A method of treating uterine atony or hypotension in cows. Course work treatment and prevention of retention of placenta in cows. Parametritis - inflammation of the wide uterine ligaments and fiber

Igor Nikolaev

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The appearance of offspring in domestic animals that are bred for this purpose is always expected. In cattle, this process is especially critical. The gestation period for cows lasts nine months. No more than two calves are born. Therefore, any problems with the ability to fertilize and bear a calf are fraught with financial losses and disruptions in the health of the animal. One of them is uterine atony.

The essence of atony

The inability of the uterus to contract is called atony. She becomes paralyzed. Especially often, a slowdown in the reverse development of the uterus is found in cows, in other animals much less often.

Contributing factors

In some obstetric and gynecological diseases, an atonic phenomenon is observed. It manifests itself in two cases:

as the cause of the disease;
as a sign of genital infections.

Thus, in the first variant, the development of pathology is facilitated by insufficient labor, overmaturity of the fetus, and prolonged leaving of the placenta in the uterine cavity.

In the second case, the cow could have suffered acute and chronic endometritis or other diseases.

Course and progression

Experts note that subinvolution is the harbingers of atony. The fact is that during the gestation of the fetus, the uterus stretches, and after childbirth it returns to normal. This is an involutionary process that takes about three weeks. But if the period lasts longer and slower, then it is subinvolution. This is how it proceeds:

various inflammations associated with pathogenic microflora interfere with the natural system of returning the uterus to the prenatal state. In particular, atony of the uterine muscles develops. Muscles are in no hurry to recover. Suckers appear in the uterine cavity, which decompose over time;
the process is accompanied by disgusting smell... Fuckers turn brown or gray, their particles enter the blood. Against this background, a general infection of the body occurs;
after that, experts are already talking about the severity of the disease of the uterus. In particular, mastitis and violations of the reproductive cycles are likely;
at this time, a bad environment for sperm is formed in the uterine cavity. And the mucous membrane cannot graft the embryo. Perhaps a slight swelling, as with atony of the scar, in which digestive processes are disturbed;
the general condition of the cow throughout the entire period of the disease is poorly disturbed. Only internal changes can become a reason for complaints of owners of personal subsidiary farms or collective ones about the lack of estrus in a cow, sexual heat, inability to fertilize can help the veterinarian make a diagnosis.

Establishing diagnosis

In the case of atony in a cow, a rectal examination of the uterine region is mandatory. The specialist reveals her relaxed state, lack of tone. Also, the horns of the uterus seem somewhat larger, which even descend into the abdominal cavity. Contractions of the uterus are not observed at all.

IMPORTANT! In the case of accumulation of mucus in some animals, fluctuation is noted in one of the horns of the uterus. The abundance of mucous secretions threatens with the suspension of the resorption of the corpus luteum in the ovary. Ultimately, this is fraught with disabling of sexual functions and even infertility.

In some cases, the veterinarian notices a thickened wall of the uterine horn. It becomes covered with bumps or becomes suspiciously thin in some places. When examined, it becomes similar to the wall of the intestine or bladder.

There are specific signs that will help to establish an accurate diagnosis and prescribe timely treatment uterine atony in cows.

long discharge of lochia with a change in color;
for a long time there is no sexual arousal.

Survey technique

During the examination, the specialist uses Pankov's polystyrene obstetric-gynecological spoon. It is a round rod up to twenty-seven centimeters. In diameter, no more than half a centimeter. When injected, mucus samples are taken due to the sharp anterior edge. The device is specially designed so as not to damage the delicate walls.

A prerequisite is the following: the spoon case is filled with an antiseptic.

It is black in color, which helps to distinguish the presence of mucus or pus on it.

The device comes with a card with colored circles and inscriptions to them. Each color reflects its own process in the animal's body. In the laboratory, samples are compared and pathologies are determined.

Risk phenomena

When symptoms of a disease occur, the cattle owner tries to figure out the reasons. This is important not only for understanding the methods of fighting infection or pathology. But also to avoid repetition of the situation. By at least there are ways to avoid it. Among the risk factors for atony are:

Separately, it is worth dwelling on the caesarean section. They resort to it with a narrow pelvis, a small opening of the cervix, an incorrect position of the fetus, twisting of the uterus. If in this case it was applied general anesthesia, uterine atony may occur. Some of these drugs relax her muscles too much.

Then the veterinarian-obstetrician makes special injections of oxytocin with a solution of calcium chloride and glucose. The scar remaining after this operation can also contribute to pathological processes.

What should be done?

If uterine atony occurs in cows, treatment should be started immediately. Sometimes the disease does not lend itself to existing methods when the processes have gone too far. Then the slaughterhouse is the only option. But if the wet nurse can be saved or she is the only one in the family, it is worth the effort.

Treatment

Competent treatment is:

adjustment of feeding and maintenance. Additional care and the creation of comfortable conditions will be required. The diet needs to be enriched with vitamins, carbohydrates and proteins. The approach in this case is similar to that for scar atony;
walks in the air are desirable. Premises for keeping cattle must meet all sanitary standards and requirements;
to return the contractile function of the uterus, even in the presence of a scar, they resort to proven medicines... Among them, oxytocin, pituitrin or mammophysin are known. They also release oxylate, which is capable of eliminating atony. It is injected subcutaneously in the neck area once a day;
a solution of glucose, calcium chloride, calcium gluconate or Kamagsol will help to raise the tone of the body for about three days;
if complications are detected during a gynecological examination, additional drugs are prescribed.

Responsible approach

As in many cases great importance cattle owners must inject feeding. At first glance, unpretentious cow needs a responsible attitude to the choice of food for her. Adequate nutrition often becomes the prevention of many diseases.

IMPORTANT! Active and regular grazing is an integral part of an animal's life. Walking is necessary for cows as much as for other types of cattle and small ruminants. Decent content plays an equally important role.

The essence of this disease lies in the fact that the uterus (body, both horns and cervix) loses partially or completely its tone and the ability to rhythmically contract and relax (erect).

Clinically, we distinguish between complete atony of the uterus, when the tone and erection of the latter are completely and for a long time absent, and incomplete. Incomplete atony is expressed in strong, moderate and weak degrees.

In addition, in mares, it is necessary to distinguish between functional and organic atony of the uterus. The first is characterized by a temporary impairment of the ability of the uterus to erect, the second — by a long-term impairment caused by deep organic changes in the neuromuscular apparatus of the uterus, the degeneration of cells, mainly the muscular membrane, that is, myometers.

The causes of uterine atony are mainly as follows.

Insufficient, inadequate and improper feeding of horses leads their entire body to a loss of tone in tissues and organs, including the uterus.

Exhausting work entails a violation of intracellular metabolism and depletion of cells in the neuromuscular apparatus of the uterus.

General severe and long-term illnesses, especially with limited movement of animals (for example, fractures) are accompanied by a decrease in the tone of the whole organism, in particular the uterus.

Lack of work and movement with very abundant feeding leads to general morbid obesity, resulting in sluggishness of tissues and organs, including the uterus.

Difficult, prolonged and complicated labor (or abortion) often causes uterine atony.

Some poisoning with plant poisons and microbial toxins depressing and paralyzing the neuromuscular apparatus of the uterus and cause its atony. More than once we had to observe such poisoning, the consequences of which were prolonged paresis of the hind, limbs and severe atony of the uterus for several months in recovering mares.

During acclimatization of horses, we observed even in young mares a prolonged (2-3 years) and strongly pronounced uterine atony.

In summer, at an air temperature of 35 ° and above, in the sun and dry winds, horses experience a general weakening of the body, a decrease in the tone of tissues and organs, including the uterus, which we have repeatedly observed in riding Hungarian, Traken and other mares.

All of the above reasons cause functional temporary atony of the uterus in mares. Such atony, with the elimination of the causes that caused it and with appropriate therapeutic intervention, usually disappears without leaving noticeable consequences.

But there are reasons that cause organic atony with all its very heavy, deep and difficult to eliminate consequences.

Such reasons include acute and chronic metritis of a microbial-purulent and septic nature, as a result of which a partial or complete degeneration of the endings of sensitive and motor nerves... Depending on the degree of degeneration, there may be depression, paresis, paralysis or death of nerve endings.

Atonic uterus with organic violations and changes are not always amenable to treatment and restoration to a full norm.

Usually, senile atony of the uterus will respond to treatment.

Atony of the uterus does not appear externally. Rectal examination allows to establish the following signs of this disease.

The body and both horns of the uterus (regardless of their shape, size and location): by consistency - soft flabby (like a wet soft cloth); by sensitivity - painless; according to the degree of erection, they do not erect, even after a significant hand massage (complete atony) or erect, but very sluggishly and very weakly, almost imperceptibly (strongly pronounced atony).

Vaginal examination reveals the following: cervix (regardless of shape and size): by consistency - soft-flabby (sagging); by the degree of erection - does not erect or erects very weakly and sluggishly; according to the degree of opening of the canal - it is always open (3 or even 4 fingers, folded together, freely enter the canal), sometimes it gapes like a round hole.

Atony of the uterus lasts from several days to several months, and in severe cases lasts for years, depending on the origin and nature of the atony.

Atony of the uterus, as a result of difficult childbirth, in young mares disappears within 3-5 days, and in old mares it can last 1-2 weeks or more. Atony of the uterus on the basis of chronic metritis, with large functional and organic changes in the myometer, in old and undernourished mares has no data for a quick and complete recovery.

The diagnosis of uterine atony, taking into account the degree and nature of atony, can only be made by rectal examination. The signs of atony are so clear and constant that they do not raise any doubts.

Uterine atony is most common in mares that are restricted in movement and are not used enough for work. In conditions of pasture keeping, atony is noted much less frequently than in conditions of stall keeping.

The prognosis for the fruitful activity of mares with uterine atony depends on the degree and nature of atony, on the age and condition of the mares. Atony only functional in young mares in good body condition gives every reason to make a good prognosis. Atony, caused by organic disorders of the neuromuscular apparatus of the uterus, in old mares with poor nutritional status gives every reason to make a bad prognosis.

Prolonged atony promotes stagnation and decomposition in the uterine cavity of even minor secretions from the endometrium and thus creates conditions for the appearance and development of catarrhal and purulent-catarrhal endometritis and metritis. A mare with a good uterine tone, 5-10 minutes after covering the body and uterine horns with strong contractile movements, delivers the semen to the apex of the horns, and vigorously squeezes the excess semen and uterine mucus and throws it out through the vagina. This explains the rapid fertilization of mares with a good uterine tone. In mares with a strongly expressed atony of the uterus, the seed does not reach the cavity and the apex of the horns so quickly, its excess and uterine mucus are retained in the uterine cavity, decompose and adversely affect the gum. In this protein-rich environment. As in a thermostat, the penetrating microflora multiplies rapidly. All these circumstances are the reason that atonic mares are always fertilized with great difficulty; in addition, after repeated coverings and inseminations, they sometimes develop catarrhal symptoms with expiration.

Atony intensifies the painful process in the uterus (catarrhal, purulent, purulent-catarrhal), as it promotes stagnation and decomposition of pathological secretions and increased reproduction of pathogenic microflora in them. Therefore, we say that uterine atony is a very serious disease, not only in its direct manifestations, but also in the consequences that it causes.

The most effective healing and at the same time prophylactic agent against uterine atony - systematic and normal work with proper feeding. Work should not be overwhelming, for in this case it will not only not eliminate, but, on the contrary, will strengthen and deepen the atony. Insufficient, very light and short-term work does not always give a good result. The work must be dosed, as well as drugs, which in large quantities are harmful to a sick animal, and in small quantities are useless.

In addition, it is recommended to vigorously massage the body of the horns of the uterus through the rectum for 5-8 minutes with an interval of 1 day. The course of treatment: 10-20 sessions, depending on the degree and nature of the atony. Along with massage, it is advisable to apply uterine irritating Salt 5-10% baths. In addition, to intensify irritation, you need to alternate hot (42-43 °) and cold (15-20 °) baths with an interval between baths of 2-3 days. The course of treatment: 10-15 baths, depending on the severity of the disease. After each bath, an energetic massage of the uterus through the rectum is required, with the obligatory push-up and removal of all saline from the uterine cavity. The solution left in the uterus creates conditions for increasing atony.

Timofizin and pituitrin under the skin in doses of 3-5 ml. The course of treatment: 3-4 injections with an interval of 3-4 days between them.

Sinestrol 1% under the skin in doses of 2-3 ml for 3 consecutive days for arousal neuromuscular activity uterus. Sinestrol of lower concentration (0.1%) is administered in correspondingly increased doses (20-30 ml).

Polyanol (synthetic) 10% in oil solution subcutaneously in doses of 3-5 ml. The course of treatment: 2-3 injections with an interval of 5-7 days.

We can recommend a new drug, pregnanthol (gravitol), which is successfully used in medicine. It is slightly toxic, stable during storage, available in tablets (0.02 g each) and in ampoules (1 ml of 1% hydrochloric salt solution).

Doses for mares: inside, 5-10 tablets 3-4 times a day; subcutaneously and intramuscularly, 5-10 ml (5-10 ampoules) 1-2 times a day. It is advisable to test tissue therapy for uterine atony.

The postpartum period is the period from the separation of the placenta to the end of the involution of the genitals. It practically ends in a new pregnancy or infertility. In the process of involution, the swelling of the vulva disappears, the cervix gradually closes, the volume and muscle fibers of the uterus decrease and the muscle fibers of the uterus are shortened, the lumens of the blood vessels narrow. By the 5-8th day, colostrum turns into milk. Lochia is abundantly allocated. They include the remnants of amniotic fluid and placenta, blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and later - the secretion of epithelial cells, uterine and vaginal glands.

Uterine prolapse (Prolapsus uteri)

It occurs in cows, goats, pigs, dogs, cats as a result of the forcible extraction of a delayed placenta or a large fetus during prolonged labor and dryness of the birth canal. They predispose to prolapse of the overstretching of the uterus, as well as trauma to the birth canal. The prognosis depends on the time of loss and the degree of damage to the mucous membrane.

Before the start of uterine reduction in cows, attempts are removed with the help of epidural-sacral anesthesia, then the remnants of the placenta are removed, necrotic tissue sites, wounds and erosion are treated with iodo-glycerin. The mucous membrane of the uterus is irrigated with a 3% cold solution of alum, covered with a sheet or bandaged.

Correct the prolapsed uterus with the palms, starting from the part adjacent to the upper edge of the vulva; after reduction, the mucous membrane is treated with an emulsion of syntomycin or streptocide. The vulva is fixed with a purse-string suture. Treatment is carried out as with endometritis.

SUBINVOLUTION OF THE UTERUS (Subinvolutio uteri)

A delay in the involution of the uterus after childbirth occurs in the absence of active exercise, inadequacy of diets and is often accompanied by a violation of the functions of internal organs and systems. The main reasons for it are atony of the uterus, the release of lochia in small portions or their delay, the expiration of liquid brown lochia more than 4 days after childbirth, an increase in the timing of the separation of lochia.

Accumulation in the uterus of liquid dark brown lochium leads to a lochiometer and the formation of toxins. Intoxication of the body with decay products of lochia causes mastitis. Sexual cycles are disrupted.

Treatment.

It is necessary to remove the lochia from the uterus with a vacuum pump or by subcutaneous injection of ergot, oxytocin, synestrol, or colostrum preparations. Irrigation of the vagina with cold hypertonic solutions is allowed table salt... If there is no intoxication, rectal massage of the uterus and ovaries is effective. Novocaine therapy and autohemotherapy are useful. Intrauterine administration of neofur, hysteroton, metromax, exuter or furazolidone sticks; intravenous - glucose solution with ascorbic acid.

Paresis (Paresis puerperalis)

It is a nerve disorder that occurs in ungulates. It is characterized by paralysis of the limbs, digestive and other organs. General depression is accompanied by a loss of sensitivity and a drop in the activity of metabolic processes in the body.

The cause of paresis is considered to be a decrease in the level of calcium and sugar in the blood due to an increase in the supply of insulin, a hormone of the pancreas, into the bloodstream.

Symptoms

Restlessness, unsteadiness, tremors of the muscles. The animal lies on its stomach, bends its limbs under itself. The neck is curved in an 8-way shape, the sight is absent, the pupils are dilated, there is no appetite. The bases of the horns, the limbs and the surface of the body are cold. The body temperature decreases, the pulse is rare, weak, arrhythmic, breathing is slow, hoarse, paralysis of the tongue and pharynx, opacity of the cornea, lacrimation, tympania, the head is thrown back to the side, the limbs are extended. Death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory center and tympania.

Treatment.

A 20% caffeine solution is injected subcutaneously, air is pumped into the udder with an Evers apparatus, after pretreating the nipples with alcohol. The nipples are tied with a bandage for 15-20 minutes. The area of the sacrum and lower back is rubbed, warm wraps are made. If necessary, repeat the pumping of air after 6-8 hours. Calcium gluconate or calcium chloride is injected intravenously, and vitamin D3 is injected subcutaneously.

Prevention.

Animals are given sweet water, prescribed a diet, mineral supplements, vitamin D, concentrates are excluded.

