What does the vaccine consist of? What is a vaccine and how is it used for vaccination. Modern classification of vaccines

Instructions for medical use drug

Description of pharmacological action

Indications for use

Bacterial pneumonia, not elsewhere classified
Flu and pneumonia (J10-J18)
Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic
Bronchiectasis [bronchiectasis]
Viral pneumonia, not elsewhere classified
Respiratory diseases (J00-J99)
Cough
Simple and mucopurulent chronic bronchitis
Pneumonia without specifying the pathogen
Pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenzae [Afanasyev-Pfeiffer bacillus]
Pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumonia caused by other infectious agents, not elsewhere classified
Acute respiratory infection of the lower respiratory tract unspecified
Acute bronchiolitis
Acute bronchitis
Acute laryngitis and tracheitis
Acute respiratory infections upper respiratory tract (J00-J06)
Acute upper respiratory tract infections of multiple and unspecified localization
Chronic bronchitis, unspecified
Chronic diseases of the lower respiratory tract (J40-J47)
Other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Other specified chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Other acute respiratory infections of the lower respiratory tract (J20-J22)

Release form

crushed vegetable raw materials; paper bag (bag) 75 g cardboard pack 1;
crushed vegetable raw materials; paper bag (bag) 50 g cardboard pack 1;
crushed vegetable raw materials; polypropylene bag (bag) 40 g cardboard pack 1;
crushed vegetable raw materials; paper bag (bag) 30 g cardboard pack 1;
crushed vegetable raw materials; polypropylene bag (bag) 30 g cardboard pack 1;
crushed vegetable raw materials; polypropylene bag (bag) 50 g cardboard pack 1;
crushed vegetable raw materials; paper bag (bag) 45 g cardboard pack 1;
crushed vegetable raw materials; paper bag (bag) 60 g cardboard pack 1;
crushed vegetable raw materials; paper bag (bag) 100 g cardboard pack 1;
crushed vegetable raw materials; package (sachet) 1 kg;
crushed vegetable raw materials; package (bag) 2 kg;
crushed vegetable raw materials; package (bag) 3 kg;
crushed vegetable raw materials; package (sachet) 5 kg;
crushed vegetable raw materials; bag (pouch) 10 kg;
crushed vegetable raw materials; bag (pouch) 15 kg;
crushed vegetable raw materials; bag (bag) 20 kg;
crushed vegetable raw materials; bag (pouch) 25 kg;
crushed vegetable raw materials; bag (pouch) 30 kg;
crushed vegetable raw materials; bag (pouch) 35 kg;
crushed vegetable raw materials; bag (bag) 40 kg;
crushed vegetable raw materials; polypropylene bag (bag) 75 g cardboard pack 1;
crushed vegetable raw materials; paper bag (bag) 0.3 kg;
crushed vegetable raw materials; paper bag (bag) 0.5 kg;
crushed vegetable raw materials; paper bag (bag) 1 kg;

Pharmacodynamics

Expectorant plant origin. The action is due to the presence of volatile components essential oil wild rosemary - palustrol, iceol, which, released through the bronchi, have a moderate local irritating effect on the mucous membranes, enhance the secretion of the bronchial glands and increase the activity of the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract. Ledum marsh has an antispasmodic effect on the smooth muscles of the bronchi, has anti-inflammatory, as well as diuretic and antimicrobial activity. Has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system.

Use during pregnancy

Contraindicated.

Contraindications for use

Pregnancy;
increased sensitivity to wild rosemary;
breastfeeding period;
age up to 18 years.

Side effects

From the side of the central nervous system: irritability, dizziness, increased excitability; when taken in high doses - pronounced excitement, and in severe cases CNS depression.

Directions for use and doses

Prescribed as an infusion, 0.25–0.3 cups 2-3 times a day. The method of preparation is the same as for other infusions: 10 g is placed in an enamel bowl, poured with 1 cup of cold boiled water, covered with a lid, heated in boiling water (in a water bath) for 15 minutes, cool at room temperature, filter, the remaining raw materials are squeezed out. Bring the volume to 200 ml with boiled water. Take warm.

Overdose

With an overdose of wild rosemary, irritability, dizziness, and agitation appear, followed by depression of the central nervous system. nervous system.

Interactions with other drugs

Special instructions for use

If side effects develop, you should stop taking wild rosemary infusion.

Storage conditions

In a dry, cool place.
Prepared infusion - in a cool place for no more than 2 days.

Best before date

ATX classification:

** The Drug Directory is intended for informational purposes only. To get more complete information Please refer to the manufacturer's instructions. Do not self-medicate; Before you start using the drug Ledum marsh shoots, you should consult a doctor. EUROLAB is not responsible for the consequences caused by the use of information posted on the portal. Any information on the site does not replace medical advice and cannot serve as a guarantee positive effect medicine.

