Traumatic lesions nervous system found in children of all ages. They are fraught with great danger, because the consequences of injuries can affect the entire future life of the child. Their range is so large that it equally covers both periodic headache, and the delay physical development, mental disorders.
According to doctors, traumatic damage to the central nervous system is one of the least common reasons diseases of the central nervous system. Along with infectious and hypoxic-ischemic lesions, it is less common. But the physical impact is difficult to predict. Injuries are spontaneous and unexpected. They require urgent and immediate medical attention.
Injuries of the nervous system in children
- Intrauterine - physical impact on the fetus during a fall, catastrophe, accident, when there is a compression or blow in the abdomen and lower back of the mother. Injuries that did not lead to termination of pregnancy and were found to be compatible with the further development of the fetus may affect its health after birth. Among the consequences are violations of psychomotor development, motor activity, speech function.
- Generic - weak generic activity, preterm labor, complications and the use of forceps can lead to physical damage to the fetus. There are traumatic lesions of the central nervous system of the fetus and during cesarean section.
- Postnatal injuries of the skull that occur after the birth of a child. It could be a bruise, concussion or crush. A closed craniocerebral injury is accompanied by a concussion. A bruise is a local injury to the brain. Crushing or compression is accompanied by cerebral edema, intracranial hemorrhage, bone fracture. This is a serious injury with unpredictable consequences.
Traumatic lesions of the central nervous system in newborns
Birth trauma ranks second among the causes of damage to the central nervous system of a newborn. This is a rough mechanical effect on the baby during his birth. Intervertebral joints are most commonly injured cervical spine. It is on them that the greatest burden is placed during childbirth. There are also craniocerebral injuries, dislocations of the joints, dislocations in the joints. Any injury disrupts blood flow in the important arteries that supply blood to the brain and spinal cord.
The most common causes of birth trauma are:
- The discrepancy between the size of the child and the size of the mother's pelvis, premature babies, children with low weight, or vice versa, very large children, rapid delivery, breech presentation. In these cases, it is often used aids for delivery, which lead to injury to the newborn.
- Weak labor activity - medical and physiotherapeutic stimulation of labor is used. The mechanism of passage of the fetus through birth canal. Often there are sprains, mixing of the vertebrae, dislocations. Decreased cerebral blood flow.
- The use of forceps is an extremely undesirable and dangerous auxiliary method that entails craniocerebral and cervical injuries. spinal cord.
- Caesarean section - as a rule, the incision of the uterus is 25-26 cm. The circumference of the baby's head is an average of 35 cm. In order for the child to be born, it must be pulled out by the head and shoulders. In this case, injuries of the cervical spine often occur in combination with fetal hypoxia.
Post-traumatic syndromes of CNS lesions
Traumatic lesions of the central nervous system in children are manifested by one of the following syndromes or their combination:
Cerebroasthenia or encephalosthenia
After a slight trauma to the skull. The child feels frequent headaches, becomes inactive, quickly gets tired and cannot concentrate, attention is unstable, memory deteriorates. Such consequences are functional character and amenable to treatment.
Cerebropathy or encephalopathy
After a brain injury. The syndrome manifests itself in vestibular, motor, speech and sensory disorders. There may be severe dizziness, coordination disorders, stuttering, dysarthria, paralysis. The child requires systematic drug and physiotherapy.
Hypo- or hyperdynamic syndrome
Some children are inactive, lethargic and slow. Others are too energetic, affective, noisy and easily excitable. Intellectual activity reduced, attention unstable.
convulsive syndrome
This syndrome occurs immediately after a serious injury, which is accompanied by bruising and cerebral hemorrhage. But periodic seizures can also occur some time after the injury and appropriate treatment. Often they are accompanied by memory impairment, apathy and indifference in the child.
Intellectual retardation
Most often occurs after injuries in the perinatal period. Birth trauma combined with fetal hypoxia can lead to irreversible structural changes brain. As a result, the child lags behind in his physical, psycho-emotional and mental development.
Diagnostics and treatment of injuries of the nervous system in children
To diagnose traumatic lesions of the central nervous system and their consequences, a clinical examination, analysis of the reflexes and behavior of the child, his psycho-emotional state, and the functioning of all vital organs are carried out. To assess the structure of the brain and spinal cord, its blood flow, neurosonography, dopplerography, CT and MRI are performed.
In the acute period traumatic injury CNS, immediately after injury, therapy is aimed at restoring blood flow and the functioning of all vital organs. It is necessary to reduce cerebral edema, normalize intracranial pressure, level convulsive syndrome. In the future, the child needs effective restorative treatment to improve the activity of the cells of the cerebral cortex, correct the physical and mental development.
