Moles are congenital or acquired skin defects formed as a result of the proliferation of the pigmented epithelial layer of the skin. That is, a mole is a small formation that rises above the surface of the skin and has different shape and colored in brown or pink-red shades.
Mole - definition and basic properties
Doctors call moles pigmented, melanocytic, melanoform or non-cellular nevi, since according to the mechanism of formation they are benign tumors, originating from normal cells various structures skin with the obligatory presence of melanocytes (cells that provide the brown or pinkish color of the mole). This means that the main structure of the mole may be formed from cells of the epidermis (outer layer of skin) or dermis (deep layer of skin) that have formed a compact cluster in a small area. In addition to the structure-forming cells of the dermis or epidermis, a mole necessarily contains a small number of melanocytes, which produce a pigment that gives them a different color.Melanocytes are found in the skin of every person, with the exception of albinos, and provide unique color skin pigment production. The pigment produced by melanocytes can vary from pink to dark brown. It is the color of the pigment produced by melanocytes that explains the different skin colors among representatives various peoples and ethnic groups. That is, if a person’s skin is white, then melanocytes produce a light pink pigment, if the person is dark, then light brown, etc.
The melanocytes that are part of the mole also produce a pigment of their usual color or shade (the same as on the areola of the nipples or labia minora). However, since a mole contains a fairly large number of melanocytes per unit surface area, their pigment appears to be “concentrated,” as a result of which the color of the nevus is much darker than the rest of the skin. Therefore, in dark-skinned people, moles are usually dark brown or almost black, while in people with fair skin, nevi are pinkish or light brown.
Moles can be congenital or acquired. Congenital moles in children are not immediately visible; they begin to appear from 2 to 3 months of age. However, this does not mean that moles begin to form at 2–3 months; they are there from birth, simply because they are very small size they are not visible. Moles grow with a person, increasing in size as their area increases skin That is, while the child is very small, his congenital moles are also tiny and simply not visible. And when he grows up, his moles will increase in size so much that they can be seen with the naked eye.
Acquired moles appear in a person throughout life, and there is no age limit until which nevi can form. This means that new moles can form on a person’s skin until death. The most intensively acquired moles form during periods of hormonal changes - for example, puberty, pregnancy, menopause, etc. During these same periods, old moles may grow, change color or shape.
Moles are benign neoplasms with, as a rule, a favorable course, that is, they are not prone to degenerate into cancer. That is why in most cases they do not pose any danger and do not require treatment. However, in rare cases, moles can malignize, that is, degenerate into skin cancer, and this is precisely their main potential danger.
However, one should not assume that every mole is a potential site of cancer growth, since in 80% of cases, skin cancer develops in an area of normal and untouched skin where there are no nevi. And only in 20% of cases skin cancer develops as a result of malignancy of a mole. That is, a mole will not necessarily degenerate into cancer; moreover, this happens quite rarely, and therefore you should not treat every nevus as a future potential malignant tumor.
Moles – photo
These photographs depict congenital moles.
This photograph shows nevus of Ota.
These photographs show various options pigmented moles.
This photograph shows a “scattered” nevus.
This photograph shows a halonevus (nevus of Setton).
This photo shows a blue (blue) mole.
This photograph shows a Spitz nevus (Spitz).
This photo shows blue (Mongolian) spots.
Types of moles
Currently, there are several classifications of moles, distinguishing different types and groups of nevi. Most often in practical medicine, two classifications are used: the first is histological, based on which cells the mole is formed from, and the second divides all nevi into melanoma-hazardous and melanoma-safe. Moles that are melanoma-dangerous are theoretically capable of developing into skin cancer. And melanoma-safe are, accordingly, those moles that under no circumstances degenerate into skin cancer. Let's consider both classifications and each type of mole separately.According to histological classification, moles are of the following types:
1.
Epidermal-melanocytic moles (formed by epidermal cells and melanocytes):
- Borderline nevus;
- Epidermal nevus;
- Intradermal nevus;
- Complex nevus;
- Epithelioid nevus (Spitz nevus, juvenile melanoma);
- Nevus of Setton (halonevus);
- Nevus of balloon-forming cells;
- Papillomatous nevus;
- Fibroepithelial nevus;
- Verrucous nevus (linear, warty);
- Nevus sebaceous glands(sebaceous, seborrheic, Jadassohn's nevus).
- Mongolian spots (Genghis Khan spot);
- Nevus Ota;
- Nevus Ito;
- Blue nevus (blue nevus).
- Dysplastic nevus (atypical, Clark's nevus);
- Pink melanocytic nevus.
- Combined nevus;
- Congenital nevus.
Borderline nevus
A border nevus is formed from a cluster of cells located at the border of the dermis and epidermis. Outwardly it looks like a flat, slightly raised formation or just a spot on the skin, colored dark brown, dark gray or black. Sometimes concentric rings are visible on the surface of the nevus, in the area of which the color intensity changes. The size of a border nevus is usually small - more than 2 - 3 mm in diameter. This type moles are prone to degenerating into cancer, so they are considered dangerous.Epidermal nevus
An epidermal nevus is formed from a cluster of cells located in the superficial layer of the skin (epidermis) and looks like a regular-shaped elevation, colored in various colors, from pinkish to dark brown. This type of mole can, in rare cases, develop into cancer, and is therefore considered potentially dangerous.Intradermal nevus
An intradermal nevus is formed from a cluster of cells located in the deep layer of skin (dermis). Externally, the nevus is a hemisphere, slightly rising above the surface of the skin and colored in dark shades - from brown to almost black. The size of an intradermal nevus is usually about 1 cm in diameter. This type of mole can develop into cancer in old age.Nevus of the sebaceous glands (sebaceous, seborrheic, Jadassohn's nevus)
Nevus of the sebaceous glands (sebaceous, seborrheic, Jadassohn's nevus) is a convex flat spot with a rough surface, colored in various shades Brown. Sebaceous nevus forms in children due to disruption of the normal growth of various skin tissues. The causes of growth disorders of various skin tissues have not been elucidated; accordingly, the exact causative factors of sebaceous nevus are also unknown. Such nevi form during intrauterine development, and appear on the baby’s skin 2–3 months after birth. As the child develops, sebaceous nevi grow, increase in size and become more convex. Despite constant growth throughout life, Jadassohn's nevus never transforms into cancer, so this type of mole is considered safe.
