The most effective antibiotics for staphylococcal infections. What is Staphylococcus aureus and does it need to be treated?

Staphylococci are widespread in the environment, many of them constantly live in the human body. Even those that can cause disease often sit quietly in the nasal passages for years and do not cause any problems. Why is staphylococcus so dangerous, why do doctors pay so much attention to its identification and treatment?

Staphylococci are constant neighbors of humans. Due to the fact that many of them are part of the normal bacterial flora of humans, in some ways they can even be called our permanent residents. And at the same time, we often hear about great danger emanating from them, what's the matter? Let's understand this phenomenon.

Staphylococcus is not a microorganism that causes any specific disease. Manifestations staphylococcal infection can be diverse, they depend on the location of infection and the state of the body. The term “staphylococcal diseases” combines a number of diseases that are studied in various branches of medicine and treated by doctors of various specialties. However, there are things that unite diseases caused by staphylococcus into a single group, and we will focus on them.

There are three types of staphylococcus that cause diseases in humans: epidermal (S. epidermidis), saprophytic (S. saprophyticus) and golden (S. aureus). Staphylococci are widespread, and many of them are part of the normal human microflora, without causing any harm to him. Even Staphylococcus aureus, which is considered a very undesirable “guest,” is regularly found on human skin and mucous membranes. According to various sources, up to 90% of people have a healthy carriage of this infection in the nasal passages, 20% have a long-term carriage. This bacterium is also often found on the skin and in the vagina (in 20% of adult women). Why can the same microorganisms both peacefully coexist with humans and cause dangerous diseases?

How does the infection develop?

Staphylococcus aureus enters the body through airborne droplets or contact and is considered a highly contagious infection. What happens after it hits the skin or mucous membrane can be called, in some way, a confrontation. The reaction of the macroorganism (human) depends on the integrity of its skin and mucous membranes, and the state of its immunity. Staphylococcus has something to counter “defense”; it has enzymes and toxins in its “arsenal”. If the body “loses the fight,” the microbe manages to realize its pathogenic properties with the help of attacking factors. For example, one enzyme melts connective tissue skin, another helps him cope with phagocytes (cells of the immune system that absorb foreign microorganisms), the rest also “do not sit idle” and contribute to the spread of infection. With the help of these properties, most characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus, a focus of infection is formed on the skin or mucous membrane. When defense mechanisms The body cannot contain the process within the skin, microbes enter the bloodstream and can form distant foci of infection in other organs. Of great importance in the development of infection are toxins that cause inflammation, the development of fever, a decrease in blood pressure, promote hemolysis (decomposition of red blood cells), impaired absorption of water in the intestines and other pathological phenomena.

Another option for the development of staphylococcal infection is the activation of microorganisms that were already previously present in the body. This mechanism is typical for the development of staphylococcal enterocolitis, which develops as a result of treatment with antibiotics. Microorganisms sensitive to the antibiotic die, and staphylococci are allowed to grow uncontrolled.

It is especially important to note here that usually the human body is not so susceptible to staphylococcal infection. By contacting staphylococcus since childhood, the body largely develops specific immunity. Therefore, children under one year of age and people with weakened immune systems are especially susceptible to infection. What exactly can threaten a person if a staphylococcal infection has a chance to manifest itself?

What diseases does staphylococcus cause?

Staphylococcus can infect many organs and is the causative agent of about 120 various diseases. We will try to describe the most common ones: Skin diseases and subcutaneous tissue - a large group of diseases. This includes boils, carbuncles, abscesses, cellulitis, pyoderpia, folliculitis, “staphylococcal erysipelas” and others. In addition, skin lesions include scarlet-like rashes in other staphylococcal diseases. Burn-like skin syndrome– most often affects children under 5 years of age. It is an inflammation of a large surface area of ​​the skin, with peeling of its upper layers. Damage to bones and joints more often occurs with a generalized infection, when staphylococcus circulates in the blood. Syndrome toxic shock occurs when severe forms infections when too much gets into the blood a large number of toxins. Staphylococcal sore throat has little in particular distinctive features. Staphylococcal endocarditis characterized by damage to the heart valves and increasing heart failure. It is often accompanied by infarctions (death of areas) of the lungs. Pneumonia and pleurisy have a severe course. Foci of infection in the lungs tend to merge and appear purulent complications, expressed respiratory failure and intoxication. Acute staphylococcal enteritis and enterocolitis The reason for their occurrence was mentioned above. They are accompanied by abundant watery diarrhea threatening rapid dehydration of the body. Staphylococcal enterotoxin poisoning occurs when eating foods contaminated with staphylococcus. The toxin can accumulate in large quantities in food, which is very dangerous. Dairy products are the most dangerous in this regard. Staphylococcal meningitis and brain abscess develop as a result of staphylococcal sepsis (blood poisoning). Staphylococcal diseases of the urinary tract usually do not differ from pathologies of other origins. Their causative agent is often saprophytic staphylococcus.

Staphylococcus is also a common causative agent of a number of inflammatory eye diseases, Firstly, stye and conjunctivitis.

How to distinguish a disease of staphylococcal nature from others?

How to identify a staph infection?

To confirm that staphylococcus is the causative agent of the disease, you need to find it in the materials taken from the patient for examination. The material is taken depending on the form of the disease, in different cases it may be blood, ulcer discharge, sputum, urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid. The pathogen is isolated, its properties and sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs, which helps in choosing effective treatment. When examining swabs from the nose and throat, carriage or contamination is considered to be 1st and 2nd degree growth, up to 20 colonies or 10 to the third degree CFU/tampon/ml. Higher rates indicate staphylococcus as the cause of the disease. Now that we've figured it out, let's move on - when, how and with what should a staphylococcal infection be treated?

How to treat?