Trauma to the nervous system is one of the most common human pathologies. Distinguish between traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury.
Traumatic brain injury accounts for 25-45% of all cases of traumatic injuries. This is explained high level injuries in car accidents or traffic accidents.
Traumatic brain injuries are closed (CTBI), when integrity is maintained skin and solid meninges, or there are soft tissue wounds without damage to the aponeurosis ( broad ligament covering the skull). Traumatic brain injuries with damage to the bones, but with the preservation of the integrity of the skin and aponeurosis, are also classified as closed. Open traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when the aponeurosis is damaged. Injuries in which the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid occurs are classified as open in any case. Open craniocerebral injuries are divided into penetrating, when the dura mater is damaged, and non-penetrating, when the dura mater remains intact.
Classification of closed craniocerebral injuries:
1. Bruises and injuries of the soft tissues of the skull without concussion and contusion of the brain.
2. Actually closed injuries brain:
Concussion (commotio cerebri).
Brain contusion (contusio cerebri) mild, moderate and severe
3. Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (brain compression - compressio):
Extradural (epidural).
Subdural.
Subarachnoid.
Intracerebral.
Intraventricular.
4. Combined damage to the skull and brain:
Bruises and injuries of the soft tissues of the skull in combination with trauma to the brain and its membranes.
Closed fractures of the bones of the cranial vault in combination with damage to the brain (contusion, concussion), its membranes and blood vessels.
Fractures of the bones of the base of the skull in combination with damage to the brain, membranes, blood vessels and cranial nerves.
5. Combined injuries when mechanical, thermal, radiation or chemical effects occur.
6. Diffuse axonal damage to the brain.
7. Compression of the head.
The most common type of injury is a concussion. This is the mildest type of brain damage. It is characterized by the development of mild and reversible changes in the activity of the nervous system. At the time of injury, as a rule, there is a loss of consciousness for a few seconds or minutes. Perhaps the development of the so-called retrograde amnesia for events that preceded the moment of injury. There is vomiting.
After the restoration of consciousness, the following complaints are most characteristic:
Headache.
General weakness.
Noise in ears.
Noise in the head.
Rush of blood to the face.
Sweaty palms.
Sleep disturbance.
Pain on moving the eyeballs.
In the neurological status, labile non-rough asymmetry of tendon reflexes, small-caliber nystagmus are detected, there may be a slight stiffness of the occipital muscles. The condition is completely stopped within 1-2 weeks. In children, concussion can occur in three forms: mild, moderate, severe. With a mild form, loss of consciousness occurs for a few seconds. If there is no loss of consciousness, then adynamia, drowsiness may occur. Nausea, vomiting, headache persist for days after the injury. Shake medium degree severity is manifested by loss of consciousness for a period of up to 30 minutes, retrograde amnesia, vomiting, nausea, headache within a week. Severe concussion is characterized by prolonged loss of consciousness (from 30 minutes to several days). Then there is a state of stupor, lethargy, drowsiness. Headache persists for 2-3 weeks after injury. In the neurological status, transient damage to the abducens nerve, horizontal nystagmus, increased tendon reflexes, and congestion in the fundus are revealed. The pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid rises to 300 mm of water st.
Brain contusion, in contrast to concussion, is characterized by damage to the brain of varying severity.
Adult brain injury mild degree severity is characterized by turning off consciousness after an injury from several minutes to an hour. After regaining consciousness, the victim complains of headache, dizziness, nausea, and retrograde amnesia occurs. In the neurological status, different sizes of pupils, nystagmus, pyramidal insufficiency, shell symptoms. Symptoms regress in 2-3 weeks.
A brain contusion of moderate severity is accompanied by loss of consciousness for several hours. There is retrograde and antegrade amnesia. Headaches are usually severe. Vomiting is repeated. Blood pressure either rises or falls. In the neurological status, there is a pronounced shell syndrome and distinct neurological symptoms in the form of nystagmus, changes in muscle tone, the appearance of paresis, pathological reflexes, and sensitivity disorders. Possible fractures of the skull bones, subarachnoid hemorrhages. CSF pressure increased to 210-300 mm of water st. Symptoms regress within 3-5 weeks.
A severe brain contusion is characterized by loss of consciousness for a period of several hours to several weeks. Develop severe violations vital functions of the body. Bradycardia less than 40 beats per minute arterial hypertension more than 180 mm Hg, possibly more than 40 tachypnea in 1 minute. There may be an increase in body temperature.