FEEDING AFTER AND NEWBORNS

In meat-eating and omnivorous animals, eating the placenta does not lead to severe disorders of the digestive function, however, in ruminants, tympania and colic are possible. The phenomena of gastroenteritis are accompanied by diarrhea. Eating offspring is possible in pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits and fur animals. Think that the main reason of this defect are violations in protein and mineral nutrition. Eating of droppings, eating of afterbirth, dead fruit, cannibalism of tails, consumption of a large number products of animal origin.

Farrowing, lambing, whelping must be controlled. The diets must be balanced in terms of amino acid, mineral and vitamin composition. Mothers are provided with warm, clean water.

INJURIES OF THE NATURAL TRACT

Distinguish between spontaneous and violent injuries. Spontaneous ruptures are possible in the upper part of the body of the uterus as a result of strong tension in the walls. Violent ones are applied with an obstetric instrument, nylon ropes, fetal bones, with excessive traction. Ruptures of soft tissues, contusion of nerve plexuses, sprains of the pelvic ligaments, etc. are possible.

The main diagnostic sign of rupture is bleeding. Establish the localization and severity of damage. Tears and perforations are found on the cervix and body of the uterus, in the vagina and vulva.

POSTpartum Vaginitis, Cervicitis, Endometritis (Vagini.tis, Cervicitis, Endometritis)

Vaginitis, or colpitis, is an inflammation of the vaginal mucosa. By the nature of the inflammatory process, serous, purulent-catarrhal, phlegmonous and diphtheria are distinguished. The causes of their occurrence are trauma during childbirth or other diseases of the genital organs, for example, cervicitis, endometritis, and the accompanying associations of pathogenic microorganisms.

Symptoms

Depending on the severity of the disease, the symptoms are different: from swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membranes, banded hemorrhages to cyanosis, necrosis, tissue destruction, bleeding, abscesses and phlegmon in the paravaginal tissue.

In the differential diagnosis, it is necessary to distinguish vestibulovaginitis with the presence of vesicles on the mucous membrane. So, trichomoniasis vaginitis is characterized by the roughness of nodules ranging in size from millet grain to a pea; campylobacter - the formation of uneven elevations on the mucous membrane with a diameter of about 2-3 mm; infectious - a rash of smooth bubbles from dark red to gray-yellow, located in rows around the clitoris, and, finally, a bubble-shaped rash - small red bubbles on bottom corner vulva, upon opening which mucopurulent exudate is released.

Treatment.

If the damage to the mucous membrane is minor and there is no intoxication of the body, then the vagina is doused with solutions of soda, furacilin, rivanol, hydrogen peroxide or iodinol. In case of significant damage, tampons soaked in bactericidal emulsions or ointments (synthomycin, streptocidal, furacilin, naphthalan, Vishnevsky, ichthyol, zinc, etc.) are introduced into the vagina. Erosion is treated with iodoglycerin (1: 3) or 3% lapis solution; abscesses and phlegmon are opened. Means of general and pathogenetic therapy are useful.

Cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix. The reason is damage to the mucous membrane of the cervical canal or muscular membrane after ruptures.

Symptoms

Hyperemia and swelling of the mucous membrane, changes in the configuration of the organ, bleeding, soreness, the presence of adhesions, polyps, the cervical canal is half-closed, fistulas are possible leading to peritonitis, the presence of connective tissue scars and neoplasms.

Treatment.

After the toilet of the external genital organs, the vagina is irrigated with a solution of Lugol or potassium permanganate (1: 1000) to free the vagina from the accumulated exudate and the cervical canal is tamponed with xeroform, ichthyol or iodoform-tar ointment on fish oil. Erosion is treated with a 1% solution of protargol, pyoctanine or brilliant green. The use of bactericidal candles, mud therapy is not excluded.

Endometritis is an inflammation of the endometrium (the lining of the uterus). Causes of acute endometritis: trauma to the endometrium during childbirth and obstetrics, complications after retention of the placenta and subinvolution of the uterus, non-observance of veterinary and sanitary rules during childbirth, prolapse of the uterus. The predisposing causes are vitamin deficiencies, lack of exercise, a decrease in the overall resistance of the body. Differentiate endometritis by the nature of the inflammatory process or exudate.

Symptoms

With catarrhal endometritis, the exudate is mucous, and with purulent - purulent, with fibrinous - with the presence of fibrin films. Fluctuation of the uterus, soreness, and an increase in local temperature are established rectally. Later, signs of intoxication are determined: atony of the scar, increased heart rate and respiration, diarrhea, loss of appetite and a decrease in body weight, milk production, etc. The cervical canal is usually slightly open, a characteristic exudate is released from it.

Treatment.

A sick animal is isolated from healthy ones. Improves living and feeding conditions. Using a vacuum pump, the contents of the uterus are pumped out, after having introduced into its cavity a 2% cold solution of vagotil or Lugol's solution.

Antimicrobial boluses, emulsions and liquids are used, depending on the sensitivity of microflora to antimicrobial agents (septimetrin, metromax, neofur, endoxer, furazolidone sticks, lefuran, iodine oxide, iodobismuth sulfamide, exuter). Injected subcutaneously neurotropic drugs, vitamin A, ergot preparations (ergotal, ergometrine, ergotoxin). Autohemotherapy, blockade according to Mosin and perirenal, means of general therapy are effective.

POSTNATAL SEPSIS (Sepsis)

It occurs as a result of the ingestion of coccal forms of microorganisms, clostridia and their toxins into the blood against the background of a decrease in the body's resistance and barrier functions genitals in the postpartum period. A predisposing factor to sepsis is a violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes, blood vessels, nerves, muscle and serous membranes of the vulva, vagina and uterus after childbirth, as well as difficult and pathological childbirth, consequences of fetotomy, fetal emphysema, prolapse of the uterus, delayed placenta and complications caused by these deviations. The spread of infection is hematogenous and lymphogenous. An essential role is played by the absence of a protective barrier in the affected organ, impaired trophic function, accumulation of toxic products, their entry into the blood and lymph and spread throughout the body with symptoms of general intoxication. As a result, destructive changes develop in the liver, spleen, kidneys, heart, lungs, central nervous system.

Clinically, there are 3 forms of sepsis: pyemia - sepsis with metastases; septicemia - continuous flow of toxins into the bloodstream; septicopyemia - mixed form.

Symptoms

Depression, diarrhea or constipation, refusal to feed, cardiac arrhythmia, weak pulse, shallow breathing, frequent, high temperature. With pyemia, fever of the remitting type, i.e. the temperature fluctuates. In the uterus, a brown putrid exudate accumulates. The walls of the uterus are thickened, painful. Oophoritis, salpingitis, peritonitis develop.

With septicemia, it drops sharply blood pressure, the pulse is very rapid, barely perceptible, yellowness and hemorrhage of the mucous membranes; general weakness, in the urine - protein, in the primary septic focus, purulent-necrotic or anaerobic tissue damage develops.

Treatment.

Surgical treatment of the primary focus. Novocaine therapy. Antimicrobial agents are applied topically; autohemotherapy is indicated. Intravenous fluid is injected according to Kadykov, heart drugs, solutions of calcium or borogluconate, urotropine, soda, 20% alcohol. Antibiotics are used wide range actions with prolongators that have not been previously applied to the animal. Uterine products are used; aminopeptide or hydrolysin through a dropper subcutaneously into different areas body up to 500 ml per day for large animals, as well as vitamins, sulfa drugs. To improve digestion, they give artificial or natural gastric juice, pepsin.

Prevention.

Females should receive full feeding... It is necessary to observe the hygiene of childbirth and the postpartum period; provide qualified assistance during childbirth, birth canal injuries; timely and correctly treat the retention of the placenta, subinvolution of the uterus, endometritis; prevent postoperative peritonitis... The course of treatment of animals is fully maintained.

VARTOLINIT (Bartolinitis)

This is an inflammation of the ducts of the Bartholin glands and the glands themselves, located caudally from the opening of the urethra in the thickness of the mucous membrane of the lateral walls of the vestibule vestibule.

Etiology.

The causes of the disease can be trauma and infection of the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina during obstetrics, rough vaginal examination, artificial insemination. The disease can develop as a consequence of vestibulovaginitis of infectious and invasive origin.

Symptoms

Absence effective treatment vestibulitis creates the prerequisites for the development chronic course a disease in which the narrowing and blockage of the excretory ducts of the Bartholin glands stretches the walls of the gland with an accumulating secretion or exudate. The secret of the mucous membrane forms cysts, and the purulent exudate - abscesses, thus on the lateral walls of the vestibule of the vagina appear single or multiple formations... Large cysts bulge outward, imitating an incomplete eversion of the vagina. The mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina is reddened, painful, has an overlay of exudant residues.

Treatment.

Clarify the diagnosis, excluding vaginal inversion, neoplasms, abscess, and eliminate the underlying disease. The abscesses are opened, the pus is removed, the cavity is irrigated with a solution of potassium permanganate at a dilution of 1: 2000, an antiseptic emulsion, ointments (syntomycin, streptocide, Vishnevsky, etc.) are applied to the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina. In severe cases, pathogenetic therapy with the use of whole-caine and other restorative agents is necessary. Cysts also open, extirpate the cavity.

Prevention.

Eliminate the causes of vestibulovaginitis, provide timely and effective assistance.

GARTNERIT (Gartneritis)

Chronic inflammation of the gartner gland area with the formation of cysts is observed in cows and pigs as a complication of chronic vaginitis.

Symptoms

Cord-like thickening of the inferolateral walls of the vagina, reaching the cervix. When cysts develop, elastic, poorly fluctuating cysts. The presence of abscesses is possible.

Treatment.

Eliminate vaginitis, open abscesses and tampon with antiseptic ointments.

VESTIBULOVAGINITIS (Vestibulitis et vaginitis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vestibule and vagina along the course is acute and chronic; by the nature of the process - serous, catarrhal, purulent, phlegmonous, diphtheritic and mixed forms; by origin - non-infectious, infectious, invasive.

Etiology.

The causes are trauma to the mucous membranes, nonspecific microflora and specific pathogens (infectious follicular vestibulitis, vestibular rash of the vaginal vestibule, campylobacteriosis, trichomoniasis), as well as the consequences of infectious rhinotracheitis, chlamydia, mycoses and other infectious diseases.

Symptoms

Acute serous vestibulovaginitis is characterized by serous exudate; the mucous membranes are hyperemic, edematous, with punctate or banded hemorrhages. Acute catarrhal inflammation is characterized by the separation of mucous turbid viscous exudate into connective and muscle tissues, for purulent - white, yellow or yellow-brown exudate. The animal is worried, combing the root of the tail, bending its back, pushing; vaginal examinations are painful.

Acute phlegmonous vestibulovaginitis is characterized by the spread of purulent exudate into the submucous connective tissue with the formation of abscesses in the paravaginal tissue, areas of necrosis and tissue decay. At the root of the tail, crusts of purulent exudate accumulate. The animal is depressed, there is no appetite, the body temperature is elevated, pyemia and septicopyemia often develop.

Acute diphtheria vestibulovaginitis is accompanied by the release of putrefactive fluid brown with an admixture of blood and particles of necrotic tissue. The mucous membrane of the vagina is of an earthy-gray color, swollen, unevenly dense, painful; deep ulcers form in the areas of decay and rejection of dead tissue. The animal is depressed, there is no appetite, the body temperature is high, tenesmus is observed (a futile urge to urinate and defecate).

In chronic catarrhal and purulent-catarrhal vestibulovaginitis, the mucous membrane of the affected organs is pale with a bluish tinge, thickened, with dense nodules, ulcerations. A liquid or thick mucopurulent exudate is secreted from the vulva. On the basis of purulent, phlegmonous and diphtheria vestibulovaginitis, adhesions are often formed, powerful cicatricial growths that cause narrowing of the vagina.

Infectious follicular vestibulovaginitis is characterized by redness and swelling of the mucous membrane of the vestibule vestibule and the formation of dense smooth nodules with millet grain on it. They are arranged in rows or groups around the clitoris.

A blistering rash of the vestibule is accompanied by a large number of small red spots and nodules in the lower corner of the vulva, around the clitoris and at the tops of the folds of the mucous membrane of the vestibule. The nodules turn into purulent vesicles and open up, and erosions and ulcers form in their place.

A characteristic feature of trichomoniasis vestibulovaginitis are multiple nodules on the mucous membrane of the vestibule and vagina vestibules with a rough surface. On palpation of the vagina, a grating sensation is created. Microscopy of vaginal mucus reveals Trichomonas. Females abort or remain unfertilized.

With campylobacteriosis (vibrious) vestibulovaginitis at the onset of the disease, hyperemia, edema, punctate and banded hemorrhages of the mucous membrane in the depths of the vagina and accumulation of bloody mucus around the cervix occur.

Under the mucous membrane in the area of the clitoris and in other places, slightly raised dense and non-bleeding areas with uneven edges (nodules) with dimensions from 0.1x0.2 to 0.3x0.4 cm are found

Treatment.

The sick animal is isolated. Cleanse the root of the tail, vulva from dirt, exudate crusts. With serous, catarrhal and purulent vestibulovaginitis, the organ cavity is doused with a warm solution of furacilin (1: 5000), ethacridine lactate (1: 1000) or a 2% solution of bicarbonate of soda. Antiseptic liniment (syntomycin, gramicidin, streptocide, Vishnevsky) is applied to the mucous membranes. The ulcers are cauterized with 5% iodine solution. Useful vaginal tamponade 10% aqueous tincture of garlic, onion or garlic gruel with an exposure of 20 minutes to 8 hours, depending on the individual reaction of the animal to this drug.

With phlegmonous and diphtheria vestibulovaginitis, up to 1% novocaine in powder is added to antiseptic emulsions. Tenesmus is removed by epidural-sacral anesthesia with a 1% solution of novocaine between the 1st and 2nd caudal vertebrae up to 10-15 ml in large animals or presacral novocaine blockade according to Isaev with the addition of 1 ml of benzylpenicillin to a 0.5% solution of novocaine and streptomycin sulfate. Use symptomatic agents.

With trichomoniasis vestibulovaginitis, douche the vagina with a 1% solution acetic acid or 5% lactic acid solution. The use of Trichopolum is effective.

With campylobacteriosis vestibulovaginitis, intramuscular injection of 4 thousand units per 1 kg of benzylpenicillin mass 2 times a day in a 0.25% solution of novocaine is mandatory for 4 days in a row.

Prevention.

The sanitary and hygienic conditions and rules of childbirth, natural and artificial insemination and gynecological procedures are strictly observed. They keep the premises and the animals themselves clean, disinfect, isolate patients and their rational treatment at an early stage.

CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS (Endometritis chronica)

With this long-lasting inflammation of the mucous membrane of the uterus, its stable changes develop, not only functional, but also structural. By the nature of the exudate and clinical manifestation, chronic endometritis is divided into catarrhal, catarrhal-purulent and latent.

Etiology.

In most cases, the disease is a continuation of acute postpartum or postabortal endometritis, subinvolution of the uterus. Sometimes the inflammation spreads to the uterus from the vagina, cervix, or oviducts. Microorganisms can enter the uterus by hematogenous, lymphogenous pathways or with sperm.

Symptoms

In females, infertility is observed, the sexual cycles become irregular or stop. With catarrhal endometritis, exudate is released in the form of turbid flocculent mucus, with purulent-catarrhal it can be liquid or thick, cloudy with streaks of pus, and with purulent - creamy yellowish-white color. The horns of the uterus are enlarged 1.5-3 times, their wall is thickened, painful on palpation, contractility is reduced, sometimes fluctuation is detected. The state of the animal is not changed, with a prolonged course of the process, signs may appear chronic intoxication organism.

Complications of chronic endometritis are accumulation in the uterus of a large amount of pus (pyometra), watery (hydrometer) or mucous (mixometer) contents, sometimes mixed with blood. This occurs when the cervical canal is closed or significantly narrowed, so there is practically no exudation to the outside. By palpation of the organ, fluctuation is felt, the presence of a corpus luteum on the ovary.

At the heart of this pathology is a disorder in the relationship between estrogen hormones and progesterone. Their symptomatology is different and refers to glandular-cystic hyperplasia. With hypersecretion of estrogens, a mixometer or hydrometer occurs, and against the background of hyperluteinization due to a lingering corpus luteum on the ovary, a pyometra. Irreversible changes develop in the wall of the uterus, sometimes ruptures of the uterus and peritonitis with sepsis are possible.

With latent endometritis, there is no outflow of exudate in the period from one estrus to another. But during estrus, the outflow of mucus from the uterus is abundant with an admixture of grayish-white, yellowish, sometimes filamentary veins of pus. Insemination or covering of such females is ineffective and contraindicated.

Treatment.

To aggravate the process and remove exudate from the uterus, warm solutions of 6-10% sodium chloride, 4% ichthyol, 0.1% iodine, 2% vagotil are used in small quantities. The solution is immediately withdrawn from the uterus with a liquefied exudate using an irrigator V.A. Akatova. Then, antimicrobial drugs are injected into the uterine cavity, taking into account the sensitivity of microflora to them in the form of emulsions, suspensions.

Most effective use iodine preparations(Lugol's solution, iodosol, iodoxide, iodobismuth sulfamide). At the same time, estrogen drugs are prescribed to stimulate uterine contractions (2% sinestrol solution subcutaneously for 2 days in a row), and then oxytocin, pituitrin, hyphatocin, ergometrine, brevikolin and other uterine drugs.