Doctors of most specializations treat staphylococcal infections. Depending on the specific disease, this may be a surgeon, therapist, ENT specialist, ophthalmologist, or pediatrician. Such patients do not often reach an infectious disease specialist, but his consultation definitely makes sense.

The main methods of combating staphylococcal infection: Impact on the cause, that is, on the microbes themselves, antibiotics. This type of course is not indicated for mild localized types of infection (carriage, minor local inflammation). In these cases, antibiotics can even provoke deterioration, exacerbating the imbalance of microflora. If the course of the local process becomes severe or there is a generalized process (staphylococcus has entered the blood), then the prescription of antibiotics cannot be avoided. Antimicrobial drugs are prescribed taking into account the known antibiotic resistance of staphylococci. To combat staphylococcus, oxacillin, dicloxacillin, ceftriaxone, vancomycin, ofloxacin and a number of others are used. Combination preparations containing an antibiotic and a substance that suppresses the antibiotic resistance of staphylococcus are effective: unasin, amoxiclav. The dose and route of administration of drugs depends on the specific case.

How specific remedy also works well against staphylococcus antistaphylococcal bacteriophage. It can be used topically, intramuscularly and intravenously, depending on the need. This method is worth paying attention to Special attention when the use of antibiotics is not indicated. Sanitation of foci of infection carried out in the presence of ulcers. They are opened and debridement. Specific immunotherapy carried out by introducing antistaphylococcal immunoglobulin And antistaphylococcal plasma. Sometimes immunization is carried out with staphylococcal toxoid, which helps the body cope with intoxication. Nonspecific immunomodulators are also used to increase the body's resistance. Treatment of associated symptoms is carried out: fever, low blood pressure, allergic reactions, dehydration and others.
A special issue for the treatment of any disease is competent assistance to pregnant and nursing mothers in case of illness.

Information for expectant and nursing mothers

Before a planned pregnancy, you should be tested for carriage of Staphylococcus aureus (nasal and throat swabs). If found, get treatment, but without using antibiotics, we talked about this above. The same applies to other family members; all of them must be tested for carriage of staphylococcus and undergo treatment if a positive result is obtained. First of all, this concerns future fathers who wish to be present at the birth.

When detecting carriage or local forms of staphylococcal infection in pregnant women, there is also no reason to panic, but go through adequate treatment no use of antibiotics necessary. Vaccination with staphylococcal toxoid is also recommended for pregnant women at 32, 34 and 36 weeks of pregnancy.

What to do if staphylococcus is detected in breast milk? It is known that mothers often stop breastfeeding and start taking antibiotics (sometimes without a doctor’s prescription). In most cases, this cannot be called the right tactic. In such situations, staphylococcal toxoid is indicated (subcutaneously) according to a certain regimen, which the doctor will give you. Breastfeeding, as a rule, does not have to be interrupted, since the baby also receives protection from infection from the mother with milk (antibodies to staphylococcus). The whole family needs to have bacterial cultures taken from the throat and nose, and if detected, carriers should be treated. In such a situation, a child needs to have a stool test for dysbacteriosis and visit an infectious disease specialist.

Always coordinate your actions with your doctor. If the staphylococcal infection has taken a form that requires the use of antibacterial drugs, the doctor makes the decision, weighing possible benefit and the risk of the prescribed treatment.

How to warn?

To prevent the spread of staphylococcal diseases, it is necessary to find and treat carriers of the infection, as well as effectively treat and isolate patients. To treat carriers, an antistaphylococcal bacteriophage is used locally; vaccination of carriers with staphylococcal toxoid is indicated (its use for pregnant women is described above). If carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is detected in one family member, the whole family should be examined and treated, as otherwise it will not be effective. There is no treatment for carriage of saprophytic and epidermal staphylococci. Personal hygiene, balanced nutrition and hardening are effective methods of prevention. If you find out that you are a carrier of Staphylococcus aureus, you should not neglect treatment. It should be remembered that the hero of our article may be especially dangerous not only for you, but for loved ones and people around you with poorer health.

And do not despair in any case if staphylococcus gets in your way. It is possible to defeat it, it will be easier to do this if you consult a doctor in a timely manner and strictly follow the recommendations for treatment and prevention; however, this rule applies to any disease. Be healthy!

The human body can serve as a home for thousands of microbes and bacteria, and such proximity does not necessarily end in disease. The immune system reliably protects us, restraining the activity of uninvited guests and forcing them to follow the rules of good manners. Staphylococcus is no exception; it is normally found in about a third of the world's population, but does not manifest itself in anything for the time being.

A weakened immune system, simple hypothermia, or the presence of another infection in the body against which antibiotics were used are the reasons why staphylococcus can go on the offensive. Therefore, it is important to understand two things: you cannot be treated with antibiotics in case of the slightest ailment or cold, and it is simply pointless to use them against staphylococcus as a preemptive measure. You still won’t get rid of the carriage, but you will introduce your staphylococcus to antibacterial drugs and negate their effectiveness in the future, when they may really be needed.

The only reasonable measure to prevent staphylococcal infections is local sanitation of the skin, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract during the cold season, as well as taking medications that strengthen the immune system. The prescription of antibiotics is justified only in the case of severe, life-threatening diseases: pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, multiple purulent abscesses on the skin and soft tissues, boils on the face and head (in close proximity to the brain). But before choosing an antibiotic against staphylococcus, qualified doctor always produces bacterial cultures.

At a sanitary and epidemiological station, a skin and venereal disease clinic or medical office A specialized specialist (ENT specialist, dermatovenerologist, gynecologist, urologist, pulmonologist, gastroenterologist, infectious disease specialist) takes a bacterial culture from the site of the staphylococcal infection. This may be a swab from the throat, purulent skin abscess, vagina or urethra, as well as a sample of blood, sputum, urine, saliva, gastric juice, sperm and other bodily fluids.