There are severe neurological symptoms:
Floating movements of the eyeballs.
Paresis of upward gaze.
Tonic nystagmus.
Miosis or mydriasis.
Strabismus.
Swallowing disorder.
Change in muscle tone.
Decerebrate rigidity.
Increase or inhibition of tendon or skin reflexes.
Tonic convulsions.
Reflexes of oral automatism.
Paresis, paralysis.
Convulsive seizures.
In severe bruises, as a rule, there are fractures of the bones of the vault and base of the skull, massive subarachnoid hemorrhages. Focal symptoms regress very slowly. The cerebrospinal fluid pressure rises to 250-400 mm of water st. As a rule, a motor or mental defect remains.
AT childhood brain injury is much less common. It is accompanied by persistent focal symptoms with impaired movements, sensitivity, visual, coordinating disorders against the background of severe cerebral symptoms. Often focal symptoms are clearly indicated only for 2-3 days against the background of a gradual decrease in cerebral symptoms.
If a brain contusion is accompanied by subarachnoid hemorrhage, then the meningeal syndrome is clearly manifested in the clinical picture. Depending on the place of accumulation of the spilled blood, either psychomotor disorders(excitation, delirium, hallucinations, motor disinhibition), or hypothalamic disorders (thirst, hyperthermia, oliguria), or hypertension syndrome. If a subarachnoid hemorrhage is suspected, a lumbar puncture. At the same time, the cerebrospinal fluid is of a hemorrhagic nature, or the color of meat slops.
Compression of the brain occurs during the formation of intracranial hematomas, depressed skull fractures. The development of a hematoma leads to a gradual deterioration of the patient's condition and an increase in signs of focal brain damage. There are three periods in the development of hematomas:
Acute with traumatic effects on the skull and brain;
Latent - a "light" gap after an injury. It is most characteristic of epidural hematomas and depends on the background against which the hematoma is formed: concussion or brain contusion.
And actually the period of compression or formed hematoma.
The most characteristic of a hematoma is the expansion of the pupil on the side of the lesion and hemiparesis on the opposite side (Knapp's syndrome).
Other symptoms of brain damage during brain compression include the following:
Violation of consciousness.
Headache.
Repeated vomiting.
Psychomotor agitation.
Hemiparesis.
Focal epileptic seizures.
Bradycardia.
Among other causes of brain compression can be called hydroma. Its formation occurs during the formation of a small subdural hematoma, the hemorrhage into which stops, but it is gradually replenished with fluid from the cerebrospinal fluid. As a result, it increases in volume, and the symptoms increase according to the pseudotumor type. It may take several weeks from the moment of injury. Often with the formation of a hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs.
In children, the clinical picture of intracranial hematomas is somewhat different. The severity of the first phase may be minimal. The duration of the light interval depends on the intensity of bleeding. The first signs of a hematoma appear when its volume is 50-70 ml. This is due to the elasticity of the child's brain tissue, their greater ability to stretch, and the wide pathways of the cerebrospinal fluid and venous circulation. Brain tissue has a great ability to compress and compress.
Diagnosis of craniocerebral injuries includes a set of methods:
Thorough neurological examination.
X-ray of the bones of the skull reveals fractures, depressions of the bones.
The study of cerebrospinal fluid allows us to speak about the presence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Its implementation is contraindicated in hematomas, because. the substance of the brain may be wedged into the foramen magnum or into the notch of the cerebellum.
Electroencephalography can detect local or diffuse changes bioelectric activity brain, the degree of depth of their change.
Echo-encephalometry is the number one research method for suspected hematoma, tumor or brain abscess.
CT and MRI are the most informative modern methods studies that allow you to study the structure of the brain without opening the bones of the skull.
Study biochemical parameters has an auxiliary value, because any traumatic effect on the body will be accompanied by the activation of the sympathetic-adrenal system. This will be manifested by increased release of metabolites of adrenaline and catecholamines in the acute period of injury. By the end of the acute period, the activity of the sympathetic-adrenal system is reduced, to normal level it often comes only 12 or 18 months after the traumatic brain injury.
Long-term effects of TBI include:
Hydrocephalus.
Traumatic encephalopathy.
Traumatic epilepsy.
Paresis.
Paralysis.
hypothalamic disorders.
emerging vegetative dystonia is a symptom of the current traumatic process, and not a consequence of a traumatic brain injury.
Treatment of CTBI
In the presence of a depressed fracture or hematomas, the patient is subject to immediate neurosurgical treatment.