If a nevus bothers a person from a cosmetic point of view, then it can be easily removed. In this case, it is optimal to remove the mole after the child reaches puberty.
Complex nevus
A complex nevus is a mole consisting of cells of the dermis and epidermis. Externally, a complex nevus looks like a small bump or a group of closely spaced bumps.Epithelioid nevus (Spitz nevus, juvenile melanoma)
Epithelioid nevus (Spitz nevus, juvenile melanoma) is a mole that is similar in structure to melanoma. Despite the similarity of structure, Spitz nevus is not a melanoma and almost never becomes malignant, but its presence indicates a relatively high risk of skin cancer in a given person.This type of mole usually appears in children under 10 years of age and grows quite quickly, increasing to 1 cm in diameter within 2 to 4 months. Spitz nevus is a convex formation of red-brown color and rounded shape with a smooth or bumpy surface.
Nevus of Setton (halonevus)
Setton's nevus (halonevus) is a common brown mole surrounded by a wide rim of skin of a lighter shade compared to the color of the rest of the skin surface. Setton's nevi appear in people under 30 years of age.Over time, such a mole may decrease in size and become lighter in color, or disappear completely. After the disappearance of Setton's nevus, as a rule, there remains White spot, persisting for a long time - several months or even years.
These nevi are safe because they do not develop into cancer. However, people with Setton's nevi on the skin have an increased tendency to autoimmune diseases, such as vitiligo, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, etc. In addition, a number of studies have found that the appearance large quantity Setton's nevus is a sign of the development of skin cancer in some area of the skin.
Balloon cell nevus
A nevus of balloon-forming cells is a brownish spot or bump with a thin yellow rim. This type of mole very rarely turns into cancer.Mongolian spot
A Mongolian spot is a single spot or group of spots on the sacrum, buttocks, thighs, or back of a newborn baby. The spot is colored in various shades of blue, has a smooth surface and slightly rises above the skin. The Mongolian spot develops due to the fact that the pigment produced by melanocytes is located in the deep layer of the skin (dermis), and not, as normally, in the epidermis.Nevus Ota
Nevus of Ota is a single spot or group of small spots on the skin, colored blue. The spots are always located on the skin of the face - around the eyes, on the cheeks or between the nose and upper lip. Nevus of Ota is a precancerous disease because it tends to degenerate into skin cancer.Nevus Ito
Nevus of Ito looks exactly the same as nevus of Ota, but is localized on the skin of the neck, above the collarbone, on the shoulder blade or in the deltoid muscle area. This type of nevi also refers to precancerous diseases.Blue nevus (blue mole)
Blue nevus (blue nevus) is a type of epidermal mole in which melanocytes produce a blue-black pigment. A nevus appears as a dense nodule, colored in various shades of gray, dark blue or black, and can range in size from 1 to 3 cm in diameter.Blue nevus is usually located on the dorsum of the hands and feet, on the lower back, sacrum or buttocks. The mole is constantly growing slowly and is prone to degeneration into cancer, therefore it is considered dangerous. Blue nevus should be removed as soon as possible after it is identified.
Dysplastic nevus (atypical, Clark's nevus)
Dysplastic nevus (atypical, Clark's nevus) is a single spot or a group of closely spaced round or oval spots with jagged edges, colored in light shades of brown, reddish or light red. In the center of each spot there is a small part protruding above the surface of the skin. An atypical nevus is larger than 6 mm. In general, moles that have at least one of the following characteristics are considered dysplastic:
- Asymmetry (the mole has unequal contours and structure with different sides from a line drawn through the central part of the formation);
- Rough edges or uneven coloring;
- Size more than 6 mm;
- The mole is not like all the others on the body.
Papillomatous nevus
A papillomatous nevus is a type of common epidermal mole, the surface of which consists of irregularities and outgrowths that resemble cauliflower in appearance.Papillomatous nevus always rises above the surface of the skin and consists of individual tubercles, colored brownish or pinkish and looking very unpleasant. When touched, the mole is soft and painless.
Despite their unsightly appearance, papillomatous nevi are safe because they never develop into skin cancer. However, in appearance these moles can be confused with malignant neoplasms skin, therefore, to distinguish such a nevus from cancer, a histological examination of a small piece taken using a biopsy technique should be performed as soon as possible.
Fibroepithelial nevus
Fibroepithelial nevus is very common and is a common epidermal mole, the structure of which contains a large number of connective tissue elements. These moles have a rounded convex shape, various sizes and a reddish, pinkish or light brown color. Fibroepithelial nevi are soft, elastic and painless, growing slowly throughout life, but almost never degenerating into cancer, and are therefore safe.Pink melanocytic nevus
A pink melanocytic nevus is a common epidermal mole that appears in various shades of pink or light red. Such moles are typical for people with very fair skin because their melanocytes produce pink pigment rather than brown.Combined nevus
A combined nevus is a mole consisting of elements of a blue nevus and a complex nevus.Verrucous nevus (linear, warty)
Verrucous nevus (linear, warty) is a spot of an elongated, linear shape, colored dark brown. This type of mole consists of normal cells, and therefore they almost never transform into skin cancer. Therefore, verrucous nevi are removed only in cases where they create visible and causing discomfort. cosmetic defect.The causes of verrucous moles have not been established, but in most cases they are congenital. As a rule, these moles appear 2–3 months after birth or during the first 5 years of a child’s life. As the child grows, the verrucous mole may increase slightly in size and darken, and also become more convex.
Congenital nevus (congenital mole)
Congenital nevus is a benign neoplasm that develops in a child some time after birth. That is, the causes of this type of mole are laid during the period of intrauterine development, and the nevus itself is formed after the birth of the child.Congenital moles can have different shapes, sizes, edges, colors and surfaces. That is, a mole of this type can be round, oval or irregular in shape, with clear or blurred edges, with a color ranging from light brown to almost black. The surface of a congenital mole can be smooth, warty, papular, folded, etc.