The resulting material is placed in a nutrient medium, after some time the colony of staphylococci multiplies, and the laboratory assistant can determine what type of pathogen it is and what antibiotics it is sensitive to.

The seeding result looks like a list in which opposite the names of all current antimicrobials stands for one of the letter designations:

    S (susceptible) - sensitive;

    I (intermediate) - moderately sensitive;

    R (resistant) - stable.

Among the antibiotics from group “S” or, in extreme cases, “I”, the attending physician chooses a drug with which the patient has not treated any disease over the previous several years. This way there is a greater chance of success and avoiding the rapid adaptation of staphylococcus to the antibiotic. This is especially important when it comes to treating protracted and often recurrent staphylococcal infections.

Antibiotics and staphylococcus

In fact, there is only one objective reason for using antibiotics against such a stable and flexible pathogen as staphylococcus - the expected benefit will exceed the inevitable harm. Only when the infection has engulfed the entire body, entered the blood, caused fever, and natural defenses are not enough to defeat the disease, one has to resort to antibacterial therapy.

But there are three good reasons to refuse antibiotics when treating staphylococcus:

    Only second and third generation cephalosporins, semi-synthetic penicillins (oxacillin, methicillin), and the most powerful can cope with some types of pathogens, for example, Staphylococcus aureus. modern antibiotics(vancomycin, teicoplanin, fusidine, linezolid). It is increasingly necessary to resort to extreme measures, because over the past 5-10 years, staphylococci have mutated and acquired the enzyme beta-lactamase, with which they successfully destroy cephalosporins and methicillin. For such pathogens there is the term MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), and they have to be destroyed with combinations of drugs, for example, fusidine with biseptol. And if the patient used antibiotics uncontrollably before the onset of an extensive staphylococcal infection, the pathogen may be insensitive;

    No matter how effective an antibiotic is, in practice the effect of its use against staphylococcus is almost always temporary. For example, with furunculosis, after successfully stopping the infection in 60% of patients, the disease recurs, and it is no longer possible to cope with it using the same drug, since the pathogen has adapted. Obviously, such a price is worth paying only to “get out of the dive,” when it is simply impossible to stabilize the condition of a patient with a staphylococcal infection without an antibiotic;

    Antibiotics do not choose victims - in addition to the bacteria against which you use them, they also destroy other microorganisms, including beneficial ones. Long-term treatment Antibacterial drugs almost always provoke dysbacteriosis in the gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary system, and also aggravate the danger of activating other infections present in the body in the form of carriers.

Is it possible to completely get rid of staphylococcus?

Let's say right away - no, you can't. Only in very rare cases, when staphylococcus has entered a small area of ​​the skin, and the person’s immunity has been activated for some reason, macrophages manage to cope with the uninvited guest, and then they speak of “transient carriage of staphylococcus.” If such a situation is discovered, it is by pure chance. More often, the pathogen manages to gain a foothold in a new place, especially if the contact was extensive (swimming in an infected body of water, using infected clothing, bed linen, towels). Staphylococcus acquired in a hospital, kindergarten, school or summer camp usually settles in the body for life.

Why immunity healthy child or an adult does not get rid of this dangerous bacteria? Because there are no objective reasons for this until carriage turns into disease. Staphylococcus sitting modestly in a corner does not arouse any interest in the immune system, leukocytes and macrophages do not hunt it, and the necessary antibodies are not produced in the blood. But what to do if, for example, a child suffers from staphylococcal sore throat every fall and winter, or a girl who knows about the presence of a harmful bacterium in her body is planning a pregnancy?

In these cases, it is necessary to resort to immunostimulating therapy and sanitation of accessible problem areas: pharynx, nasopharynx, skin, vagina. Such measures will not allow you to get rid of staphylococcus forever, but will significantly reduce the number of its colonies and reduce the risk of carriage becoming a dangerous disease.

How is staphylococcus treated?

Preventive sanitation is a very effective measure that is recommended for all carriers of staphylococcus to take regularly. Employees of children's educational and medical institutions They take nasal swabs twice a year, and if the result is positive, sanitization is carried out, and then the analysis is taken again, trying to achieve the complete absence of staphylococcus in the upper respiratory tract. This is very important, because this is the only way to protect against the spread of the pathogen by airborne droplets.

If you or your child annually experience relapses of sore throat, furunculosis and other purulent-inflammatory diseases, the cause of which (according to test results, and not based on your guesses) is staphylococcus, it is worth replenishing your home medicine cabinet with means for local sanitation. With the help of these drugs, gargling, nasal instillation, placing cotton swabs in the nasal passages, irrigation or douching of the genital tract, wiping and lubricating the skin or mucous membranes, depending on the location of the carrier, are performed. For each case you need to select suitable option the drug and strictly adhere to the instructions.

Here's a list of everyone effective solutions and ointments against staphylococcus:

    Oil solution of retinol acetate (vitamin A);

    Sodium hypochlorite electrolysis solution;

    Furacilin solution;

    St. John's wort decoction;

    Aloe vera gel;

    Bactroban ointment;

    Hexachlorophene ointment;

    Chlorophyllipt;

  • Boric acid;

    Lugol's or iodine solution;

    Potassium permanganate;

    Methylene blue;

    Octenisept;

    Fukortsin (Castellani liquid).

12 best drugs for the treatment of staphylococcus

We have prepared for you a hit parade of the twelve most effective and safe means, with the help of which modern specialists treat staphylococcus. But let this information not serve as a reason for self-medication, because only a qualified doctor, after a thorough diagnosis, can prescribe a drug that is right for you and will not cause unwanted side effects. side effects. It is especially important to show a child suffering from a staphylococcal infection to a good doctor and take the time to take the necessary tests.