Are you interested in the drug Ledum marsh shoots? Do you want to know more detailed information or do you need a doctor's examination? Or do you need an inspection? You can make an appointment with a doctor– clinic Eurolab always at your service! The best doctors will examine you, advise you, provide necessary help and make a diagnosis. you also can call a doctor at home. Clinic Eurolab open for you around the clock.

** Attention! The information presented in this medication guide is intended for medical specialists and should not be a basis for self-medication. The description of the drug Ledum marsh shoots is provided for informational purposes and is not intended for prescribing treatment without the participation of a doctor. Patients need to consult a specialist!

If you are interested in any other drugs and medications, their descriptions and instructions for use, information about the composition and form of release, indications for use and side effects, methods of application, prices and reviews about medicines or you have any other questions and suggestions - write to us, we will definitely try to help you.

State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR edition 11 part 2 1990 (GF 11 part 2) Page. 226. Shoots of wild rosemary.

1. CORMUS LEDI PALUSTRIS
SHOOTS OF Ledum SWAMP

Collected in August - September during the fruit ripening phase and dried leafy shoots current year wild evergreen shrub wild rosemary - Ledum palustre L., family. heather - Ericaceae.
External signs . Whole raw materials. A mixture of leafy shoots, leaves and a small amount of fruit. Leaves are alternate, on short petioles, leathery, linear-oblong or oblong-elliptic, entire, 15-45 mm long, 1-5 mm wide, with edges turned down; dark green, shiny on the upper side; the undersides are covered with thick orange-brown felt pubescence. Stems are cylindrical with orange-brown felt pubescence. The fruit is a multi-seeded oblong capsule 3-8 mm long, glandular-pubescent, opening when ripe from bottom to top with five valves. The smell is pungent and specific. The taste is not determined.
Crushed raw materials. Pieces of stems, leaves and fruits passing through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter.
Color green, dark green, orange-brown, grayish-brown. The smell is pungent and specific. The taste is not determined.
Note. The raw materials intended for the production of ledin are not crushed.

Microscopy. When examining a leaf from the surface, epidermal cells are visible on both sides of the leaf - small with thin or clearly thickened sinuous walls, above the veins - with straight ones. Stomata are only on the lower side, large, raised, with 4-8 parastomatal cells (anomocytic type). The upper side of the leaf is covered with a thick cuticle; hairs are rare. The underside is densely covered with hairs of three types: long, multicellular, ribbon-like, sinuous and twisted hairs, consisting of two rows of cells, with red-brown contents; small single-celled hairs with a thick shell covered with a warty cuticle; capitate hairs on a unicellular or multicellular stalk with a multicellular round head containing oily drops. Essential oil glands are found on both sides of the leaf, but more on the bottom; they consist of a large rounded flattened head formed by two types of cells: 6-10 small rounded cells located at the base of the gland, and 10-12 large almost flat cells forming a dome above the first; leg of the gland is short, two-row, of several small cells. The leaf mesophyll is characterized by pronounced aerenchyma and contains drusen of calcium oxalate, less often single prismatic crystals and their intergrowths.

Numerical indicators. Whole raw materials. Essential oil not less than 0.1%; humidity no more than 14%; total ash no more than 4%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 1%; grayish-brown stems no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%.
Note. The content of essential oil in the raw materials intended for the production of ledin must be at least 0.7% and the content of ledol in it is not less than 17%. The determination of the iceol content in the essential oil is carried out by the manufacturer of the drug ledina.
Crushed raw materials. Essential oil not less than 0.1%; humidity no more than 14%; total ash no more than 4%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 1%; pieces of grayish-brown stems no more than 10%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm, no more than 5%; particles passing through a sieve with holes measuring 0.5 mm, no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%.