To increase the tone of the uterus and activate the function of the ovaries, rectal massage of the uterus and ovaries is performed by stroking and kneading them for 3-5 minutes after 1-2 days again. In order to normalize metabolic processes, they organize full-fledged feeding, walks, insolation, vitamin therapy; ichthyolotherapy, autohemotherapy are effective.

With a purulent process (pyometra), massage of the uterus is contraindicated. To remove exudate, it is necessary to open the cervical canal by means of novocaine blockades (low epidural-sacral, pre-eacral according to S.T. In some cases, in order to enhance uterine contractions, myotropic drugs or 2 ml of hellebore tincture should be added to the intrauterine devices. In the following days, treatment is continued according to the generally accepted scheme. Of the patented intrauterine devices, rifapol, rifacyclin, iodine-bismuth sulfamide are effective. From traditional means use Konkov's ointment with the addition of antiseptics, liniment syntomycin, lefuran, deoxyfur, iodinol, Lugol's solutions, ichthyol, ASD-2 fraction, etc. The course of treatment requires at least 2-4 injections at intervals of 48-72 hours. amputation of the uterus.

Prevention.

Timely treat sharp forms endometritis. Observe the rules of asepsis during insemination. Correctly perform therapeutic techniques for vestibulitis and cervicitis. Measures are taken to ensure the body's high resistance to disease.

HYPOFUNCTION OF THE OVARIES (Hypofunctio ovariorum)

Weakening of the hormonal and generative function of the ovaries, accompanied by defective sexual cycles or anaphrodisia, is most often observed in first-calf heifers in the winter-spring months.

Etiology.

The causes of the disease can be inadequate feeding and unsatisfactory conditions of detention (low illumination of the premises, lack of active walks, stress). One of the reasons for the anovulatory sexual cycle is the hypofunction of the thyroid gland, due to insufficient intake of iodine in the animal's body. The reasons for ovarian hypofunction are based on a violation of the neurohormonal regulatory mechanisms of the sexual cycle of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary-uterus system.

Symptoms

Violation of the rhythm, weak manifestation or absence of the phenomena of the sexual cycle (anaphrodisia). This condition can last up to 6 months or more.

Treatment.

Eliminate causes, improve housing and feeding conditions, timely treat animals with residual inflammatory processes in the genitals. It is recommended to use serum gonadotropin intramuscularly. It is advisable to combine it with a 0.5% proserin solution or 0.1% carbacholine solution, which is administered subcutaneously 2-3 times every 2 days. It is recommended to use an oily solution of progesterone at a dose of 100 mg for 2 consecutive days in combination with an analogue of prostaglandin F-2-alpha (estrophan) intramuscularly one day after the administration of progesterone.

With anovulatory sexual cycle during estrus, chorionic gonadotropin or luteinizing or surfagon is used. Serum gonadotropin can be used on the 12-13th day of the sexual cycle.

Prevention.

The deficiency of vitamins in feed is replenished with fortification, especially during the period 2 months before childbirth and 1 month after them. Pathological processes in the female's body are promptly eliminated on the basis of gynecological clinical examination of animals.

PERSISTENT YELLOW BODY
(Corpus luteum persistens)

This is a corpus luteum that lingered in the ovary of a non-pregnant female for longer than the physiological period (more than 4 weeks).

Etiology.

The reasons are errors in maintenance and feeding, pathological processes in the uterus and disturbances in neurohormonal regulation between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, the pituitary gland and the ovaries, the ovaries and the uterus. Maceration, fetal mummification, retention of the placenta, subinvolution of the uterus and endometritis block the formation of proetaglandins, and therefore the corpus luteum does not regress. Persistent corpus luteum maintains high levels of progesterone in the female's body and inhibits the development of follicles in the ovaries.

Symptoms

Prolonged absence of the phenomena of the sexual cycle (anaphrodisia). By rectal examination of large animals (cows, mares), a corpus luteum is found in one of the ovaries. To clarify the diagnosis, they are re-examined after 2-4 weeks, during which time the behavior of the animal is observed. Continuing anaphrodisia and the presence of the corpus luteum in the same size gives rise to a diagnosis of persistent corpus luteum in the absence of pregnancy. During this period, the uterus is atonic, the horns hang down into the abdominal cavity, there is no fluctuation.

Treatment.

Eliminate the reasons for the retention of the corpus luteum and prescribe means to ensure its involution. Often after creation to an animal optimal conditions feeding, maintenance and exploitation occurs the involution of the corpus luteum and the restoration of sexual cyclicity. In some cases, 2-3 sessions of massage of the ovary with an interval of 24-48 hours are sufficient to separate the corpus luteum. Good effect gives a single intramuscular injection of prostaglandin F-2-alpha and enzaprost-F or estrophan. After the appearance of heat, the females are inseminated, and in the absence of heat, the injections are repeated after 11 days and inseminated on the 14-15th day. In the absence of these drugs, a 1% progesterone solution can be injected subcutaneously daily for 6 days, and 48 hours after progesterone injections - serum gonadotropin.

Prevention.

Strict implementation of measures to exclude possible causes of the disease.

FOLLICULAR OVARIAN CYSTES
(Cystes follicularum ovariorum)

Education follicular cysts preceded by anovulatory sexual cycle. Cysts appear due to fluid stretching of the graaf vesicles that do not ovulate. Protein overfeeding, hereditary factors, a lack of micro- and macroelements, vitamins, the use of overestimated doses of synthetic estrogens (synestrol, stilbestrol), FFA, folliculin, inflammatory processes of the uterus, reticulopericarditis, ketosis, poisoning predispose to cyst formation.

Symptoms

An excess amount of estrogen is released into the cyst cavity, and the animal is in a state of hunting for a long period (nymphomania). Deep depressions are formed between the root of the tail and the ischial tubercles. Establish an increase in the size of the ovary, a pronounced rounded shape, fluctuation, thinning of the walls and rigidity of the uterus. Vaginally, they find hyperemia of the vaginal mucosa, the cervical canal is slightly open, and mucus is contained at the bottom of the cranial part of the vagina. Long-term functioning cyst causes glandular cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium. Nymphomania gives way to a long period of anaphrodisia when luteinization occurs inner surface cyst capsules. The wall of such a cyst is thick and lightly stressed.

Treatment.

Before prescribing treatment, it is necessary to organize full feeding and optimal maintenance, use vitamin supplements in the diet, trace elements, especially iodine, cobalt, manganese. Operative, conservative and combined methods are used. The simplest operative tool is to crush the cyst by hand through the wall of the rectum. Often thereafter, after 5 days. recurrence of cysts occurs. If the cysts do not lend themselves to crushing, then they are limited to massage, resorting to the next attempt after 1-2 days.

From the second, third attempt, the cyst is crushed fairly freely. Another operational method- this is a puncture of a cyst through the pelvic wall or vaginal vault with the removal of the contents and the introduction of 2-3% tincture of iodine or 1% solution of novocaine into the vacated cavity.

For greater effectiveness of treatment, simultaneously with crushing or puncture of cysts, you should apply medications: oil solution progesterone for 10 days. From conservative means parenteral administration of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) is most effective, and after 10 days estrophan or enzaprost-F. Instead of hCG, you can use luteinizing hormone (LH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone, surfagon (intramuscularly). In case of a cyst caused by hypofunction of the thyroid gland, intramuscular administration of a 5% aqueous solution of potassium iodide is advisable for 5 consecutive days in increasing doses.

When treating cysts, you should simultaneously give the animals inside potassium iodide (kayoda) for 7-8 days.

Prevention.

Eliminate the causes of the cycle without ovulation, normalize the sugar-protein ratio in the diets.

Cyst of the yellow body (Cysta corporis lutei)

The cyst is a cavity in the lingering corpus luteum of the ovary.

Symptoms

Long absence clinical manifestation the phenomena of the sexual cycle. The uterus is atonic, the horns hang over the edge of the pubic bones of the pelvis into the abdominal cavity. The ovaries are triangular-oval in shape.

Treatment.

The use of analogs of prostaglandin F-2-alpha (estrophan, estrumate, enzaprost), which have a luteolytic effect, is effective. Crushing the cyst is impractical.

Prevention.

Measures are taken to exclude the occurrence of a persistent corpus luteum on the ovary.

OOFORITES AND PERIOOFORITES
(Oophoritis et perioophoritis)

Ovariitis, or oophoritis, is an inflammation of the ovaries; perioophoritis - inflammation of the upper layer of the ovary, accompanied by its fusion with nearby tissues.

Etiology.

Aseptic inflammation of the ovaries is a consequence of trauma caused by pressing the corpus luteum or crushing the cyst. Purulent oophoritis is the result of the action of microflora in salpingitis and endometritis. Chronic oophoritis develops from acute after unskilled and untimely treatment as a result of prolonged intoxication. The main cause of perioophoritis is the spread of the inflammatory process from the deeper parts of the ovary to its periphery or from the oviducts, peritoneum or other adjacent organs.

Symptoms

The animal is depressed, the body temperature is elevated, the ovary is enlarged, painful, and there are no sexual cycles. In chronic inflammation, the affected ovary is hard, bumpy, deformed, painless. Perioophoritis is characterized by the immobility of the ovary, the presence of adhesions.

Treatment.

Heat on the sacrum and lumbar region, antibiotics and sulfa drugs, pathogenetic therapy, suprapleural novocaine blockade according to V.V. Mosin or perirenal according to I.G. Frost, intra-aortic administration of a 0.5% solution of novocaine with antibiotics sensitive to microflora. Morphological changes in the ovaries characteristic of perioophoritis cannot be treated due to the irreversibility of the process, and the females are rejected.

Prevention.

Elimination of the causes of organ injury.

HYPOPLASIA, HYPOTROPHY AND OVARIAN ATROPHY
(Hypoplasia, Hypotrophia et Atrophia ovariorum)

Ovarian hypoplasia is an underdevelopment of ovarian tissue during embryonic development. Ovarian hypotrophy is a violation of the growth and development of the ovaries due to insufficient nutrition. Ovarian atrophy is a decrease in the volume of the ovaries with a weakening of their functions.

Etiology.

Hypoplasia is observed in heterosexual twins with anastomoses between the placental vessels, when the hormones of the male reproductive glands, which are formed in males earlier than in females, penetrate to the female's fetus and suppress the development of her genital organs. Ovarian hypotrophy is most common in young females whose mothers received inadequate diets during pregnancy, or can be caused by non-infectious, infectious and invasive diseases (dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, bronchopneumonia, paratyphoid fever, coccidiosis, dictyocaulosis and others), as well as the result of closely related mating.

Ovarian atrophy is widespread due to inadequate feeding. Unilateral atrophy is possible with cystic degeneration of the ovary and the development of scar tissue in it on the basis of the previous inflammatory process. Bilateral ovarian atrophy often develops as a result of chronic, long-term diseases and age-related changes.

Symptoms

The consequence of ovarian hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of the vagina and uterus, secondary sexual characteristics, the birth of Freemartins. With ovarian hypotrophy, genital infantilism is noted. Ovarian atrophy is manifested by a cycle without ovulation, the ovaries are small, compacted, without growing follicles and yellow bodies, the uterus is atonic, reduced in size.

Treatment.

If the reasons are of a pronounced alimentary nature and are not accompanied by profound changes in the tissues of the ovary and uterus, then feed containing the required amount of essential amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, micro- and macroelements is introduced into the diet. To accelerate the normalization of reproductive function, agents used for ovarian hypofunction are prescribed.

Prevention.

The primary task is high-quality and full-fledged feeding of pregnant animals and young animals born from them.

OVARIAN SCLEROSIS (Sclerosis ovariorum)

The growth of connective tissue at the site of the glandular in the ovaries.

Etiology.

Pathology occurs due to shallow cysticity and persistence of the corpus luteum, prolonged intoxication, chronic diseases and age-related changes.

Symptoms

The ovaries are stony, lumpy, painless, sometimes indefinite. There are no sex cycles.

Treatment.

Does not give a result, females are culled.

Prevention.

Eliminate factors that can cause the disease.

SALPINGITES
Inflammation of the oviducts (fallopian tubes).

Etiology.

The disease is a consequence of the translation of the ampullar part of the oviduct, compression of the corpus luteum, crushing of ovarian cysts and the spread of the inflammatory process from nearby organs and tissues.

Symptoms

In the ligaments between the ovary and the uterus, a fluctuating cord (hydrosalping) is determined by rectal palpation, there is no pain. Acute purulent process is accompanied by oophoritis and sharp soreness of the organ, and chronic - by thickening of the isthmic and ampullar part of the oviduct to the size of a student's pencil and the presence of adhesions. Oviduct obstruction makes it difficult to transport the fertilized egg and zygote to the uterus, an ectopic pregnancy is possible.

Treatment.

In acute salpingitis, the cause of the disease is eliminated, antibiotics and sulfonamides of a wide spectrum of action are used. Rest, warmth on the region of the sacrum and lower back. A 0.5% solution of novocaine with antibiotics is injected into the aorta, intramuscularly - a 7-10% solution of ichthyol in a 20% glucose solution or 0.85% sodium chloride solution with an interval of 48 hours. Injections 5% - th solution ascorbic acid intramuscularly c.

Prevention.

When carrying out rectal examination and massage of the uterus and ovaries, the established norms and techniques are strictly observed.

INFERTILITY (Sterilitas)

Temporary or permanent impairment of the ability of a mature organism to fertilize, i.e. loss of the adult's ability to reproduce.

Etiology.

The causes of infertility are mainly of congenital and acquired origin. Inborn include infantilism, freemartinism, hermaphroditism. Acquired infertility is divided into alimentary, climatic, operational, senile, but it can be the result of violations in the organization and implementation of artificial insemination, pathology in the reproductive organs, biological processes.

Prevention.

To find out the causes of infertility and eliminate them, a comprehensive analysis of economic conditions is required, which includes the state of the fodder base; the level and nature of feeding during the year, taking into account the data of biochemical analysis of feed; conditions for keeping animals.

With liver diseases (hepatitis), hypovitaminosis A, D, E, impaired phosphorus-calcium metabolism, acidosis, the service period is lengthened. Prolonged anestrus takes place against the background of ovarian hypofunction and persistence of the corpus luteum, a sharp decline the content of hemoglobin in the blood (less than 9.8 g in 100 ml), since the hormonal function of the pituitary gland and ovaries is weakened.

Obstetric operations

Fetotomy, cesarean section and uterine amputation are of the greatest practical importance.

Fetotomy - dissection of a dead fetus in the birth canal. Indications for fetotomy: large fruit, deformities, wrong articulation. Fetotomy is performed using an embryotome or fetotome and other instruments. It is done in two ways: open (cutaneous) and closed (subcutaneous - after dissecting the skin with a spatula). The head is amputated when it does not pass along with the limbs, the limbs are amputated with a fetotome or torn off with an extractor to reduce the shoulder or pelvic girdle. In the process of fetotomy, injury to the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix is not allowed.

Caesarean section is shown on a live fetus with narrowing of the cervical canal, narrowness of the birth canal, twisting of the uterus, as well as fetal emphysema.

Amputation of the uterus is indicated for ruptures and tumors, and in small animals - if obstetrics were unsuccessful.

Pathogenesis

With subinvolution of the uterus, hypotension or atony of the uterine muscles and delayed retraction of its muscle layers develop. As a result, the uterine cavity decreases slowly, and lochia (lochiometer) accumulates in it. Microorganisms entering the uterus cause decomposition of lochia, which acquire a dark brown or grayish color with unpleasant odor... The decay products of lochia are absorbed into the bloodstream, which causes intoxication of the body.

In the cavity of the uterus that has not contracted, lochia accumulates and lingers, which undergo decomposition due to the introduction of microorganisms into them. As a result, the body becomes intoxicated with decay products of lochia, which enter the bloodstream, which leads to varying severity of diseases of the uterus and general septic processes. Its contractile function is weakened, the retraction of muscle fibers slows down, as a result of which atrophic-degenerative, and subsequently regenerative processes inherent in the normal course of the postpartum period are disrupted. In particular, the restoration and regeneration of coruncles, mucous membranes, blood vessels of the uterus is delayed, ligamentous apparatus... Lochia accumulates in the uterine cavity, which causes stretching of the walls of the uterus, prevents their contraction. The accumulation of liquid dark brown lochia in the uterus leads to a lochiometer and the formation of toxins. Intoxication of the body with decay products of lochia causes mastitis. Sexual cycles are disrupted.

V.A. Samoilov (1988) found that in cows with subinvolution of the uterus 1 day before delivery, a relatively high level of progesterone is observed in the blood at a low concentration of estradiol -17/3. In cows with subinvolution of the uterus 1-2 days after calving, there is a faster decrease in the concentration of estradiol - 17/3 and a slow decrease in the concentration of progesterone compared with animals with a normal course of the postpartum period. At the same time, a lower content of prostglandin F-2 alpha was found in the blood of cows with subinvolution of the uterus, both 1 day before calving and in the first 10 days after it (A.S. Tereshchenko, 1990).