The group of lysates includes preparations that are a fragmented multibacterial culture. Once in the body, particles of bacteria (including staphylococcus) cannot cause a full-scale infection, since their cellular structure is disrupted. But they can provoke an immune response and the production of antibodies. Lysates have many advantages - safety, lack of addiction, contraindications and side effects, the ability to take them as needed, rather than follow a fixed course of treatment. There is only one drawback - high price. The most popular lysates for the treatment of staphylococcus: imudon, respibron, bronchomunal, IRS-19 spray.

Staphylococcal toxoid

This drug is a toxin (poisonous waste product) of laboratory-grown staphylococci. The toxin is purified and neutralized, and then placed in 1 ml ampoules and packaged in boxes of 10 ampoules. This volume of staphylococcal toxoid is sufficient for one course of treatment, the result of which will be the formation of stable immunity in an adult. Toxoid is contraindicated for children.

The drug is administered in a hospital for ten days, alternately under the right and left shoulder blades. The nurse carefully monitors the patient's condition during the first 30 minutes after the injection. Allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock, are possible. During the entire course of treatment there may be low-grade fever body, redness and swelling of the skin at the site of toxoid injection.

Staphylococcal antiphagin (vaccine)

Unlike toxoid, the vaccine is a complex of ready-made heat-resistant antigens to all possible types of staphylococcus. It is also sold in ampoules of 1 ml and cartons of 10 ampoules. Vaccination against staphylococcus is permitted from the age of six months, however, exceptions are allowed, the main thing is that the baby’s body weight is at least 2.5 kg. Staphylococcal antiphagin causes the formation specific immunity, which may be lost over time, so annual revaccination is recommended. In Russia, all these measures are not included in the list of mandatory vaccinations, but at the request of the parents, the child can be vaccinated against staphylococcus.

CIP (Complex immunoglobulin preparation)

This medicine is used to treat staphylococcus and other bacterial infections made from donated blood drying method. KIP is a protein powder containing three types of antibodies (IgA (15-25%), IgM (15-25%), IgG (50-70%) and packaged in glass ampoules with a capacity of 5 ml. It is this drug that best copes with staphylococcus, because it contains the largest number of antibodies of the IgA and IgM classes, compared to other immunoglobulin drugs.

Antibodies of the IgM class effectively destroy staphylococci, Shigella, Salmonella, Escherichia and other pathogens of intestinal infections, antibodies of the IgA class prevent the proliferation and adhesion of bacteria to the cells of the body, and antibodies of the IgG class neutralize toxins and contribute to the destruction of staphylococcus by macrophages - the fighters of our immunity. Thus, instrumentation has several advantages: versatility, complex action, comfortable oral administration and no contraindications.

Human anti-staphylococcal immunoglobulin

This is also a protein powder extracted from donor blood, but it differs from KIP in its narrow specialization: it contains antibodies only to staphylococcus alpha-exotoxin. By taking such a drug, a patient with a staphylococcal infection receives temporary help from a donor. As soon as the immunoglobulin is stopped, the effect will end, because such treatment does not force the body to produce its own antibodies to staphylococcus, but only compensates for their absence. Intravenous administration donor antistaphylococcal immunoglobulin temporarily saves in severe diseases, for example, sepsis, endocarditis or pneumonia due to AIDS.

Aloe vera

Preparations based on aloe extract (capsules, gels, injection solutions, ointments, syrups) have proven themselves not only in the treatment of staphylococcus. The high biological activity of aloe vera allows you to strengthen the immune system, cope with infections of any location and quickly alleviate the patient’s condition. For example, subcutaneous administration of aloe solution for staphylococcal furunculosis in a few days reduces swelling, neutralizes pain and stops the acute inflammatory process.

But, like any powerful natural stimulant, aloe vera has contraindications. It is not recommended for pregnant women, as well as women with heavy menstruation, endometriosis and polycystic disease, since aloe increases blood circulation and can provoke internal bleeding. It also increases the activity of glands internal secretion, which is very dangerous when peptic ulcer stomach and pancreatitis. In short, a comprehensive assessment of the condition of the body of a patient with staphylococcal infection is necessary before deciding on treatment with aloe vera.

Chlorophyllipt

Another medicinal plant that can cope with staphylococcus is eucalyptus. Made from the juice of eucalyptus leaves alcohol solution(from 0.25 to 1% concentration) for internal and local use, as well as an oil solution (2% concentration) for intravaginal use for staphylococcal erosion of the cervix.

A weak alcohol solution of chlorophyllipt is added to water and drunk for intestinal infections, as well as instilled and placed in the nose, rinsed sore throat, they give enemas - that is, they are used to sanitize the mucous membranes. A more concentrated preparation is suitable for treating skin affected by abscesses, ulcers, boils and fistulas. In rare cases (with sepsis, peritonitis, pleural empyema, pulmonary abscess), chlorophyllipt is administered intravenously or directly into the body cavity.

Before the first use, they always test for an allergic reaction: the patient drinks half a glass of water with 25 drops of chlorophyllipt dissolved, and if no negative effects are observed within 24 hours, staphylococcus can be treated with this drug. Chlorophyllipt is prescribed only to adults and children over twelve years of age.

Mupirocin

This is international generic name an antibiotic that acts as an active ingredient in several medicinal ointments: Bonderma, Supirocin, Bactroban. Mupirocin is very different wide range applications; it is active against staphylococci, gonococci, pneumococci and streptococci, including aureus and methicillin-resistant.

Mupirocin-based ointments are used for local treatment of skin and nasal staphylococcal infections. Two types of ointments are available with different antibiotic concentrations, separately for the skin and separately for the mucous membrane. Theoretically, you can lubricate ulcers, ulcers and boils with any type of ointment, but you only need to put a drug specially designed for this in your nose. Ointments with mupirocin can be used from the age of six; they very rarely cause side effects and allergic reactions, while doing an excellent job of local treatment of staphylococcus.

Baneocin

This is also an ointment for external use, active component which is a tandem of two antibiotics: neomycin and bacitracin. Both antibacterial agents are active against staphylococci, but together they act better, cover a larger number of strains, and addiction to them develops more slowly.