Quantitation. Determination of essential oil content. An analytical sample of raw materials is crushed to a particle size of 1-3 cm. To determine the essential oil content, 30 g of crushed raw materials are taken, placed in a flask with a capacity of 1000 ml and 400 ml of water are added. Determination of essential oil content is carried out using method 2 (SP XI, issue 1, p. 290). The distillation time is 4 hours, after which the cooling of the refrigerator is stopped so that the crystallized part of the essential oil on the walls of the refrigerator melts and falls into the receiver.
Determination of iceol content in essential oil. The essential oil is heated in a water bath at a temperature of 60 ° C until the ice crystals are completely melted and carefully mixed with a thin glass rod or a glass capillary with a sealed end. A sample of essential oil is taken (without allowing the aqueous phase to enter) with a pipette heated to the same temperature in the same bath in a separate test tube. Then immediately place about 0.2 g (exactly weighed) of essential oil and about 0.06 g (exactly weighed) of myristic acid methyl ester into a weighed (with an error of ±0.01 g) flask with a capacity of 50 ml with a ground-in or tightly closing polyethylene stopper. , add 20 ml of 95% alcohol with a pipette and stir until the components are completely dissolved; 1-2 μl of the resulting solution is injected into the evaporator of the gas chromatograph using a microsyringe and temperature programming is turned on.
After the end of the temperature program, turn off the heating of the thermostat, open the thermostat door and cool the column to a temperature of 90-95 ° C, observing the temperature drop on the thermometer. Having set the initial isothermal temperature of the column to 100 °C on the temperature sensor scale, the thermostat is heated again and, upon reaching the set temperature of 100 °C, the entire cycle is repeated again. In this way, at least three chromatograms are obtained. In parallel, under exactly the same conditions, 1-2 μl of a standard mixture of ledin and myristic acid methyl ester is chromatographed at least three times, alternating the introduction of essential oil with the introduction of the standard mixture (Fig. 10).
On the resulting chromatograms, the height of the peaks of iceol and methyl myristate is measured with a ruler (with an error of ± 0.5 mm), while the height of the peaks should be at least 100 mm, and the separation criterion of the chromatographic column (K) for the peaks of iceol and palustrol should be at least 1.

where ΔV R is the difference between the retained volumes of iceol and palustrol in millimeters; µ(0.5h) - the width of the iceol (l) and palustrol (p) peaks at half its height in millimeters.
The percentage of iceol (Chl) in a sample of essential oil is calculated as the average of three chromatographic replicates using the formula:

where Rvn.st. - weighed portion of myristic acid methyl ester in grams (in the sample being determined); h – peak height in millimeters: iceol (l), internal standard (internal standard) – methyl ester of myristic acid; Рм – weighed portions of essential oil in grams; F – conversion factor.
The conversion factor is calculated from chromatograms of the standard mixture as the average of three chromatographic replicates using the formula:

Rvn.st. – weighed portion of the internal standard (in the reference mixture) in grams; Рл – weight of ledin (in the standard mixture) in grams; hin.st. - peak height of the internal standard in the chromatogram of the reference mixture in millimeters; hl is the height of the ice-water peaks in the chromatogram of the reference mixture in millimeters.

Note. 1. Chromatography conditions: gas-liquid chromatograph “Chrome-4” (Czechoslovakia) with a flame ionization detector; a 1200 mm glass column with an internal diameter of 3 mm is filled with WAW 60-80 mesh chromasorb coated with a 0.6% solution of polyethylene glycol adinate. Column temperature, programmable from 100 to 150 °C at a rate of 5 °C per 1 min; evaporation temperature 180 °C; carrier gas is nitrogen. Gas consumption: nitrogen - 60 ml/min, hydrogen - 40 ml/min, air - 400 ml/min; the speed of drawing the chart tape of the recorder is 10 mm/min. It is possible to use other types of chromatographs that have similar parameters of the column, carriers and liquid phases, providing the necessary criterion for the separation of iceol and palustrol.
2. Preparation of a solution of the standard mixture: into a flask; with a capacity of 50 ml with a ground-in or tightly closing polyethylene stopper, place about 0.1 g (exactly weighed) ledin (VFS 42-1426-86), in terms of 100% ledol and about 0.12 g (exactly weighed) methyl ester of myristic acid (TU 6-09-13-628-78) and dissolved in 40 ml of 95% alcohol. Store the standard mixture solution in a tightly closed glass container in a cool place. Shelf life 6 months.

Package. Whole raw materials are packaged in fabric bales no more than 50 kg net, crushed - in fabric or flax-jute-kenaf bags no more than 25 kg net.
Crushed raw materials Packed 75 g in cardboard packs 8-1-4.

Storage. List B.

Shelf life: 3 years.
Expectorant.

text_fields

arrow_upward

Rice. 5.32. Marsh rosemary

Ledum shoots swamp - cormi ledi palustris

- ledum palustre l.

Sem. Ericaceae- ericaceae

evergreen shrub or shrub with dark gray bark, 20-125 cm tall.
Leaves alternate linear-oblong or oblong-narrow-lanceolate, with edges rolled up on the underside and reddish-felt pubescence on the underside.
Flowers white, five-membered, collected at the ends of the branches in multi-flowered corymbose inflorescences.
Fetus- five-lobed capsule with numerous seeds (Fig. 5.32).
Smell. A plant with a strong intoxicating odor that causes headache.
Blooms in May - June, bears fruit in July - August.

Spreading

text_fields

arrow_upward

Spreading. It has an extensive Holarctic range. It grows in the tundra and forest zones of the European part of the country, Siberia and the Far East.

Habitat. Mainly in sphagnum bogs, peat bogs, and swampy coniferous forests, it often forms continuous thickets, convenient for harvesting.