Congenital and acquired moles are practically indistinguishable in appearance. However, congenital moles are always larger than 1.5 cm in diameter. Sometimes such a nevus can be gigantic - more than 20 cm in diameter, and occupy the skin surface of an entire anatomical area (for example, chest, shoulder, neck, etc.).
All of the above nevi (moles) are also divided into two large groups, such as:
1.
Melanoma-dangerous moles.
2.
Melanoma-safe moles.
Melanoma-dangerous moles are considered precancerous diseases, since they are the ones most often among all nevi to degenerate into malignant skin tumors. Therefore, it is recommended to remove them as soon as possible after their identification. Melanoma-safe moles almost never degenerate into cancer, therefore they are considered safe, as a result of which they are removed only if there is a desire to eliminate a cosmetic defect associated with their presence on the skin.
The following types of melanoma-hazardous moles include:
- Blue nevus;
- Borderline nevus;
- Congenital giant pigment virus;
- Nevus Ota;
- Dysplastic nevus.
Red moles
A mole that looks like a small and raised red dot is a senile angioma. These angiomas are completely safe because they never turn into skin cancer. If the red mole is larger than the size of a dot, then this formation may be a Spitz nevus, which in itself is safe, but is evidence that a person has an increased risk of skin cancer.
A red or pink raised mole in people over 45 years of age may be a symptom of the early stages of skin cancer.
If an existing red mole does not grow, does not itch or bleed, then it is either a senile angioma or a Spitz nevus. If a mole actively increases in size, itches, bleeds and causes inconvenience, then most likely we are talking about initial stage skin cancer In this case, you should immediately contact an oncologist who will conduct the necessary examinations and prescribe treatment.
Hanging moles
By the term “hanging” moles, people usually mean a certain formation that looks like a nevus, but is not tightly attached to the skin with a wide base, but seems to hang on a thin stalk. Such “hanging” moles can be the following formations:- Acrochordons– small flesh-colored growths, usually located in the armpits, groin folds, on the neck or torso;
- Convex growths of various sizes, dark or flesh-colored and having a smooth or bumpy surface, may represent epidermal nevi or keratosis.
If a “hanging” mole turns black and becomes painful, then this indicates its torsion, impaired nutrition and blood supply. Usually, soon after blackening and development of pain, the “hanging” mole disappears. Such an event is not dangerous and does not provoke the growth of new similar moles. However, to ensure optimal skin healing and to remove blood clots or dead tissue if necessary, you should consult a doctor after a hanging mole falls off.
If at some point a person has a lot of acrochordons ("hanging" moles), then he should take a blood test for glucose concentration, since such an event is often a sign of developing diabetes mellitus. That is, from the point of view of skin cancer, the appearance of a large number of “hanging” moles is not dangerous, but this indicates the development of another serious disease.
Large mole
Moles that have largest size is more than 6 mm. As a rule, such large moles are safe provided that their structure does not change and their size does not increase over time. Only large, dark-colored (gray, brown, black-purple) moles are dangerous, since they can degenerate into melanoma (skin cancer).However, to be completely sure that a large mole on your skin is safe, you should consult a dermatologist who can examine it, perform a dermatoscopy and take a biopsy. Based on the manipulations performed, the doctor will be able to accurately determine the histological type of the mole and, thereby, determine the degree of its danger. Such an examination will allow a person to make sure that the mole he has is safe and, thereby, ensure peace of mind in the future, which is very important for an acceptable quality of life.
Many moles
If a person has many moles over a relatively short period of time (1 - 3 months), then he should definitely consult a dermatologist to determine what type of nevi they are. In the vast majority of cases, the appearance of a large number of moles is not dangerous, since it is a skin reaction to tanning or other factors environment. However, in some rare cases, a large number of moles may indicate serious and serious illnesses skin or immune system, as well as about malignant tumors in internal organs.
Dangerous moles
Moles that can develop into cancer or look very similar to a malignant tumor are considered dangerous. If a mole is prone to cancerous degeneration, then it is actually a matter of time before it becomes not a benign, but a malignant formation. That is why doctors recommend removing such moles.If the mole is similar in appearance to cancer, as a result of which it is impossible to distinguish them, then it should be removed as soon as possible. mandatory and as soon as possible. After the mole is removed, it is sent for histological examination, during which the doctor examines the tissue of the formation under a microscope. If the histologist gives a conclusion that the removed mole is not cancer, then no additional therapeutic activities no need to carry out. If, according to the conclusion of histology, the removed formation turns out to be a cancerous tumor, then you should undergo a course of chemotherapy, which will destroy the tumor cells present in the body and, thereby, prevent a possible relapse.
Currently classic signs dangerous mole the following are considered:
- Pain of varying nature and degree of intensity in the area of the mole;
- Itching in the area of the mole;
- Visible increase in the size of the mole in short terms(1 – 2 months);
- The appearance of additional structures on the surface of the mole (for example, crusts, sores, bulges, bumps, etc.).
In practice, doctors believe that the most accurate sign of a dangerous mole is its dissimilarity to other moles a person has. For example, if a person has moles with uneven edges and uneven coloring, which seem dangerous, but exist for many years and do not cause concern, then a beautiful and even mole that appears among these “suspicious” nevi, which is considered completely normal according to classical criteria, will be dangerous. And, accordingly, on the contrary, if among a large number of even and regular moles one of a strange shape and uneven color appears, then this particular mole will be dangerous. This method identifying a dangerous formation is called the ugly duckling principle.
IN general view This ugly duckling principle, by which one can distinguish the malignant degeneration of a mole, is that the cancer is a mole that is not similar to others on the body. Moreover, either a newly appeared mole that is unusual and different from others, or an old one that suddenly changed, began to grow, itch, itch, bleed and acquired an unusual appearance is considered dangerous.