Baneocin is almost not absorbed into the blood when applied topically, but it creates a very high concentration of antibiotics in the skin, so it copes well with abscesses, ulcers and boils caused by staphylococcus. However, like all antibiotics of the aminoglycoside group, bacitracin and neomycin are dangerous due to their side effects: suppression of hearing and vision, difficulty with kidney function, and disruption of the circulation of nerve impulses in the muscles. Therefore, the use of baneocin is recommended only for the treatment of staphylococcal infections that affect no more than one percent of the skin surface (about the size of the palm).

Baneocin ointment is available without a prescription and is suitable for children, but is not recommended for pregnant and breastfeeding women due to the risk of antibiotics passing into the blood and breast milk.

Fuzidin, fusidic (fusidic) acid, sodium fusidate - all these are names of one antibiotic, perhaps the most effective against most strains of staphylococcus. Based on this drug, ointments with a two percent concentration are produced (fucidin, fusiderm), which are intended for local treatment staphylococcus. These ointments should not be applied to the mucous membranes, and even on the skin they can cause irritation and redness, but usually after a week of regular use, the staphylococcal infection is localized and the inflammations heal completely.

Fusiderm cream is one of the best means from acne on the face caused by staphylococcus. If red weeping acne does not go away for a long time, you should definitely take a scraping for analysis, and if the doctor detects strains of staphylococcus, Fusiderm will be the optimal choice for treatment, which usually lasts 14 days, and in 93% of cases ends in success.

Fusidine-based ointments can be used not only by adults, but also by children over one month old, since this antibiotic does not cause dangerous side effects and almost does not penetrate into the blood when local application. However, it is usually not recommended for expectant and nursing mothers, since the effect of fusidine on a child upon penetration into the circulatory system has not yet been sufficiently studied.

Galavit

Strictly speaking, the drug Galavit is not indicated for the treatment of staphylococcus, but its use in practice allows us to hope for success in the fight against resistant strains. Galavit is a relatively new immunomodulator and a rare guest on the shelves of our pharmacies. Western European clinical studies have proven that it has two effects at once: immunostimulating and bactericidal, and this in itself is a big breakthrough.

The immunomodulatory effect of galavit is due to its ability to slow down overly active macrophages so that they can longer exert their destructive effect on pathogens, including staphylococcus. In other words, this drug allows our body to use its defenses more rationally and fully.

Galavit is available in the form of lingual tablets, injection solution and rectal suppositories, therefore it is convenient to use for the treatment of staphylococcal infections of any location. The drug is approved for use by adults and children over six years of age, but is not recommended for pregnant and lactating women, again, simply due to insufficient research.

Staphylococcal infection and hormones

In conclusion, it would be reasonable to say a few words about the treatment of staphylococcus hormonal drugs. Glucocorticoids, that is, synthetic derivatives of human corticosteroid hormones, quickly stop inflammation of any etiology. They disrupt the entire chain of natural reactions (a pathogen appeared - the body reacted - hormones were produced - the inflammatory process began - leukocytes multiplied - a purulent abscess appeared - pain and fever appeared). Drugs from the glucocorticoid group (prednisolone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone and others) forcibly interrupt this scenario at the very beginning. But they do not destroy the cause of inflammation, but simply force the body not to react to the pathogen.

So what are the dangers of using hormonal ointments for local treatment of staphylococcus? Because after rapid suppression of the inflammatory process and removal pain real thunder will strike: hormones have suppressed the natural immune response, there are no antibodies to the pathogen, and now the body faces the infection completely unarmed. Conclusion: treatment of staphylococcus hormonal ointments only advisable if it combination drug, which also contains an antibiotic. And taking glucocorticoids orally with extensive staphylococcal damage to the body, as with any other blood infection, is strictly prohibited.

Staphylococcus aureus, as the causative agent of many infections and diseases, is known to many, unfortunately, firsthand. Staphylococcus aureus can infect the body with weak immunity, and appears to be resistant to antibiotics. However, in uncomplicated cases, treatment may even be effective. A correct diagnosis will help identify the causes of the disease, and in some cases, prevent complications. Therefore, in order for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus to give positive results, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the pathogenic microorganism.

At the moment, there are a small number of antibiotics that help treat diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus. At the same time, research conducted by doctors is aimed at discovering universal method who would help treat everything infectious forms and get rid of the bacteria completely.

Initially, doctors and scientists studied the structure of the pathogenic microorganism.

The name Staphylococcus aureus, as it turns out, is not related to the color of the bacterium itself. The zones of destruction that appeared around her were painted gold.

These areas were affected by toxic substances released by microorganisms. Research has also helped to understand how treatment can be carried out.

http://youtu.be/3Zw3VpEcFJY

What is the danger of such pathogens?

Cells of Staphylococcus aureus, which microbiologists first talked about in 1880, have become the most active pathogens of various kinds of diseases. People with good health and a good immune system are not susceptible to diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Although normally, almost every person has coccal cells. They live on the mucous membranes and skin and appear when the protective properties of the host’s body are weakened. As a result, he may even need treatment for diseases such as blood poisoning, vascular sepsis, and osteomyelitis. Staphylococcus aureus, which does not require treatment if the person is healthy, will coexist peacefully along with the rest of the body's cells.

Often, Staphylococcus aureus cells enter the body through wounds on the skin, during ventilation, if doctors used infected instruments.

Patients undergoing hemodialysis also have a high chance of contracting infections. There have been cases when the transmission of pathogens occurred when:

  • intravenous nutrition;
  • using household items after an infected person.

Once in the body, staphylococcus cells usually settle in the intestines. Such cases are the most dangerous, because there they begin to actively suppress the natural microflora, which complicates the treatment of the infection. By awakening and increasing the number of pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus provokes the onset of an inflammatory process throughout the body.