Medicinal raw materials

text_fields

arrow_upward

External signs

Whole raw materials

A mixture of leafy shoots, leaves and a small amount of fruit.
Leaves alternate, on short petioles, leathery, linear-oblong or oblong-narrow-lanceolate, entire with edges curved to the underside, 15-45 mm long, 1-5 mm wide; dark green, shiny on the upper side, covered with thick orange-brown felt pubescence on the lower side.
Stems cylindrical with orange-brown felt pubescence.
Fetus- multi-seeded oblong capsule 3-8 mm long, glandular-pubescent, opening when ripe from bottom to top with five valves.
Smell sharp, specific.
Taste not determined.

Crushed raw materials

Pieces of stems, leaves and fruits passing through a sieve with holes 5 mm in diameter.
Color green, dark green, orange-brown, grayish-brown.
Smell sharp, specific.
Taste not determined.

The raw materials intended for the production of ledin are not crushed.

Numerical indicators of raw materials

Whole raw materials

Essential oil not less than 0.1%; humidity no more than 14%; total ash no more than 4%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 1%; grayish-brown stems no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%.

Crushed raw materials

Essential oil not less than 0.1%; humidity no more than 14%; total ash no more than 4%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 1%; pieces of grayish-brown stems no more than 10%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 5 mm, no more than 5%; particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.5 mm, no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 1%; mineral impurity no more than 0.5%.

Microscopy of raw materials

text_fields

arrow_upward

When looking at the sheet epidermal cells are visible from the surface, small on both sides of the leaf, with thin or clearly thickened tortuous walls, above the veins - with straight walls.
Stomata only on the lower side, large, raised, with 4-8 parastomatal cells (anomocytic type).
Top side of the sheet covered with a thick cuticle; hairs are rare.
Down side covered with three types of hairs:

1) long, multicellular, ribbon-shaped, sinuous and twisted hairs, consisting of two rows of cells, with red-brown contents;
2) small thick-walled single-celled hairs covered with a warty cuticle;
3) capitate hairs on a uni- or multicellular stalk with a multicellular round head containing oily drops.

Essential oil glands found on both sides of the leaf, but more on the bottom; they consist of a large round, flattened head formed by two types of cells: 6-10 small round cells located at the base of the gland, and 10-12 large almost flat cells forming a dome above the first; leg of the gland short, two-row, of several small cells.
Leaf mesophyll characterized by pronounced aerenchyma and contains drusen of calcium oxalate, less often single prismatic crystals and their intergrowths.

Procurement and storage of raw materials

text_fields

arrow_upward

Preparation. Raw materials are harvested in August - September, during the period of fruit ripening. Young, non-lignified shoots of the current year are collected. They are picked by hand or cut off. Harvesting woody shoots is not allowed.

Security measures. Plants should not be pulled out by their roots, as this leads to the destruction of the thickets. Repeated harvesting in the same area is allowed no earlier than 7-8 years after full recovery thickets.

Drying. Ledum shoots are dried in the shade, under canopies, scattered in a layer up to 10 cm thick; heat drying is possible at temperatures up to 40 ºС. After drying, remove coarse leafless branches.

The plant is poisonous, so care must be taken when working with it. Work should be carried out in respirators or cotton-gauze bandages for no more than 2-3 hours a day.

Standardization. GF XI, issue. 2, art. 1.

Storage. Raw materials are stored in a dry place, protected from light, separately from other types of raw materials, according to list B, packed in double bags. Shelf life: 3 years.

Composition of wild rosemary

text_fields

arrow_upward

Chemical composition of wild rosemary shoots

The aerial part of the plant contains

essential oil (1.5-3%), which contains
- ice,
- palustrol,
- pair-cymol,
- geranyl acetate,
- cineole, etc.

The main components of the oil are ledol and palustrol - tricyclic sesquiterpene alcohols. Largest quantity Iceol in essential oil is found in the leaves of the first year. The composition of essential oil is not constant and depends on geographical latitude plant growth.

In addition to essential oil, wild rosemary shoots contain

tannins,
arbutin (up to 5%),
flavonoids,
coumarins,
triterpene compounds,
resin.

Properties and uses of wild rosemary

text_fields

arrow_upward

Pharmacotherapeutic group. Expectorant, antitussive.

Pharmacological properties of wild rosemary

Caused by ice, which provides an antitussive effect. When taking wild rosemary preparations orally, the essential oil is partially released through the mucous membranes of the respiratory organs,

exciting the breath,
enhancing the secretion of glandular epithelium,
increasing the activity of the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract.

This is accompanied by dilution of sputum and acceleration of its removal from the respiratory tract.

Ledum preparations also have

bronchodilator,
pain reliever and
calming effect.

On the vessels of the kidneys and coronary arteries Ledum preparations have an antispasmodic effect, which is associated with

diuretic effect and
hypotensive effect.