Diagnosis

When diagnosing a subinvolution of the uterus, attention is paid to such signs as prolonged separation of lochia, a change in their color and the absence of sexual arousal for a long time. In order to clarify the diagnosis, the genitals are examined with the help of a vaginal speculum and palpation of the uterus by hand through the rectum (rectal examination).

Also, for diagnosis, you can use Pankov's polystyrene obstetric-gynecological spoon. Pankov's polystyrene obstetric spoon (ALP) - a device for diagnosing the condition of the genital organs in cows - consists of a round rod 27 cm long and 5 mm in diameter. At the working end of the rod there is an elliptical spoon with a slightly sharpened front edge for "cutting off" a sample of mucus-exudate. The ALP handle has a recess (hole) on the side of the open part of the elliptical spoon, so that when the ALP is inserted into the cervix, press the convex one against the vaginal wall, and when removing a sample of mucus-exudate - the open part. This prevents injury to the vagina. After taking mucus, the upper edge of the spoon is lightly pressed against the wall of the vagina, and a sample of mucus is extracted by holding the spoon along the "bottom", and at the urethra it unfolds with pressing against the lateral wall of the vagina. Samples of mucus-exudate are taken in compliance with the rules of antiseptics. The ALP case is filled with an antiseptic solution. The LSA is black, so that the fragments of pus or the color of the inflammatory exudate contrast with the color of the LSA. A test card with colored oval circles and inscriptions to them is attached to the LSA. Each colored circle corresponds to the diagnosed pathological process or norm in the genitals. Samples of mucus exudates taken under the cervix are compared.

Criteria for the diagnosis of ALP

1. If the entire spoon up to the handle has entered the vagina and when the hand is removed from the handle of the spoon it does not come out under the pressure of the cervix, then we can assume that the cervix is at the edge of the pubic fusion. Diagnoses: in a healthy animal, in the presence of an insignificant amount of sticky mucus, pallor and dryness of the vestibule of the vagina - pregnancy (more than 2 months), and in a fresh cow, if there are reddish or brown-reddish lochia in the sample, subinvolution of the uterus; The return of the LSA from the genital slit under pressure from the cervix to half the length after insertion to the cervix means that the cervix is in the middle of the pelvic floor.

Diagnoses: in healthy animals - involution is complete (in the sample there is a transparent liquid or thick and sticky mucus) and it is necessary to inseminate during a full heat, regardless of the time after calving; in inseminated animals, fertilization is possible; in patients - exclude latent endometritis by a sample of mucus-exudate; A spoonful of brown-red odorless liquid decomposition with liquefied brown fragments - involution or subinvolution, depending on the time after calving; a full spoonful of cloudy lochia with a decomposition smell - sapremia (an excess amount of saprophytic microflora); a full spoon with a liquid and thick exudate of a purulent nature - purulent-catarrhal endometritis; a full spoonful of pus - pyometra or the 4th stage of purulent-catarrhal endometritis;

The spoon is easy to insert, there is transparent, light, odorless mucus, the vestibule of the vagina is pale pink - a follicle matures in the ovary, the animal is healthy; The spoon is easily inserted, it contains transparent or slightly turbid mucus, the vestibule of the vagina is hyperemic - the pre-ovulatory stage of the mature follicle;

The spoon is easily inserted, it is cloudy or light, but thick mucus with fragments of pus (1: 6-10). The spoon is inserted at a howling length with some difficulty (as in item 7), in the spoon there is little thick mucus with a brown tint - perhaps the animal is pregnant (2-3 months); The spoon is inserted without effort, and in the sample (twice, with an interval of 10 days), a small amount of thick, sticky, light mucus - a yellow persistent body.

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy

GRADUATE WORK

"Chronic subinvolution of the uterus in cows"

Nizhny Novgorod 2006

Introduction

The reproduction of a herd of cattle is one of the most difficult and time consuming processes. An important factor in the growth of milk and meat production is an increase in the output of calves per 100 heads of queens. In the farms of the Vladimir region, the calf yield is low, this is due to a number of reasons. First of all, it is the improper maintenance and use of animals, also inadequate and insufficient feeding. But the main reason is the low level of veterinary specialists' activity. This causes the farm to be in trouble for many diseases, in particular, gynecological. One of these diseases, subinvolution of the uterus, is very common and is recorded on average from 32.5% of calving cows. A delay in the involution of the uterus after childbirth occurs in the absence of active exercise, inadequacy of diets and is often accompanied by a violation of the functions of internal organs and systems. The main reasons for it are atony of the uterus, the release of lochia in small portions or their delay, the expiration of liquid brown lochia more than 4 days after childbirth, an increase in the timing of the separation of lochia. The accumulation of liquid dark brown lochia in the uterus leads to a lochiometer and the formation of toxins. Intoxication of the body with decay products of lochia causes mastitis. Sexual cycles are disrupted.

Subinvolution of the uterus usually does not cause a deviation from the norm in the general condition of the sick animal. Only in some cases is it accompanied by septic intoxication.

The special danger of subinvolution of the uterus is that it leads to the appearance of acute and chronic postpartum endometritis, various functional disorders of the ovaries and other pathological processes in the reproductive apparatus and, as a consequence, infertility. This pathology is the most common of all postpartum diseases in cows. Especially often the subinvolution of the uterus is recorded in the winter-spring period. With timely treatment, the disease ends in recovery. However, this disease is often complicated by endometritis, which leads to infertility. Also, the subinvolution of the uterus entails economic damage due to the lack of offspring. There is a reduction in the period of productive use of animals, that is, their culling. It is necessary to pay great attention to the study of the issues of etiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of this disease, therefore, for the implementation of my graduation project, I chose this topic in order to broadly highlight the methods and methods of treatment and prevention of this disease, and also to find the most beneficial from the variety of treatment regimens given in the literature. and effective.

1. Theoretical part

1.1 Distribution and etiology

During pregnancy, the uterus increases in size, and after childbirth, its reverse development occurs, i.e. involution. In the process of involution, the uterus shrinks to a size characteristic of a non-pregnant state. Usually, the involution of the uterus is complete within 3 weeks. However, sometimes this process is delayed. Slowing down the involution of the uterus and called subinvolution.

Pathological childbirth, prolapse of the uterus and retention of the placenta are the main causes of the disease.

Subinvolution of the uterus occurs after a strong stretching of its walls by a watery fetus, twins, triplets, as well as with persistent corpus luteum and retention of the placenta. The reasons mass disease In cows, the subinvolution of the uterus may be the absence of active exercise (especially in the second half of pregnancy), insufficient or monotonous feeding, especially mineral and vitamin deficiencies, excessive feeding of succulent feed (silage, stillage, bagasse). Various diseases that weaken animals, as well as other external and internal factors that reduce the neuromuscular tone of the body (V.P. Goncharov, V.A. Karlov, 1981).

G.A. Kononov (1977) points out that subinvolution of the uterus often occurs as a result of overstretching of the uterus during pregnancy. This condition is observed with dropsy of the fetus and membranes; with multiple pregnancies in singleton animals and with overdevelopment of fruits. It is also often observed after difficult childbirth, retention of the placenta and with general weakness of the body, due to various reasons.

According to D.D. Logvinov (1975) it is believed that the occurrence of subinvolution of the uterus is possible against the background of mastitis, as a result of which the reflex connection between the uterus and the mammary gland is disrupted, as well as as a result of insufficient manifestation of the maternal instinct by the woman in labor, if she is not given the opportunity to lick the calf.

On large dairy farms most of obstetric and gynecological diseases proceeds with inflammatory processes caused by opportunistic microflora with increased virulence due to passages on weakened animals. The absence of isolators for sick animals contributes to the passage of this microflora, which from opportunistic pathogenic becomes pathogenic, albeit nonspecific. Such microflora include streptococci and staphylococci, fodder bacteria, proteus; intestinal, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, necrobacteriosis and hay bacillus; other bacteria, pathogenic fungi (candida and aspergillus), mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia and viruses in the form of separate pathogens, but more often in the form of associations.

The weakening of the general resistance of cows and heifers of breeding age is facilitated by metabolic disorders, which are caused by an imbalance in the diet for acid-base equivalents, minerals and vitamins. Metabolic disorders cause endocrine insufficiency and hormonal disorders. These disorders lead to a disorder of the neurohumoral regulation of sexual functions, and favorable conditions are created for the development of pathogenic microflora in the genitals, which entered the uterine cavity immediately after calving, which complicates inflammatory processes. Frequent violation of the technology of harvesting, laying of coarse and succulent forages leads to a decrease in their nutritional value, to the "combustion" of sugars during self-heating of haylage and silage, to the accumulation of butyric acid in them and a decrease in the content of vitamins. A decrease in the amount of naturally dried hay, an increase in the percentage of silage and concentrates in the diet also leads to a decrease in the alkaline reserve in the body of females and metabolic disorders of the type of acidosis and ketosis. Year-round stall-free pasture (in winter) and stall-pasture (in summer) maintenance of broodstock creates a high concentration of opportunistic microflora in livestock buildings - up to 300,000 microbial bodies per cubic meter. m. All this in combination with the presence of stress factors on farms, prolonged lactation leads to a significant decrease in natural resistance and impaired neurohumoral regulation of sexual functions. In ketosis and acidosis, after removing the fetus, the uterus does not remain in a contracted state, but relaxes again, since the mechanisms of retraction and contraction are disrupted. This leads to the lowering of the uterus into the abdominal cavity and "suction" into the cavity of the air infected with opportunistic microflora.

With a balanced diet, the rumen of ruminants is a source of enzymes and essential amino acids (due to the microflora of the rumen) necessary for the mother's body and the fetus. Under these conditions, the pH of the contents of the rumen is optimal - 6.6–7.2. At the same time, ketosis is prevented.

If diets are not balanced, ketosis occurs. In the body, profound morphological and functional changes occur, which end in a violation of the neurohumoral regulation of sexual functions in non-pregnant cows, in pregnant cows - the development of obstetric-gynecological diseases and infertility. The development of many body systems in fetuses is impaired, which contributes to gastrointestinal diseases of newborns with a high mortality rate. Newborn calves from cows with ketosis are diagnosed with metabolic hypoxia, and the activity of digestive enzymes in them is 3-5 times lower than in newborns from healthy cows.

In the subclinical course of ketosis in cows, only some of the functions of the body can be disturbed, but always reproductive. In the clinical form of ketosis, all types of metabolism are disrupted and irreversible changes (dystrophy) occur in the glands internal secretion and in the parenchymal organs. In cows with ketosis, milk productivity decreases, and the period of productive use is up to 2-3 calving.

1.2 Pathogenesis

With subinvolution of the uterus, hypotension or atony of the uterine muscles and delayed retraction of its muscle layers develop. As a result, the uterine cavity decreases slowly, and lochia (lochiometer) accumulates in it. Microorganisms entering the uterus cause decomposition of lochia, which acquire a dark brown or grayish color with an unpleasant odor. The decay products of lochia are absorbed into the bloodstream, which causes intoxication of the body.

In the cavity of the uterus that has not contracted, lochia accumulates and lingers, which undergo decomposition due to the introduction of microorganisms into them. As a result, the body becomes intoxicated with decay products of lochia, which enter the bloodstream, which leads to varying severity of diseases of the uterus and general septic processes. Its contractile function is weakened, the retraction of muscle fibers slows down, as a result of which atrophic-degenerative, and subsequently regenerative processes inherent in the normal course of the postpartum period are disrupted. In particular, the restoration and degeneration of coruncles, mucous membrane, blood vessels of the uterus, ligamentous apparatus is delayed. Lochia accumulates in the uterine cavity, which causes stretching of the walls of the uterus, prevents their contraction. The accumulation of liquid dark brown lochia in the uterus leads to a lochiometer and the formation of toxins. Intoxication of the body with decay products of lochia causes mastitis. Sexual cycles are disrupted.

V.A. Samoilov (1988) found that in cows with subinvolution of the uterus 1 day before delivery, a relatively high level of progesterone is observed in the blood at a low concentration of estradiol -17/3. In cows with subinvolution of the uterus 1–2 days after calving, there is a more rapid decrease in the concentration of estradiol - 17/3 and a slow decrease in the concentration of progesterone in comparison with animals with a normal course of the postpartum period. At the same time, a lower content of prostglandin F-2 alpha was found in the blood of cows with subinvolution of the uterus, both 1 day before calving and in the first 10 days after it (A.S. Tereshchenko, 1990).

1.3 Diagnosis

Criteria for the diagnosis of ALP

The spoon is easily inserted, it is cloudy or light, but thick mucus with fragments of pus (1: 6-10) The spoon is inserted with some effort, you have to alternately push the walls of the vagina, and in the spoon there is a little thick sticky mucus - in the ovary the corpus luteum of the sexual cycle; The spoon is inserted at a howling length with some difficulty (as in item 7), in the spoon there is little thick mucus with a brown tint - perhaps the animal is pregnant (2-3 months); The spoon is inserted without effort, and in the sample (twice, with an interval of 10 days), a small amount of thick, sticky, light mucus - a yellow persistent body.

1.4 Clinical signs of uterine subinvolution

Contractions of the walls of the uterus are weakened (hypotension) or absent (atony), the excitability of the myometrium is reduced, the retraction of muscle fibers is slowed down, the uterus becomes flabby, and lochia accumulates in its cavity.

Early signs of subinvolution of the uterus are: discharge of liquid bloody lochia and vibration of the middle uterine arteries after 4 days after birth (in cows) or the absence of lochial discharge in the first 5-6 days after birth, which is associated with a decreased tone of the uterus. Subsequently, the lengthening of the lochial period is observed. Lochia of dark brown color, smearing consistency or liquid, dirty gray color with an unpleasant odor. Abundant outflows of lochia are observed in the morning, while the animal is lying (V.P. Goncharov, V.A.Karpov, 1985).

Vaginal examination reveals hyperemia and edema of the mucous membranes of the vagina and the vaginal portion of the cervix, its open canal (A.S. Tereshchenko, 1990).

V.P. Goncharov, V.A. Karpov (1981) note that the cervical canal is ajar, (One or two fingers permeability), and lochia stand out from it. Closure of the cervical canal can be delayed up to 30 days or more.

When a rectal examination, carried out on the 7-12th day after childbirth, it is established that the uterus is enlarged, stretched and lowered into the abdominal cavity. The wall of the uterus is flabby, does not respond with a contraction to massage, or weakly contracts, there is a fluctuation of the horn, which served as a fetus. Caruncles are often felt through the wall of the uterus. A yellow body is found in one of the ovaries. General state the animal is usually not changed. However, in some cases, with intensive decomposition of lochia, intoxication of the body occurs. In this case, the animal develops depression, appetite decreases, the activity of the cardiovascular and digestive systems is disrupted, milk productivity decreases, and mastitis often occurs.

If the necessary therapeutic measures are not taken in time, then the subinvolution of the uterus takes on a chronic course. At the same time, for several weeks, there is a release of lochia, the uterus increases in size, its walls become flabby or thicken, the sexual cycle is disrupted or the ineffectiveness of multiple inseminations is characteristic - sexual function is impaired, and anaphrodisia is more often observed (absence of sexual cycles), and the animal remains sterile for some time.

A particular danger is that it often leads to the appearance of acute and chronic endometritis and various functional disorders of the ovaries. An early sign subinvolution of the uterus in cows is the presence of bloody lochia within about 4 days after delivery. Late sign is the allocation of lochia later than 10 days after childbirth while maintaining their mucopurulent or purulent character. When detaining lochia, an unpleasant odor is constantly noted. With normal involution of the uterus, lochia in a cow brightens on the 10-12th day after birth and stops by the 14-16th day. In the case of subinvolution of the uterus, the lochia does not brighten, but becomes cloudy, acquires an unpleasant odor and is released for a long time after childbirth.

Severe subinvolution of the uterus, resulting from the absorption of the decay products of lochia, is characterized by the lethargy of the female, decreased appetite and milk yield, increased heart rate and respiration. Body temperature remains within normal limits. The uterus is enlarged, hangs deeply into the abdominal cavity, is flabby and does not contract when stroking. If the cervix is closed and the lochia does not come out, the uterus increases in volume and fluctuates.

1.5 Treatment of subinvolution of the uterus

The main tasks of the treatment of cows with subinvolution of the uterus are to restore the tone and contractile function of the myometrium, stimulate the processes of regeneration of epithelial tissues in the uterus, increase the general resistance of the organism and prevent endometritis.

In case of chronic subinvolution of the uterus, accompanied by ovarian hypofunction, clathraprostin is administered to cows at a dose of 100 μg in combination with ichthyolotherapy and oxytocin injections. On the 11th day of the course of treatment, the animals are injected with gonadotropin FFA at a dose of 3.0-3.5 thousand IU.

Synchronization of sexual heat in cows, mares and sexually mature heifers is carried out after collecting anamnestic data and clinical and gynecological examination. For cows and heifers on days 6-11 of the sexual cycle against the background of functioning yellow bodies, clathraprostin is administered at a dose of 100 μg.

Animals that come into the hunt after the introduction of clathraprostine are inseminated, and those that do not come are subjected to clinical and gynecological examination, and, if necessary, to appropriate treatment.

The dose of gonadotropin FFA (gravogormone, serum gonadotropin, ovariotropin) for sexually mature heifers should be 1000 IU. less than for cows. When using native mare serum (FFA), the dose is reduced by 700 IU. in comparison with doses of gravogormone and other purified gonadotropic drugs.