Thus, moles that have always had an unusual appearance and do not change over time are not dangerous. But if suddenly an old mole begins to actively change or a new nevus appears on the body, different from all the others, then they are considered dangerous. It means that moles with the following characteristics:
- Jagged or blurred edges;
- Uneven coloring (dark or white spots on the surface of the mole);
- Dark or white rims around the mole;
- Black dots around the mole;
- Black or blue color of the mole;
- Asymmetry of a mole
In addition, the subjective criterion for a dangerous mole is that a person suddenly at some point begins to feel and sense it. Many people indicate that they began to literally feel their mole, which began to degenerate into cancer. Many practicing dermatologists pay attention to this seemingly biased sign great importance, because it allows you to detect cancer early stage.
The mole is growing
Normally, moles can grow slowly for up to 25–30 years, while growth processes continue throughout the human body. After age 30, moles usually do not increase in size, but some existing nevi can grow very slowly, increasing by 1 mm in diameter over a few years. This rate of growth of moles is normal and is not considered dangerous. But if a mole begins to grow faster, significantly increasing in size within 2 to 4 months, then this is dangerous, since it may indicate its malignant degeneration.Mole itches
If a mole or the skin surrounding it begins to itch and itch, this is dangerous, as it may indicate a malignant degeneration of the nevus. Therefore, if itching appears in the area of the mole, it is necessary to consult a doctor as soon as possible. If the skin surrounding the mole begins to peel off with or without itching, then this is dangerous, since it may indicate an early stage of malignant degeneration of the nevus.
If a mole begins not only to itch and itch, but also to grow, change color or bleed, then this is an undoubted sign of malignancy of the nevus and requires urgent medical attention.
Mole is bleeding
If a mole begins to bleed after an injury, for example, a person scratched it, tore it, etc., then this is not dangerous, since it is a normal tissue reaction to damage. But if a mole bleeds without any visible reasons constantly or periodically, then this is dangerous and in such a situation it is necessary to consult a doctor.Causes of moles
Since moles are benign tumors, possible causes of their appearance may be various factors that provoke active and excessive division of skin cells in a small and limited area of skin. Thus, it is currently believed that these possible causes of the development of moles may be the following factors:- Skin development defects;
- Genetic factors;
- Ultraviolet radiation;
- Skin injuries;
- Diseases accompanied by hormonal imbalance;
- Long-term use of hormonal drugs;
- Viral and bacterial infections that occur over a long period of time.
Genetic factors are the cause of moles that are inherited from parents to children. As a rule, any characteristic characteristics are transmitted in this way. birthmarks or large moles located in strictly defined places.
Ultraviolet radiation stimulates the active production of melanin, which turns the skin a darker color (tan) and thereby protects it from the negative effects of solar radiation. If you are in the sun long time, then the process of intensive reproduction of melanocytes - cells that produce melanin - will begin. As a result, melanocytes will not be able to distribute evenly throughout the skin and will form a local accumulation, which will look like a new mole.
Injuries indirectly cause the formation of moles. The fact is that after an injury, in an area with impaired tissue integrity, a large amount of biologically active substances are formed that stimulate the regeneration process. Normally, as a result of regeneration, the integrity of tissues is restored after injury. But if the regeneration is excessive, occurring under the influence of a large number of biologically active substances, then the process does not stop in a timely manner, resulting in the formation of a small amount of “extra” tissue, which becomes moles.
Hormonal imbalance can provoke the formation of moles due to increased production of melanotropic hormone. Under the influence of this hormone, the process of reproduction of melanocytes and other cells from which moles can form is activated.
Viral and bacterial infections provoke the formation of moles due to traumatic injury skin that occurs locally, in the area of the infectious-inflammatory process.
Moles in children
In children, moles can appear from 2 to 3 months. Up to the age of 10, the appearance of moles in a child is considered normal and does not pose any danger. Moles that appear before the age of 10 will slowly increase in size until the age of 25–30, while the person himself continues to grow. In all other respects, moles in a child are no different from those in adults.Moles and warts in children: risk factors and prevention of nevus degeneration into cancer, signs of malignancy, mole injuries, treatment (removal), answers to questions - video
Moles in women
Moles in women do not have any fundamental features and have all general characteristics and the properties described in the previous sections. The only peculiarity of moles in women is that during puberty and menopause, new ones can actively appear and old ones grow. During pregnancy and lactation, moles do not undergo any fundamental changes. Therefore, if a pregnant woman or nursing mother has a mole that begins to grow or change in any way, she should consult a doctor. Mole removal
Removing moles is a method of eliminating the danger associated with the likelihood of their degeneration into cancer. Therefore, moles that are potentially dangerous should be removed.Is it possible to remove nevi (can moles be removed)?
Often, wanting to remove one or more moles, people ask the question: “Is it possible to remove these moles and will this cause any harm?” This question is natural, since at the everyday level there is a widespread opinion that it is better not to touch moles. However, from the perspective of the likely development of skin cancer, removing any mole is completely safe. This means that removing a mole may not contribute to the development of skin cancer. Therefore, you can safely remove any mole that causes discomfort or creates a cosmetic defect.Any operations to remove moles are safe, since complications during their implementation are extremely rare and, in most cases, are associated with allergic reaction for painkillers, bleeding, etc.
Which moles should definitely be removed?
Moles that look like skin cancer or have begun to actively change in recent months (grow, bleed, change color, shape, etc.) must be removed. Such moles should be removed as soon as possible in order to prevent possible tumor progression and transition to malignant pathological process in more severe stages.At the same time, there is no need to remove all moles that are present on the body and cause any suspicion of their possible malignant degeneration in the future, since this is not rational and ineffective from the standpoint of preventing skin cancer. Indeed, in most cases, skin cancer develops from a completely normal area of the skin, and not from a mole, the malignancy of which is extremely rare. Therefore, there is no need to remove all suspicious moles; it is better to leave them on the body and regularly visit a dermatologist for a preventive examination.
In addition, you can remove any moles that do not satisfy a person for aesthetic reasons, that is, they create a visible cosmetic defect.
Methods for removing moles (nevi)
Currently, moles can be removed using the following methods:- Surgical removal;
- Laser removal;
- Removal with liquid nitrogen (cryodestruction);
- Electrocoagulation ("cauterization" with electric current);
- Radio wave removal.