In other cases, treatment is conservative. Bed rest is indicated. Held symptomatic therapy: analgesics, dehydration, with vomiting - eglonil, cerucal. For sleep disorders - sleeping pills. At psychomotor agitation- tranquilizers, barbiturates, antipsychotics. With severe intracranial hypertension, diuretics are prescribed (lasix, mannitol, glycerin mixture). With subarachnoid hemorrhages, repeated lumbar punctures are indicated.
At severe injuries brain showing resuscitation, activity control pelvic organs and prevention of complications.
During the recovery period, physiotherapy, physiotherapy, massage, restorative drugs, classes with a speech therapist, psychologist.
Open craniocerebral injuries are divided into penetrating and non-penetrating, depending on the damage to the dura mater. Injuries with damage to the dura mater are much more severe, because. there are opportunities for infection to enter the cranial cavity and develop meningitis, encephalitis and abscess. An unconditional sign of an open penetrating craniocerebral injury is the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid from the nose and ear.
Open penetrating brain injuries are caused by car accidents and gunshot wounds. The latter are especially dangerous because a blind wound channel with a high degree of infection is formed. This further aggravates the condition of the patients.
In the clinic of open craniocerebral injuries, there may be the following manifestations:
Pronounced cerebral phenomena with headache, vomiting, dizziness.
Shell symptoms.
Focal signs of damage to the substance of the brain.
"Symptom of glasses" develops with a fracture of the bones of the base of the skull.
Bleeding from wounds.
Liquorrhea.
When the walls of the ventricles of the brain are injured, purulent ependymatitis occurs with an extremely severe course.
Diagnosis is carried out in the same way as with CTBI. There are inflammatory changes in the blood. Liquor pressure is increased. On the fundus characteristic stagnation.
Treatment of open craniocerebral injuries is carried out surgically. Crushed brain tissue, bone fragments, blood clots are removed. Subsequently, plastic surgery of the bone defect of the skull is performed. Drug treatment involves the appointment of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretics. Appointed anticonvulsants, exercise therapy, massage, physiotherapy.
Injuries of the nervous system can be divided into 2 large groups - injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) and injuries of the peripheral nervous system. CNS injuries include: brain injuries - craniocerebral injuries, injuries of the spine and spinal cord.
Brain injury. Without going into a detailed classification, we say that when minor injury the following manifestations predominate: momentary loss consciousness from a few seconds to minutes, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headache. Often patients report increased irritability, asthenia, mood changes.
Sometimes there is retrograde amnesia - a violation of the memory of events that preceded the trauma after the patient came to. Symptoms usually persist for several days or weeks, are reversible, functional in nature.
With more serious injuries in addition to the above manifestations, there may be a longer loss of consciousness, short-term respiratory disorders, palpitations, blood pressure, muscle tone decreases.
With lungs spinal injuries the structure of the spine and its fixing apparatus is not disturbed. Symptoms are vague and not constant - slight pain at the site of injury, in different departments spine. Imaging examinations (X-ray, CT, MRI) often do not reveal any changes, but the function of the spinal segments is impaired - normal mobility, which is a kind of pitfall that will manifest itself more significantly in a few months or years in the form of persistent pain syndromes, spondylarthrosis, spondylosis , dysfunction internal organs and other changes associated with the site of limitation of function mechanically or through the nervous system.
In case of severe injuries of the spine, the process involves the spinal cord, arteries of the spinal cord, which is accompanied by a decrease or loss of reflexes, a decrease in tone, muscle strength and sensitivity in the corresponding zones, the development of trophic disorders. sometimes join bacterial infections. If some parts of the spinal cord are damaged, pelvic disorders are observed - urination disorders (most often in the form of involuntary urination, difficultly restrained "imperative" urges to urinate), defecation (stool retention or increased frequency), sexual function. In such a situation, complex treatment, including medication, is usually required.
To injuries of the peripheral nervous system include traumatic damage to the nerve trunks, nerve plexuses, ganglia. Often, damage to the structures of the peripheral nervous system leads to a partial or complete loss of nerve impulse conduction, which causes clinical manifestations.
If the conduction of the nerve in the zone of its innervation is disturbed, sensitivity, muscle contraction, and reflexes will be reduced or absent. Muscle tone and strength will be reduced or completely absent. A variety of sensitivity disorders also occur: paresthesia (numbness, tingling, crawling, etc.), hyperpathy (increased sensitivity to ordinary painless irritations, accompanied by intense pain or other unpleasant sensations; thus, even the smallest stimuli are perceived as unbearably sharp), hypesthesia (decrease in sensitivity, when sensations are perceived as dulled, weakened), and others.