Usually, complex treatment is carried out, which is based on the use of both symptomatic and general stimulating agents.

The means that increase the tone and contractility of the uterus include uterine funds. They can be subdivided by origin into herbal preparations of ergot, shepherd's purse, and so on, and into hormonal preparations - pituitrin, oxytocin, estrogenic - synestrol, estrone, estradiolabenzoate; synthetic - isoverin and others. To increase the tone of the uterus, anticholinergic agents can be used - carbacholine, proserin, and other synthetic prostaglandins.

Herbal preparations

Ergot is rich in alkaloids. Ergot alkaloids have a complex effect on the body. One of the characteristic pharmacological features (especially in ergometrine and ergotamine) is their ability to cause uterine contraction. Under the influence of small doses of ergot, rhythmic contractions of the muscles of the uterus develop. With large doses of ergot, a spasm of the uterine muscles develops. The muscles of the uterus are especially sensitive to ergot during pregnancy and after childbirth. Ergot and its preparations are widely used for atony and also for subinvolution of the uterus. In the postnatal development, ergot preparations accelerate the reverse development of the uterus. The use of ergot preparations is prohibited during pregnancy and childbirth, since the titonic contractions of the muscles of the uterus can lead to fetal asphyxia. Ergot, powder and extract are referred to list B. Of the alkaloids, the drugs Ergotal, Ergometrine, Ergotamine have the greatest therapeutic value. Other active substances of ergot are histamine, choline, and acylcholine. Various ergot preparations have a similar effect on the uterus, while the effect of ergometrine on the uterus develops faster than the effect of ergotamine and ergotoxin.

Estrogen drugs

The therapeutic effect of drugs in this group is based on their property to activate the contractile activity of the genitals. Stimulate follicular growth, induce heat and heat. In addition, under the influence of estrogenic drugs, the protective functions of the uterus increase, and the regenerative abilities of its tissues, they also contribute to the opening of the cervix, which is necessary to remove exudate with endometritis.

Oxytocin - the hormone of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland obtained synthetically. The drug is free of vasopressin, peptides and other impurities contained in extracts of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The main property of oxytocin is the ability to cause strong contractions of the muscles of the uterus due to its action on the cell membranes of the uterine myometrium. Under the influence of the drug, the permeability of the cell membrane for potassium ions increases, its potential decreases and its excitability increases. The drug increases the secretion of milk by increasing the production of lactogenic hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. It has a mild antidiuretic effect and does not increase blood pressure. Oxytocin can be administered intravenously without fear of anaphylactic action. It is used for weak labor attempts, especially in small animals, to stimulate the uterus after cesarean section, with atony, hypotension, inflammation, to remove the placenta, to accelerate the involution of the uterus after childbirth, to stimulate the separation of milk during agalactia in pigs and cows. The drug is administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, epidurally in combination with novocaine and intravenously (injected slowly, preferably by drip). Dose taking into account individual sensitivity, at the beginning it is recommended to use small doses. Dose to cows for subcutaneous and intramuscular injection- 30-60 IU, for epidural administration 15-20 IU, for intravenous administration 20-40 IU. Release form: ampoules of 1, 2, 5, 10 ml., Containing 1 ml. 5 or 10 IU of oxytocin. Store the drug according to list B.

Pituitrin – hormonal drug, obtained from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, consists of the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, used for atony, subinvolution, endometritis. Contraindicated in pregnancy. A dose of 3-5 ml is administered subcutaneously to cows. Release form: ampoules of 1 ml. containing 5 or 10 units of pituitrin. Store according to list B in a dry, dark place.

Vagotropic drugs

It is prescribed for atony, lethargy of contraction of the muscles of the uterus in order to stimulate labor, to improve the separation of the placenta and with subinvolution. The action of these drugs is carried out through the central nervous system, contributing to the normalization of metabolic processes in the body and establishing neuro-endocrine connections.

Proserin - a white crystalline powder, odorless, bitter taste, hygroscopic in the light, acquires a pink tint easily soluble in water (1:10) easily in alcohol (1: 5). Aqueous solutions are sterilized at a temperature of 100C for 20 minutes. Incompatible with salts of heavy metals, alkalis, oxidizing agents, and sulfate salts of drugs. Proserin is used to increase the tone of the uterus and in the absence of its activity during the retention of the placenta by endometritis to stimulate labor, with subinvolutions, proserin is often used three times in doses of 0.01 g with an interval between injections with subinvolution of 2 days.

It is administered subcutaneously in the form of a 0.05–0.5% aqueous solution. Release form: powder and 1 ml ampoules. 0.05% solution. Storage according to list A in well-sealed amber glass jars and in sealed ampoules, protected from light.

In order to stimulate or enhance the contractions of the uterine muscles, rectal massage of the uterus is performed every 2-3 days.

It is noted that with subinvolution of the uterus, the sensitivity of its muscles to drugs (oxytocin, pituitrin) is sharply reduced. Therefore, to enhance the uteretonic effect, it is advisable to administer to the cow subcutaneously or intramuscularly 2-3 ml of a 2% sinestrol solution 12-24 hours before their application, once.

Oxytocin or pituitrin can be injected intravenously or intra-aortically at a dose of 8-10 IU per 100 kg of animal weight. In this case, the drugs cause a rapid and sharp increase in the contraction of the uterus. To increase the general tone of the body and the contractile function of the uterus, especially in case of intoxication, 200–500 m of a 40% glucose solution, 100–150 ml of a 10% solution of calcium chloride or 100–200 ml of Kamagsol are administered intravenously once a day within 2-3 days, sometimes longer.

From the means of general stimulating therapy, you can use autohemotherapy - three intramuscular injection in increasing doses of 30, 100 and 120 ml every 48 hours; 3-fold intravenous injection of 1% ichthyol solution in 20% glucose solution at a dose of 200 ml at intervals of 24 hours; tissue preparation (spleen and liver extract "at a dose of 15–20 ml or biostimulgin at a dose of 20–40 ml subcutaneously, if necessary, repeat injections after 5–7 days.

Means that increase the regenerative and immunological reactions of the body

It is necessary to remove the lochia from the uterus with a vacuum pump or by subcutaneous injection of ergot, oxytocin, synestrol, or colostrum preparations. Irrigation of the vagina with cold hypertonic solutions of table salt is allowed. If there is no intoxication, rectal massage of the uterus and ovaries is effective. Novocaine therapy and autohemotherapy are useful. Intrauterine administration of neofur, hysteroton, metromax, exuter or furazolidone sticks; intravenous - glucose solution with ascorbic acid.

Prevention consists of the prevention of difficult childbirth, delayed afterbirth. The uterus is provided with active exercise all year round. Be sure to drink amniotic fluid (for cows) or warm salted water with bran after childbirth; keep newborns in maternity wards for 2-3 days; together with her mother.

The positive effect of colostrum injected subcutaneously at a dose of 25-30 ml on the involution of the sexes of the organs and the restoration of sexual activity has been successfully used intra-aortic administration of novocaine (according to D.D. Logvinov, 1971) at a dose of 100 ml with the addition of penicillin, streptomycin (500 thousand units) and 10 units of oxytocin. Good therapeutic and prophylactic effect with 3-4 injections with an interval of 48 hours (AS Tereshchenko, 1990).

Along with general therapy, with subinvolution of the uterus, treatment sites are prescribed. Regularly, rectal massage of the body and uterine horns is carried out for 3-5 minutes, only 4-5 sessions. Massage of the clitoris also has a positive effect.

A good therapeutic effect is given by intravaginal application on the 17th, 18th, 20th, 22nd day after calving of the saprokel warmed up to 45 ° C. Under its influence, the contractile function of the uterus is activated, the elimination of lochia from the uterine cavity is accelerated, metabolic and regenerative processes in the genitals are improved.

If a large number of lochia accumulates in the uterus and there are no positive results after using uterine products, the contents should be removed from the uterus by suction with a vacuum pump, in some cases when the lochia contents accumulating in the uterine cavity have an unpleasant odor (decomposing lochia) and signs of intoxication of the body appear, it is advisable to rinse the uterus with antiseptic solutions: 2–3% solution of bicarbonate of soda, 3-sodium chloride, furacilin 1–5000, ethacridine lactate 1–1000, iodine, parts of crystalline iodine, 2 parts of potassium iodide per 1000–1500 boiled water) or others. it is necessary to completely remove the injected solution from the uterine cavity.

Removal of lochia by washing (1-2 times) with a 3-5% solution of sodium chloride or a solution of potassium permanganate in a dilution of 1: 5000, with the obligatory subsequent removal of the liquid (do not abuse frequent washes).

To enhance uterine contractions, synestrol, pituitrin, progesterol and other uterine drugs are prescribed subcutaneously in normal doses.

To raise the general tone of the body, 200-300 are administered intravenously. ml 40% glucose, subcutaneously 3.0-5.0 caffeine for 15-20 ml water. Measures are taken to raise the general tone of the body, increase uterine contractions and restore sexual cycles. To do this, sick animals are prescribed daily exercise at a distance of 2-4 km, uterine products (oxytocin - 30-60 U, pituitrin - 6-8 ml, ergot extract - 10 ml, etc.) are injected subcutaneously (in doses per cow). ). For the same purpose, a 0.5% solution of proserin is injected subcutaneously - 2 - 3 ml, a 0.1% solution of carbacholine - 2 - 3 ml, or a 1% oil solution of synestrol - 2-3 ml.

Intravenous infusion of glucose and calcium chloride solutions in usual doses has a positive effect. Massage of the uterus, squeezing the persistent corpus luteum, and suction of the contents of the uterus are very effective. Antimicrobial substances are injected into the uterus, as with endometritis. Nonspecific stimulating therapy drugs include vitamins, protein and biologically active substances (ASD, colostrum, ichthyol), gonadotropic drugs, prostaglandins.

Vitamins are widely used for the prevention and treatment of vitamin deficiencies, increasing the body's resistance and as nonspecific pharmacological agents for a number of diseases. In addition, they are used as stimulants that increase the body's resistance.

The expediency of vitaminization in obstetric and gynecological diseases is determined by the fact that in most farms by January - February (the period of mass calving) the reserves of vitamins in the body of cows are depleted, hypovitaminosis A develops. Vitamin deficiency, along with other negatively acting factors (hypodynamia, unfavorable microclimate of livestock buildings and others), causes a slowdown in postpartum involution, a delay in the resumption of reproductive cycles, a decrease in the fertility of cows in the first stage of arousal of the sexual cycle after calving.

Due to the fact that the degree of use of vitamin A is positively influenced by other fat-soluble vitamins (D, E), it is preferable to use complex vitamin preparations. Trivitamin is administered intramuscularly 20, 30, 40 days before calving or 10, 20, 30, 60 days before calving and on the 10th and 20th days after calving. The dose of the drug for a single injection is 10 ml. In order to normalize metabolism and activate recovery processes in the tissues of the uterus, vitamins D, E (2-3 times), feeding with a weekly interval can be prescribed.

Studies carried out in various zones of the country have shown that fortification of cows can shorten the service period by 7-10 days, increase the fertility of animals in the first stage of the sexual cycle after calving by 10%, and also prevent postpartum diseases. In addition, by increasing the immunological reactivity of the body, they help to enhance the processes of regeneration of the tissues of the uterus.

Ichthyol – ammonium salt of sulphonic shale oil. Almost black, in a thin layer of brown, syrupy liquid, a kind of pungent odor and taste. Let's dissolve in water, glycerin, partially in alcohol and ether. Aqueous solutions of ichthyol foam strongly when shaken. It contains 10.5% organically bound sulfur. Incompatible in solutions with iodide salts, alkaloids and heavy metal salts.

Ichthyol has an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and local analgesic effect. In addition, ichthyol stimulates the action of cells of the reticuloendothelial system. The endometrium, according to some researchers, is rich in these cells. The antimicrobial effect of ichthyol is explained by the sulfur content in it, bound by aromatic and hydroaromatic groups. Ichthyol, in addition to antiseptic action, narrows blood vessels, reduces the secretion of glands and tissue exudation, reduces pain and accelerates the regeneration of the affected tissue. Under the influence of ichthyol, the contractility of the uterus increases.

In gynecology, ichthyol is used in the form of a 7-10% solution in the treatment of endometritis. A 7% solution of ichthyol for intramuscular injections is prepared in a 0.85% solution of sodium chloride. The solution is sterilized and injected into the muscles of the croup in a dose of 20-30 ml with an interval of 48 hours.

Colostrum cows taken shortly after calving has pronounced biostimulant properties. It has been proven that colostrum contains vitamins A, B, E, D, enzymes, hormones; by the time of calving, colostrum is enriched with many substances, such as albumin, sugar, phosphorus and other micro- and macroelements. At the same time, colostrum affects the motor function of the uterus, like estrogen and gonadotropic hormones.

Colostrum for injection is taken from clinically healthy cows immediately after the end of labor (after 1-2 hours). Pre-wash the udder and wipe it with a clean towel. The first portions of colostrum are collected in a separate bowl and then into a sterile flask. Colostrum is injected subcutaneously into the neck or behind the scapula at a dose of 20 ml. The injection site should be massaged thoroughly.

For the treatment of endometritis, colostrum is often used in combination with hormonal and vitamin preparations.

ASD (Dorogov's antiseptic-stimulant) has stimulating and antiseptic properties. It increases the body's stability, improves the functioning of the nervous system, weakens the effect of toxic products and normalizes disturbed physiological processes.

ASD is produced in the form of two fractions: ASD-F-2 and ASD-F-3. For the treatment of endometritis in cows, ASD-F-2 is used in the form of a 4% solution prepared in isotonic sodium chloride solution. It is administered subcutaneously at a dose of 10-15 ml.

For hemotherapy, citrated autoblood from clinically healthy cows or hyperimmune blood from specially prepared donor cows are used. Blood is taken from a vein into a sterile flask, where a 5% solution of sodium citrate (10 ml per 100 ml of blood) is added. Stabilized blood is injected intramuscularly in increasing doses from 50-60 to 100-120 ml. The intervals between injections are 48 hours. The course of treatment is three to six injections.

Many authors believe that the highest therapeutic effect is achieved when using donor hyperimmune blood (immunohemotherapy) containing specific immunoglobulins in relation to microbes that cause the development of endometritis.

To obtain hyperimmune blood from the contents of the uterus of cows with endometritis, pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus, staphylococci are isolated in laboratory conditions and polyvalent killed antigens (vaccines) are prepared from them in mesopatamia broth. For practical use, blood is used, in the serum of which the titers of agglutinins are 1: 400 and higher.

Citrated hyperimmune blood is injected subcutaneously starting from the first day of treatment at a dose of 150, 150, 125, 125, 100, 100 ml with an interval of 48–72 hours.

When using hyperimmune blood for the treatment of endometritis, antimicrobial drugs are not injected into the uterine cavity. When choosing a blood dose, one should take into account the weight, fatness of the animal, and the general condition of the body. Emaciated cows are given reduced blood doses. With the general serious condition of the animal, autohemotherapy often does not give the desired result and even worsens the course of the painful process. It is not recommended to shorten the intervals between injections, since the body's reaction to the injected blood lasts 48 hours or more. Therefore, with daily injections, the reaction to subsequent injections will be layered on the reactions from previous injections, and this leads to over-irritation of the reticuloendothelial system, which does not contribute to the animal's recovery. Novocaine therapy for gynecological diseases is used in the form of various blockades, intra-aortic and arterial injections. Under the action of novocaine in sick animals, protective and adaptive reactions are activated, regenerative-restorative reactions are enhanced, and capillary permeability in the zone of the pathological process decreases. The general condition of animals improves and they recover quickly.

A good therapeutic effect in postpartum diseases is provided by the intravascular administration of novocaine. Intravascular injections of novocaine provide the maximum supply of it to the lesion.

Puncture of the internal iliac artery according to I.P. Lipovtsev – the needle is inserted in the middle of the line connecting the umbilicus and the ischial tubercle. The internal iliac artery is searched for with a hand inserted into the rectum and fixed with the thumb and forefinger. To puncture the artery, use a 12 cm needle (No.I-33) and advance it in the direction a fixed section of the artery. As soon as the fingers feel the end of the needle on the inner surface of the pelvic wall, it is guided to the wall of the artery and pierced. When a pulsating stream of blood appears from the needle, a solution of novocaine can be injected. For injection, use a 0.5% sterile solution at a dose of 100-200 ml. Re-introduction is performed after 48 hours.

Puncture of the abdominal aorta according to I.I. Voronin – the needle is inserted to the left in front of the last rib at the level upper contour the iliocostal muscle. Needle 15 - 18 cm long at an angle of 45 ° to horizontal plane advance all the way into the vertebral body. Then the end of the needle is displaced by 0.5 cm to the right and the needle is advanced towards the aorta by 4–5 cm. When the aorta is punctured, a pulsating stream of blood appears. For injection, a 1% solution of novocaine is used at a dose of 0.5 ml per 1 kg of animal weight.

Aortic puncture according to D.D. Logvinov it is recommended to carry out on the right in the middle of the posterior edge of the transverse costal process of the fourth lumbar vertebra. The needle is inserted at an angle of 25-30 ° to the midline until it stops in the vertebral body. Then the end of the needle is displaced and the needle is advanced towards the aorta. When the aorta is punctured, a pulsating stream of blood appears.