All other moles can be removed with a laser or liquid nitrogen, which allow the manipulation to be carried out as carefully and bloodlessly as possible.
Surgical removal
Surgical removal of a mole involves cutting it out with a scalpel or special instrument (see Figure 1).
Picture 1– Mole removal tool.
To perform the operation, the mole itself and the skin around it are treated with an antiseptic (alcohol, etc.). Then an anesthetic drug is injected into the thickness of the skin under the mole. local action, for example, Novocaine, Lidocaine, Ultracaine, etc. Then, incisions are made on the sides of the mole through which it is removed. When using a special tool, it is placed over the mole and immersed deep into the skin, after which the cut out area of tissue is removed with tweezers.
After removing the mole, the edges of the wound are tightened with 1–3 sutures, treated with an antiseptic and sealed with a plaster.
Laser removal
Laser mole removal involves vaporizing a nevus using a laser. This method is optimal for removing superficial pigment spots. Laser removal of moles ensures minimal tissue trauma, as a result of which the skin heals very quickly and does not form a scar.Liquid nitrogen removal
Removing a mole with liquid nitrogen is the destruction of a nevus under the influence of low temperature. After the mole is destroyed with liquid nitrogen, it is removed from the tissue with tweezers or cut out with a scalpel. The method of removing a mole with liquid nitrogen is not easy, since it is impossible to control the depth of tissue destruction. That is, if the doctor retains liquid nitrogen on the skin for too long, this will lead to the destruction of not only the mole, but also the surrounding tissue. In this case, a large wound will form, which is prone to prolonged healing and scar formation. Electrocoagulation
Electrocoagulation of a mole is its destruction using electric current. This method is commonly referred to as “cauterization.” Many women are familiar with the essence of this method if they have ever had cervical erosion “cauterized.”Radio wave mole removal
Radio wave removal of a mole is an excellent replacement for the surgical method, which is more traumatic. Radio wave removal of a mole is as effective as surgical removal, but less traumatic. Unfortunately, this method is rarely used due to the lack of necessary equipment.Moles (nevi): causes of appearance, signs (symptoms) of degeneration into skin cancer, diagnosis (dermatoscopy), treatment (removal), prevention of malignancy - video
Moles (nevi): signs of dangerous and non-dangerous moles, risk factors for degeneration into cancer, methods of diagnosing and removing moles, doctor’s advice - video
Removing a mole using radio wave surgery - video
Removed mole
A few hours after removal of a mole, pain of varying degrees of intensity may appear in the wound area due to a violation of the integrity of the skin structures. These pains can be relieved by taking drugs from the group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as Paracetamol, Nurofen, Nimesulide, Ketorol, Ketanov, etc.The wound itself does not require any special care or treatment until the stitches are removed, which occurs on days 7–10. After this, to speed up healing and prevent scar formation, it is recommended to lubricate the wound with Levomekol, Solcoseryl or Methyluracil ointments.
Until the wound heals completely, so as not to provoke inflammation, infection and the formation of a rough scar, the following rules should be followed:
- Do not apply cosmetics to the wound;
- Do not pick or wet the crust;
- Cover the wound with a cloth or adhesive tape from exposure to sunlight.
In rare cases, the wound after removal of a mole may become inflamed due to pathogenic bacteria entering it, which will lead to longer healing and scar formation. Signs of infection are as follows:
- Inflammation of the wound;
- The pain in the wound area became stronger;
- Pus in the wound area;
- Broken edges of the wound.
In rare cases, the sutures may diverge, causing the edges of the wound to diverge to the sides and slowly grow together. In such a situation, you should consult a doctor so that he can apply new stitches or tighten the existing ones.
Have you seen people with complete absence moles? Where do moles on the body come from or what causes them to appear? Some people have an exorbitant number of them, others can count them on their fingers, but these benign formations are present in everyone.
Every person has nevi on their skin.
More about the concept
Moles or nevi (the scientific name for birthmarks) come in two types.
- Congenital. The appearance of moles on the body occurs in the first months of a person’s life. In this case, people do not show interest in them, which cannot be said about the next type.
- Purchased. Sooner or later, a person discovers previously unseen marks on himself. New moles on the body may raise the question of what the body is signaling about, but often this does not foretell any signs.
Melanin is believed to be the reason why new moles appear.
Melanin is a coloring element that, when increased, can cause new marks to appear on the body. Now let's move on to analyzing the factors that can affect the increase in this hormone.
Factors influencing the appearance of moles
The reasons for the appearance of moles can be very different.
- Hereditary information is also reflected in the transmission of moles. Children borrow the exact or approximate location of nevi from their parents. Moms and dads consider this an additional sign of the child’s belonging and similarity with his family. A funny phenomenon that can be passed on for several generations in a row, most often the identity with a child is present in women.
- Hormonal surge. With age, several dozen new moles may appear. This no longer bothers an adult, because there is nothing surprising in it, but why do moles appear on an adult’s body? Their greatest number occurs during puberty. A person experiences this stage and, in addition to the main changes in his body, notices that nevi of different colors begin to appear, mostly brown, black or red. When moles form, you can notice increased concentration melanin, which causes two types of moles: flat and raised. Hormonal surges occur not only in teenagers, but also in pregnant women. Moles can not only form, but also disappear, it all depends on individual organism person. The number of these changes is quite unpredictable.
- Nevi on the body - the cause may be ultraviolet irradiation. This is another reason why a new mole will see the light of day. Ultraviolet radiation is ordinary sunlight, which most often provokes the appearance of new moles on the body. Skin cells are activated when light hits them, hence the result. Clients of solariums often witness this.
- Infection. Insect bites and physical damage to the skin can result in serious health problems. Especially if these damages for a long time don't heal. Even a simple mosquito bite can serve as this trigger.
This is where moles come from. There is one interesting, but unconfirmed theory that a large number of nevi indicates a person’s long life. Yes, this has not been proven by anyone, but there have been studies that 50% of new formations are harbingers of cancer. This only applies to people with a predisposition.
Therefore, if you are concerned about the question of why moles appear on the body, then, if desired, simply consult with a specialist and dispel all your fears.
