of the pulse rhythm is due to intracardiac problems, not only conservative, but also surgical treatment is used.
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