Besides, the experiment revealed the wound-healing effect of the drugs.

Noted bactericidal effect against many microorganisms.

Application of wild rosemary

The shoots of wild rosemary have been used medicinally for the last two centuries, especially in Sweden and Germany. WITH late XIX century, the plant began to be used in Russia.

In modern medical practice preparations of wild rosemary - infusion and preparation "Ledin" - are used as

antitussives and
expectorants

for acute and chronic bronchitis with a bronchospastic component, bronchial asthma and whooping cough.

By improving coughing and suppressing cough, they prevent unwanted changes in the circulatory system (increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation, increased peripheral venous pressure, etc.), eliminate insomnia and headaches.

Ledum is also used as

diuretic,
disinfectant and
antiseptic(arbutin).

In case of overdose of wild rosemary preparations appear

irritability,
dizziness,
excitation followed by depression of the central nervous system.

In its native form, the plant is quite poisonous.. There are cases of poisoning with honey collected by bees from wild rosemary flowers.

Medicines

text_fields

arrow_upward

Ledum marsh shoots, crushed raw materials. Antitussive and expectorant.
As part of the collection (chest collection No. 4; expectorant collection).
Ledin, tablets p.o. 0.05 g each (sesquiterpene alcohol ledol). Antitussive, bronchodilator.

Evergreen shrub. It is used in medicine as an expectorant of plant origin.

The plant is poisonous!

Ask the experts a question

Flower formula

The formula of the wild rosemary flower is: *H(5)L(5)T5+5P(5).

In medicine

Ledum shoots are used as an infusion for respiratory diseases accompanied by a cough with difficult to separate sputum: for acute and chronic bronchitis, acute laryngitis, acute tracheitis, acute and chronic pneumonia, whooping cough.

In dermatology, wild rosemary preparations are used orally for allergic, pustular skin diseases, arthropathic, microbial, paratraumatic eczema, atopic dermatitis and externally for microbial and seborrheic eczema, acne, furunculosis.

For children

As a medicine, an infusion of crushed wild rosemary shoots can be used from the age of 18.

In garden culture

Despite poisonous properties wild rosemary, this plant is often found in cultivation. Ledum grows slowly, but with proper care can be present in heather gardens for a long time (more than 30 years). The plant overwinters without shelter. Reproduction is possible by seeds, cuttings and root division. On the positive side The advantage of wild rosemary as an ornamental crop is that this plant does not need fertile soil and can live anywhere. In addition, wild rosemary feels comfortable in the shade.

At home

In everyday life, wild rosemary leaves are used as an insecticidal agent to kill flies and other insects by fumigating rooms with it. Ledum twigs or leaves are used to cover clothes to protect against moths.

Classification

Marsh rosemary (lat. Ledum palustre L.) belongs to the heather family (lat. Ericaceae). The genus Ledum includes 8 species, common in the cold and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere.

Botanical description

Marsh wild rosemary is an evergreen shrub with a superficial root system. Aboveground shoots are numerous, almost vertical, up to 125 cm high. Young shoots are non-lignified, densely covered with red hairs. The leaves are short-petiolate, alternate, overwintering, leathery, linear-oblong, entire, with edges turned down, 1.5-4.5 cm long. On the upper side the leaves are dark green, shiny, seated with small glands, on the lower side they are reddish. pubescent. The flowers are white, regular, five-membered, about 1 cm in diameter, on long glandular pubescent pedicels, collected in corymbose inflorescences of 16-25 flowers, 10 stamens. Formula of the wild rosemary flower: *H(5)L(5)T5+5P(5 ). The fruit is a five-locular, multi-seeded glandular-pubescent capsule, dark, oblong-oval, 3-8 mm long. The plant blooms in May-July, the seeds ripen in July-August.

The plant overwinters under the snow. Shoots not hidden under snow cover die.

The plant is poisonous! Ledum has a strong specific odor that causes nausea, dizziness, and headache.

Spreading

Ledum is a cold-resistant plant that grows in forest and tundra zones, in the forest belt of mountains, in swampy coniferous forests, sometimes in birch forests, in peat bogs, and along river valleys. Ledum is adapted to life on very poor, acidic, highly moist soils.

Grows mainly in the northern European part of Russia, Western and Eastern Siberia, on Far East. Widely distributed in the mountain forest belt of Eastern Altai and Sayan. Distributed in Northern and Central Europe, China, Japan, North America. In Central Europe, it forms thickets in raised bogs, sometimes significant in area.

Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.

Procurement of raw materials

The shoots of wild rosemary (Ledi palustris cormus) are used as medicinal raw materials. Leafy shoots of the current year, non-lignified, are harvested. They are collected in the fall, in August-September, during the period of fruit ripening. When collecting, shoots are plucked manually or cut with knives or pruners up to 10 cm long.