Ultraviolet irradiation is one of the causes of nevi.
What if there are too many moles?
Some people experience the appearance of nevi in large numbers over a short period of time. Where can they come from? They arise for a number of natural reasons described above, and are divided into two types:
- flat – the emerging type is located at the level of the epidermis and signals itself on the body only by a slight change in the color of the skin pigment;
- raised growths can, unlike flat ones, form a little deeper in the skin, where there is more free space, so these nevi can protrude a little.
In fact, it doesn’t matter what kind of formations, how many and over what period of time you acquired. The only factors that matter are those that affect any particular mole. An increase in formation, a change in color, bleeding - this is when you need to worry and immediately consult a doctor. Such nevi can develop and form into malignant tumors. They are called melanomas. If this happens, then show the resulting abscess to the doctor, although these tumors cannot be treated, you definitely need to start it, since no one uses the phrase “it’s never too late to start” in medicine.
If the size and color of the formation changes, it should be shown to a doctor
Signs of melanoma formation
This is only possible if a person is predisposed to cancer or with repeated damage of a particular type. How can you damage the same mole several times? This is actually faced by many people with nevi located on the palms, soles and other unfavorable places. To be able to quickly see a doctor, read the signs of melanoma formation:
- one or more formations may become deformed (increase, decrease, change shape);
- fuzzy boundaries - they tend to blur and become inexpressive;
- education constantly bleeds;
- color changes: why a mole on the body changes color, becomes lighter or darker - this is one of the reasons for the growth of melanoma;
- it can become covered with a crust; not only a nevus can become covered - it can already have the status of melanoma, so immediately call the clinic and get the necessary advice;
- One of the moles may hurt or itch.
No one can say for sure why red moles appear. Some associate this phenomenon with a malfunction of certain elements digestive system, although no one could find confirmation of this. The easiest way is to attribute everything to a type of dermatological pathology or lipid metabolism. When such a mole appears or there are too many of them, then do not worry if they do not cause discomfort.
Red nevi usually do not cause problems
Mole removal
We have already dealt with the question “why moles appear.” Because of these benign formations, people may experience complexes and other discomfort. Therefore, many people think about deleting.
Is it dangerous? We live in modern world, when removing, appropriate technologies are used that minimize the risk of surgery. The very existence of a formation carries a much greater risk if it is located in an unfavorable and inconvenient place where it can easily be damaged. Many people around the world seek help to remove moles on the palms, feet, neck and other places where they cause discomfort. Also, the reason for removal may be aesthetic reasons.
Can surgery cause new nevi to appear? No, this is not connected in any way, besides, do not worry about benign formations, seek help only when something bothers you.
What changes or inconveniences can be considered grounds for removal? The above article described the signs of a nevus developing into melanoma. If you notice and are concerned about any sign, have removal surgery to eliminate the possibility cancer, like skin cancer. Moles on the body, the reasons why people worry can be considered very significant.
Removing formations using modern technologies is completely safe
Preparing to remove nevi
The reasons for the appearance of a mole have a direct influence on the removal of a mole. If you have an ugly mole on your face or other prominent place, and you want to get rid of it just for beauty, then no preparatory activities no need to carry out. Simply choose the removal method that you consider suitable and carry out the operation. All options will be listed below.
If you suspect the onset of melanoma, then before mandatory removal, you will be told to take the following tests: blood for tumor markers, a blood test for coagulation index and a general blood test.
Ways to remove moles:
- laser removal;
- removal with liquid nitrogen;
- surgical removal;
- radio wave removal;
- removal by electrocoagulation.
Preventing moles
How to prevent the appearance of moles? First, understand that new moles are normal and there is nothing supernatural about it. Many people are worried that a mole may appear on the face, so you need to know the list of preventive measures.
- Tan wisely on your vacation. This is the main rule, because ultraviolet radiation is most often the cause of new moles. Use sunblock and during hot periods carry out this procedure either before ten in the morning or after four in the afternoon. If you need to go out on business in unbearably hot weather, use panama hats to keep your face in the shade.
- Note to girls. As described above, there are many hormonal surges during pregnancy. During this period, try to monitor your health much more carefully. This will be useful not only for the child, but also for you.
The skin of each person is characterized by the presence of moles, in other words, pigment cells that are located directly between the lower and upper layers of the epidermis. Medical name this phenomenon– nevus.
Most likely, there is not a single person in the world who does not have at least one mole on their body. Perhaps someone is ready to argue with this, because at first glance the newborn does not have a single mole. In fact, children are already born with moles, but the neoplasms in the first years of life are too pale in color and are therefore not visible. With age, the spots become more distinct in color.
In addition, nevi of various types can appear on the skin throughout life. Total There can be up to one hundred moles on an adult’s body. There is no need to worry about the appearance of moles, since these are benign neoplasms. Moreover, information on the number of moles is transmitted to a person at the genetic level.
Moles are individual formations by nature, so they can have different color, shape, diameter.
Classification of moles by shape
| Type of mole | Characteristic |
|---|---|
| Flat | Formed in top layer epidermis. Their appearance is due to a large accumulation of melanocytes. This type of mole does not change depending on exposure to ultraviolet rays |
| Convex | Moles that arise deep in the lower layer of the skin and are characterized by both a lumpy and smooth body. Sometimes the neoplasm is covered with hairs. It is distinctive that these nevi are more than one centimeter in diameter. It is worth paying attention that convex moles can cause discomfort and constantly get caught in clothing, in which case it is better to get rid of them using specialized removal methods Blue |
| Blue | Blue nevi are very rare and can range in color from bright blue to deep blue. Such formations are quite dense in structure and large in diameter. |
| Pigment | These are formations on the body in the form age spots that may appear at birth. The spot may increase with age |
| Hemangiomas | Red moles, which can appear in large numbers on the body, are characterized as vascular formations. They arise through the accumulation of a large number of vascular cells in one area. In their shape they are not only smooth, but also hinged, reaching sizes of more than two centimeters. |
Note! Red moles do not degenerate into malignant formations, so they cannot pose a threat to life. However, due to large sizes hemangioma can be damaged, which will lead to suppuration followed by infection.