In addition to novocaine, oxytocin, pituitrin, mammophysin and other antibiotics can be injected into the vessels together with novocaine.

For intravascular injections, a Janet syringe with a plunger and a rubber tube is used.

In addition to chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases of the uterus, a number of authors recommend the use of uterine lavage shown in the acute form of endometritis, when the inflammatory process proceeds with pronounced atony. The uterus is washed with warm (40-42 ° C) solutions of sodium chloride 3-10%, ichthyol 3-4%, potassium permanganate 1: 5000, hydrogen peroxide 1-2%, 0.5% lysol solution, 1–2% salt-soda and other solutions of rivanol, potassium alum, copper sulfate, tannin, xeroform, formalin, chloramine, etc. The positive effect of these drugs is their antimicrobial action. However, as many authors point out, the introduction of solutions of astringent and disinfecting substances into the uterine cavity does not always have a therapeutic effect, but on the contrary, sometimes complicates the course pathological process and worsens the health of the sick animal.

It is known that the endometrial mucosa is covered with a thin layer of transparent viscous mucus, the main component of which is mucins. Mucins also cover the surface of each cell. With an inflammatory process in the uterus, the release of mucin is significantly reduced and these substances introduced into its cavity destroy some of them, while others precipitate them, as a result of which the inflammatory process is aggravated, and the condition of the animal worsens. Therefore, washing the uterus with a large amount of fluid causes maceration of the endometrium and uterine atony.

1.6 Prevention

Prevention of uterine subinvolution in cows includes a complex of agronomic, zootechnical, veterinary and organizational - economic general and special measures.

General activities:

1. Permanently carried out:

1) Creation of a solid food base.

2) Adequate feeding.

3) Proper maintenance and care, regular active exercise.

2. Carried out during pregnancy:

1) Timely launch.

2) Regular active exercise.

3) Prevention of abortion.

3. Carried out during childbirth:

1) Correct regimen in the maternity ward.

2) Timely assistance in difficult childbirth.

Special events:

1. Permanently carried out:

1) Prevention of non-communicable diseases.

2) Prevention of infectious and invasive diseases.

2. Pre-delivery:

1) Irradiation with ultraviolet rays.

2) Injections of concentrates of vitamins A, B, D, E in the winter stall period, giving hydroponic greens.

3. Carried out after the birth of the fetus:

1) Bringing the calf to the cow for licking.

2) Rubbing the cow's body.

3) Drinking amniotic fluid or colostrum.

4) Giving warm salted water.

Also noteworthy is the method of preventing uterine subinvolution by subcutaneous injection pregnant cows 20–30 ml of colostrum obtained from cows shortly after calving. Also, the introduction of subcutaneous autologous injection once, no later than 10 hours after calving. Colostrum contains a large amount of immunoglobulins and other protein compounds acting on the principle of non-specific protein therapy. In addition, subcutaneously injected colostrum has a gonadotropic and estrogenic effect, activates the motor function of the uterus.

V.A. Samoilov (1988) proposed the use of a preparation of amniotic fluid - amisterone, it is injected in the neck at a dose of 0.7-2 ml 1-2 times.

For the prevention of postpartum complications, a synergistic mixture of pharmacin with sodium selinate in a 0.5% solution of novocaine in a dose of 5 ml is used before calving twice with an interval of 36–38 hours before and after calving.

In order to increase the tone of the contractile ability of the uterus, a number of drugs are also used. These are preparations of hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, ergot preparations, proserin, carbacholine, prostaglandins.

V.S. Shipilov (1986) believes that in order to ensure a high level of herd reproduction in industrial animal husbandry and the prevention of postpartum complications, cows need to undergo a general gynecological clinical examination.

Clinical examination provides for systematic work to identify and treat sick animals with pathology of the reproductive organs.

Special measures for the prevention of postpartum diseases

activity	Deadlines	Executors and responsible persons

In order to prevent complications of postpartum complications in cows, it is necessary to carry out early obstetric and gynecological clinical examination in the maternity ward from the moment of calving and on the 11-12th day after calving. Conduct timely treatment of postpartum complications when the first signs appear.	During the year	Veterinary specialists
To provide assistance, you need to have an operating room and an isolator for sick animals in the maternity ward	During the year	Veterinarians and farm managers
Prevent the transfer of cows with postpartum diseases from the maternity ward	During the year	Veterinary specialists
Maintain a systematic record of ongoing work on the treatment and prevention of gynecological diseases, insemination and start-up of cows.	During the year	Veterinary Specialists and Artificial Insemination Technicians
For each cow, cards are set up with full data reflected in them: nicknames, numbers, age, date of last calving, date of insemination, results of a pregnancy test, and so on.	During the year	Veterinarians, livestock and artificial insemination technicians
In order to prevent infertility in cows, systematic gynecological examinations are carried out. Heifers that did not come into the hunt after reaching breeding age, cows that did not come into the hunt within 30 days after calving or did not fertilize during insemination.	During the year	Veterinary specialists
Have a standard, well-equipped artificial insemination complex at every dairy complex and farm.	During the year	The head of the farm and the main animal welfare specialists.
Insemination should be carried out only at the artificial insemination station in compliance with all the rules and regulations provided for in the instructions for artificial insemination.	During the year	AI technicians and farm managers.
Timely identify cows and heifers in heat and inseminate them with high quality semen.	During the year	Artificial insemination techniques
Carry out the timely launch of cows 60 days before the expected calving, keep them in separate groups, change the feeding regime in accordance with the physiological state during this period	During the year
Ensure control over the course of childbirth and pregnancy in order to prevent childbirth and postpartum complications and obtain a healthy and normally developed offspring and ensure high milk production	During the year	Chief Veterinarian Engineer
Assign a permanent support staff trained in obstetrics and first aid to animals for the maternity ward and dispensary. Establish a round-the-clock watch during mass calving.	During the year	Veterinarian specialists
To establish the causes of each case of abortion, stillbirth with obligatory laboratory examination of the fetus and blood of animals for infectious diseases.	During the year	Veterinary specialists
Monitor the condition of the animal's udder. Conduct regular cleaning days at all farms and complexes.	During the year	Veterinary specialists, farm manager

Prevention of subinvolution of the uterus consists in eliminating the causes that cause it. Correct feeding and obligatory daily exercise are reliable means of preventing uterine subinvolution.

With daily active exercise of 3-4 km per day, the involution of the genital organs in cows ends by the 24th day after birth; in cows that do not use walks, this process ends much later (AI Lobikova, VS Shipilov).

In addition, it is necessary to carry out activities in terms of obstetric and gynecological clinical examination.

Calving cows are monitored on a daily basis from the 4th day after birth. If, in the period from the 4th to the 8th day after delivery, the lochiae become cloudy or an admixture of pus appears in them, this indicates the development of a pathological process in the uterus. Such cows are examined vaginally and rectally and treated according to the diagnosis of the disease.

On the 10-14th day after birth, regardless of the amount and nature of lochia, a vaginal and rectal examination of cows is performed to identify animals with pathology of the genitals. According to the results of the study, sick cows are separated and treated. A repeated planned rectovaginal examination of cows is carried out after 3 weeks. after childbirth.

Scheme of early obstetric and gynecological clinical examination of cows

In many dairy farms, optimal conditions are not created for the broodstock, and biotechnology for the prevention of obstetric and gynecological diseases is not being introduced. In such cases, it is necessary to carry out early obstetric clinical examination, the essence of which is daily clinical monitoring of the animal's health with registration in the calving register of all changes in the genitals from the onset of labor to fruitful insemination. This log records vertically the calving in chronological order, horizontally - nicknames, inventory numbers, nature of childbirth, incl. retention of the placenta (after 6 hours), birth trauma, labor intensity, uterine atony, postpartum sapremia and endometritis, uterine subinvolution, latent postpartum endometritis, ovarian hypofunction. And at each stage recorded in the log, the veterinarian timely treats and prevents the emergence of new complications of an inflammatory nature. Considering the need for a large range of biotechnological measures - general, planned, constant and early obstetric clinical examinations, necessary to control metabolism in replacement heifers and broodstock, as well as to adjust rations, housing conditions and specific zooveterinary measures, in every livestock farm it is necessary create a special commission on the reproduction of broodstock. The commission should include all the main specialists in crop and livestock production of the farm.

If all the points (conditions) specified in the scheme of early obstetric clinical examination are fulfilled, the service period of fresh cows on any dairy farm can be reduced by 41–68 days.

Scheme for the prevention and treatment of postpartum diseases

Novotelnoe days ™
Novotelnoe days ™		prevention
6-8 days or more	Clinical endometritis	Pharmacoprophylaxis of uterine subinvolution and clinical endometritis	3 times, at 7-day intervals, intrauterine administration of FLEKS suspension (20 g of powder and 80 ml of diluent). 12 hours before each intrauterine treatment intramuscularly inject 2-3 ml of 0.1% carbacholine solution or 0.5% proserin
	Latent endometritis	Diagnostics by the obstetric spoon B.G. Pankova	1 - multiple intravenous injection of lek. FLEX products (10 g of powder and 40 ml of diluent *)
10-12 days before artificial insemination	Latent endometritis	Diagnostics with an obstetric spoon V.G. Pankova	1 - multiple intravenous injection of lek. FLEX products (5 g powder, 20 ml thinner *)

For the prevention of postpartum subinvolution of the uterus and endometritis, Clatraprostin is administered to cows at a dose of 100 mcg in combination with a subcutaneous injection of oxytocin at a dose of 8-10 IU per 100 kg of body weight 12-18 hours after calving. After 4–6 hours, the administration of oxytocin is repeated. For the treatment of cows with acute subinvolution of the uterus with postpartum or chronic endometritis, Clatraprostin is administered at a dose of 100 μg with the simultaneous administration of etiotropic, pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy.

In order to ensure a high level of herd reproduction in industrial animal husbandry and the prevention of postpartum complications, cows need to undergo a general gynecological clinical examination. Gynecological clinical examination should be understood as a set of measures aimed at preventing, timely detection and treatment of diseases of the reproductive organs, reproductive capacity and milk production of animals, their timely fertilization and obtaining a healthy viable offspring. Gynecological clinical examination provides for systematic work to identify and treat sick animals with pathology of the reproductive organs (10, 15).

When carrying out gynecological prophylactic medical examinations, part of the planned activities must be carried out constantly, and the rest must be carried out periodically (once a month or a quarter).

When analyzing feeding, attention is paid to the quality of the feed included in the diet. For this purpose, coarse and succulent feed is systematically sent to the veterinary laboratory for biochemical research.

When composing a diet, you should especially control the sugar-protein ratio and its supply with minerals and vitamins. With a deficiency of protein, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins, functional disorders of the neurohumoral system occur (subinvolution of the uterus, atrophy and hypertrophy of the uterus and ovaries, yellow pathological bodies, ovarian cysts, etc.), sexual cycles in cows after childbirth are delayed, the onset of puberty in heifers , the body's resistance decreases, inflammatory processes of the genital organs appear, etc.

When compiling rations for individual groups of animals, it is necessary to take into account the live weight, the level of milk production, the results of laboratory tests of feed and data from the biochemical study of the blood of animals. The lack of mineral elements is replenished by introducing micro-additives into the diet. The lack of vitamins can be replenished by fortifying deeply pregnant cows (according to the method proposed by N.I. Polyantsev) injections of trivitamin 40, 30, 20, 10 days before calving and on the 10th and 20th days after calving.

An important link in gynecological clinical examination is the equipment of the maternity ward, proper control over calving and the organization of obstetrics. It must be remembered that the postpartum period is a kind of transition period from the state of pregnancy and childbirth to a new, qualitatively different state in which the animals were before fertilization.

Maternity wards are built at the rate of 12% of livestock areas of the cow population. In some farms of the republic there are boxes for childbirth. There is an operating room and an isolation ward for the provision of obstetric care and the separation of the placenta. Cows in maternity ward transferred 10 days before calving. Before the cows are brought to the maternity ward, they are examined by a veterinarian or veterinary paramedic and instructed on how to sanitize them. The stalls, as well as the feeders, are pre-cleaned and disinfected with 4% hot sodium hydroxide solution or 2% formaldehyde solution. After disinfection and drying, the stalls are covered with clean, dry straw or sawdust.

The maternity ward should have a sufficient number of obstetric instruments and supplies, as well as disinfectants for first aid during childbirth. It is necessary to organize a round-the-clock duty in it. Cows with signs of approaching calving are washed warm water with soap in pelvic area, tail and udder, disinfect the external genitalia, perineum and tail. When the first signs of calving appear, the cow or heifer is transferred to a box, the floor of which is pre-disinfected, dried, covered with dry bedding.

After calving (after 10–20 minutes), the udders of the cows are washed with warm water and treated with a solution of permanganate potassium(1: 3000), colostrum plugs are squeezed out of the nipples and the animals are checked for the incidence of mastitis. About half an hour after giving birth, the cow is watered with warm (36–37 ° C), slightly salted or sugared water (it’s good to drink amniotic fluid), give her good hay and about 5–1 kg of bran or oatmeal. After 12-24 hours, the animal is transferred to the maternity ward. The vacated boxes are thoroughly cleaned, washed, disinfected and dried, that is, prepared for the reception of the following animals.

In order to timely and correctly diagnose diseases of the genital organs in the postpartum period, you need to have a clear idea of the course of labor and the postpartum period in clinically healthy animals. Normally, the act of labor in cows lasts 8–10 hours, with 2–3 hours falling on the removal of the fetus and 4–6 hours on the separation of the placenta.

After the separation of the placenta from the genitals, bloody mucus is released, acquiring a pale pink color, a thick consistency and a strand shape in a day. By this time, the formation of a mucous plug ends in the cervical canal. During the next two to three days after calving, a small amount of thick, sticky, light yellow or pale pink mucus is secreted from the genitals.

On the third or fourth day after childbirth, a moderate discharge of thick, odorless lochia begins, the number of which increases until the seventh or eighth day, then gradually decreases. Lochia color changes from dark red to brown, then light chocolate and transparent. Their release stops by the 10-14th day of the postpartum period.

In case of rectal examination of cows on the 12-15th day after calving, the uterus is revealed in the abdominal cavity, an enlarged one, but it responds to massage with a well-pronounced contraction. Complete involution of the uterus ends by 21 - 28 days of the postpartum period.

For the prevention of postpartum complications, the movement of the animal during pregnancy and after calving is especially important. Lack of exercise or insufficient movement of animals during pregnancy leads to a weakening of the neuromuscular system, a violation of the tone of the uterus and its contractile ability and thus to difficult childbirth, retention of the placenta and involution of the genital organs. To avoid these complications in the postpartum period, along with correct feeding animals must be provided with a daily walk (starting from the second or third day after calving and throughout the entire stall period). The mistake is made in those farms where, 10-15 days before calving, cows are transferred to the maternity ward and left there without exercise. Pregnant cows need active exercise until the last day of pregnancy, which will have the most beneficial effect on the course of childbirth, the postpartum period and will contribute to the timely separation of the placenta.

In addition to these general preventive measures aimed at preventing the main postpartum complications (endometritis, subinvolution of the uterus and atony, retention of the placenta), it is necessary to carry out special preventive measures.

A simple and generally available way to prevent the retention of the placenta, subinvolution and atony of the uterus and other gynecological diseases is to drink amniotic fluid for calving cows. To restore strength, enhance the motility of the uterus, it is good for a cow after calving to drink colostrum of the first or second milk in pure form or diluted 2-3 times with water (up to 3-4 liters) with the addition of calcium chloride in a dose of 30-50 g. Colostrum of the first milk can be injected subcutaneously at a dose of 20 ml.

In order to increase the tone and contractility of the uterus, a number of medicines are also used. These are preparations of hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (oxytocin, pituitrin, mammophysin, gifitocin, etc.), ergot preparations (ergotamine, ergotine, etc.), proserin, carbacholine, prostaglandins, etc. All of them contribute to the separation of the placenta and can be used immediately after calving as a means of preventing atony and subinvolution of the uterus.

When the placenta is retained, the introduction of a 0.5% solution of novocaine at a dose of 0.5 ml per 1 kg of animal weight into the internal iliac artery is effective. An injection of 15 IU of pituitrin or 15 IU of oxytocin into the abdominal aorta according to D.D. Logvinov. If, despite the measures taken, the afterbirth did not separate on its own, then after 24-36 hours it is removed surgically, followed by a course of treatment with hormonal drugs (oxytocin, pituitrin), prostaglandins (estrophan, enzaprost), antibacterial (exuter, neofur, septimetrine, iodinol) drugs.

Washing the uterus both before and after the separation of the placenta is unacceptable, since the introduction of solutions into the uterine cavity causes additional atony and maceration of the uterine mucosa.

For the prevention of postpartum complications after calving, you can enter a 7% solution of ichthyol, and also use suprapleural novocaine blockade according to V.V. Mosin.