In addition to sensitive and motor innervation organs and systems also receive autonomic innervation. Vegetative fibers start from different parts of the brain and spinal cord, then pass through the ganglia (clusters nerve cells) and in the composition peripheral nerves suitable for muscles, organs, tissues. Vegetative fibers provide regulation of metabolism, blood supply, sweating, blood pressure and other functions.
If the vegetative fibers are damaged, trophic disorders appear: muscle hypotrophy and atrophy (due to metabolic disorders in the tissues, the muscles decrease in volume), dry skin, brittle nails, hair loss - hair loss or excessive growth, trophic ulcers. In such patients, any abrasions, cuts, bruises and other injuries in the area of damage heal longer than usual. AT severe cases bedsores may form.
In the acute period of any CNS injury, as a rule, a complex hospital treatment to relieve swelling, inflammation, pain syndrome. Subsequently, rehabilitation is necessary to further restore lost functions.
Practically any, even minor injuries, in addition to the above-described changes, also bring functional disorders to our body. These dysfunctions often remain outside the attention of neurologists. In many cases, the body itself cannot cope with this situation. Functional disorders and dysfunctions progressively and slowly increase, like a snowball rolling down from the top of the mountain, gaining mass. Osteopathic medicine allows us to subtly assess the work of our body and identify even the slightest violation of function and structure, restore mobility where necessary, and activate the body's internal reserves of self-healing. Therefore, we believe that patients with the problems described above should be examined by an osteopath in order for the rehabilitation to be as effective, timely and complete as possible.
Whiplash
The term "whiplash" includes a traumatic series of events in which head part the body, being free, instantly comes into motion relative to the lower part, which is relatively fixed or less free.
This kind of injury can occur when car accident, overwhelmed by a wave when swimming, diving deep under water with an instant change in the direction of the body immediately after entering the water, when hitting the head on the water, when riding attractions that use acceleration, braking, centrifuge forces.
In mild whiplash, symptoms are nonspecific and may not appear immediately, months or years after the traumatic event. The patient may experience malaise, fatigue, poor mobility, difficulty concentrating, nausea, sometimes slight body instability in space, headaches, pain in different parts of the spine, pain in the heart.
Often, after examining such a patient, the doctor diagnoses "vegetative-vascular dystonia", patients receive medication, which remains ineffective or helps to a short time only eliminating the symptoms, but not solving the main problem - a violation normal functioning and mobility of different body structures. Osteopaths effectively identify and correct these changes even years after the injury itself.
Diseases of the nervous system form an extensive list, which is various pathologies and syndromes. The human nervous system is a very complex, branched structure, the sections of which perform various functions. Damage to one area affects the entire human body.
Violation of the work of the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS, respectively) can be caused by various reasons - from congenital pathologies development to infection.
Diseases of the central nervous system may be accompanied by various symptoms. The treatment of such diseases is carried out by a neurologist.
All disorders of the central nervous system and PNS can be divided into several broad groups:
- vascular diseases nervous system;
- infectious diseases of the nervous system;
- congenital pathologies;
- genetic disorders;
- oncological diseases;
- pathology due to trauma.
It is very difficult to describe all kinds of diseases of the nervous system with a list, since there are a great many of them.
Vascular diseases of the CNS
The center of the central nervous system is the brain, therefore, vascular diseases of the nervous system are characterized by a violation of its work. These diseases develop due to the following reasons:
- impaired blood supply to the brain;
- damage to the cerebral vessels;
- pathology of the cardiovascular system.
As you can see, all these reasons are closely interconnected and often one stems from the other.
Vascular diseases of the nervous system are lesions blood vessels brain, for example, stroke and atherosclerosis, aneurysms. A feature of this group of diseases is a high probability of death or disability.
So, a stroke provokes the death of nerve cells. After a stroke, the full rehabilitation of the patient is most often impossible, which leads to disability or death.
Atherosclerosis is characterized by thickening of the vessel walls and further loss of elasticity. The disease develops due to cholesterol deposits on the vascular walls and dangerously the formation of blood clots that provoke a heart attack.
An aneurysm is characterized by thinning of the vascular wall and the formation of a thickening. The danger of pathology is that the seal can burst at any time, which will lead to the release a large number blood. An aneurysm rupture is fatal.
Infectious diseases of the central nervous system
Infectious diseases of the nervous system develop as a result of the impact of an infection, virus or fungus on the body. In the beginning, the central nervous system is affected, and then the PNS. The most common pathologies of an infectious nature:
- encephalitis;
- syphilis of the nervous system;
- meningitis;
- polio.