Often, doctors who determine methods and methods for treating Staphylococcus aureus strongly recommend not only to medical staff, but also to patients, to follow the rules of antiseptics. This also applies to young mothers with their newborn babies. After all, the concentration of such pathogenic microbes is considered to be highest in hospitals and maternity hospitals. Staphylococcus aureus is especially dangerous for infants. Therefore, in addition to maintaining a sanitary regime, carriage of staphylococcus cells can also be prevented by sterilization medical instruments and household items.

Damage to the lungs by coccal bacteria can manifest itself as staphylococcal pneumonia, accompanied by intoxication of the body and the formation purulent wounds in the lungs, which will gradually become abscesses. If abscesses rupture and pathogenic bacteria enter the brain area, meningitis or thrombophlebitis resulting from infection will have to be treated.

Staphylococcus aureus on the skin appears as:

  • Acne;
  • Eels;
  • Boils;
  • Carbuncles;
  • Impetigo;
  • Abscesses.

Types of infection

Staphylococcal infection can be expressed:

  1. Local form, when diseases manifest themselves on the skin, as well as mucous membranes. Often such forms affect joints, bones, and mammary glands. This form also includes poisoning caused by a substance secreted by coccal cells - endotoxin.
  2. Generalized form (sepsis).

Depending on the number of bacteria in the host's body, different degrees of infection can be distinguished. For example, stage IV staphylococcus is considered normal. As a preventive measure, it is worth spending more time on hygiene, consuming more vitamins and strengthening the immune system.

In total, there are more than 25 types of coccal infections. Staphylococcus aureus is considered the most dangerous among them. Its treatment is difficult not only because bacteria are difficult to identify, but also because pathogenic cells cause many inflammatory processes throughout the body and skillfully adapt to the effects of antibiotics.

In some cases self-treatment not recommended as it may cause complications. This applies to Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which were found on the nasal mucosa. If coccal cells are present in the throat, the best way to treat the infection in patients is to boost their immunity.

If pathogenic cells are found in the milk of a nursing mother, then the baby will also have Staphylococcus aureus. In this case, as in most others, it is recommended to stop breastfeeding the baby.

What remedies can you use to get rid of an infection?

Drug groups

A staph infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can be suppressed by one of ten drugs currently known to help get rid of pathogenic cells. As a rule, they are prescribed when the treatment of the infection can be classified as a “standard” situation. Conventionally, they are all divided into 4 groups. And in order to have an idea of ​​how to treat Staphylococcus aureus, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the principle of action of each of them.

  1. The first group of drugs includes medicines, responsible for the production of natural antibodies, due to which their own microflora resistant to coccal cells is formed.
  2. The second group consists of medications, the action of which is aimed at destroying the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, without causing stimulation of the body in relation to the production of its own immune forces.
  3. The third group is represented by antiseptics and antibiotics.
  4. The fourth group is medications that act directly on metabolism, accelerating it.

The most effective drugs

Staphylococcus aureus can be treated using the following means:

Traditional methods of getting rid of infections

Often they enter into a fight traditional methods treatment. Decoctions of herbs, juices of some berries and plant rhizomes, and ointments based on the gifts of nature will help to successfully suppress infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment with such agents can be carried out both locally and affecting the body as a whole, depending on the type of infection and the degree of damage.

The herbs of string, chamomile, St. John's wort, calendula and yarrow will provide effective assistance to a patient whose skin and mucous membranes have been affected by Staphylococcus aureus. Using infusions and decoctions of these herbs as gargles and eye washes, you can get rid of Staphylococcus aureus infections much faster.

As for children, it is better to pay attention to the prevention of staphylococcus infection. To do this, you need to maintain baby hygiene and treat it more often. antiseptics household items and children's toys. Also worth with early dates begin strengthening the baby’s immunity by replenishing his body with vitamin complexes and minerals. Damage to the integrity of the skin in older children should be promptly treated with brilliant green or fucorcin.

In general, treatment of staphylococcus should begin with the slightest manifestations. Even minor symptoms should not be ignored, because only if Staphylococcus aureus is detected in a timely manner can its complications be prevented.

To avoid re-infection, it is worth boosting your immunity. First of all, correcting your diet and increasing the amount of vitamins consumed will help.

Remember that the body can treat Staphylococcus aureus only if it has its own reserve of strength.

Every person has staphylococcus bacteria. In adults and children, staphylococci and streptococci of various types can easily exist on the skin. Treatment of staphylococcal infection is necessary only if the patient is diagnosed with hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus.

Microorganisms of these species act aggressively on skin, internal organs, human blood. The use of antibiotics is advisable for severe forms of the disease and only according to the doctor’s decision.

Features of damage to the body by staphylococcus

Most often, hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus affects patients with weakened immune systems. Infants, children, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly are susceptible to infection. Staphylococcus can cause the following diseases:

Diseases caused by staphylococcus that can lead to serious health problems or death for the patient:


Treatment of staphylococcal infection in adults and children can take place in a hospital setting if a severe form of the disease is diagnosed. Bacteriophages are often used against Staphylococcus aureus.

Treatment with antibacterial drugs can be started only after a drug to which this type of staphylococcus is not resistant has been determined.

Streptococcus infection

Streptococcus is a pathogenic bacterium that also affects immunocompromised patients. Treatment of streptococcal infection begins only if the identified bacterium causes harm to human health.

Most often, hemolytic streptococci are caused by:

  1. Sore throat.
  2. Pharyngitis.
  3. Purulent otitis.
  4. Scarlet fever.

These diseases can cause complications: rheumatism, arthritis, osteomyelitis, sinusitis, myocarditis and other complications. Treatment of streptococcal sore throat and pharyngitis is usually carried out using local antiseptics.