2. Own research

2.1 Characteristics of the farm. Geographic location of the economy

The farm - Closed Joint Stock Company Breeding Plant "Niva" (hereinafter CJSC PZ "Niva") is located in close proximity to the city of Murom (Okrug Murom, Vladimir region, village Kovarditsy.) The federal highway passes through the territory of the farm Moscow - Vladimir - Murom - Arzamas. ZAO PZ "Niva" is connected with other farms in the district and the region by a network of highways; the Kovrov-Murom railway track also runs next to the farm complex (500 m), which provides an additional communication channel with other farms.

The history of the formation of a herd of cattle

Until 1975, the farm bred species - red - Gorbatov and black-and-white. In 1976–77, 150 black-and-white heifers were purchased in the Moscow region and the Lithuanian SSR. In parallel with the farm itself, absorption crossbreeding was used. Since 1965, artificial insemination of cows and heifers has been introduced on the farm, and since 1980, Holstein-Friesian bulls - producers descending from mothers with a productivity of more than 8-10 thousand kg of milk with a fat content of at least 4 percent - have been used to increase milk production. Currently, 96% of herd animals have a blood count of more than 50% in Holstein. Vis Back ID 933122 became the target lines for the farm. Montivic Chieftain 95679 and Reflection Sovering 198998.

Livestock development

The main indicators characterizing the development of animal husbandry are presented in the table

Indicators
Indicators
The presence of livestock, total, head.
Incl. cows

Milk yield per cow, kg
Average fat content of milk,%
Calves received per 100 cows, head.
Wed daily gain of young animals, head
Disposal of cows from availability at the beginning of the year,%
Fodder fed per cow per year, c. K.E.
Including concentrates,%
Rough,%
Juicy,%
Consumption per 1 kg. Milk, kg

The farm is characterized by the stability of animal husbandry indicators. The number of cattle is kept at the level of 1000-1100 heads. In recent years, with a constant number of cows - 500 heads, their share in the herd has increased by 2.2%. According to economic data, the average milk yield per cow is kept at the level of 4200–4500 kg. The fat content of milk is also constant.

The indicators of herd reproduction are quite high and stable. For a number of years, the output of calves per 100 cows has exceeded 90 heads, however, in recent years, the introduction of first-calf heifers has also decreased by 23.3%, although in 2002 this figure again increased to 24.8%. Due to the insufficient introduction of first-calf heifers in 2000 and 2001, the culling of cows was also less intensive.

The indicators of rearing young animals are stable: the average daily gain in the period 1998–2001 was 582–624, the average body weight of heifers at 18 months of age also remained within 347–363 kg.

The age of the first calving of cows is close to optimal (27 months), ranging from 26.6 to 29.6.

When analyzing selection and breeding work according to the annual appraisal data, it can be seen that the milk productivity of cows in recent years has been stable at about 4600 kg. However, attention is drawn to the fact that the farm apparently does little work on the age-related milk production of cows - the coefficient of milk yield of cows from first to full-age lactation is only 1.03, milk yield of cows of the first and second calving is practically the same (Table 2). They prepare well for: calving first-calf heifers, and further work on milking is carried out poorly, although with a skillful organization of milking with the existing level of productivity, it is quite possible to distribute full-aged cows up to 7000 kg and more.

Cattle keeping technology

The animals are housed in five standard rooms, including three barns and two calves. The breeding farm has a calf-dispensary for 25 heads, which contains calves up to 20 days of age. From the dispensary, replacement young animals are transferred to the calf shed, where they are kept up to 6 months of age. The culled young stock, mainly gobies, are sent to fattening farms. At the age of 6 months, heifers are transferred to another calf house, where they are raised until 16-18 months. Three months after insemination, a rectal examination is performed for pregnancy and the formation of groups of heifers. At the 6th month of pregnancy, selection groups of heifers of 50 heads are formed, which are assigned to the best milkmaids.

The number of livestock buildings and livestock places

The name of indicators	Total household
Total number of cattle houses
Including cowsheds for 200 heads.
Cowsheds for 100 heads.
Calves
Total number of livestock places:
For dairy cows
for maternity ward
Dispensary for calves
For calves up to a year
For calves from 1 to 2 years old

The milking herd is divided into groups of 50 cows. Work in two shifts, milking three times a day. The provision of animal husbandry with rough, succulent fodder is 95-100% annually due to its own production.
Concentrated feeds of our own production are provided only for 50% of the need. Missing concentrated feed, cake, meal, mineral feed are purchased. According to the last grading, the herd is characterized by the following indicators (see table).

At the time of drawing up the "Plan" the herd was characterized by rather high indicators in many respects. The age of the first calving of cows is quite close to optimal, although it turned out to be slightly higher than in previous years. The low coefficient of variability of the trait shows that most cows calve at the optimal time. The only problematic is the duration of the service period, which is 120 ± 3.45 days, a high value of the coefficient of variation, equal to 66.2%, indicates a wide scatter of indicators in cows, and determines the main problem to work on increasing reproduction rates - reducing the duration of the service period. ...

Characteristics of the herd according to the main indicators

Indicators	Standard deviation	Coefficient of variability.
Age of 1 calving, days
Average calving age, days
Sukhosty lane. days
Service period, days
Milk days
Milk yield in 350 days, kg

Live weight, kg.
Daily milk yield, kg
Milk flow rate, kg / m

The herd as a whole is young, the average age of cows is 3.2–3.34 calving, which indicates a high degree of culling from the herd.

It should be noted the high milk flow rate equal to 1.69
1.74 kg / min.

When analyzing the data in Table 5, attention is drawn to
uniformity of indicators of milk productivity of cows in all
age periods. Highest petty
productivity is observed in cows of 3-5 calving, then there is
some decline.

Dynamics of cow productivity by lactation

					Alive. Weight, kg

Improvement of the herd in terms of milk production is carried out using bulls of the Holstein breed as an improving one.

Veterinary and sanitary condition of the farm

There are 5 standard rooms for keeping animals, 500 meters away from the living area, veterinary and sanitary breaks are observed. There are de-mats at the entrance to the premises. Water supply is carried out from an artesian well located on the territory of ZAO PZ "Niva". Analyzes of water from the taps of the livestock premises of TDSEN are carried out. Water complies with SANPiN 2.1.4.1074–01 MChK 4.2.1081–01.

Manure removal is carried out with the help of GOS 160 transporters and a specially designated transport. The manure is transported to special sites and to the fields of the farm for composting. Wastewater enters the storage tanks and is pumped out as it is filled

Supply and exhaust ventilation, lighting is used both artificial and natural.

Milking of animals three times, with the help of a milk pipeline and milking machines "Volga". The breeding plant has its own production laboratory to determine the quality of milk. Milk is delivered to the dairy unit by a milk tanker, for which there is a sanitary passport. All livestock breeders periodically undergo a medical examination and receive health certificates. The farm has a veterinary pharmacy equipped with the necessary set of tools, medicines and equipment. Animals are examined for infectious diseases, preventive vaccinations are carried out according to the plan of antiepizootic measures. The farm is safe for infectious diseases, including leukemia. When raising young animals and producing milk, feed antibiotics and hormonal preparations are not used.

All the necessary preparations are available for disinfection, deratization of premises, washing equipment and milk dishes. A cleaning day is held once a week.

All livestock are tested once a year for leukemia and brucellosis. The farm has been fighting leukemia since 1995. Of the total herd, RID positive cows were 34%. All broodstock and young animals from 6 months of age were tested for leukemia according to RID 2 times a year. RID-positive animals were separated from the general population and kept in a separate yard. Hematological sick animals were culled and transported to the meat processing plant. Separate personnel were assigned to service RID positive animals.

Calves from RID positive animals were not left on the farm, they were kept on the farm until two months of age in a separate yard with RID positive animals, then they were sold to other farms for fattening, including heifers. The fifth yard (calf barn) received calves from RID negative cows. Blood sampling was carried out with needles for taking blood; a separate needle was used for each animal. Blood sampling was carried out with medical gloves. Disposable gloves are used for rectal examinations. At the calf shed, milk for feeding the calves was used only after boiling in a special one.

For artificial insemination in yards with RID positive and in yards with RID negative animals, separate inseminators were attached.

All breeding stock and young animals from 6 months of age are vaccinated against anthrax once a year. All breeding stock is vaccinated against pasteurellosis and leptospirosis once a year. Young animals are vaccinated against leptospirosis twice a year. Tuberculinization of the entire broodstock and young animals from 6 months of age is carried out twice a year. Research is underway for helminths, with preventive purpose are treated against fasciollosis. Young animals are vaccinated with the "kombovac" vaccine against infectious rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza - 3, viral diarrhea, rota - and coronavirus disease of calves, as well as against salmonellosis with formal alum vaccine. Calves are vaccinated against ringworm with the LTF-130 vaccine.

With the fight against leukemia, the number of RID positive animals decreased, and their RID was replaced by a negative livestock.

Characteristics of the reasons for the disposal of livestock

Cows culled
Cows culled

Including
Gynecological diseases
Injuries, surgical diseases
Limb diseases
Udder diseases
Low productivity
Old age and stuff

The largest number of animals drop out due to metabolic disorders and associated pathologies: arthritis, osteomalacia, pathology of reproductive function. Animals are launched 60 days before calving, animals are subject to veterinary and zootechnical control by artificial insemination technicians. When detecting obstetric and gynecological diseases in animals, they are provided with qualified veterinary care. Ichthyolotherapy, vitamin therapy, autohemotherapy are used. There is a close relationship with ARRIAH, where veterinary drugs such as Baytril, Lincomast, and Deltamast are purchased.

Reasons for retirement
Reasons for retirement
Total scored
Including
Diseases of the digestive system
Respiratory diseases
Injuries and others

The main reason for the retirement of young animals on the farm is respiratory diseases. Currently, work is underway to identify the causes of the disease of calves with bronchopneumonia and its elimination. In this regard, much attention is paid to feeding and keeping dry cows and young animals.

Feed production

Name of crops	Area, ha	Productivity, c / ha	Gross collection, c
Name of crops
Winter cereals
Spring on average
Incl. grain fodder
Fodder root crops
Potato
Perennial herbs


For silo, zm
Annual herbs

On green mass
Hayfields and pastures
Annual corn for silage

2.2 Goals and objectives of the study

A number of gynecological diseases that develop as a result of subinvolution of the uterus in cows inhibit the growth of the number of cattle and their productivity. The service period is lengthened, timely insemination does not take place, the offspring is not received, which is economically unprofitable. Therefore, the purpose of my work and, in particular, the purpose of my research is that:

Establish the most common causes of cows' disease with uterine subinvolution;

Find the most effective treatment regimen using new and proven drugs.

Find an effective prevention regimen.

First, to establish the correct research results:

a) study the diet of cows (the presence of dry feed, concentrates, mineral additives, macro and micro elements in the diet);

b) study the regime of maintenance (parameters of the microclimate in the premises and the quality of water used for drinking)

c) study the effectiveness of treatment regimens for patients.

2.3 Material and research methods

The material for the study was 50% black-and-white Holstein-Friesian cows aged from three to six years belonging to the Closed Joint-Stock Company Breeding Plant "NIVA". Cows with numbers: 1572, 2543, 1435 - First experimental group, No. 1347, 2563, 1483 - Second experimental group, No. 1472, 2473, 1470 - Third control group. When determining the reasons for the subinvolution of the uterus in cows, the conditions of keeping and caring for the animals were taken into account. The quality of feed and biochemical analysis blood was carried out in the Central Veterinary Laboratory of the mountains. Vladimir, for the content of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, total protein, carotene and reserve alkalinity in the same place.

A preventive study was carried out on specially selected animals aged from 3 to 6 years with a milk yield of 2000 kg. The cows had an average body condition and were kept in the same conditions of keeping and feeding. The gradually arriving experimental animals were divided into three groups of 3 heads, immediately after calving.

Scheme for the prevention of uterine subinvolution

Components	Cows in a group, heads	Mode of application	Multiplicity of application
1 experimental group
Providing exercise from 2 days after calving			Daily
Drinking amniotic fluid			In the first 2 hours after childbirth
Trivit, 10 ml		intramuscularly	Every 7 days
2 experimental group
Drinking amniotic fluid diluted with warm salted water.			In the first 30 - 40 minutes. after calving
			Once
			Daily
		Rectally	5 min. 3 days
Trivit, 10 ml		intramuscularly	in 7 days
3 experimental group
Drinking amniotic fluid diluted with warm salted water,			In the first 30 - 40 minutes. After calving
Providing the newborn to the mother for licking			Once
Providing exercise from the second day after childbirth			Daily
Rectal massage of the uterus from the 4th day after calving		rectally	5 min. 3 days
Trivit, 10 ml		intramuscularly	in 7 days
Auto-colostrum, 25 ml.		subcutaneously	Once

2.4 Research results

The study was carried out on a farm during the winter stall period. The cows are housed in three barns with 200 stalls each, on wooden floors. Feeders are located along each row. (Typical project for the construction of livestock buildings).

The animals are kept on a chain leash using sawdust from a wood processing plant for bedding, but due to frequent supply interruptions, bedding is sometimes missing. Distribution of feed with the help of the KTU feed dispenser, but more often manually, drinking from auto-drinkers, manure removal with a scraper conveyor TSN-160. Milking of cows is carried out three times a day in the milk pipeline and with the help of VOLGA milking machines.

Supply and exhaust ventilation. The relative humidity exceeds 90%, the temperature ranges from +4 to + 10C, the ammonia content is 0.012–0.021 mg / l, and the wind speed reaches 1.5–2 m. Sec. Meanwhile, according to the norms of technological design, the optimal temperature in the barns should be within the range of +8 - +10 C, the relative humidity of the air is 70%. The speed is 0.5–1.0 m. Sec., The concentration of harmful gases in the air: carbon dioxide 0.25–0.30%, the volume of ammonia 0.02 mg / l, hydrogen sulfide 0.01 mg / l. Insufficiently insulated roofs of premises in winter leads to increased condensation, the presence of drafts due to loose doors.

The farm does not have a maternity ward. The cows after calving are in the same place, the obstetrics are carried out not professionally and at the wrong time (by cattle and milkmaids) due to the lack of staffing of the veterinary staff. Amniotic fluid is not collected and is not fed to the woman in labor. Exercise is carried out in the general group of animals once a day for 3 hours, 10 days before the planned calving, active exercise was stopped due to fear of injury to the fetus and to prevent abortion. The calf after calving is not provided for the cow to lick and until 2 weeks of age is kept either in the newborn boxes or in a wooden cage next to the cow.

Studying the feeding conditions, a study of the diets was carried out.

Feeding ration in the winter-stall period

Animal groups	Campfire hay, kg	Corn silage, kg	Grinding barley, kg.	Salt, gr.
Cows
Cash
Dry

The amount of feed does not correspond to zootechnical standards. Animals do not get enough mineral and vitamin supplements. Of the succulent feed, only poor quality silage was provided, in which the content of acetic acid is increased and there is butyric acid.

According to the results of the analysis of the quality of the silage, corn silage has: total acidity of 3.7%; lactic acid 50.2%; butyric acid 9.8%; acetic acid 4.0%. It was also found that it is not complete in many respects. The diet lacks feed units of digestible protein, many macro and microelements, vitamin D.

When analyzing the data of biochemical studies of blood serum in cows, a decrease in alkaline reserve, carotene, total protein and calcium was noted.

Results of a biochemical study of blood serum of dry dairy cows

Animal groups	Carotene, mg %	Total protein, gr. %	Alkaline reserve% CO 2	Calcium, mg %	Phosphorus, mg %
Cows
Cash
Dry

2.5 Discussion of research results

The main reasons for the occurrence of subinvolution of the uterus are insufficiently correct keeping of animals in production facilities, feeding without taking into account physiological needs and insufficiently qualified preparation of cows for calving in the dry period, as well as obstetric and gynecological diseases in the postpartum period.

According to the results of the analysis of the content of feed, the composition of the diet, biochemical study of blood serum, it should be considered that one of the main reasons for the subinvolution of the uterus is metabolic disorders in the animal's body due to an inadequate diet, poor quality feeding, bad conditions content. Also, the main reason for the widespread prevalence of subinvolution of the uterus is overstretching of the uterus, due to the insemination of cows with the sperm of large Holstein-Friesian bulls. The retention of the placenta is also the main cause of this disease, as well as the lengthening of the lochial period over 41 days.

2.6 Clinical signs

The most effective prophylaxis scheme was scheme No. 3, as a result of which animals without complications in the postpartum period and without lengthening the service period (21 days) were fruitfully inseminated.

Scheme No. 2 turned out to be less effective, since out of 10 supervised animals in cow No. 1470, 14 days after calving, there was a profuse flow of lochia while the animal was lying. Lochia of dark brown color, smearing consistency, with a characteristic odor. During rectal examination, it was found that the uterus is enlarged, stretched and lowered into the abdominal cavity, the walls of the uterus are flabby, do not respond by contraction to massage, there is a fluctuation of the horn, which served as a fetus. Caruncles are felt through the wall of the uterus, the general condition of the animal is not changed.

Cow # 1472 had liquid bloody lochia 4 days after giving birth. During rectal examination, the vibration of the middle uterine arteries is palpated. Cow # 2473, also 4 days after giving birth, showed the same symptoms. The general condition of the animals is normal.

The most ineffective prophylaxis scheme is scheme No. 1, as out of 9 heads, 3 animals with uterine subinvolution were registered.