Encephalitis is called inflammation of the brain, which can be triggered by viruses ( tick-borne encephalitis, damage to the brain by the herpes virus). Also, the inflammatory process can be bacterial or fungal in nature. The disease is very dangerous and, if left untreated, can lead to dementia and death.
Neurosyphilis occurs in 10% of cases of infection with this sexually transmitted disease. Features of neurosyphilis is that the disease affects all parts of the central nervous system and PNS without exception. Syphilis of the nervous system causes the development of changes in the structure of the cerebrospinal fluid. The disease is characterized by a wide variety of symptoms, including those of meningitis. Syphilis of the nervous system requires timely antibiotic therapy. Without treatment, paralysis, disability, and even death can develop.
Meningitis is a whole group of diseases. They are distinguished by the localization of inflammation, which can affect both the membrane of the brain and the spinal cord of the patient. Pathology can be due to various reasons - from inflammatory processes in the middle ear before tuberculosis and trauma. This disease causes severe headache, symptoms of intoxication, and weakening of the neck muscles. The disease can be triggered by a virus and then there is a high probability of infecting others upon contact. Such infections of the nervous system develop very rapidly. Without timely treatment, the likelihood of death is very high.
Poliomyelitis is a virus that can infect the entire human nervous system. This so-called childhood disease which is characterized by ease of transmission of the virus by airborne droplets. The virus quickly infects the entire body, causing symptoms ranging from fever at the onset of infection to paralysis. Very often the consequences of poliomyelitis do not pass without a trace and a person remains disabled for life.
Congenital pathologies
Pathologies of the nervous system in a child can be caused by a genetic mutation, heredity, or birth trauma.
The causes of pathology can be:
- hypoxia;
- taking certain medications early dates pregnancy;
- trauma during passage through the birth canal;
- infectious diseases transferred by a woman during pregnancy.
As a rule, children's diseases of the nervous system appear from birth. Genetically determined pathologies are accompanied by physiological disorders.
Among the genetically determined pathologies:
- epilepsy;
- spinal muscular atrophy;
- Canavan syndrome;
- Tourette syndrome.
Epilepsy is known to be chronic disease which is inherited. This disease is characterized by convulsive seizures, which cannot be completely eliminated.
Spinal muscular atrophy is a severe and often fatal disease associated with damage to the neurons in the spinal cord that are responsible for muscle activity. Muscles in patients are not developed and do not work, movement is impossible.
Canavan syndrome is a brain cell lesion. The disease is characterized by an increase in the size of the skull and mental retardation. People with this pathology cannot eat due to impaired swallowing function. The prognosis is usually unfavorable. The disease is not treatable.
Huntington's chorea is characterized by dysmotility, tics, and progressive dementia. Despite the genetic prerequisites for development, the disease manifests itself at an older age - the first symptoms occur in 30-60 years.
Tourette's syndrome is a disorder of the central nervous system that is accompanied by involuntary movements and yelling (tics). The first symptoms of pathology appear in preschool age. In childhood, this disease causes a lot of discomfort, but with age, the symptoms appear less.
It is possible to suspect a violation of the function of the central nervous system in an infant if you carefully monitor the development of the child. The reason for contacting a neurologist is a delay in mental and physical development, vision problems or weakening of reflexes.
Peripheral disorders
Peripheral diseases of the nervous system can occur as a complication of other pathologies, as well as due to tumors, surgical interventions or injury. This group of disorders is very extensive and includes such common diseases as:
- neuritis;
- polyneuritis;
- radiculitis;
- neuralgia.
All these diseases develop as a result of damage to peripheral nerves or nerve roots, as a result of exposure to some negative factor.
As a rule, such disorders develop as a secondary disease against the background of infectious or viral lesions of the body, chronic diseases or intoxication. These pathologies often accompany diabetes, are observed in drug and alcohol addicts due to intoxication of the body. Separately, vertebrogenic syndromes are distinguished, which develop against the background of diseases of the spine, for example, osteochondrosis.
Treatment of pathologies of peripheral nerves is carried out using drug therapy, less often by surgery.
Tumor pathologies
Tumors can be localized in any organ, including the brain and spinal cord.
Oncological disease of the human nervous system develops between the ages of 20 and 55 years. Tumors can affect any part of the brain.
Tumors can be either benign or malignant. Lymphoma of the central nervous system is common.
The presence of a neoplasm of the brain is accompanied by various symptoms. To diagnose the disease, it is necessary to conduct an MRI examination of the brain. Treatment and prognosis largely depend on the location and nature of the neoplasm.