You can learn about red moles from the video.
Video - Red moles on the body
Features of moles
As it has already turned out, there are convex and flat moles. Nevi raised above the skin cause significant discomfort, especially if they are located in a place where there is always contact with clothing. Troubling moles require urgent removal to avoid accidental damage.
Procedures for removing nevi must be carried out in a dermatologist’s office. After all, independent cauterization and other effects on a mole can only harm the body. In addition, to find out the nature of the formation, the doctor examines it in detail and sends the patient to laboratory test. This formality must be observed, since each of the neoplasms on the body can be malignant.
For example, red moles that have a convex shape can be unpredictable. Their formation occurs due to damage to one of the vessels. By its nature it is considered benign education, which can disappear on its own. When red nevi appear en masse on the body, this is an unfavorable sign warning of hormonal imbalance or radiation exposure.
A specialist’s commentary on the formation of moles on the body can be seen in the video.
Video - Mole (nevus): causes of appearance, growth and changes
When moles can be dangerous
Basically, moles are harmless formations that do not pose a threat to the body, but when a person abuses sunlight or accidentally damages a nevus, the possibility of degeneration into a malignant formation cannot be ruled out. Blue nevi are considered to be the most dangerous among moles, which are most often characterized by oncological degeneration.
Attention! Doctors note that a large number of malignant tumors occur on brown moles, which are considered safe.
You should be careful if:
- The mole has changed its shape and appearance.
- The mole has blurred boundaries.
- An inflammatory ring appeared around the mole.
- There was a change in the shade of the nevus.
- The structure of the nevus became prominent, and strange small black nodules formed around it.
- It has been noticed that the mole increases in size or becomes denser.
- Moles are felt in the area discomfort(burning, pain, itching).
- The mole began to show cracks.
- If the nevus begins to bleed for no reason.
Carefully! It is necessary to be vigilant, since malignant formation develops quite rapidly, and the processes may be irreversible. Therefore, if one of the above signs appears, you should immediately consult a doctor.
Why do moles appear on the body of an adult?
| Cause | Short description |
|---|---|
| Heredity | Most often, moles appear on the body due to hereditary predisposition, so a threat to health is completely excluded. For example, according to English scientists, a large number of moles on the body indicates longevity |
| Hormonal changes | When hormonal changes occur in the body, nevi begin to actively form on the skin. However, the reaction may be the opposite and the moles will begin to disappear. During the period when teenagers mature, the formation of moles on the body becomes more active. Often, nevi begin to appear in pregnant women, as well as in people who have diseases of the endocrine system |
| Exposure to ultraviolet rays | People who like to spend long periods of time on the beach in the open sun may find new nevi on their bodies. Therefore, during the period of active sun it is not recommended to be exposed to ultraviolet rays, since this is fraught with the degeneration of existing brown moles into malignant ones. |
| Skin infection or mechanical injury | When there is a mechanical effect on the skin, for example, constant friction of clothing, then moles in this area |
| Internal ailments | A number of diseases can provoke the appearance of moles: Lack of vitamin K in the body; |
Attention! The effects of a solarium are no less destructive than ultraviolet rays, so it is not advisable for people with a large number of nevi on their bodies to visit.
What to do when there are more moles?
The active appearance of moles is typical before the age of thirty; if they appear in older people, then it is necessary to consult a doctor, perhaps this is an alarming warning.
Moles can be localized on different parts of the body, but those located on the back require special attention, since it is difficult for a person to observe their changes. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct a self-examination with a mirror every month. A visit to a specialist is necessary if any pathological changes appearance of the mole.
It is recommended to undergo preventive examinations only by a dermatologist. If melanoma is suspected, the patient is referred to another specialist - an oncodermatologist. If a nevus appears in the breast area, it is necessary to consult a mammologist who will determine the nature of the neoplasm. If it is not possible to get to a dermatologist, then you can get by with consulting a therapist.
Is it dangerous! If a hanging mole bothers you and causes discomfort, then under no circumstances should you remove it yourself, otherwise you can provoke oncological degeneration of the neoplasm. Manipulations to remove a nevus should be carried out by a dermatologist.
How to prevent the appearance of nevi?
A person who has many moles has an alarming question: how can they be prevented from appearing? In medicine, as it turns out, this is a controversial issue, since some dermatologists are inclined to the point of view that information about neoplasms is laid down at the DNA level, based on which it is impossible to prevent their occurrence according to the laws of nature.
There is another opinion that the occurrence of moles is due to the influence of various factors. For example, the effect of ultraviolet radiation has a detrimental effect not only on a specific mole, but also on the entire skin. Therefore, there is no point in covering a mole and at the same time sunbathing, as many people do.
Do not forget that many moles are formed as a consequence hormonal disorder Therefore, it is recommended to monitor hormonal levels. Thus, even if you cannot avoid the appearance of new nevi, you can delay their appearance.
Risks with a large number of moles
Oncologists are wary of multiple moles on the body, arguing that they hide the risk of developing a serious disease. Therefore, it is advised to protect your body from exposure to ultraviolet radiation, which is a concomitant factor in the degeneration of a mole into a malignant formation. If a person notices any changes or additions to moles, it is best to consult a dermatologist.
Each of us has moles - some have a few, others have their entire body covered in them. Moreover, a person is born without a single mole - they appear throughout his life. Why do moles appear on the body, and what does their number and growth indicate?
The first moles (nevus) appear in a child at 1-2 years of age. They are inconspicuous and few in number, and in most cases parents do not pay attention to them. But during puberty in adolescence moles show themselves “in all their glory”: they become more noticeable, large, and numerous. It's all due to hormones. For the same reason, the occurrence of moles in large numbers in pregnant women is considered a common occurrence. Another reason why new moles appear is a person’s exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
A nevus is formed under the influence of melanin and is a skin cell containing large amounts of pigment. Moles are a congenital malformation of the skin or benign neoplasms acquired during life. Nevus may have different size, located under the skin or on its surface, have a different color.
Why do moles appear on the face?