Animals after calving on day 13–15 were subjected to rectal examination. An enlargement of the uterus was found, especially the fertility horns. It is a thick-walled sac, deeply lowered into the abdominal cavity, filled with fluctuating contents, the middle uterine arteries were well palpable.

2.7 Treatment

During the research, 9 heads were registered with pathology of the birth process, subinvolution of the uterus. 3 treatment regimens suggested

Treatment regimen for subinvolution of the uterus

Name of the drug

Method of administration

Dose

Days of treatment

1 experimental group

Ihglucovitis 2%

Intramuscularly

Sinestrol

Subcutaneously

Oxytocin

Intramuscularly

Neofur

Intramuscularly

Trivit

Intramuscularly

2 experimental group

Sinestrol

Subcutaneously

Oxytocin

Intramuscularly

Neofur

Intramuscularly

Trivit

Intramuscularly

3 control group

Oxytocin

Intramuscularly

Neofur

Intramuscularly

Trivit

Intramuscularly

After the diagnosis was made, the experiment began, 9 animals were divided into 3 groups. The course of treatment lasted 12 days. In the absence of treatment results within 12 days, the treatment was continued by the farm's veterinarian. The costs necessary to continue treatment were taken into account and included in the calculation of the cost-effectiveness of the behavioral measures.

1. Cows of the control group were treated according to the scheme used on the farm in 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 days intramuscularly injected into the area of the croup, oxytocin 60 units. The main property of oxytocin is the ability to cause strong contractions of the muscles of the uterus due to its action on the cell membranes of the uterine myometrium. Under the influence of the drug, the permeability of the cell membrane for potassium ions increases, its potential decreases and its excitability increases, thereby helping to remove exudate.

Intrauterine sticks of neofur were injected on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 of treatment. Before the introduction, we carried out a toilet of the genitals (washed with a warm solution of potassium permanganate). The introduction was carried out in a gynecological glove washed with a warm 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate, an apron and rubber oversleeves, observing the rules of safety and personal hygiene. Three neofur sticks were squeezed out of a plastic bag (in which they are stored) into the palm of your hand and, having inserted your hand into the vagina, were inserted into the cervical canal, as deeply as possible, one after the other, all 3 sticks. Neofur acts antimicrobially due to the antibiotics included in its composition, forming a foamy substrate in the uterine cavity.

Trivit solution of vitamins A, D, E in oil, was injected intramuscularly on days 2, 9. Animal # 1470 recovered on the 20th day after the start of treatment. 2 Cows # 1472, 2473 recovered on the 17th day of treatment and on average 28 days after calving.

2. Cows of the second experimental group were treated according to the second scheme. On day 1, 40 units were injected intramuscularly. oxytocin and three neofur sticks intrauterinely. On day 2 - 15 ml. trivita, and 2 ml. synestrol. On day 3, 40 units. oxytocin, 2 ml. synestrol subcutaneously. On days 4 and 5 - 40 units. oxytocin intramuscularly, intrauterine neofur. On the 6th day - 40 UNITS. oxytocin intramuscularly, 2 ml. synestrol subcutaneously. On the 8th, 9th, 10th day of treatment, the drugs were not administered, but only massage of the uterus was performed.

Sinestrol was injected subcutaneously into the middle third of the neck, pretreated with an alcoholic solution of iodine. It is a synthetic female sex hormone. Restores and increases the physiological activity of the uterus, enhances its contraction, activates the cycle of ovulation to estrus, stimulates the appearance of heat

Oxytocin was injected intramuscularly into the croup. It has a stimulating effect on the contractile function of the uterus, stimulates the milk excretion reflex. Cow # 1347 - recovery came on the 15th day, # 2563, 1483 - recovery on the 14th day of treatment, according to the calendar, recovery occurred on average 25-24 days after calving.

3. Cows of the first experimental group were treated according to the first scheme, in the drugs used, doses, in time and place of administration, it is similar to the second scheme, but ichglucovit was used in the treatment of this experimental group. It was administered three times during the course of treatment, on day 3 - 25 ml, on day 6 - 20 ml, and on day 9 - 15 ml.

Ikhglukovit has an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and local analgesic effect. Stimulates the action of RES cells, constricts blood vessels, reduces glandular secretion and tissue exudation, relieves pain and accelerates the regeneration of the affected tissue. Under the influence of ichglucovitis, the contractility of the uterus increases.

Cows # 1572, 2543, 1435 recovered on day 11. During rectal examination, it was noted: the uterus is pulled into the pelvic cavity, the wall of the uterus is elastic and dense. Thus, during the experiment, we found that the treatment of uterine subinvolution using ichglucovite is more rational, since it was 11 days of treatment, with a more dynamic course of the process, recovery took place within 21 calendar days.

2.8 Cost-effectiveness of treatment interventions

Analyzing the literature data and our own research, it can be noted that the subinvolution of the uterus in cows causes significant economic damage to livestock farms. The calculation of the economic damage and the effectiveness of the measures taken were based on the calculation methods adopted at the farm of ZAO PZ "Niva".

1. Damage from reduced productivity:

Y1 = Mo x (Vz - Wb) x T x C

Mo-number of sick animals

(Vz - B) - the number of products per day from sick and healthy animals per head

T - average duration of illness (days)

C is the purchase price of one centner of milk (rubles).

Y1.1 = 3 (0.123 - 0.053) x11x600 = 1386 rubles.

Y1.2 = 3 (0.123 - 0.053) x15x600 = 1890 rubles.

Y1.3 = 3 (0.123 - 0.053) x20x600 = 2520 rubles.

2. Damage from reduced product quality

Y2 = Bp x (Tsz - Tsr) x Tx Mo

Вр - the number of products sold

Tsz - the price of products before illness

CR - selling price

T - number of days of illness (duration)

Mo is the number of sick animals

Y2.1 = 0.053x (600 - 300) x11x3 = 524.7

U2.2 = 0.053x (600 - 300) x15x3 = 691.5

U2.3 = 0.053x (600 - 300) x20x3 = 954

3. General damage:

Y1 = 1386 + 524.7 = 1910.7

Y2 = 1890 + 691.5 = 2581.5

Y3 = 2520 + 954 = 3474

4. Veterinary costs:

Sv = Zm + Zot + Oss + Oms + Po + Aos + Zpr

Zm - material costs

Zot - labor costs

Oss - social insurance deduction

Oms - deduction for medical insurance

Pension contributions

Aos - depreciation of fixed assets

Zpr - other costs

Sv1 = (103.018 + 926.457 + 92.645 + 9.265 + 9.265 + 7.5 + 50) x3 = 3594.45

Sv2 = (180.374 + 1058.808 + 105.880 + 10.588 + 10.588 + 10 + 50) x3 = 4278.714

Sv = (112.276 + 1014.61 + 101.469 + 10.147 + 10.147 + 9 + 50) x3 = 3923.19

5. Savings in treatment costs:

Ez = Zvk - Zvn,

Where, Zvk - veterinary costs for treatment of the control group,

Zvn - veterinary costs for treatment of experimental groups (new treatment regimens)

Ez1 = Zv3 - Zv1 = 3923.19 - 3594.45 = 328.74

Ez2 = Zv3 - Zv2 = 3923.19 - 4278.714 = -355.524

6. Reduction of damage due to treatment

Cy1 = Y3-Y1 = 3474 - 1910.7 = 1563.3

Cy2 = Y3-Y2 = 3474 - 2581.5 = 892.5

7. Avoided economic damage by the introduction of new treatment regimens

Peu1 = Cy1 + Ez1

Peu1 = 1563.3 + 328.74 = 1892.04

Peu2 = Su2 + Ez2

Pew2 = 892.5 - 355.524 = 536.974

With the first treatment regimen, the averted economic damage (PEW) is greater than with the second treatment regimen. The savings are 1892.04 rubles, therefore, the use of the first treatment regimen is economically more profitable.

2.9 Prevention of uterine subinvolution

The most important condition for the prevention of subinvolution of the uterus, as the most common cause of infertility in animals, is the creation of conditions for animals, feeding and exploitation, under which the normal functioning of all organs and systems would be ensured, increasing their vital activity and resistance to diseases. All this will ultimately improve the productivity of animals and increase their reproductive function.

In order to prevent subinvolution of the uterus in the farm of ZAO PZ "NIVA" it is recommended:

improve the operation of the ventilation system of industrial premises to reduce the concentration of harmful gases in the air.

organize an active systematic exercise, route walks for dairy and dry cows and early walks for fresh cows.

allocate a room for keeping dry cows in the winter stall period.

organize the placement of pregnant cows in the maternity ward and divide it into prenatal, birth and postpartum sections, calve only in separate boxes and allow the calving cow and the newborn calf to be together for one day.

collect amniotic fluid and feed them to cows.

balance the diet for cows in terms of protein, calcium, phosphorus and carotene, introduce carbohydrate feed into animal feed and comply with veterinary requirements for the quality of feed, as well as introduce vitamins A, D, C to dry animals.

in barns, daily provide animals with a dry, clean bedding, clean the animals.

organize the timely launch and care of pregnant cows.

thoroughly clean before and after childbirth, wash the external genitalia with disinfectant solutions, timely prepare instruments for obstetric aid during pathological childbirth.

it is necessary to change the breeding work. Do not inseminate small breeds with large semen. Farm specialists need to timely and correctly treat their cows with the afterbirth, birth canal injuries, prolapse of the uterus and vagina and other complications, since all this leads to subinvolution of the uterus, then to the occurrence of endometritis and, in turn, to infertility.

2.10 Safety and personal hygiene when performing the experimental part

Safety engineering

To examine animals for subinvolution, the uterus of cows is fixed with a rope or by the nasal septum. For rectal examination of the uterus for an increase in volume, the tail is either fixed by tying a rope to the pipe to which the cow is fastened, pulling and pulling to the side, or pulling it to the side so that it cannot hit you with it, but the method of pulling the tail off with a hand provides some inconvenience , if a doctor or paramedic works without an assistant, then, acting with the second method of fixation, it is difficult to observe the antiseptic and aseptic technique. This also applies to the introduction of intrauterine and vaginal suppositories and sticks. The tail is removed in any direction regardless of which side the study will be carried out. With rectal examination, it is necessary to take the correct position to prevent injury when the studied animal displays aggressiveness to the doctor's actions.

Personal hygiene

When rectally examining sick animals, it is imperative to wear a gown, an apron, rubber gloves with armbands. At the end of the activities after each cow, the apron and gloves with sleeves are washed with a warm solution of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate), and if possible, disposable cellophane gloves are changed, folding them into a separate bag (garbage bag) for further disposal (by burning in industrial furnaces). After rectal examination, hands are washed with soap in warm water; when leaving the farm, the dressing gown and apron are removed to prevent the spread of infection.

Based on the work done on the farm, conclusions can be drawn

1. Subinvolution of the uterus of cows on the farm is widespread. Over the past 5 years, the incidence of animals was observed up to 30% of the total number of diseases.

2. The main reasons for the occurrence of uterine subinvolution are: shortcomings in the technology of keeping animals in production facilities (non-observance of microclimate parameters), feeding without taking into account physiological needs, lack of exercise and preparation of cows for calving in the dry period, as well as obstetric and gynecological diseases in the postpartum period.

3. Treatment carried out on the farm is ineffective due to delayed treatment due to insufficient staffing of veterinary workers, as well as due to lack of drugs and their high cost, for the purchase of which high economic costs are required.

4. When carrying out preventive measures, it is necessary to take into account the above reasons for the occurrence of subinvolution of the uterus.

5. When testing various methods of treatment, the first scheme turned out to be the most effective on the farm, since the treatment of subinvolution of the uterus using ichglucovite was 12 days, while a more dynamic course of the process was observed.

Offers:

Conduct obstetric and gynecological clinical examination of cows and heifers with diagnostic examinations of reproductive organs twice a month.

Test feed on a quarterly basis for nutrient content, and based on dietary analysis and blood tests for biochemical parameters, make up a diet taking into account the physiological state.

On the basis of obstetric and gynecological clinical examination, draw up specific plans for the reproduction of the herd.

To raise the culture of animal husbandry and strengthen veterinary control over the work of the maternity ward.

When treating animals, it is necessary to strictly follow the rules of asepsis and antiseptics.

When treating cows on the farm with subinvolution of the uterus, apply the first treatment regimen as more effective.

2.13 Environmental justification for the chosen topic

Sources of air pollution

The atmospheric air is polluted with hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, indole, skatole, mercaptan, as well as the microflora of animal husbandry complexes. So, from the ventilation systems of a complex with a livestock of 10 thousand cattle, 57 kg of ammonia are emitted per day.The total volume of emission of organic matter per day reaches 2148 kg, microorganisms - up to 1310 billion.

A specific smell is felt at a distance of up to 5 km from a pig-breeding complex for 108 thousand heads, cattle for 9-10 thousand heads - 2.5-3 km, from poultry farms - 2.5 km. In order to significantly reduce the formation and release of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, microorganisms into the atmosphere, livestock buildings must be kept in proper cleanliness. Floors, machines, walls must be constantly and promptly cleaned of manure and urine. To destroy microbes, disinfection is carried out with substances that kill microflora.

Manure is collected in special manure storages for liquid and solid fractions and processed by biothermal, biochemical and thermal methods. Forest zones are created around industrial livestock complexes; tree leaves, branches and stems retain dust and unpleasant odors.

Air protection measures

Treatment plants that trap impurities from industrial emissions are different: dust collectors, electrical and mechanical filters, condensing and ultrasonic plants. Chemical neutralizers, gas pumps, wet and electric filters, etc. are used. These methods and means are constantly being improved. Although they are quite expensive, the cost justifies the goal. The most careful and constant monitoring of operating nuclear power plants is required.

The most common type of ventilation for livestock buildings in our country is mechanical ventilation. The "Climate-47" equipment, consisting of an electric ventilation system and heat generators, is being successfully operated. Effective filters such as FE and FRU, as well as air disinfecting installations with bactericidal (killing bacteria) lamps BUV-60 and DB-60.

In our country, gasification of industry and public utilities, housing stock of cities and villages, the transfer of railway transport to electric traction is carried out. Scientists in many countries are working to make road transport less polluting of the air with exhaust gases, strive to reduce their toxicity to a minimum. Electric vehicles, liquefied hydrogen cars, etc. are being created for the delivery of small loads.

Protecting the environment from biological pollution

With the progression of the disease, a huge number of pathogenic microbes are released into the external environment, which upset the balance in the environment of microorganisms living in the external environment. Pathogenic microflora contaminates with its presence the surrounding areas adjacent to livestock buildings and agricultural facilities. With the right prevention and treatment of the disease, good results can be achieved in preventing exposure to environment pathogenic microflora and prevent pollution of natural systems by microorganisms unusual for these territories.

Also when carrying out preventive and treatment works the rules for their planning and implementation should be taken into account. Only with the correct conduct of veterinary activities can you achieve good results in terms of protecting the environment.

List of used literature

IN AND. Voskoboinikov Efficiency of autohemotherapy with 2% novocaine solution. M .; Kolos, 1984. P. - 84-92.

V.P. Goncharov, V.A. Karpov Prevention and treatment of gynecological diseases in cows. M .; Rosselkhozizdat, 1981. P. - 99-104.

Veterinary consultant. No. 17. 2001

B.C. Shipilov Veterinary obstetrics and gynecology. // M .; Agropromizdat, 1986. P. 255 - 260.

V.P. Goncharov, V.A. Karpov Handbook of obstetrics and gynecology of animals. M .; Rosselkhozizdat, 1985. P. - 196-198.

I.F. Zayanchkovsky Retention of placenta and postpartum diseases in cows. // M .; Kolos, 1964. P. - 263-270.

I.F. Zayanchkovsky Prevention and treatment of obstetric and gynecological diseases in cows. Ufa, 1982. P. - 18–32.

G.V. Zvereva Handbook of Veterinary Obstetrics. TO.; Harvest, 1985. P. - 40.

V.P. Klenov, E.F. Lyutov From obstetric practice. // Veterinary medicine, 1982 №9. S. - 28.

G.A. Kononov Veterinary obstetrics and gynecology. // L .; Kolos, 1977. P. - 350-352.

D.D. Logvinov Pregnancy and childbirth in cows. // Kiev, 1975. P. - 209-211.

V.A. Samoilov From obstetric practice. // Veterinary medicine, 1988 No. 3, pp.-Zb.

D.K. Chervyakov Pharmacology with a recipe. // M .; Agropromizdat, 1986. Pages-315.

A.S. Tereshchenko Prevention and treatment of obstetric and gynecological diseases in cows. // M .; Harvest, 1990. P. - 162-165

Annual report on production and work carried out for 2003 at ZAO PZ "NIVA". P. 5 - 18.

N.I. Polyantsev "Veterinary obstetrics and biotechnology of animal reproduction." Phoenix s. 327 - 329.

Handbook of the veterinarian "Lan" 2000, p. 224

The essence of atony

Contributing factors

Course and progression

Establishing diagnosis

Survey technique

Risk phenomena

What should be done?

Treatment

Responsible approach

Pathogenesis

Diagnosis

1.6 Prevention

activity

Scheme for the prevention and treatment of postpartum diseases

Drinking amniotic fluid

Trivit, 10 ml

2.4 Research results

Animal groups

Cows

Cash

Cash