Psycho-emotional disorders
There are a number of diseases of the nervous system, accompanied by psycho-emotional disorders. These diseases include dystonia, syndrome chronic fatigue, panic disorder and other violations. These diseases develop due to negative impact stress, lack of nutrients and nervous strain, and is characterized by the exhaustion of the human nervous system.
As a rule, the inert nervous system, which is characterized by excessive sensitivity, is more susceptible to such disorders. This type is characterized by low mobility of nervous processes. Inhibition in the central nervous system is slowly replaced by excitation. People with such a nervous system are often prone to melancholy and hypochondria. This type nervous activity inherent in people who are slow, sensitive, easily irritated and also easily discouraged. Inhibition in the central nervous system in this case is weakly expressed, and excitation (reaction to a stimulus) is distinguished by an inhibitory character.
Treatment of psycho-emotional disorders that accompany somatic symptoms involves relieving tension in the nervous system, stimulating blood circulation and normalizing lifestyle.
Symptoms of diseases of the nervous system
In diseases of the nervous system, the symptoms are divided into several groups - signs of motor disorders, autonomic symptoms and signs of a general nature. With damage to the PNS characteristic symptom is a violation of the sensitivity of the skin.
Nervous diseases are characterized the following symptoms of a general nature:
- pain syndrome localized in different parts body;
- speech problems;
- psychoemotional disorders;
- motor disorders;
- paresis;
- tremor of fingers;
- frequent fainting;
- dizziness;
- fast fatiguability.
To movement disorders include paresis and paralysis, convulsive conditions, involuntary movements, a feeling of numbness of the limbs.
To the symptoms autonomic disorder include changes in blood pressure, increased heart rate, headache and dizziness.
Common symptoms are psycho-emotional disorders (apathy, irritability), as well as sleep problems and fainting.
Diagnosis and treatment of disorders
Finding any alarming symptoms, you should visit a neurologist. The doctor will examine and check the reflex activity of the patient. Then you may need an additional examination - MRI, CT, dopplerography of the vessels of the brain.
Based on the results of the examination, treatment is prescribed, depending on which disorder is diagnosed.
Pathology of the central nervous system and PNS are treated with drugs. These can be anticonvulsant drugs, drugs to improve cerebral circulation and improve vascular permeability, sedatives and antipsychotics. Treatment is selected depending on the diagnosis.
Congenital pathologies are often difficult to treat. In this case, treatment involves measures aimed at reducing the symptoms of the disease.
It should be remembered that the chances of getting rid of an acquired disease at the beginning of its development are much higher than in the treatment of an ailment on final stages. Therefore, having discovered the symptoms, you should visit a specialist as soon as possible and not self-medicate. Self-medication does not bring the desired effect and can greatly aggravate the course of the disease.
An organic lesion of the central nervous system (CNS) is a diagnosis that indicates that the human brain is in an unstable state and is considered defective.
As a result of such lesions in the brain, dystrophic disorders, destruction and or their necrosis occur. Organic damage is divided into several degrees of development. The first stage is inherent in most ordinary people, which is considered the norm. But the second and third require medical intervention.
Residual damage to the central nervous system is the same diagnosis that shows that the disease appeared and persisted in a person in the perinatal period. Most often it affects babies.
From this we can draw an obvious conclusion. Residual organic lesions of the central nervous system are disorders of the brain or spinal cord that were obtained during the period when the child is still in the womb (at least 154 days from the date of conception) or within a week after his birth.
Damage mechanism
One of all the "inconsistencies" of the disease is the fact that this type of disorder belongs to neuropathology, but its symptoms may belong to other branches of medicine.
because of external factor the mother has failures in the formation of the phenotype of cells that are responsible for the usefulness of the list of functions of the central nervous system. As a result, there is a delay in the development of the fetus. It is this process that can become the last link on the path to CNS disorders.
Regarding the spinal cord (as it also enters the central nervous system), the corresponding lesions may appear as a result of improper obstetric care or inaccurate head rotations during the removal of the child.
Causes and risk factors
The perinatal period can also be called a "fragile period", because at this time, literally any adverse factor can cause the development of CNS defects in an infant or fetus.
For example, medical practice has cases that show that organic damage to the central nervous system is caused by the following causes:
In addition, for the development pathological changes may be influenced by the use of various dietary supplements or sports nutrition. Their composition can adversely affect a person with certain characteristics of the body.
Classification of CNS lesions
Perinatal damage to the central nervous system is divided into several types:
- Hypoxic-ischemic. It is characterized by internal or postanal lesions of the GM. Appears as a result of the manifestation of chronic asphyxia. Simply put, main reason such a lesion is oxygen deficiency in the body of the fetus ().