Antibiotic drugs are used for severe course a disease indicated by the following characteristics:

Streptococcal scarlet fever is most often diagnosed in children. Antibiotics are used against this type of infection when a moderate or severe form of the disease develops.

Tests to determine the pathogen

Treatment of a staph infection will only be effective if antibiotics are used against the bacteria that can destroy them.

To determine which drugs the strain of Staphylococcus aureus is sensitive to, patients are tested for culture.


Staphylococcus aureus often affects infants, developing on mucous membranes, in umbilical wound, intestines of a newborn. A bacterium that enters the mammary glands can cause the development of purulent mastitis.

For culture analysis, in addition to the baby's secretions, the mother's breast milk is given, from each breast - into different tubes. If milk is exceeded permissible level bacteria, to prevent re-infection, treatment against staphylococcal infection is carried out simultaneously for the mother and baby.

A culture test allows you to identify which infection (streptococcal or staphylococcal) is causing the disease. For the effective treatment of beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections is also used this analysis, in order to determine the sensitivity of streptococci to antibacterial drugs (for example, Chloramphenicol and Levofloxacin).

Results of culture on nutrient media and sensitivity to antibiotics

When bacteria grow, specialists determine their type and identify which antibacterial drugs the strains are sensitive to. A table is prepared, it indicates a list of antibacterial drugs used and the response of bacteria to their use.


Antibacterial drugs of choice

In both adults and newborns, treatment of mild diseases caused by staphylococcal bacteria is recommended without antibiotic therapy. Use medications with antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus is advisable in the development of a moderate, severe stage of the disease.

At the same time, the expected positive result should significantly exceed negative impact drugs on the body.

For skin infection

If a patient develops severe skin and soft tissue disease, bacterial growth may be suppressed. antibacterial drugs applied topically (ointments, creams).

If the nasopharynx is affected

In severe cases of the disease, Bactroban ointment is used against staphylococcus. It should be applied in a thin layer using cotton swab into the nasal passages.

The ointment is distributed with massaging movements with your fingers along the wings of the nose.

With damage to the gastrointestinal tract

Defeat gastrointestinal tract accompanied by dysbacteriosis, which may worsen due to taking an antibiotic. Therefore, doctors carefully prescribe antibacterial drugs to eliminate staphylococcus. Most often, protected semi-synthetic penicillins are used; cephalosporins can also be used.


The use of antibiotics orally, in the form of tablets, or injections is prescribed by specialists if staphylococcus is localized in other parts of the body:

  • Joints;
  • Respiratory organs;
  • Brain;
  • Urinary tract.

Treatment for particularly resistant strains

Since the bacterium constantly mutates, MRSA staphylococci develop even in sterile hospital conditions.

They provoke serious diseases:

  • sepsis;
  • meningitis;
  • pneumonia;
  • endocarditis, etc.

It is difficult to suppress the growth of these microbes; they are affected by limited quantity antibiotics:


The use of medication can help get rid of the bacteria, but there is a risk of re-infection, in which case the strain of staphylococcus becomes resistant to the antibiotic previously used against it. Therefore, it is extremely important to undergo culture tests every time the disease worsens, follow all doctor’s recommendations and not self-medicate.

Under the influence of staphylococcal toxins, the so-called “scalded syndrome” often occurs, the symptoms of which resemble severe ones.

Scalded infant syndrome occurs in infected newborns. There is also something called scalded skin syndrome, which can occur in older children and adults.

How to treat staphylococcus with local remedies?

Recipe 3. For those who don’t like onions, we recommend preparing decoctions of calendula, chamomile and plantain. Take a tablespoon of each herb and brew for 300 ml. water. Better decoction in a thermos, this will allow the herb to brew as much as possible. If you know, a steam bath, then the herb can be brewed like that. Rub the prepared decoctions into your head after each wash and let them absorb. Also lubricate the affected areas of the skin. If it's your hands, then do baths. To treat seborrhea, therefore, procedures must be done every day.

Burdock root, St. John's wort, string, and nettle can also serve as bases for decoctions. Try to increase the flow of blood to sore spots, improving circulation will bring good effect. Seborrhea unpleasant disease however, it can be fought. The main thing is to detect and start in time.

Video on the topic

Sources:

  • Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis or how to get rid of seborrhea in 2018

Staphylococcus is one of the most common bacteria in everyday life. Most people carry bacteria in their nose. But, they do not cause problems as long as the person does not end up in unsanitary conditions, in overcrowded areas or from eating unhealthy foods.

Good hygiene helps prevent infection or prevent it from spreading further. It is necessary to explain to the patient that they should not touch the sores with their hands and wash their hands regularly.

To combat staphylococcus and prepare the following collection. Take 1 teaspoon each of plantain leaf, knotweed, leaves Chinese lemongrass, 2 teaspoons of borage, 2 tablespoons of young birch leaves. Pour half a liter of boiling water over all this, let it brew for 1 hour. Drink 1/3 glass before breakfast and lunch. The course of treatment is 2 weeks.

Video on the topic

note

The staphylococcus virus sits very firmly in the human body; you can only suppress its development. Therefore, it is very important to toughen up, lead healthy image life, eat healthy food, spend at least 200 hours a year in nature.

Helpful advice

For external use against staphylococcal infections, alcohol tinctures of calendula, birch leaves, thick decoction of willow bark, coffee grounds etc. Often, herbal treatment gives better results than antibiotic treatment, due to the lack of addiction of staphylococcus to biological drugs.

Instructions

If you notice a rash that has “decorated” your skin, do not start, see a dermatologist first. He will conduct a visual inspection,, if necessary, write a referral to, and find out the reason for the appearance. A medical specialist will prescribe the necessary medications and draw up a plan for their administration. Follow his recommendations strictly.