Drying is carried out in attics or in the shade under a canopy with good ventilation, spreading the raw material in a thin layer (5-7 cm) on fabric or paper, systematically turning it over. Can be dried in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 30-40°C.

When harvesting, drying, packaging, care should be taken, since the plant is poisonous and has strong odor, causing nausea, dizziness and headache. It is recommended to work in respirators or gauze bandages for no more than 2-3 hours a day.

Store finished raw materials in cool, dry rooms on racks, separately from other types.

Chemical composition

The following were found in the plant: poisonous essential oil (1.5-7%), which includes iceol, palustrol, η-cymene, geranyl acetate, bicyclic alcohol, hydrocarbons. Essential oil is contained in all parts of the plant, with the exception of the roots: in the leaves of the first year - 1.5-7.5%, in the leaves of the second year much less - 0.25-1.4%; in the branches of the first year - 0.17-1.5%, in the second year - from traces to 0.2%; in flowers - 2.3%, in fruits - 0.17%. The essential oil has a bitter-burning taste and balsamic odor.

The plant also contains glucosides (ericoline, arbutin); andromedotoxin; coumarins (esculin, esculetin, scopoletin, umbelliferone, etc.), flavonoids (quercetin, hyperoside); tannins; phytoncides; vitamin C; coloring matter; micro- and macroelements.

Pharmacological properties

Ledum preparations are used as an expectorant, anti-inflammatory, anti-whooping cough, and antiseptic. Ledum also has a hypotensive effect, and has a stimulating effect on the higher parts of the central nervous system.

Ledum preparations promote the release and dilution of sputum, accelerate its evacuation, soften cough, and have an antibacterial effect.

The medicinal properties of the plant depend on the content of essential oil, which, when used internally, is partially released through the mucous membranes of the respiratory organs. Excreted through the bronchi, volatile biologically active compounds wild rosemary have a moderate local irritant effect on the mucous membranes, enhance the secretion of the bronchial glands and increase the activity of the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract. The antispasmodic effect of wild rosemary preparations on the smooth muscles of the bronchi was also noted. High antimicrobial activity is also due to the essential oil, which has a bactericidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus.

The plant has diuretic and disinfectant properties. medicinal properties, depending on the excretion of essential oil in the urine through the kidneys in unchanged form and due to the total effect on urinary tract arbutin glycoside and essential oil.

When using wild rosemary, you may experience side effects: possible allergic reactions, dizziness, increased nervous excitability; when taking high doses, symptoms of excitation or depression of the central nervous system are noted.

Use in folk medicine

Ledum marsh shoots have long been used in folk medicine. Russian name“Ledum” comes from the ancient dialect verb “bagulit”, which means “to poison”, and the adjective “Ledum”, which has disappeared from the lexicon, means: poisonous, stupefying, tart, strong. The Russian title shows characteristic feature of this shrub - to emit a pleasant smell at first, but ultimately a strong, suffocating odor.

Latin name plant "ledum" (Ledum) comes from the Greek ledoa - the name of a resinous plant, from which Ancient Greece An aromatic resin, incense, was extracted.

In folk medicine, the medicinal properties of wild rosemary are used for whooping cough, scrofula, rhinitis, dysentery, malaria, scabies, weeping eczema, and as a diaphoretic. Ledum leaves are also used for colds, bronchial asthma, angina pectoris, pulmonary tuberculosis, gout and dermatomycosis. The plant is considered a diuretic, tonic, and anthelmintic. An infusion of flowers in vodka is drunk for pulmonary tuberculosis, suffocation, and used for rubbing in rheumatism.

In German folk medicine, wild rosemary infusion is used for diathesis, eczema and pruritus.

Preparations of wild rosemary are used in Germany and France for asthmatic cough, bronchial asthma, angina pectoris, various forms rheumatism. In Bulgaria, hot infusion is used for arthritis and cholecystitis. Ledum is used in homeopathy and veterinary medicine.

Literature

1. State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. Eleventh edition. Issue 1 (1987), issue 2 (1990).

2. State Register of Medicines. Moscow 2004.

3. Medicinal plants state pharmacopoeia. Pharmacognosy. (Ed. I.A. Samylina, V.A. Severtsev). - M., “AMNI”, 1999.

4. Mashkovsky M.D. " Medicines" In 2 volumes - M., Novaya Volna Publishing House LLC, 2000.

5. “Herbal medicine with the basics” clinical pharmacology"edited by V.G. Kukesa. - M.: Medicine, 1999.

6. P.S. Chikov. “Medicinal plants” M.: Medicine, 2002.

7. Sokolov S.Ya., Zamotaev I.P. Handbook of medicinal plants (herbal medicine). - M.: VITA, 1993.

8. Mannfried Palov. "Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants". Ed. Ph.D. biol. Sciences I.A. Gubanova. Moscow, "Mir", 1998.