- traumatic. This is the type of damage that a newborn receives during childbirth.
- Hypoxic-traumatic. This is a combination of oxygen deficiency with trauma to the spinal cord and cervical spine.
- Hypoxic-hemorrhagic. Such damage is characterized by trauma during childbirth, accompanied by a failure of the blood circulation of the brain, followed by hemorrhages.
Symptoms according to severity
In children, residual-organic damage is difficult to see with the naked eye, but an experienced neurologist, already at the first examination of the baby, will be able to determine external signs illness.
Often this is an involuntary trembling of the chin and arms, restless condition of the baby, (lack of tension in the muscles of the skeleton).
And, if the lesion is severe, then it can manifest itself with neurological symptoms:
- paralysis of any limb;
- violation of eye movements;
- reflex failures;
- vision loss.
In some cases, symptoms can only be noticed after going through certain diagnostic procedures. This feature is called the silent course of the disease.
General symptoms of residual organic damage central nervous system:
- unreasonable fatigue;
- irritability;
- aggression;
- mental instability;
- changeable mood;
- decrease in intellectual abilities;
- constant emotional excitement;
- inhibition of actions;
- pronounced dispersal.
In addition, the patient is characterized by symptoms of mental infantilism, brain dysfunction and personality disorders. With the progression of the disease, the complex of symptoms can be replenished with new pathologies, which, if left untreated, can lead to disability, and in the worst case, death.
Necessary set of measures
It is far from a secret that diseases of such a degree of danger are difficult to cure by single methods. And even more so to eliminate 
residual organic lesion of the central nervous system, and even more so, the appointment complex treatment. Even with a combination of several therapies, the recovery process will last quite a long time.
For correct selection complex, it is strictly necessary to contact your doctor. Usually, the complex of prescribed therapy includes the following set of measures.
Treatment with drugs of different directions:
- psychotropic drugs;
- antipsychotics;
External correction (treatment with external stimulation): 
- massage;
- physiotherapy (laser therapy, myostimulation, electrophoresis, etc.);
- reflexology and acupuncture.
Methods of neurocorrection
Neurocorrection - psychological techniques that are used to restore disturbed and lost functions of the GM.
If you have a speech impediment or neuropsychiatric disorders, specialists connect a psychologist or speech therapist to the treatment. And in case of manifestation of dementia, it is recommended to seek help from teachers of educational institutions.
In addition, the patient is registered with a neurologist. He must pass regular examination the doctor who is treating him. The doctor may prescribe new drugs and other therapeutic measures as the need arises. Depending on the severity of the disease, the patient may need constant monitoring of relatives and friends.
We emphasize that the treatment of residual-organic lesions of the central nervous system in the period acute manifestation conducted only in a hospital, and only under the supervision of a qualified specialist.
Remember! Timely treatment organic damage to the central nervous system can stop the development of complications, reduce the consequences of the disease, eliminate symptoms and completely rehabilitate the human nervous system.
Rehabilitation is in the hands of the mother and doctors
Rehabilitation measures for this disease, as well as for its treatment, should be prescribed by the attending physician. They are aimed at eliminating the formed complications in accordance with the age of the patient.
With the remaining movement disorders, usually assigned physical methods impact. First of all, it is recommended to therapeutic gymnastics, the main idea of which will be aimed at "revitalizing" the affected areas. In addition, physiotherapy relieves swelling of nerve tissues and restores muscle tone.
Delays in mental development are eliminated with the help of special drugs that have a nootropic effect. In addition to pills, they also conduct classes with a speech therapist.
Use to reduce activity. Dosing and the drug itself should be prescribed by the attending physician.
Should be eliminated by constant monitoring of the cerebrospinal fluid. Appointed pharmaceutical preparations, which increase and accelerate its outflow.
It is very important to eradicate the disease at the first alarm bells. This will enable the person to lead a normal life in the future.
Complications, consequences and prognosis
According to the experience of physicians, an organic lesion of the central nervous system in children can cause the following consequences:
In children, such disorders often affect adaptation to conditions. environment, manifestations of hyperactivity or, conversely, chronic fatigue syndrome.
Today, the diagnosis of "residual-organic lesion of the central nervous system" is made quite often. For this reason, physicians are trying to improve their diagnostic and therapeutic abilities.
The exact characteristics and features of a certain type of lesion make it possible to calculate further development disease and prevent it. In the best case, you can completely remove the suspicion of the disease.
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