If you are diagnosed with atropic dermatitis caused by poor nutrition, it can only be achieved by following a strict diet. This disease causes allergic reaction for some food products, so it is necessary to do tests to identify the allergen. By controlling your diet, you can discover these foods yourself, consistently eliminating them from your menu. Helps relieve itching and reduce intake antihistamines.

Those skin rashes that are symptoms of infectious diseases, for example, scarlet fever, measles or, do not require special treatment. If they are blisters, then you can simply lubricate them with iodine or brilliant green. This, of course, is not very aesthetically pleasing, but it is effective. And you won’t be very scared, since you will be in quarantine.

A disease such as, unfortunately, also occurs frequently, and there is no guarantee that you will not “catch” a scabies mite, especially if you lead an active lifestyle, often travel and live in camping areas. After detecting a tick, carry out thorough disinfection and boil all linen, including bedding, to avoid a recurrence. Scabies should be treated by lubricating these areas with sulfur or Wilkson's ointment, other modern drugs that your doctor will prescribe for you.

Sometimes skin rashes result from nervous stress, overstrain or exhaustion of the nervous system. Once the root cause is eliminated, they disappear, so separate treatment is not required in this case. Take sedatives and stress relievers.

Furunculosis is a disease that occurs when purulent inflammation hair follicles and surrounding tissues. Its causative agents are staphylococci. Main sign– the appearance on the skin of rashes filled with pus (“boils”). Since ancient times, people have called them “boils”. The disease is often accompanied by fever, general malaise, boils can become very painful. What should the treatment be?

You will need

  • - the doctor's consultation;
  • - warm compresses;
  • - ichthyol ointment;
  • - Vishnevsky balm;
  • - Rye bread;
  • - salt;
  • - onion;
  • - liquid honey;
  • - Wheat flour;
  • - bandage or bactericidal patch;
  • - gauze or cotton swab;
  • - hydrogen peroxide.

Instructions

Do not try to open boils yourself! Some people, experiencing aesthetic discomfort, especially when boils appear on the face, squeeze them out. But in no case should you do this, because in this case the infection can enter the blood and travel through it to the brain. And this is fraught with such the most dangerous diseases like sepsis and purulent meningitis. It is especially dangerous to open ulcers on your own in the so-called “nasolabial triangle” - the area above the upper triangle, limited laterally by folds of skin running from the wings of the nose to the corners of the mouth.

Since ancient times, this method of deliverance has been very popular among the people. Piece rye bread you need to add salt, mix with finely chopped onion, chew thoroughly until a homogeneous mass is formed. Apply this mixture to the boil and secure with a clean bandage.

You can also use this method traditional medicine: mix a small amount of liquid honey with wheat flour, make a cake from the resulting mass, apply it to the boil and bandage it.

When the boil opens, carefully remove the pus with a gauze or cotton swab soaked in hydrogen peroxide. Then apply the same tampon to the place where the boil was and secure with a bandage or bactericidal plaster. Repeat this procedure daily until complete healing.

Almost every person sooner or later begins to experience various problems with skin that is the most major organ human body. It performs a complex of functions, the main of which are breathing and protection. If you have any illnesses, you need to go to a skin doctor, whose profession is scientifically called “dermatologist.”

Specialization of a dermatologist

Human skin takes on most impacts environment, as a result of which it is attacked by various bacteria, infections, tumors, and so on. In addition, the skin suffers from problems with internal organs and ages, losing its original protective functions. Thus, when skin problems arise, visiting a dermatologist becomes a vital necessity.

A dermatologist's competence includes examining problem areas and prescribing medication, physiotherapy or surgery.

When to contact a skin doctor

A visit to a skin doctor is advisable if any skin problems arise, but people often neglect this rule, forgetting that diseases can be infectious and it is strictly not recommended to start them. A mandatory visit to a dermatologist is necessary if pale or pronounced skin rashes, swelling of the skin, prolonged incessant itching, boils, or pustular formations appear.

Before visiting a dermatologist, you need to take a shower and wash off the ointment or cream from problem areas of the skin, if they have been applied.

Also an indication for visiting a dermatologist is the massive appearance of warts, which constantly increase in size and change color, peeling and

1. Saprophytic staphylococcus (Staphylococcus saprophyticus) is the least dangerous of the pathogenic staphylococci. It is part of the normal microflora of the female genital tract and perineum. In women 17-27 years old, saprophytic staphylococcus is the second most common, after coli, cause of infectious diseases urinary tract: acute cystitis, inflammation Bladder etc. Bacteria from the flora of the vagina and perineum move into the urethra. Infection usually occurs within 24 hours after sex. Therefore, the infection is often called “cystitis”. Saprophytic, like all staphylococci, is quite resistant to antibiotics.

2. Staphylococcus epidermidis (Staphylococcus epidermidis) is part of the normal microflora of human skin. It has become a real punishment for surgeons who deal with internal prosthetics. This microbe has shown the ability to grow on plastic devices placed in the human body. Most often on intravenous boats and medical prostheses. As a result, blood poisoning or inflammation of the lining of the heart may occur. Antibiotics are largely ineffective against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Treatment consists of removing or replacing the implants. Ideally, infection should be prevented.

3. Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) is the most dangerous representative of the staphylococcal tribe for humans. Its name was given by its appearance. It has a golden hue, unlike other staphylococci, which are colorless. It is estimated that approximately twenty percent of the human population are permanent carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. It can be found in normal microflora skin and nose. Staphylococcus aureus can cause a number of diseases. For minor skin infections such as pimples, impetigo, boils, carbuncles, abscesses. To life-threatening diseases: pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia and sepsis. This bacterium is one of the five most common hospital-acquired infections and is often the cause of post-operative wound infections. And the emergence of antibiotic-resistant forms of Staphylococcus aureus has become a worldwide problem for clinical medicine.

Sources:

  • Staphylococcus in 2019
  • Staphylococcus saprophyticus in 2019
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis in 2019
  • Staphylococcus aureus in 2019
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