9. Lesiovskaya E.E., Pastushenkov L.V. "Pharmacotherapy with the basics of herbal medicine." Tutorial. - M.: GEOTAR-MED, 2003.

10. Medicinal plants: Reference manual. / N.I. Grinkevich, I.A. Balandina, V.A. Ermakova and others; Ed. N.I. Grinkevich - M.: graduate School, 1991. - 398 p.

11. Plants for us. Reference manual / Ed. G.P. Yakovleva, K.F. Blinova. - Publishing house "Educational Book", 1996. - 654 p.

12. Medicinal plant raw materials. Pharmacognosy: Textbook. allowance / Ed. G.P. Yakovlev and K.F. Blinova. - St. Petersburg: SpetsLit, 2004. - 765 p.

13. Ponomarev, V.D. Extraction of medicinal plant raw materials / V.D. Ponomarev - M.: Medicine, 1978. - 204 p.

14. Forest herbaceous plants. Biology and conservation / Alekseev Yu.V., Vakhrameeva M.G., Denisova L.V., Nikitina S.V. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1998. - 223 p.

15. Herbs and health. medicinal plants / Author: A.M. Zadorozhny and others - Machaon; Gamma Press 2000, 2001. - 512 p.

16. Healthy skin and herbal remedies/ Author: I. Pustyrsky, V. Prokhorov. - M. Machaon; Mn.: Book House, 200. - 192 p.

17. Nosov A. M. Medicinal plants. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2000. - 350 p.

18. Herbal medicine allergic diseases skin / V.F. Korsun, A.A. Kubanova, S. Ya. Sokolov and others - Mn.: “Polymya”, 1998. - 426 pp.

Ledum palustre L., fam. heather – Ericaceae.

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

PHARMACOPOEIAL ARTICLE

Ledum marsh shootsFS

Lady palustris cormus In return for the Global FundXI, vol. 2, art. 1

Collected in August–September during the fruit ripening phase and dried leafy shoots of the current year of the wild evergreen shrub bog rosemary – Ledum palustre L., fam. heather – Ericaceae.

AUTHENTICITY

External signs

Whole raw materials. A mixture of leafy shoots, leaves and a small amount of fruit. Leaves are alternate, on short petioles, leathery, linear-oblong or oblong or oblong-elliptic, entire, 15–45 mm long, 1–5 mm wide, with edges turned down; dark green, shiny on the upper side; the undersides are covered with thick orange-brown felt pubescence. Stems are cylindrical with orange-brown felt pubescence. The fruit is a polyspermous oblong capsule 3–8 mm long, glandular-pubescent, opening from the bottom up into five leaves when ripe. The smell is pungent and specific. The taste is not determined.

Crushed raw materials. Pieces of stems, leaves and fruits passing through a 5mm sieve. When examining crushed raw materials under a magnifying glass (10×) or a stereomicroscope (16×), fragments of a leaf blade with a shiny uneven surface of light gray, grayish-green, dark green, brownish-green (upper leathery side) or covered with thick orange-brown pubescence (underside); pieces of petioles and cylindrical stems with orange-brown felt pubescence, sometimes split lengthwise with a light yellow porous core; individual light yellow and yellow fragments of stem pith; glandular-pubescent pieces of fruit capsule, individual fragments of valves.

Color green, dark green, orange-brown, grayish-brown. The smell is pungent and specific. The taste is not determined.

Note. The raw materials intended for the production of ledin are not crushed.

Microscopic signs

Whole raw materials, crushed raw materials. When examining a leaf from the surface, epidermal cells should be visible on both sides of the leaf - small with thin or clearly thickened sinuous walls, above the veins - with straight ones. Stomata are only on the lower side, large, raised, with 4-8 parastomatal cells (anomocytic type). The upper side of the leaf is covered with a thick cuticle; hairs are rare. The underside is densely covered with hairs of three types: long, multicellular, ribbon-like, sinuous and twisted hairs, consisting of two rows of cells, with red-brown contents; small single-celled hairs with a thick shell covered with a warty cuticle; capitate hairs on a unicellular or multicellular stalk with a multicellular round head containing oily drops. Essential oil glands are found on both sides of the leaf, but more on the bottom; they consist of a large rounded flattened head formed by two types of cells: 6-10 small rounded cells located at the base of the gland, and 10-12 large almost flat cells forming a dome above the first; the stalk of the gland is short, two-row, consisting of several small cells. The leaf mesophyll is characterized by pronounced aerenchyma and contains drusen of calcium oxalate, less often single prismatic crystals and their intergrowths.