Most often, according to medical research, moles appear on the face. Most likely, this is due to the fact that the face is most exposed to sunlight. However, there are no forbidden places for a nevus on our body - it can even appear on the mucous membranes! 
Should I worry if many moles appear on my body?
Many people are concerned about the appearance of moles and a completely natural question arises: “Why do many moles appear?” If moles do not enlarge, do not change color, or bleed, then there is no reason to worry. If at least one of the listed signs is present, you should consult a doctor.
Some people are puzzled by why moles appear on the body, as they associate their occurrence with the risk of developing cancerous tumors. Indeed, such a possibility exists. Under influence external factors In the form of sunlight (ultraviolet radiation), trauma, or rubbing, a nevus can degenerate into a dangerous malignant tumor - melanoma.
Therefore, moles that are located in places most susceptible to injury (for example, on the palms and wrists, on the feet, on the neck) are recommended to be removed after consultation with a doctor in a special cosmetology office.
There is no need to worry if hair grows from a mole - it has been proven that such moles do not degenerate into malignant formations. You should not pull out hair from the nevus; it is better to cut it off carefully.
Why do many moles appear - unknown facts
Modern research offers new versions of why new moles appear. Thus, scientists from the UK claim that the number of nevus demonstrates the speed of the aging process in human body. According to their research, the owner of a large number of moles has a fairly advanced biological age. This, in turn, protects the body from physical aging and allows those with moles to be classified as long-livers.
Why do red moles appear?
Some people are bothered by red, bloodshot moles on the body. There is still no exact definition of why red moles appear.
One of the versions of their occurrence - disruption of the pancreas or colon - is currently rejected by doctors, since it has not found scientific confirmation. Modern medicine associates the occurrence of red moles with several factors: it may be a lipid metabolism disorder or a type of dermatological pathology.
Only an experienced doctor can determine exactly why you have red moles. If necessary, they must be removed using a laser, and a full course of treatment for the detected disease must be completed.
Why do they appear? hanging moles?
This is another type of nevus. True, it’s a stretch to call them moles. In fact, these are papillomas (human papillomavirus) that are removed using electrocoagulation or laser. In any case, you cannot do without consulting a doctor here. Therefore, if you are concerned about the problem of why hanging moles appear, you should ask this question not on the Internet, but in the office of a dermatovenerologist.
These are all the reasons why new moles appear on the body. Remember that some moles are completely safe, others are at risk, and others should be removed without delay. Only an experienced doctor can help you determine this correctly.
Not everyone knows that a mole is not always a congenital spot and after the appearance of another pigmented formation, most come up with a new name for it. In many cases, the birthmark does not pose a risk to human health, but sometimes many moles on the body can cause serious consequences.
What are moles, definition
Most people mistakenly believe that mole- a body formation that exclusively appears from the moment a person is born. But this hypothesis is refuted if dermatological examinations are carried out on a certain number of newborns. In many cases, the baby's body is absolutely clean and does not have a single spot.
Mole- a benign pigmented formation on the skin, which can be congenital or acquired during life. At the moment when the pigment overwhelms the skin cells, melanocytes appear, their accumulation is called a mole.
Moles on the body reasons for their appearance
Most often, moles appear on the face, the reasons for this are:
What provokes an increase in the level of pigment, and accordingly leads to the formation of many moles on the body, the reasons for their appearance have been studied thoroughly:
- genetic factor– the most popular cause of moles. It has long been noted that some pigment formations can be passed on from generation to generation, while maintaining their shape, size, color and location. The genetic code also affects the number of moles and the intensity of their appearance.
- solar radiation. Every person has areas of the skin where melanin is concentrated. Places where pigment accumulates remain invisible until they are exposed to certain factors, one of which is ultraviolet radiation. People have long learned to protect themselves from the sun in hot weather by using various means and cream. At the same time, they ignore the factor of solar radiation in the cool season, when ultraviolet radiation is no less dangerous. And open, unprotected areas of the body are always under the influence of an irritant
- hormonal surges. According to statistical indications, women are more likely than men to have moles on their bodies, the reason being a greater number of hormonal surges, which include pregnancy, menopause, gynecological diseases. The possibility of the formation of another pigment formation after taking contraceptive drugs cannot be ruled out.
- injuries and infections. Many dermatological experts argue that the causes of the formation of moles on the body can be frequent x-ray exposure, skin injuries and infections. Although the theory has not been scientifically proven
Why do moles become inflamed, red, itchy, and increase in size?
In most cases, a body lesion does not cause irritation until the mole begins to increase in size, change color or itch. In addition to the feeling of discomfort, a person experiences danger for own health, because there is an option for a previously invisible spot to degenerate into malignant melanoma.
The inflammatory process of a mole is accompanied by the following symptoms:
- body education changes its shade: darkens or brightens
- speed increasing size a birthmark indicates the severity of the inflammatory process
- is formed redness around a mole, there is only one reason - the cells of the skin formation are degenerating
- changing contours and forms of moles
- constant itching and feeling discomfort in the area of the birthmark
Inflammation of a mole may be preceded by a number of reasons:
- banal business injuries: cuts after shaving, scratches, punctures from household items, abrasions, etc. In this case, the factor of skin infection cannot be excluded.
- excessive sun exposure or in the solarium. People with freckles and white skin tones are most at risk
Particular attention should be paid to the reasons for the appearance of moles in a child when the skin is delicate and vulnerable to irritants.
For whom is inflammation of a mole most dangerous?
Thanks to numerous studies in the field of dermatology, it was possible to establish that if a mole is congenital, it minimal chance of developing into melanoma. Accordingly, people with congenital skin marks should not fear for their health.
People with acquired moles in adolescence and adulthood. After scientific research managed to refute the stereotype about the danger of pigmented formations that have bulges or hairs.
The most susceptible to degeneration are birthmarks on inner thighs, feet, palms. It is also worth paying attention to formations that regularly undergo friction, for example, due to contact between bra straps or T-shirts.
To avoid the process of degeneration of a mole into melanoma, you should promptly respond to any changes in the area of pigment formation. In this case, the only the right decision will be a visit to the dermatologist.
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