When examining a crushed preparation of the stem, rectangular elongated epidermal cells with straight walls should be visible; hairs and essential oil glands are found on the surface; oval-shaped parenchyma cells; mechanical fibers; spiral type vessels.

When examining a crushed preparation of the capsule valves, polygonal-shaped epidermal cells, simple single-cell hairs, and essential oil glands with short leg and a rounded head; in the mesophyll there are layers of stony cells.

Rice. 1. Ledum marsh shoots

1 – fragment of leaf epidermis (200×); 2 – fragment with an essential oil gland (a) and small single-celled hairs with a thick shell covered with a warty cuticle (b) (200×); 3 – hairs: long, multicellular, ribbon-shaped, twisted and twisted hairs, consisting of two rows of cells, with red-brown contents (200×); 4 – essential oil glands (a), capitate hair on a multicellular stalk with a multicellular round head containing oily droplets (b) (200×); 5 – parenchyma cells of the stem (200×); 6 – layer of fetal stony cells (200×)

Determination of the main groups of biologically active substances

Thin layer chromatography

Preparation of solutions

Standard solution (RS) of thymol and menthol. 5 mg of thymol and 10 mg of menthol are dissolved in 10 ml of 96% alcohol with stirring. The shelf life of the solution is no more than 3 months when stored in a cool, dark place.

Test solution. To 20 µl of oil obtained by quantification, add 1 ml of toluene.

On the starting line of a high-performance chromatography plate with a layer of silica gel on an aluminum substrate measuring 10 × 10 cm, 15 μl of the test solution and 20 μl of a solution of CO thymol and menthol are applied in strips. The plate with the applied samples is dried at room temperature, placed in a chamber with a solvent mixture of ethyl acetate - toluene (5:95), and chromatographed using an ascending method. When the front of solvents passes about 80–90% of the length of the plate from the starting line, it is removed from the chamber, dried until traces of solvents are removed, treated with anisaldehyde with alcoholic sulfate solution, kept at a temperature of 100–105 °C for 5–10 minutes and viewed in daylight.

The chromatogram of a solution of CO thymol and menthol should reveal a blue adsorption zone (menthol) in the lower part and above it a pink adsorption zone (thymol).

The chromatogram of the test solution should show: an adsorption zone from violet to reddish-violet color slightly above the level of the menthol adsorption zone on the chromatogram of a solution of CO thymol and menthol (ice), as well as a violet to reddish-violet color zone slightly above the thymol adsorption zone on the chromatogram solution of CO thymol and menthol (palustrol); detection of other adsorption zones is allowed.

2 . About 2.0 g of crushed raw material, passing through a sieve with 2 mm holes, is placed in a 100 ml flask, 20 ml of 70% alcohol is added and heated in a water bath with reflux for 10 minutes. The extract is then cooled and filtered (test solution).

A) 1 ml of the test solution is placed in a test tube, zinc powder and 5–7 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid are added and mixed; a slight pink color should be observed, which becomes more intense when heated (flavonoids)

B) To 1 ml of the test solution add 2 drops of iron(III) ammonium sulfate solution; A black-green color (tannins) should be observed.

TESTS

Humidity

Whole raw materials crushed raw materials – no more than 14%.

Total ash

Whole raw materials crushed raw materials – no more than 4%.

Ash, insoluble in hydrochloric acid

Whole raw materials, crushed raw materials– no more than 1%;

Raw material grinding

Crushed raw materials– particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes measuring 5 mm – no more than 5%; particles passing through a sieve with holes measuring 0.5 mm - no more than 5%.

Foreign matter

The stems are grayish-brown. Whole raw materials– no more than 10%.

Pieces of grayish-brown stems . Crushed raw materials– no more than 10%.

Organic impurity. Whole raw materials crushed raw materials – no more than 1%.

Mineral impurity. Whole raw materialscrushed raw materials – no more than 0.5%.

Heavy metals

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Determination of Content heavy metals and arsenic in medicinal plant materials and medicinal herbal preparations».

Radionuclides

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Determination of radionuclide content in medicinal plant materials and medicinal herbal preparations.”

Pesticide residues

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Determination of the content of residual pesticides in medicinal plant materials and medicinal herbal preparations.”

Microbiological purity

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Microbiological purity”.

quantitation

Whole raw materialscrushed raw materials: essential oil – not less than 0.1%.

Essential oil.

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Determination of essential oil content in medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations” (method 2, sample 30.0 g of raw material, crushed to particle size 1 – 3 cm, distillation time - 4 hours, after distillation the cooling of the refrigerator is stopped so that the crystallized part of the essential oil on the walls of the refrigerator melts and falls into the receiver).

Packaging, labeling and transportation

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Packaging, labeling and transportation of medicinal herbal raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations.”

Storage

In accordance with the requirements of the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Storage of medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations”.